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THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


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— « ^VA  jvixuLvvicu^e  uuifl. 

Diminish  learning’s  store ; 

But  Books,  I find,  if  often  lent, 
Return  to  me  no  more. 


Read  slowly ; pause  frequently ; 
Think  seriously. 

Keep  cleanly ; return  duly, 

With  the  corners  of  the  leaves  not 
turned  down. 


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SAl’iVDKRS,  BROTHERS,  LONDON  UAU,.' 


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est  Date  stamped  below. 


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SAUNDERS,  BROTH  ICRS,  LONDON  WALL; 


F O W L E R’S 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY! 

GIVING  A. 

CONCISE  ELEMENTARY  VIEW  OF  PHRENOLOGY 

PRESENTING  SOME  NEW  AND 

important  Remarks  on  the  temperaments? 

AND  DESCRIBING  THE  PRIMARY  MENTAL  POWERS  IN 

SEVEN  DIFFERENT  DEGREES  OF  DEVELOPMENT? 

The 

MENTAL  PHENOMENA  PRODUCED  EY  THEIR  COMBINED  ACTION  4 

AND  THIS 

LOCATION  OF  THE  ORGANS 

AMPLY  ILLUSTRATED  BY  CUTS. 

ALSO,  THE 

PHRENOLOGICAL  DEVELOPMENTS, 

TOGETHER  WITH 

THE  CHARACTER  AND  TALENTS, 

07 


A3  GIVEN  237 


T?  th  icference  to  those  pages  of  “Phrenology  Proved,  Illustrated,  and  Appacd,’* 
which  will  be  found  a full  and  correct  delineation  of  the  intellectual  ana  mcrri 
character  and  mental  manifestations  of  the  above-named  individual. 


BY  O.  S.  FOWLER. 


Srudium  " Animas  majua  est  quam  corporis.**— Cio. 


NEW  YORK: 

FOWLED  AND  WELLS,  PUBLISHERS 

NO  308  BROADWAY. 


&&LATIVE  SIZE  OF  THE  CROAKS. 


I 

I 

Aveiagc. 

i 

Full.  | 

Large. 

Very  large. 

1 

Moderate. 

l-=gS3Pq 

j 

eiasu^  I 

Domestic  Propen. 

46 

8.26 

5.11.12.15 

[21.42 

10.14.16,20. 

j 

L Amativeness, 

£6 

59 

n 

57 

5.6.8.15.42 

58 

12.14 

59 

59 
10  2! 

«►! 

. *1 

1.  Philoprogeni. 

01 

63 

811.15 

62 

12.16 

63 

10.1 120.21. 

64 

64 

64' 

3.  Adhesiveness, 

64 

66 

65 

65 

10.14.21 

6? 

8.26 

67 

~~l7 

| 

4,  Inha.bitiveness 

68 

8.12 

69 

16.21 

6S 

15 

68 

5.42 

69 

26 

69 

20 

65! 

. J 

5.  Concentrative. 

70 

4,16 

71 

26 

70 

11.15.42 

70 

71 

71 

14.20 

74 

l 

Selfish  Propensi. 

46 

1 

11 

18.25 

8.12.15.16 

10.41 

21.27 

! 

A.  Vitativeness, 

73 

74 

74 

74 

74 

74 

7i 

6.  Combative. 

75 

78 

li 

75 

5.15 

77 

12.14.16 

78 

79 

10.21. 

78, 

7.  Destructive. 

82 

83 

82 

IS 

83 

12.14.15.16 

84 

10.19.41 

84 

21.27 

8.  Alimentive. 

86 

67 

86 

87 

18 

8? 

21.27 

88 

9.  Acquisitive. 

80 

93 

69 

5.15.18- 

92 

8.20-26 

94 

95 

2j. 27.41 

95 

i 

10.  Secretiveness, 

96 

99 

9G 

5 

98 

8.12.15.20 

100 

101 

21.27.41 

101 

Selfish  Sentiments 

47 

10.11 

103 

5.6 

12.14.15.16 

21 

26 

22 

1 1.  Cautiousness, 

103 

41 

105 

15.40 

101 

11.13.25 

105 

21.27 

106 

106 

107 

12.  Approbative. 

10? 

110 

108 

no 

112 

112 

13.  Self-esteem, 

113 

116 

114 

5.6 

lit) 
S.  12.15. 16 

116 

26 

117 

117 

14.  Firmness, 

119 

10.20 

121 

21.27 

119 

5.6.  S, 

120 

12.15.16.17 

122 

11.26 

122 

1'^ 

Moral  Sentiments, 

48 

15.21 

123 

5.6.7 

11.40.41 

8 

t 

25.'-A  lij 

1 5.  Conscientious. 

124 

130 

13.15.19 

126 

129 

131 

27 

132 

9.17 

i 6.  Hope, 

136 

139 

137 

138 

139 

140 

17 

140 

i 7.  Marvellous. 

141 

143 

142 

8.12.15 

143 

144 

145 

146 

! b Veneration, 

147 

21 

149 

1C.11 

14S 

6.S.12 

149 

5.15.16.41 

150 

j 150 

1 9.  Benevolence, 

153 

158 

6.18 

155 

10 

157 

5.11.40.41 

1E8 

12.20.21 

159 

1 14.15  16.2c 

139 

“j 

Semi  intel  Senti. 

48 

159 

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139 

F$2? 


AND  TAOT.E  OF  REFERENCES. 


itsnez.  oss^ — 

verage. 

Full. 

Large.  V 

ery  large.  IV 

foe  crate. 

binali. 

Very 
small  i 

t 

ffl  Constructive. 

160, 

163 

161 

is 

162 

163 

163 

ii 

184 

81.  Ideality, 

165 

168 

166 

167 

41 

168 

169 

169 

8.  Sublimity,  249. 

1 

22  ^irritation, 

189 

171 

170 

41 

171 

11.40 

171 

172 

42 

17*  j 

83.  Mirthfulness, 

172 

175 

173 

175 

6.11.23 

176 

177 

177 

Intellectual  Facul. 

'49 

10.12 

15 

177 

5.6.7.11.40 

20 

8.26 

Perceptive  Facul. 

50 

i 

1 

8.10 

177 

20.41.42  i 

3.7.12.15.16 

24.  Individuality, 

183 

11.21.26 

185 

6.14 

184 

20.41 

185 

5.7.12.15.40 

185 

ISO 

19 

186 

25.  Form, 

186 

27 

18 8 
25 

187 

18.41 

188'| 

7.13.17.23 

189 

189 

i8&< 

26.  Size, 

190 

8.25.27 

191 

10.11 

190 

18.19.42 

191 

5.7.12.15.18 

191 

191 

192 

27  Weight, 

192 

194 

193 

5 11.40 

194 

7.13.15.17 

191 

195 

195 

28.  Color, 

195 

196 

195 

11.15 

196 

7 

197 

i97 

i 97 
19 

29.  Order, 

198 

200 

199 

15 

199 

5.7 

201 

23? 

201 

30.  Calculation, 

202 

20-1 

li 

202 

15 

203 

i 204 

205 

295| 

31.  Locality, 

205 

207 

8 

205 

20.25.26 

206 
5. 7.12.i3. 16 

207 

20S 

t 208! 

32.  Eventuality, 

209 

s 

212 

11.14.28 

210 

5.10.16.20 

in 

6.12.13  15 

215 

14.42 

21S 

i 213 

33.  Time, 

214 

21G 

215 

218 

210 

; 21/ 

217 

34.  Tune, 

^1? 

220 

218 

> 219 

VI 

■ 22C 

) 22! 

i 221 

35.  Language, 

22- 

» 227 

224 

5.' 

o 

■ 40.41 

, 22; 

3 22c 

3 229 

Reasoning  Organ? 

! 10^2 

l 

221 

6.11 

) 

1 5.6.7.-18.4C 

) 15.2 

0 8.14.2 

•6  28.  £? 

36.  Causality, 

231 

2 

l 23( 

l ii 

5 231 

3 5.18.4 

1 23( 

l 6.7.11.41 

5 23' 

D 8,12.15.1 

r 23 

6 10.14.20.2 

3 2% 

6 Jg.25 i 

37.  Comparison, 

23! 

8.2 

9 241 

l 

3 24! 

7.H 

! 24: 

b 5.6.40.4 

3 24 

l 

4 24 

4 

C.  Suavitiveness, 

24 

8 

D.  HumanNatun 

3 24 

7j 

i 

figure,  to  aca.mj^nying  cuts. 

408349 


EXPLANATION. 

The  proposition  ate  size  of  the  phrenological  o/.ns  of  the  iridividaa 
examined,  and,  consequenthr,  the  relative  power  antf  energy  of  his  primary 
mental  powers  ; that  is,  his  moral  and  intellectual  cn^'r  inter  and  manifesto «• 
tions  will  be  indicated  by  the  written  figures  1,  2,  ?y  4,  5,  6,  7:  figure  1 sig- 
nifying VERY  SMALL  ; 2,  SMALL  ; 3.  MODERATE  ; i,  AVERAGE  ; 5,  FULL  \ 
6,  LARGE  ; 7 VERY  LARGE. 

In  order  to  make  the  indications  still  plainer,  these  figures  will  be  written 
opposite  to  those  lines  which  describe  the  individual  examined ; and  at  the 
end  of  these  lines,  figures  are  placed  which  refe^  to  those  pages  of  “ Phreno- 
logy Proved,  Illustrated,  and  Applied,5’ in  which  will  be  found  a full  descrip* 
tion,  as  well  of  his  individual  characteristics  as  of  the  results  of  feeling?., 
character,  talents,  capabilities,  &c.  produced  by  the  combined  operating  of  his 
faculties  in  that  degree  in  which  he  possesses  them. 

Explanation  of  the  Cuts,  (abbreviated  c.)  Cut  1 shows  the  location , 
number , and  abbreviated  name  of  the  organs  : 2,  their  general  divisions  or 
classification  .*  3,  4,  present  occipital  and  frontal  views  of  the  organs : 
5 is  a profile  cut  of  Washington  : 6,  of  Franklin  : 7,  of  Herschel : 8,  9,  of 
Le  Blanc,  the  murderer  of  Judge  Sayre  and  family,  oi  N.  J. : 10  represents 
a well  balanced,  or  perfect  head  : 1 1 is  a cut  of  a highly  intellectual  female, 
and  one  endowed  with  great  versatility  of  talents:  12,  13,  are  cuts  of 
Me-che-Ke-le-a-tah,  the  celebrated  war-chief  of  the  Miami  Indians : 14  is 
a cut  of  Aurelia  Chase,  murderer  of  Dr.  Durkey’s  wife,  Balt : 15,  of  Black 
Hawk:  16,  i7,  of  an  Indian  chief:  18,  of  De  Witt  Clinton:  19,  of  Bru- 
nell,  engineer  of  the  Thames  tunnel,  Eng. : 20,  of  Philip,  a notorious  thief 
and  liar,  (p.  320)  : 21,  27,  of  a skull  found  on  the  British  lines  at  York 
town,  Ya. : 22,  23,  of  a remarkably  intelligent  monkey : 24,  32,  of  a hyena 
25,  26,  of  a N.  A.  Indian  : 28,  of  an  idiotick  child : 29,  of  a full-grown  idiot 
30, 37,  of  an  ichneumon  : 31,  36,  of  a fox  : 34,  crow : 37,  43,  of  a very  cun 
ning  and  roguish  cat : 40,  of  Shakspeare,  from  an  English  portrait,  said  to 
be  the  most  correct  extant:  41,  of  Robert  Hall : 42,  a New  Zealander. 

[The  small  figures  (second  row,)  placed  before  the  names  of  the  organs, 
are  the  numbers  of  Spurzheim.] 

Definitions. — 1,  or  Very  Small,  means  almost  wholly  wanting 
2,  or  Small,  feeble  and  inactive  ; 3,  or  Moderate,  signifies  rather  below 
mediocrity  ; active  only  in  a subordinate  degree  ; and  having  only  a limited 
influence  upon  the  mind  and  character : 4,  or  Average,  means  fair,  oi 
between  moderate  and  full,  and  includes  the  general  analysis  of  the 
faculties  : 5,  or  Full,  signifies  respectable,  though  not  marked  or  contro1 
ling  : 6,  or  Large,  applied  to  an  organ,  shows  that  its  corresponding 
faculty  has  a powerful  and  an  energetick  influence  upon  the  capabilities* 
and  feelings,  if  not  conduct:  7,  or  Very  Large,  means  predominant, 
especially  over  the  less  energetick  faculties ; constituting  and  giving  ton& 
and  direction  to  the  character  and  talents ; easily  excited,  and  powerful  in 
action ; and  quite  liable  to  perversion  and  abuse. 

The  sign  +,  (plus,  or  more,)  placed  before  or  after  a figure,  shows  that 
it  is  larger  than  it  is  marked,  yet  not  enough  so  to  require  the  next  largcT 
figure  : the  sign  — , (minus,  or  less,)  that  it  is  not  quite  as  much  as  it  is 
marked.  These  signs  add  and  diminish  nearly  one-half  of  a degree. 

The  printed  figures  in  the  margin,  refer  to  the  number  of  their  respective 
faculties,  or  the  order  in  which  they  are  described,  and  the  figures  in  the 
cuts,  to  the  location  of  the  corresponding  faculties  in  the  head,  except  the 
figures  under , or  in  the  open  parts  of  the  cuts , which  reibr  to  their  number 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


PHRENOLOGY* 

Points  out  those  connexions  and  relations  which  exist  between  the  cam 
iitions  and  developments  of  the  eraix,  and  the  manifestations  of  thi 
&ine,  discovering  each  from  an  observation  of  the  other.  Its  one  distinctive 
characteristic  feature  is,  that  each  class  of  mental  functions  is  manifested  by 
means  of  a given  portion  of  the  brain,  called  an  organ,  the  size  of  which  is 
the  measure  of  the  power  of  function.  Thus  the  benevolent  feeling  is  mani- 
fested and  indicated  by  means  of  brain  in  the  frontal  part  of  the  top  of  the 
head,  (see  cuts,)  and  in  proportion  to  the  development  of  brain  Here,  will 
be  one’s  spontaneous  flow  of  kind,  obliging  feeling,  and  so  of  every  other 
quality  of  mind. 

Its  classification  of  the  menial  faculties  also  furnishes  a complete  sy&iem 
of  intellectual  and  moral  philosophy,  by  resolving  all  the  operations  of  the 
human  mind,  whether  simple  or  complex,  into  their  primary  elements  or 
faculties. 

That  these  phrenological  relations  either  do , or  do  not  exist,  and  there- 
fore, that  phrenology  is  either  fundamentally  true  or  else  untrue,  is  a self 
evident  proposition ; and  by  applying  to  it,  as  we  proceed,  the  following  philo- 
sophical axioms,  which  are  the  proper  tests  and  touchstones  of  the  truth  of 
any  and  every  science,  the  truth  of  phrenology,  or  its  want  of  it,  can  be 
peedily  and  certainly  ascertained. 

Axiom  1.  If  phrenology  is  fundamentally  true,  it  forms  an  important 
part  of  this  great  system  of  things  called  the  universe,  developing  those 
laws  and  unfolding  those  principles,  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral,  in  ac- 
cordance with  which  “ God  created  man,”  and  also  the  whole  range  of 
animated  beings.  Consequently,  as  every  portion  of  the  universe  originated 
in  the  same  Divine  Mind,  and  as  each  part  of  it  is  adapted  to  every  other 
part,  phrenology,  if  true,  is  adapted  to,  and  must  therefore  perfectly  har- 
monize with,  every  other  fact  and  principle  in  nature  with  which  it  is  capa- 
ble of  being  compared. 

But  if  it  be  erroneous,  then,  since  God  is  the  author  of  nature,  and  man 
df  phrenology,  the  two  will  clash  with  each  other,  because  man  could  nevei 
devise  a system  of  facts  and  principles  capable  of  dovetailing  with  the  laws 
and  operations  of  nature.  Truth  will  always  harmonize  with  truth,  but 
with  truth  only.  Error  cannot  tally  with  truth,  nor  with  error.  Hence, 
by  comparing  phrenology  with  the  known  principles  and  operations  of  na- 
ture, its  truth  or  erroneousness  can  be  ascertained  from  its  harmonizing 
with  them,  or  being  in  opposition  to  them. 

2.  If  true,  its  origin  is  Divine,  and,  like  every  other  portion  of  the  Crea- 
tor’s works,  its  own  inherent  beauty,  simplicity,  perfection,  and  naivete, 
will  stamp  it  with  the  Divine  impress ; but  if  not  true,  it  is  human  in  it* 

* Derived  from  the  two  Greek  words  “ Phren,’*  which  signifies  mincb  and 
u Logos,”  discourse;  the  two  together  signifying  the  science  of  mind,  or  ita  aw* 
and  phenomena  as  manifested  and  indicated  through  the  brain. 


6 


8 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY* 


origin,  and  therefore  necessarily  a bundle  of  imperfections  and  absurdities* 
throughout, 

3.  If  true,  it  develops  tne  constitutional  principles,  and  analyzes  all  the 
phenomena  of  the  human  mind,  beautifully  unravelling  the  whole  web  of 
thought  and  feeling,  and  fully  explaining  the  vast  and  entire  range  of  the 
mental  manifestations,  besides  unfolding  the  laws  of  physiology ; but  if 
untrue,  its  fallacy  can  easily  be  detected  by  its  inability  to  accomplish  these 
ends.  To  effect  these  otherwise  unattainable  objects  is,  “par  excellence 
the  peculiar  prerogative  of  phrenology  ; and  its  success  or  failure  here , is 
the  certain  criterion  of  its  truth  or  erroneousness. 

4.  But  if  phrenology  be  partly  true  and  partly  false,  if  the  Deity  made 
one  part,  and  man  imagined  the  balance,  then,  “like  a house  divided 
against  itself, ” its  own  inherent  absurdities  and  self-contradictions  will  con- 
stitute its  own  refutation. 

Definition  of  a Faculty. 

A mental  faculty  is  a primary  power  of  the  mind  which  exercises  one, 
and  but  one,  distinct  and  homogeneous  class  of  functions,  having  for  their 
object  some  specific  end  in  man’s  physical  or  mental  constitution,  such  as 
love  of  offspring,  memory  of  occurrences,  appetite  for  food,  &c.,  and 
which  is  exercised  by  means  of  a given  portion  of  the  brain,  called  its 
organ. 

The  following  are  a few  of  the  facts  and  arguments,  briefly  stated,  which 
establish  the  truth  of  phrenology. 

I.  The  BRx\IN  is  the  organ  of  the  MIND,  or  the  PHYSICAL 
INSTRUMENT  of  thought  and  feeling. 

First.  That  there  exist  a most  intimate  connexion  and  relation  between 
the  thinking,  feeling  principle  of  man  and  his  body,  is  a matter  of  observa 
tion  and  sensation ; the  state  of  each  reciprocally  affecting  that  of  the 
other.  That  this  connexion  must  be  manifested  either  directly  through  the 
medium  of  the  body  as  a whole,  or  else  by  means  of  some  particular  por- 
tion of  it,  is  also  self-evident.  But  every  other  portion  of  it  except  the 
brain,  is  exclusively  occupied  in  performing  other  functions  than  the  men 
tal,  whilst  the  location  and  structure  of  the  brain,  its  connexion  by  means 
of  the  nerves  with  every  portion  of  the  system,  and  also  every  thing  apper- 
taining to  it,  point  it  out  as  the  “dome  of  thought,”  “the  palace  of  the  soul.” 

Second.  The  blood  is  the  great  medium  for  the  re-supply  of  vital  energy, 
it  being  most  abundant  wherever  the  greatest  re-supply  of  this  energy  is 
required.  Now  the  exercise  of  mind,  besides  being  the  chief  end  of  man’s 
existence  in  this  world,  and  a source  of  much  more  intense  pleasure  and 
pain  than  the  exercise  of  his  muscles,  causes  a far  greater  expenditure  of  the 
vital  energies  than  the  exercise  of  the  latter.  If  therefore  the  brain  were 
the  instrument  of  the  mind,  it  would  use  up  much  more  blood  in  proportion 
to  its  size  than  any  other  portion  of  the  body.  Accordingly,  we  find  that 
from  ten  to  twenty  times  more  blood  is  sent  to  the  brain  in  proportion  to  ts 
size,  than  is  sent  to  any  other  equally  large  portion  of  the  system. 

Third.  A slight  pressure  upon  the  brain  suspends  the  mental  operations* 
rendering  the  patient  uioonscious  of  every  thing,  and  by  the  removal  of 
this  pressure  the  mental  powers  are  instantly  restored,  whilst  this  effect 
cannot  he  produced  by  pressing  upon  any  other  portion  of  the  system. 

Fourth.  Injuries  and  morbid  states  of  the  brain  palpably  affect  the  ope- 
rations of  the  mind,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter,  whilst  this  effect  carnet  bs 


THE  MIND  A PLURALITY  OF  FACULTIES.  f 

Jjfvduced  by  worn  ding  or  *nflaming  any  other  portion  of  the  body,  exce$ 
by  sympathetically  affecting  the  brain. 

For  additional  proof  of  this  proposition  see  “ Phrenology  Proved  Illus- 
trated, and  Applied,”  pp.  7 — 10.  This  work  will  hereafter  be  frequently 
referred  to  as  follows,  P.  P.  pp.  7 — 10. 

Corolla . A plain  inference  deducible  from  this  proposition  is  that  thera 
ran  be  no  exercise,  no  manifestation  of  the  mind , without  a corresponding 
exercise  and  action  of  the  brain,  and,  vice  versa,  that  ever}' action  of  the 
brain  must  produce  an  exercise  of  mind,  every  change  and  condition  of  each 
producing  a corresponding  affection  of  the  other 

All  the  operations  of  nature  are  uniform  throughout.  If  a particular 
organ  exercises  a single  function  of  a given  class,  it  exercises  every  function 
of  that  class.  The  eye  sees,  and  does  all  the  seeing,  and  nothing  else , so 
of  the  stomach,  lungs,  and  every  organ  and  function  of  the  body,  and  indeed 
cf  nature  thioughout.  Consequently,  if  the  brain  exercises  a single  function 
of  the  mind,  if  a single  thought  or  emotion  is  manifested  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  brain,  then  is  every  emotion,  every  thought,  every  mental  opera- 
tion manifested  by  means  of  the  same  brain.  Either  the  relation  between 
the  two  is  perfect,  and  complete,  and  entire  throughout  all  their  most  minute 
phenomena,  or  else  there  is  no  relation,  no  mutual  exercise,  no  dependence 
whatever. 

II.  The  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  independent  faculties 
)r  powers,  each  of  which  exercises  a distinct  class  of  functions. 

Since  our  design  is  to  show  what  phrenology  is>  rather  than  to  prove 
its  truth,  and  since  fully  to  establish  this  fundamental  proposition  would 
require  more  space  than  we  can  devote  to  it,  we  will  only  state  briefly  the 
facts  and  arguments  which  support  it. 

First.  A plurality  of  mental  powers  would  allow  much  greater  variety 
and  perfection  of  the  mental  operations  than  could  be  attained  if  the  mind 
were  a single  power. 

Second.  If  the  mind  were  a single  power,  it  could  be  doing  only  one 
thing  at  the  same  time,  but  if  it  be  a compound  of  several  powers,  each  could 
be  in  simultaneous  action.  Our  own  consciousness  assures  us  that  we  can 
attend  to  more  things  than  one  at  a time — that  we  can  be  looking  and 
thinking,  walking  and  talking,  feeling  and  acting,  &c.,  all  simultaneously 

Third.  Were  the  mind  a single  faculty,  it  must  necessarily  be  equally 
asleep  or  awake  upon  all  subjects  at  a given  instant,  ’which  would  preclude 
the  possibility  of  dreaming ; but  if  composed  of  several,  one  might  be  par 
tially  active,  and  another  dormant,  at  the  same  time,  which  would  produce 
dreaming. 

Fourth.  In  case  the  mind  were  a single  power,  and  had  become  wea 
ried  by  one  kind  of  action,  it  could  no  more  obtain  rest  by  turning  to  some- 
thing else,  than  a man  who  had  tired  himself  out  by  walking  east,  could 
rest  himself  by  walking  north.  But  the  mind  is  relieved  by  changing  it s 
studies,  pursuits,  <Scc.,  and  therefore  consists  of  a variety  of  powers,  whicii, 
by  acting  in  turn,  spell  each  other,  and  thus  rest  one  another. 

Fifth.  Different  kinds  of  memory,  or  a retentive  recollection  of  coun- 
tenances and  a poor  one  of  names,  or  a good  memory  of  ideas,  and  an  indif- 
ferent one  of  details,  or  an  accurate  one  of  places,  and  a deficient  one  of 
colours,  establish  the  same  point ; because,  if  all  kinds  of  memory  were  per- 
formed by  the  same  power,  it  would  be  equally  retentive  of  every  thing. 

Sixth.  Insane  persons  are  often  deranged  only  upon  a single  subject, 
whilst  they  are  sane  upon  every  other.  Now  were  the  mind  a single  power. 


§ 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


slid  the  bram  a unity,  sanity  upo  one  subject,  and  insanity  upon  another, 
could  not  co-exist ; whereas,  were  it  a plurality  of  powers,  and  the.  brain, 
of  organs,  a given  organ,  and  with  it  its  power,  might  be  deranged,  whilst 
the  others  remained  in  a healthy  state.  See  axiom  3. 

Seventh.  Were  the  mind  a single  faculty,  it  would  be  equally  powerful 
when  applied  to  every  thing,  in  which  case  partial  genius,  or  a talent  for 
one  thing  and  not  for  another,  could  not  exist  together,  but  every  one  would 
be  equally  gifted  with  mathematical  talents,  and  poetical  talents,  and  mecha- 
nical talents,  and  so  of  every  species  of  intellect,  but  if  the  mind  were  a plu- 
rality of  powers,  one  power  might  be,  and  would  be  likely  to  be,  weak,  and 
another  strong,  which  would  produce  just  that  diversity  of  disposition  and 
talent  which  actually  exists  &.«\ong  men.  See  axioms  1 and  3. 

I will  relate  a single  fact  illustrating  this  point,  which  occurred  at  a public 
test-examination  in  Fairhaven,  Massachusetts,  December,  1837,  before  an 
audience  of  over  two  hundred  persons.  It  being  a blindfold  test-examina- 
tion, some  anti-phrenologists  had  gone  several  miles  to  procure  for  the  occa 
sion  a mathematical  fool.  After  having  examined  Captain  Bennet,  and 
ascribed  to  him  superior  talents  and  moral  worth,  this  fool  was  sent  up  as  a 
contrast.  At  first  I hesitated,  saying,  “ Ladies  and  gentlemen,  you  must 
indeed  excuse  me  from  proceeding.’,  “ Go  on,  go  on,”  was  the  unanimous 
response.  I replied,  “ Well,  if  I must,  I must,  but  I tell  you  what,  if  I do,  I 
shall  make  a big  hit  or  a great  mistake  ; that  is  all.  First,  then,  his  reason- 
ing powers  are  small,  so  that  he  cannot  think,  or  reason,  or  understand  any 
thing.  He  ds  a natural  fool,  and  destitute  of  the  moral  organs  at  that.  Se- 
condly, but  here  is  large  calculation.  He  delights  and  excels  in  reckoning 
figures  in  his  head.” 

Here  Dr.  Sawyer  interrupted,  by  asking  “ how  he  could  be  a fool,  and  yet 
excel  in  arithmetic.  This  is  contrary  to  reason.”  I replied,  “ Reasonable 
or  unreasonable,  it  is  the  fact,  I appeal  to  those  who  know  him  if  it  is  not/* 
“ It’s  so,  it’s  the  fact,”  responded  several  who  knew  him.  “ He  is  a perfect 
master  of  arithmetic,  and  will  sit  up  half  the  night  propounding  and  solving 
sums,  and  takes  the  greatest  pleasure  in  it ; but  doesn’t  know  enough  to 
take  care  of  himself,”  said  one  who  knew  him  well.  I replied,  “You  see, 
doctor,  what  the  fact  is.  Now,  will  you  have  the  goodness  to  explain  how 
this  is,  for  you  are  under  just  as  much  obligation  to  do  so  as  I am.”  It  was 
a poser.  He  gave  up  beat.  “ Now,  sir,”  said  I,  “ I will  explain  this  matter. 
The  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  independent  faculties,  each  of  which  is 
exercised  by  means  of  particular  portions  of  the  brain.  In  this  case,  causali- 
ty, which  thinks,  is  small ; hence  he  is  a fool ; but  calculation,  which  is  in- 
dependent of  it,  and  reckons  figures,  is  very  large,  and  he  is  great  in  figures.*’ 

III.  The  BRAIN  consists  of  as  many  different  PORTIONS 
sailed  ORGANS,  AS  THE  MIND  does  OF  FACULTIES. 

To  suppose  that  the  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  powers,  and  yet  that 
each  power  uses  the  whole  brain  in  succession , is  a palpable  absurdity 
Throughout  all  the  operations  of  nature,  we  find  a distinct  instrument  or 
organ  for  every  class  of  functions,  and  also  every  distinct  class  of  functions 
to  De  exercised  by  its  particular  organ.  Thus,  instead  of  our  seeing,  and 
hearing,  and  tasting,  and  smelling,  and  feeling,  all  by  means  of  one  and  the 
same  apparatus,  each  is  performed  separately  by  its  appropriate  instrument 
This  arrangement  is  universal,  and  the  plain  inference  is  that  the  same  is 
true  of  each  of  the  other  mental  powers,  including  the  organs  of  the  brain. 

These  two  last  propositions  might  have  been  stated  in  one,  the  truth  of 
each  oeing  inseparable  from,  and  established  by,  that  of  the  other,  and  th* 


THE  BRAIN  A PLURALITY  OF  CRQANS. 


$ 

two  together  constituting  the  very  essence  and  substance — both  the  fbi  mda 
lion  and  the  superstructure,  as  also  the  characteristic  feature,  of  phrenology 
Establish  either,  and  you  thereby  establish  the  other,  and  with  it  the  truth 
of  phrenological  science ; overthrow  either,  and  you  thereby  overthrow  the 
other,  burying  the  entire  science  in  the  fall. 

If  the  brain  be  a unity,  then  the  pathological  or  diseased  condition  of  any 
portion  of  it  must  affect  the  brain  as  a whole , and  prove  injurious  to  the 
mind  as  a whole,  affecting  equally  its  every  function  and  operation ; but  in 
case  the  brain  is  an  assemblage  of  parts  or  organs,  it  is  plain  that  the  injury 
of  one  of  them  will  affect  that  particular  class  of  mental  functions  which  is 
exercised  by  it,  and  that  only.  Now,  since  this  class  of  facts  is  of  that  po- 
sitive, “ ad  hominem,”  knock-down  character  which  will  at  once  establish 
or  refute  the  doctrines  of  phrenology,  and  the  force  of  which  no  candid  or 
reflecting  mind  can  gainsay  or  resist,  the  author  will  narrate  a few  which 
have  fallen  under  his  own  observation.  See  cover,  and  also  Am.  Phren. 
Journal,  vol.  II.,  No.  11,  pp.  508,  and  also  P.  P.  pp.  18  and  19. 

IV.  These  faculties  ahe  possessed  originally  in  different 

DEGREES  OF  POWER  BY  DIFFERENT  INDIVIDUALS,  AND  ALSO  BY  THE 

same  individual.  See  an  account  of  the  mathematical  fool,  p.  8,  and 
P.  P.  pp.  20 — 24,  where  this  proposition  is  discussed.  See  also,  the  endless 
diversity  of  talent  and  disposition  existing  amongst  men. 

V.  Other  conditions  being  EauAL,  the  size  of  the  brain,  and 

OF  EACH  ORGAN,  IS  THE  MEASURE  OF  THEIR  POWER  OF  FUNCTION. 

Though  this  proposition  is  an  important  and  a fundamental  one,  yet  it  is 
not  my  purpose  to  discuss  it  here.  I will  just  observe,  that  since  the  brain 
is  composed  of  a plurality  of  distinct  organs,  as  just  shown,  each  of  which 
exercises  a distinct  class  of  functions,  the  supply  of  blood  to  these  several 
organs  is  proportionate  to  their  volume  and  exercise  combined.  In  other 
words,  the  more  you  exercise  the  feelings  of  benevolence,  of  cautiousness, 
or  causality,  for  example,  the  more  will  you  exercise  the  organs  of  bene- 
volence, or  cautiousness,  or  causality,  (see  Corolla,  on  p.  7 ;)  and  this 
exercise  will  cause  an  increased  flow  of  blood  to  these  organs,  which  blood  is 
freighted  with  matter  which  it  deposits  wherever  it  goes,  in  proportion  to 
its  abundance,  and  this  causes  an  enlargement  of  the  organs  proportionate 
to  the  exercise  of  their  respective  faculties.  This  principle  of  increase  by 
exercise,  and  decrease  by  inaction,  is  familiar  in  its  application  to  the  hands 
of  the  labourer,  sailor,  &c.,  to  the  foot  of  the  expert  dancer  and  the  pedestrian, 
to  the  chest  of  the  rower,  the  right  hand  compared  with  the  left,  &c.  And 
since  the  brain  is  governed  by  this  same  physiological  law,  why  should  not 
its  effect  be  the  same  upon  the  organs  of  the  brain  ] It  is  for  our  opponents 
to  show  that  this  is  not  the  case. 

VI.  But  phrenology  is  mainly  proved  by  physical  facts,  ft 
was  discovered,  and  has  thus  far  been  perfected,  by  the  true  Baconian 
method  of  inductive  philosophy — by  an  observation  and  a classification  of 
facts.  See  the  method  by  which  each  organ  was  discovered.  In  P.  P 
pp.  26 — 34,  v/ill  be  found  a chapter  on  the  phrenological  developments  of 
men  and  animals,  compared  with  their  characters,  in  which  the  brute  crea 
tion  are  shown  to  have  the  animal  organs  onlyf  and  to  be  destitute  of  the 
moral  and  the  reasoning  organs,  whilst  those  organs  are  largely  developed 
in  man.  The  woild  is  emphatically  full  of  phrenological  facts,  but  our 
Omits  do  not  allow  even  a bird’s-eye  glance  at  them.  The  reader  is  referred 

to  Gall  and  Spurzheim  s works,  to  the  chapter  of  facts,  P.  P.  jpp» 
and  to  the  open  volume  of  nature.  Read  for  yourselves. 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY 


& 


PHYSIOLOGY; 

OR,  THE  DOCTRINE  C F THE  TEMPERAMENTS 


We’re  not  ourselves, 

When  nature,  being  oppressed,  commands  the  mind, 

To  sulFer  with  the  body. — Shahspeare. 

Tee  first  great  and  fundamental  principle  of  phrenology,  namely  tha 
H dther  conditions  being  the  same,”  the  size  of  the  brain  and  of  its  organa 
IG  the  measure  of  their  power  of  function,  receives  important  modifications 
from  these  “ other  conditions,”*  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  phy- 
siology, or  the  organization  and  condition  of  the  body , which  emtracea 
the  temperament,  the  parentage,  health,  physical  habits,  diet,  exercise  ex- 
citement, education,  sleep,  medicine,  &c. 


I.  Tiie  Temperaments. 

Phrenologists  employ  this  term,  (though  that  of  apparatus,  which  the 
author  will  often  use  as  a substitute,  would  convey  their  meaning  much 
better,)  to  designate  those  classes  of  organs  of  which  the  body  is  composed, 
their  predominance  or  deficiency  indicating  the  relative  vigour  with  which 
these  physical  functions  are  performed.  Thus  the  lymphatic  or  phlegmatic 
temperament  produces  dulness  and  laziness ; the  sanguine  or  arterial,  love 
of  physical  action,  with  powerful  passions;  the  bilious  or  fibrous,  gives 
great  strength  and  endurance ; and  the  nervous,  intense  feelings  and  deli- 
cate sensibilities.  See  Combe’s  description  of  the  temperaments,  in  his  Sys- 
tem of  Phrenology,  p.  30. 

But  these  terms  are  often  misunderstood.  Sanguine  is  mistaken  for 
buoyancy  of  spirits ; bilious,  for  a tendency  to  bilious  diseases ; and  ner- 
vous, for  a derangement  of  the  nervous  system.  Hence  the  necessity  of 
changing  them. 

Much  as  has  been  written  upon  this  most  important  department  of  phre- 
nological science,  little  that  is  instructive  or  satisfactory  has  yet  been  pro- 
duced. Dr.  Caldwell’s  work  on  the  temperaments,  and  his  article  in  No. 
1 1.  vol.  i.p.  393  of  the  American  Phrenological  Journal,  are  decidedly  the  best 
extant,  yet  these  embody  general  principles  rather  than  descend  to  details. 
Phrenologists  give  the  amateur  rules  for  ascertaining  the  temperaments,  and 
require  him  to  pay  particular  attention  to  them,  yet  say  little  or  nothing 
concerning  the  several  qualities  of  mind , and  kinds  of  disposition  and 

* Phrenologists  are  often  unjustly  accused  of  making  these  “ other  conditions’* 
9 ecape-goats  for  their  alleged  errors.  This  c large  is  groundless;  because,  first, 
the  rules  of  science  allow  us  to  state  just  as  many  conditions  as  we  please,  all  of 
which  the  reasonable  objector  is  bound  to  take  into  account:  and,  secondly,  the 
temperament  a mi  other  conditions  of  the  several  organs  in  the  same  head , are 
much  the  same.  Let  anti-phrenologists,  and  especially  the  redoubtable  Dr.  Sewall, 
measure  five  hundred  heads,  or  s wills,  in  which  particular  organs,  say  cautiousness, 
or  benevolence,  are  large  or  sma  1,  and  the  mental  manifestation  of  half  of  them  ia 
the  reverse  of  the  measurements,  ard  he  will  thereby  overthrow  phrenology,  and 
close  every  back  door  of  escape,  far  more  effectually  than  by  measuring  foul  teen 
iiseas-id  sculls  Thi3  will  be  subjecting  phrenology  to  the  oily  p 'oper  tesl 


THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 


u 


which  ^company  these  temperaments  respectively.  Yet  this  is  tk* 
mh/  essential  point  involved  in  the  doctrine  o«f  the  temperairients. 

That  the  relations  existing  between  the  mind  and  body  are  most  inti 
mate,  and  that  the  influences  of  each  ujK>n  the  other  are  reciprocal  and  most 
powerful,  all  admit,  yet  no  one  has  descended  to  particulars , or  shown 
what  conditions  of  the  one  produce  given  states  of  the  ether.  Hence,  so 
far  concerns  the  practical  application  of  this  doctrine  to  the  observation 
nr  production  of  given  states  of  mind,  we  are  as  yet  left  mostly  in  the  dark, 
(l  is  upon  these  points  that  the  author  hopes  to  throw  much  additional 
light. 

The  ideas  that  the  temperaments  are  indicated  by  the  build  and  shape 
of  the  body , instead  of  by  the  colour  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  the  other  signs 
usually  given,  and  also  that  particular  temperaments  give  rise  to,  and  ac- 
company, the  predominance  of  certain  classes  of  phrenological  organs,  and 
thereby  of  certain  qualities  and  states  of  mind,  of  certain  dispositions,  talents 
and  moral  as  well  as  intellectual  qualities,  and  therefore,  that  the  build  and 
form  of  body  indicate  the  qualities  of  the  mind,  the  author  believes  to  be 
new  and  original  suggestions.  They  are  the  result  of  much  observation 
and  experience,  and  though  by  no  means  perfect,  they  strike  out  a new 
field  of  investigation  to  be  perfected  hereafter. 

For  some  time  after  the  writer  commenced  the  practice  of  phrenology, 
he  followed  his  predecessors  in  the  matter  of  the  temperaments,  until  his 
own  experience  taught  him  effectually,  by  the  repeated  mistakes  into  which 
they  led  him,  that  they  were  in  error,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  /yw- 
phatic  temperament ; which  they  described  as  being  a bad,  dull,  lazy,  ease- 
loving,  listless,  anti-thinking  and  anti-feeling  temperament,  but  which  he 
often  found  coupled  with  superior  talents,  as  in  Chief  Justice  Gibson,  De 
Witt  Clinton,  and  many  others.  He  then  adopted  the  theory,  that  as  every 
thing  appertaining  to  man  is  good  and  attains  a good  end,  the  lymphatic 
temperament  must  be  not  only  beneficial,  but  even  essential,*  by  inducing 
that  ease-loving  state  of  the  system  called  rest,  which  lays  in  and  husbands 
those  vital  resources  required  for  expenditure  by  the  other  temperaments. 
For  years,  however,  both  in  his  lectures  and  practice,  he  has  regarded  this 
temperament  as  a state  of  disease  rather  than  as  a distinct  temperament,  as 
an  accumulation  of  gross  fat,  which  does  more  harm  than  good. 

The  following  classification  and  naming  of  the  temperaments  is  both 
more  simple  and  more  comprehensive,  and  less  liable  to  be  misunderstood, 
than  those  now  in  use.  Man,  as  an  organized  being,  has  a body  which  is 
made  up  of  three,  instead  of  four,  classes  of  organs,  namely, 

1.  THE  VITAL  Temperament,  or  the  nutritive  apparatus.  This 
embraces  those  organs  employed  in  manufacturing  vitality,  and  in  creating 
and  sustaining  animal  life ; viz.,  the  digestive  apparatus,  the  heart,  lungs, 
blood,  viscera,  &c.,  including  all  the  internal  organs.  This  corresponds  in 
part  to  the  sanguine  and  lymphatic  temperaments. 


* Impressed  by  the  foregoing  views  cn  the  subject  w ihe  Temperaments,  O.  S. 
Fowler  published  them  as  early  as  the  year  1639.  They  have  since  been  given, 
substantially,  by  other  authors.  lie  concluded  that  the  Lymphatic  Temperament 
in  due  degree  could  not  but  be  good  in  itself,  because  every  natural  development 
ot  man  is  good,  if  not  excessive.  He  therefore  grouped  the  digestive  and  lym- 
phatic apparatus  with  the  thoracic  organs  under  the  name  of  “ Vital  Tempera 
snent,  * has  yet.  to  see  occa&Vxi  to  change  his  views  on  this  subject. 

11 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY* 


3,  THE  MOTIVE  APPARATUS.  This  includes  the  bones  am 
muscles  wh  ,uh  constitute  the  frame-work  of  the  system,  and  correspond* 
with  the  bilious  temperament. 

3.  THE  MENTAL  APPARATUS.  This  embraces  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  which  are  the  instruments  employed  in  the  production  and 
exercise  of  thought  and  feeling,  and  is  similar  to  the  nervous  temperament. 

In  taking  for  my  cabinet  the  busts  of  our  great  men,  I was  struck  with  the 
fact  that  they  all  had  amply  developed  chests.  Finding  some  difficulty  in 
adjusting  the  apparatus  to  the  head  of  S.  Southard,  on  account  of  his  depth 
of  shoulders,  he  remarked  that  he  measured  under  the  arm-pits  as  much  a a 
a common  barrel.  In  taking  the  busts  of  the  Rev.  Hr.  Bascom.  Judge 
Daggett,  Preston,  and  others,  the  same  difficulty  was  experienced  from  the 
same  cause.  I had  observed  the  same  amply  developed  chest  in  Webster,  Clay, 
Adams,  Marshall,  Gibson,  Frelinghuysen,  De  Witt  Clinton,  Alex.  Hamilton, 
N.  P.  Tallmadge,  Asher  Robbins,  Thaddeus  Stephens,  Govs.  Wolf,  Porter, 
Ritner,  Seward,  Edwards,  Vesey,  and  others;  Drs.  Beecher,  Griffin,  Hum- 
phrey, and  Packard,  and  a multitude  of  others,  besides  those  below  enu- 
merated. 

Indeed,  every  distinguished  man  whom  I had  seen,  or  whose  bust  I had 
taken,  was  found  to  have  this  amply  developed  chest.  Hence  I was  natu- 
rally led  to  conclude  that  it  was  as  much  an  accompaniment  of  greatness  as 
a large  forehead ; and  that  intellectual  greatness  was  the  product  of  both 
large  vital  organs  to  manufacture  the  vital  stamina,  and  large  intellectual 
organs  to  expend  this  vital  power  intellectually  instead  of  muscularly. 

In  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  in  a blindfold  examination,  I ascribed  supe* 
rior  talents  to  a man  who  was  deficient  in  intellect.  When  the  error  was 
pointed  out  and  the  request  made  to  re-examine,  I replied  that  his  head  was 
ft  gocd  one,  all  that  I had  described  it  to  be,  but  that  he  had  but  a feeble 
heart  to  nourish  and  invigorate  his  brain.  His  chest  was  small  and  narrow, 
his  arms  set  forward  and  near  together,  the  abdomen  small,  the  person  bent 
forward,  the  chest  as  it  were  caved  in,  and  the  pulse  extremely  feeble.  The 
next  day,  his  son,  who  was  also  simple,  and  another  lad  came  into  my  office 
from  their  play.  The  simpleton’s  pulse  beat  only  half  as  fast  and  not  half 
as  strong  as  the  other’s.  I had  made  thousands  of  similar  observations, 
which  I now  recollected,  and  had  often  said  that  Benton  owed  his  talents 
more  to  his  chest  and  habits  than  to  the  size  of  his  brain. 

The  conclusion  was  thus  forced  home  upon  me  that  greatness  depended 
quite  as  much  upon  the  development  of  this  class  of  organs,  as  upon  that  of 
the  brain,  or,  rather,  upon  both  united.  Not  that  every  man  with  large  in*- 
ternal  organs  is  a great  man,  for  his  power  may  be  expended  physically,  but 
that  every  great  man  has  this  class  of  organs  large. 

From  this  time  I abandoned  the  notion  of  the  lymphatic  temperament 
altogether,  and  adopted  the  classification  here  suggested.  These  conclusion? 
were  arrived  at  in  1838,  and  since  that  time  have  regularly  formed  a part 
of  my  courses  of  lectures. 

i.  Tiie  Vital  Temperament,  or  Nutritive  Apparatus.  Apply 
the  tongue  to  the  larger  end  of  a good  egg,  and  it  will  be  perceptibly 
warmer  than  any  other  part,  because  the  vital  property  of  the  chick  is 
located  there ; but  if  this  part  is  cold,  life  is  extinct,  and  the  egg  spoiled. 
Subject  this  egg  to  the  process  of  hatching  for  a short  time,  and  remove 
the  coverings  from  this  end,  and  you  will  see  the  heart  palpitating,  and  the 
blood  vessels  formed,  the  yolk  supplying  the  heart  with  the  required  nutri- 
tion, whilst  the  othe-~  portions  remain  vet  unorganized.  The  first  portion 


THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 


IS 


sf  the  animal  economy  formed  k the  heart  and  its  anpuitenanccs,  or  the 
•eternal  system  of  organs,  and  through  them,  matter  is  deposited  here  and 
there  for  the  formation  of  the  balance  of  the  body.  This  same  vital 
apparatus  also  supplies  the  materials  required  for  the  growth  and  nutri- 
tion of  all  the  parts  requiring  either,  and  is  far  more  active  during  infancy 
and  youth  than  any  other  part  of  the  body,  as  is  indicated  by  their  pulse, 
appetite,  and  love  of  physical  action.  Life  is  also  extinguished  sooner  by 
a blow  on  the  pit  of  the  stomach  than  anywhere  else,  and  the  blood,  in- 
stead of  coagulating,  remains  liquid,  all  evincing  that  this  is  the  centre  of 
vitality. 

This  apparatus  not  only  originates  vitality,  but  also  sustains  the  whole 
animal  economy.  It  constitutes  the  fountain  head  of  animal  power  and 
vital  energy ; manufactures  the  animal  heat ; resists  cold  and  heat,  disease 
and  death  ; and  re-supplies  the  brain,  and  nerves,  and  muscles  with  those 
vital  energies  which  they  are  compelled  to  expend  whenever  they  are  ex- 
ercised. It  is  to  the  man  what  the  fire,  and  wood,  and  water,  and  steam 
are  to  the  engine — the  “ vis  animal9 — the  “ primum  mobile ” — the  alpha 
and  the  omega  of  the  animal  economy. 

it  includes  the  entire  system  of  internal  organs  located  in  the  thorax  and 
abdomen,  namely,  the  heart,  lungs,  stomach,  blood,  liver,  viscera,  &c.  Its 
predominance  may  be  known,  not  so  much  by  red  or  chestnut  hair,  blue 
eyes,  &c.,  as  by  the  shape  of  the  body.  It  gives  a stout,  square  built,  thick 
get,  stocky  build ; depth  and  breadth,  and  often  roundness  of  shoulders,  and 
thus  a capacious  chest ; arms  far  apart  and  set  well  back ; well  developed 
abdomen;  a full  strong  pulse;  large  and  strong  lungs;  powerful  voice; 
short,  sound,  and  well  set  teeth  ; plump  person ; wide  nostrils ; abundant 
flesh ; red  face,  and  indeed  the  skin  everywhere  showing  a great  supply  and 
flow  of  blood;  hair  abundant,  and  often  curly;  a capacity  for  enduring 
fatigue,  and  privation,  and  exposure ; a tough,  iron  constitution,  or  what  is 
called  bottom,  which  is  erroneously  attributed  to  the  bilious  temperament ; 
a great  love  of  physical  action,  of  amusements,  of  fresh  air,  and  out-of-door  exer- 
cise, though  not  of  hard  work  ; a restlessness  which  cannot  endure  confine- 
ment in-doors ; and  a desire  to  be  all  the  time  doing  something  to  work  off 
the  constantly  accumulating  energies  of  the  system.  Generally,  though  not 
always,  the  hair  and  whiskers  will  be  red,  or  sandy,  or  chestnut,  abundant, 
and  often  curly  ; the  face  flushed  or  suffused  with  blood  ; the  countenance 
florid,  and  often  handsome  ; the  limbs,  neck,  <8cc.,  short,  and  thick  set,  and 
large  in  circumference ; and  the  whole  person,  head  included,  built  on  the 
short,  and  broad,  and  thick  set,  instead  of  long  and  tail,  principle. 

This  temperament  gives  a tough,  strong  constitution ; great  powers  of 
endurance  ; a great  amount  of  animal  life  and  vigour  to  be  worked  off,  either 
by  the  muscles  in  physical  action,  or  by  the  brain  in  thought  and  feeling  5 
great  ardour  of  desire ; great  zeal  and  enthusiasm ; powerful  feelings,  pas- 
lions  and  impulses,  and  a suscentibility  of  high  excitement,  as  well  as  sensi- 
tiveness to  the  influence  of  both  mental  and  physical  stimuli ; a hearty 
relish  for  food,  particularly  animal,  for  condiments,  sleep,  &c.,  and  a great 
enjoyment  of  animal  life  and  pleasure  as  such. 

Persons  in  whom  this  temperament  predominates,  show  their  talents 
business,  natural  shrewdness,  and  management,  more  than  in  hard  study,  01 
direct  reasoning,  or  fondness  for  books.  They  have  usually  more  practice 
wmmon  sense  than  book  learning;  and  of  general  information  about 
and  things,  such  as  they  pick  up  from  observation,  conversation,  newspj 

2 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


l&7By  &c.,  ratlici  than  accurate  scientific  knowledge,  or  depth  and  power  of 
mind. 

Its  decided  predominance  is  accompanied  by  a round  head,  well  developed 
at  the  base,  large  amativeness,  acquisitiveness,  aiimentiveness,  benevolence, 
and  language ; large  organs  of  the  animal  propensities  generally  ; a rapid 
widening  of  the  head  from  the  corners  the  eyes  to  the  tips  of  the  ears  ; side 
head  spherical  and  well  filled  out ; forehead  generally  full  or  square  and 
broad  rather  than  high ; perceptive  organs  large ; and  ail.  the  organs  short 
fend  broad  rather  than  long  or  pointed. 

This  temperament  predominates  in  Thos.  H.  Benton,  Martin  Van  Buren, 
Levi  Woodbury,  Wm.  C.  Preston,  of  S.  C.,  N.  Biddle,  Rives,  Dr.  Bethune, 
Orville  Dewey,  David  Paul  Brown,  Robley  Dunglison,  Samuel  Southard, 
Garret  D.  Wall,  Felix  Grundy,  Jesse  R.  Burden,  Edwin  Forrest,  F. 
Wemvss,  J.  R.  Scott,  Ex-SherifF  Parkins,  of  the  royal  family  of  England, 
Jas.  Watson  Webb,  Commodores  Chauncey  and  Kennedy,  Lord  Byron,  and 
many  other  public  characters.  The  Indian  Chief  Keokuk  affords  one  of  its 
oest  examples,  and  every  one  of  the  thirty  Indian  chiefs  taken  by  O.  S.  <&  L 
M.  Fowler  show  a development  of  chest  truly  remarkable,  exciting  astonish 
merit  by  their  size,  and  admiration  by  their  beauty.  In  Indians  generally, 
and  also  in  Africans,  this  is  a leading  temperament,  combined  with  the  mo- 
tive, but  with  less  of  the  mental.  In  the  Irish,  Dutch,  Germans,  and 
Jews,  it  also  predominates.  See  their  build. 

Men  of  this  temperament  predominant  generally  dislike  hard  work,  and 
hence  choose  some  occupation  in  which  they  can  get  their  living  without  it, 
such  as  agents,  overseers,  cashiers,  aldermen,  captains,  landlords,  traders  ir* 
live  stock,  butchers,  speculators,  lawyers,  politicians,  public  officers,  con- 
tractors, &c.  &c.  To  employ  a trite  saying,  they  generally  “ know  on  which 
side  their  bread  is  buttered;”  turn  every  thing,  especially  bargains,  of 
which  they  are  usually  fond,  to  their  own  account ; always  feather  their 
own  nests ; look  out  for  themselves,  and  take  care  to  get  their  own  part  of 
every  thing.  In  short,  this  is  the  animal  temperament,  both  physically  and 
phrenologically,  and  necessary  in  order  to  give  force  of  character,  and  that 
selfishness  which,  in  the  present  state  of  things,  is  a leading  requisite  to  suc- 
cess in  almost  every  thing.  It  feels  and  acts  out  the  sentiment,  “ every  man 
for  himself,”  and  is  more  apt  to  be  connected  with  roguery  and  vice,  than 
any  other  organization. 

One  with  this  temperament  fully  developed  resists  powerfully  the  action 
of  disease,  yet  when  attacked,  is  usually  taken  suddenly,  becomes  very  sick, 
and  is  brought  at  once  to  the  crisis.  The  diseases  to  which  it  predisposes 
are  apoplexy,  gout,  fevers,  inflammatory  rheumatism,  plethoric  complaints, 
flowing  of  blood  to  the  head,  asthma,  &c.  Upon  it  health  and  long  life 
mainly  depend. 

Bad  men  will  be  fssnd  to  have  this  temperament,  though  not  e e.  j one 
ia  whom  it  predominates  is  a bad  man.  This  is  the  predominant  tempera- 
ment of  the  lower  animals.  One  of  its  best  examples  occurs  in  the  lion, 
and  the  extraordinary  height,  and  breadth,  and  size  of  his  chest  and  fore- 
shoulders, his  terrific  roar,  length  of  life,  colour,  and  development,  of  theani 
rnal  organs,  all  evince  its  prodigious  development.  The  motive  is  aiso 
almost  equally  powerful.  Sec  also  the  bull-dog,  mastiff  &c. 

2.  Tnc  Motive  Apparaios.  This  embraces  the  osseous  and  fibrous 
portions  of  the  s)  stem,  or  the  bones,  muscles,  sinews,  tendons,  and  every 
organ  ot  the  body  employed  to  give  bodily  motion  of  any  kind  ; including 
walking,  labouring,  and  every  kind  of  corporeal  movement.  It  also  give* 


THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 


II 


muscular  strength,  ami  constitutes  the  frame-war k of  the  system  giving  if 
its  build,  shape,  and  form ; and  is  to  the  man  what  the  timbers  are  to  the 
house,  or  the  hulk  to  the  steam-boat. 

Tkongh  the  bone-s  and  muscles  differ  so  widely  from  each  other  in  almost 
every  respect,  yet  they  are  here  classed  together ; because  each  is  adapted 
to,  and  useless  without  the  other,  and  both  together  perform  motion. 

The  bones  constitute  the  foundation  on  which  the  muscular  superstructure 
is  built,  are  articulated  at  their  ends  by  the  joints,  and  firmly  bound  to- 
gether by  ligaments,  yet  allowed  free  motion.  Towards  the  middle  of  these 
bones,  the  muscles  are  firmly  attached,  so  that  when  they  contract,  they 
give  motion  to  the  eud  of  the  bone  opposite  the  belly  of  the  muscle. 
These  muscles  constitute  the  lean  meat,  or  red  flesh  of  all  animals,  and  are 
made  red  by  the  immense  number  of  minute  blood-vessels  which  are  rami 
fled  upon  every  fibre  of  every  muscle  in  order  to  re-supply  that  vital  power 
which  is  expended  by  its  exercise.  The  contractile  power  of  these  muscles 
«s  truly  astonishing,  as  is  evident  from  the  wonderful  feats  of  strength  and 
agility  of  which  man  is  capable ; and  that  too,  though  these  muscles  act 
under  a great  mechanical  disadvantage. 

One  in  whom  the  motive  apparatus  predominates,  has  a person  lean  and 
spare : usually  of  good  size  and  height ; an  athletic  build ; strongly  marked 
features ; a large,  Roman  nose  ; high  and  large  cheekbones ; large  and  broad 
front  teeth  ; and  all  the  bones  of  the  body  large  and  projecting ; a deep,  grum, 
base  voice ; distinctly  marked  muscles,  and  blood-vessels ; large  joints ; hard 
flesh  ; great  muscular  power,  or  physical  strength  ; ease  of  action,  and  love 
* of  physical  labour,  of  lifting,  working,  &c. ; dark,  and  often  coarse,  stiff, 
abundant,  and  perhaps  bushy  hair ; a black,  and  heavy  beard ; dark  skin 
and  eyes ; a harsh,  expressive  visage ; strong,  but  coarse  and  harsh  feelings : 
the  movements  like  those  of  the  draught  horse,  slow,  but  powerful  and 
efficient ; with  much  force  and  energy  of  character. 

The  mental  qualities  of  this  temperament  take  their  complexion  entirely 
from  its  combinations,  which  will  presently  be  considered. 

3.  The  Mental  Temperament,  or  the  Nervous  Apparatus.  —This  em 
braces  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  or  that  portion  of  the  body  called  into 
action  in  the  manufacture  and  exercise  of  thought,  feeling,  sensation,  &c. 

At  first,  the  brain  consists  of  a mere  ganglion  of  nervous  matter,  formed 
at  the  top  of  the  spinal  column.  To  this,  successive  additions  are  made 
upwards  and  forwards,  forming,  successively,  the  brains  of  various  animals, 
from  that  of  the  fish  and  toad,  through  that  of  the  dog  and  monkey,  up  to 
the  perfectly  developed  brain  of  the  adult  man.  Let  it  be  observed  that  the 
base  of  the  brain,  or  the  animal  organs,  which  alone  can  be  exercised  by 
the  infant,  are  developed  first,  whilst  benevolence,  amativeness,  veneration 
constructiveness,  and  some  others  which  cannot  be  exercised  by  the  infant 
are  not  developed  for  some  time  in  the  heads  of  infants.  See  their  heads 

The  construction  of  the  brain  is  fraught  with  more  interest  than  that  of 
any  other  portion  of  the  system.  Its  internal  portion  is  fibrous,  whilst  its 
outer  is  soft  and  gelatinous.  It  is  folded  up  into  layers  or  furrows,  called 
convolutions,  which  are  expanded  by  dropsy  in  the  brain,  into  a nervous 
gheet  or  web.  These  convolutions  allow  a much  greater  amount  of  nervouy 
matter  to  be  packed  up  in  a given  compass,  and  their  depth  and  size  are 
proportionate  to  the  amount  of  mind  and  talent.  Thus  in  animals  and 
idiots  they  are  small  and  shallow;  in  mer.  of  ordinary  talents,  much  deeper; 
whilst,  the  dissectors  of  the  brains  of  Cuvier,  Lord  Byron,  and  othe? 
great  men,  have  remarked  with  astonishment  upon  the  size  and  depth 


16 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


of  their  convolutions ; and  Dr.  G.  M Clellan,  the  distinguished  surgeon  in 
Philadelphia,  remarked  to  the  writer,  in  reference  to  a recent  dissection 
the  brain  of  one  of  the  most  talented  men  of  Delaware,  that  he  never  saw 
the  convolutions  so  deep  and  large — the  furrows  being  an  inch  in  depth. 

Some  writers  say  five  times  as  much  blood  is  sent  to  the  brain  in  propor* 
tian  to  its  volume,  as  is  sent  to  any  other  portion  of  the  system;  some  say 
eight  times  as  much ; others  fifteen  ; and  one  twenty ; but  all  agree  as  to 
the  general  fact.  The  difference  between  them  is  doubtless  owing  to  the  dif- 
ference in  the  talents  of  those  operated  upon,  intellectual  subjects  having 
the  most.  The  distinctness  and  protrusion  of  the  veins  in  the  heads  of  our 
great  men,  as  also  the  immediate  filling  up  of  these  veins  when  one  laughs 
or  becomes  excited,  lead  to  the  same  conclusion. 

Through  the  medium  of  the  spinal  column,  and  by  means  of  the  nerves 
that  go  off  from  the  spinal  marrow  through  the  joints  of  the  back  bone,  the 
brain  holds  intercourse  with  every  part  of  the  body,  the  nerves  being  rami- 
fied upon  every  portion  of  its  surface,  so  that  not  even  the  point  of  a needle 
can  penetrate  any  portion  of  it  without  lacerating  them,  and  thus  producing 
pain.  This  spinal  marrow  is  composed  of  four  principal  columns,  the  two 
anterior  ones  exercising  voluntary  motion,  the  two  posterior  ones,  sensa- 
tion. Let  the  nerves  that  go  off  from  the  two  posterior  columns,  be  severed 
at  their  root,  and  the  parts  on  which  they  are  ramified  will  be  destitute  of 
sensation,  not  feeling  any  thing,  though  able  to  move ; but  on  severing  the 
nerves  that  go  off  from  the  two  anterior  columns,  though  the  patient  will  feel 
the  prick  of  the  needle,  he  will  be  unable  to  move  the  limb  to  which  the 
nerve  goes.  Now  observe,  that  these  two  - anterior  or  motive  columns  * 
are  in  direct  connexion  with  the  frontal  portion  of  the  brain,  in  which  the 
intellectual  organs  are  located,  so  that  each  can  communicate  freely  with 
the  other,  whilst  the  two  posterior  columns,  or  those  of  sensation , are  in 
connexion  with  the  back  part  of  the  brain,  in  which  the  organs  of  the  feel 
ings  are  located. 

These  two  classes  of  nerves  are  united,  near  their  origin,  in  one  common 
sheath,  but  let  them  be  severed  in  any  part  of  their  course,  and  the  portion 
below  will  be  destitute  of  sensation  or  motion  according  to  the  nerve  severed, 
whilst  the  parts  above  will  retain  them  unimpaired.  They  are  most  abun 
dant  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  body,  and  accordingly,  the  skin  and  adjacent 
flesh  is  the  seat  of  much  more  intense  pain  from  wounds  than  the  internal 
portions. 

One  in  whom  the  mental  temperament  greatly  predominates,  will  b* 
characterized  physically  by  a small  stature ; light  build ; small  bones  ant 
muscles;  a slim,  tall,  spare,  sprightly  person ; quickness  of  motion;  grea 
physical  activity,  too  much  for  his  strength;  sharp  features;  thin  lips;  : 
small  pointed  nose ; teeth  sharp  and  liable  to  early  decay ; all  the  bone 
pointed  ; the  head  usually  uneven,  and  the  phrenological  organs  sharp  ; th 
voice  sharp,  shrill,  high-keyed,  and  often  soft  and  flexible,  and  its  intonj 
tions  evincing  fervour  and  tenderness  ; the  hair  light,  fine,  and  thin ; a fin 
clear,  soft,  and  delicate  skin ; extreme  sensitiveness  to  physical  suffering 
a keen,  light,  intelligent,  and  sparkling  eye  ; a speaking  countenance,  in d 
eating  sensibility ; a small  narrow  chest  and  abdomen ; and  the  shouldei 
set  forward  and  brought  near  together ; thus  producing  a stooping,  bendin: 
attitude.  The  diseases  to  which  it  predisposes  are  consumption,  dyspepsif 
liver  complaint,  and  brain  fever ; nervous  affections  , a flowing  of  blood  to  th 
head,  with  wakefuiness  at  night ; and  a tendency  to  partial  or  entire  menfa 
deiangement. 


COMBINATION  OF  TEMPERAMENTS, 


11 


He  will  be  characterized  mentally  by  a predominance  of  mind  over  .hat  of 
the  body,  so  that  its  state  will  affect  that  of  the  body  more  than  that  of  the 
body  will  the  mind.  He  will  be  in  the  highest  degree  susceptible  to  the 
influence  of  stimuli  and  of  all  exciting  causes ; be  refined  and  delicate  in 
feeling  and  expression,  and  easily  disgusted  with  any  thing  coarse,  vulgar, 
or  oat  of  taste  ; when  he  enjoys,  will  enjoy  in  the  highest  degree,  and  when 
he  suffers,  suffer  with  equal  intensity ; be  subject  to  extremes  of  feeling 
have  his  disgusts,  sympathies,  and  prepossessions  easily  excited  ; experience 
a vividness  and  intensity  of  emotion,  and  a clearness,  pointedness,  and  rapi- 
dity of  thought,  perception,  and  conception,  and  a love  of  mental  exercise, 
imparted  by  no  other  temperament ; and  have  a deep  flow  of  pure  and  virtu- 
sus  feeling,  which  will  effectually  resist  vicious  inclinations.  His  desires 
mil  be  intense,  and  his  efforts  to  obtain  his  ends  correspondingly  vigorous. 
Hence  he  will  be  eager  in  all  his  pursuits,  and  feel  that  his  ends  are  of  t’he 
utmost  importance,  and  must  be  answered  now,  and  thus  liable  to  overdo, 
and  prematurely  exhaust  his  physical  powers,  which  at  best  are  none  too 
good.  He  will  also  be  very  fond  of  reading  and  study ; of  thinking  and  rea- 
soning ; of  books  and  literary  pursuits ; of  conversation,  and  of  all  kinds  of 
information,  and  apt  to  lie  awake  at  night,  thinking,  or  feeling,  or  reading. 

This  temperament  gives  mind  as  mind,  and  literary  rather  than  business 
talents.  One  with  this  temperament  predominant  should  choose  some  pro-' 
fession,  or  light  mental  occupation,  such  as  a clerk,  merchant,  teacher,  or  if  a 
mechanic,  should  choose  that  of  a goldsmith,  or  some  similar  business  requir- 
ing much  light  action;  but  not  hard  lifting,  where  he  can  get  his  living  by  hia 
head  instead  of  his  hands.  He  should  also  avoid  close  application  ; take  much 
pleasurable  recreation  and  exercise ; live  more  at  his  ease  than  he  is  inclined 
to  do ; avoid  all  kinds  of  stimulants,  wines,  tea  and  coffee  included ; use: 
vegetable  food  mostly ; endeavour  to  enjoy  existence ; and  avoid  being 
worried. 

These  temperaments  are  always  combined,  each  existing  in  a greater  or 
less  degree  in  every  individual.  They  are  sometimes  equally  balanced,  but 
generally  one  predominates,  another  is  secondary  though  well  marked,  and 
a third  moderate  or  weak.  The  effects  produced  by  their  combinations  is 
one  of  the  most  important  points  connected  with  the  manifestation  of  mind. 
The  author  does  not  expect  to  do  it  justice,  but  only  to  advance  a few  im- 
portant hints.  This  kind  of  knowledge  can  be  derived  from  observation 
alone , not  from  books  and  descriptions,  which  can  do  no  more  than  to  put 
the  observer  upon  the  right  track. 

The  vital  apparatus  expends  its  energies  first  in  forming  the  body,  se- 
condly in  consolidating  and  perfecting  it,  and  lastly,  in  perfecting  the  brain 
and  nervous  system,  which  develop  mind.  In  infancy,  childhood,  and 
vouth,  it  greatly  predominates  over  the  others,  especially  the  mental,  which 
ripens  last  and  holds  sway  longest.  Hei:ce,  long  after  the  physical  powers 
begin  to  wane,  the  mental  retain  all  their  pristine  vigour,  yielding  last  to 
enfeebling  old  age.  Hence  the  proverb  “ old  men  for  counsel.” 

Again,  our  smartest  men  were  often  very  dull  boys;  giving  little  promise 
of  talent  till  twenty  or  even  thirty  years  old.  This  is  explained  by  the 
physiological  law  just  stated.  In  early  life,  the  vital  apparatus  was  mostly 
expended  in  forming  a powerful  constitution,  and  laying  in  a great  reservoir 
of  v ital  stamina.  Such  are  “late  ripe,  late  rotten” — the  winter  apple, 
improving  with  age,  and  keeping  well.  They  have  amply  developed  chests  t 
an  excellent  muscular  organization  , the  vital  motive  temperament  predoffifc 


- 


*3  PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 

listing  in  3 outh,  with  a large  amount  of  the  elements  of  the  mental,  go  i&s£, 
when  their  energies  reach  the  wain,  mind  assumes  the  ascendancy,  convert* 
mg  their  powerful  resources  into  mental  greatness. 

Precocity  is  the  opposite  of  this,  the  mental  apparatus  being  too  '""'Wand 
too  powerfully  developed,  thus  using  up  the  energies  of  the  system,  and 
causing  an  early  death.  The  minds  of  such  should  never  be  stimulated,  but 
always  be  checked,  and  their  vital  and  motive  temperaments  cultivated.  But 
parental  fondness  often  takes  the  opposite  course  in  order  to  exhilf  1 this  pre- 
cocity, which  hastens  their  ruin. 

In  accordance  with  this  principle,  death  prostrates  the  extremities  first* 

physical  before  the  mental  powers;  the  base  of  the  brain,  or  the  animal 
propensities,  such  as  appetite,  hatred,  love  of  money,  &c.,  next ; and  finishes 
with  the  moral  organs.  Hence,  after  “ the  world  and  the  love  of  it  ” have 
vanished,  the  spiritual  man,  or  the  organs  in  the  top  of  the  head,  are  often 
vigorously  exercised  upon  a future  state. 

Since  the  vital  apparatus  manufactures  the  vital  resources  to  be  expended 
either  by  the  muscles  in  physical  action,  or  by  the  brain  in  the  exercise  of 
mind  and  feeling,  according  to  the  demand,  its  ample  development  is  indis- 
pensable to  the  labourer,  to  the  intellectual  man,  to  the  business  man,  in 
short,  to  any  and  every  man,  ,v^man,  and  child ; and  when  deficient  should 
by  all  means  be  cultivated. 

The  vital  motive  apparatus.  One  having  this  temperament  predomi- 
nant, will  be  of  good  size  and  height,  if  not  large  ; well  proportioned  ; broad 
shouldered ; muscular ; nose  and  cheek-bones  prominent ; visage  strongly 
marked ; features  often  coarse  and  homely ; countenance  often  stem  and 
harsh ; face  red  ; hair  red  or  sandy,  if  not  coarse,  and  movements  strong, 
but  often  awkward  and  seldom  polished.  He  will  be  best  adapted  to  soma 
laborious  occupation,  and  enjoy  hard  work  more  than  hooks  or  literary  pup 
suits  ; have  great  power  of  feeling,  and  thus  require  much  self-government, 
possess  more  talent  than  he  exhibits  to  others;  manifest  his  mind  more  in 
his  business,  in  creating  resources  and  managing  matters  than  in  literary 
pursuits  or  mind  as  such;  and  improve  with  age,  growing  better  and  more 
intellectual  as  he  grows  older. 

One  with  the  vital  mental  temperament  predominant,  with  the  motive 
moderate  or  small,  will  have  a double  augmentation  of  fervid  feeling- — of  ani- 
mal feeling  from  his  vital,  and  of  elevated  mental  and  sentimental  feeling 
from  his  mental  apparatus,  being  hardly  able  to  contain  himself,  such  will 
he  their  intensity.  His  flow  of  sympathy  will  be  great,  so  that  he  will 
easily  receive  and  communicate  impressions;  be  too  much  influenced  by 
his  impulses,  likes,  dislikes,  first  impressions,  &c. ; have  his  hobbies ; ba 
enthusiastic;  throw  a great  amount  of  feeling  into  all  he  says  and  docs.* 
use  strong  and  hyperbolical  expressions  ; be  fond  of  company,  if  not  forward 
in  it ; have  a qinck,  clear,  sharp,  keen,  active  mind  and  good  business  talents; 
a ready  flow  of  ideas  and  a talent  for  communicating  them,  either  os 
paper  or  in  social  conversation  ; show  taste  and  refinement  and  delicacy  in 
every  thing  ; have  an  under-current  of  pure  virtuous  feeling  which  will  pre 
vent  the  grosser  manifestation  of  animal  passion,  and  give  the  intellectual 
and  moral  man  the  ascendency,  sinning  only  under  some  sudden  and  power-- 
ful  excitement,  for  which  he  will  be  very  sorry ; be  fond  of  reading,  particu- 
larly poetry,  novels,  tales,  light  and  sentimental  pieces,  belles  lettres,  news- 
papers, &c. ; be  inclined  to  attempt  this  kind  of  composition  , have  a r©« 
tentivs  memory  ; shrewdness ; smartness  ; and  enough  of  selfishness  to  tais* 


THE  MOTIVE  MENTAL  TEMPERAMENT. 


16 

care  of  number  one,  yet  not  enough  powe*  or  momentum  of  mind  and  cha 
racier  to  become  great  or  pre-eminent.  This  is  the  eloquent*  temperament 
and  also  the  poetical,  though  in  poets  the  mental  often  predominates  ovei 
Doth  the  others.  In  singers  it  also  predominates,  though  the  vital  generally 
assumes  the  lead,  giving  both  the  love  of  music  and  a powerful  voice. 

Its  predominance  is  indicated  by  small  bones;  moderate  stature;  light 
and  thin  hair  and  eyes ; rather  thick  set,  st@ut  build  ; round  shoulders ; Mi 
chest;  full  face;  handsome  figure;  genteel  address;  beautiful  features, 
small,  short,  and  sharp  nose ; a sprightly  walk ; considerable  colour  ha 
the  cheeks  and  face ; and  that  exquisiteness  of  feeling  which  enjoys  and 
suffers  in  the  extreme.  Hence  its  possessor  will  live  a very  happy,  e? 
unhappy,  or  else  chequered  life,  according  as  his  organs  are  agreeably 
or  disagreeably  affected. 

Auburn  hair  is  the  product  of  this  temperament,  which  is  no  less  thfl 
accompaniment  of  beauty  of  mind  and  feeling,  than  it  is  of  face  and  figure. 

The  motive  mental  temperament.  One  having  this  temperament 
with  the  motive  predominant,  and  the  vital  average  or  full,  will  be  of  good 
size;  rather  tall  and  slim;  lean  and  rawboned,  if  not  homely  and  awkward; 
poor  in  flesh  ; bones  and  features  prominent,  particularly  the  nose  ; have  a 
firm  and  distinct  muscle,  and  a good  physical  organization;  a keen,  piercing, 
penetrating  eye;  the  front  upper  teeth  rather  large  and  projecting;  the 
hands,  fingers,  and  limbs  ail  long ; a long  face,  and  often  a high  forehead ; 
a firm,  rapid,  energetic  walk  ; and  great  ease  and  efficiency  of  action,  accom- 
panied with  little  fatigue. 

He  will  have  strong  desires  and  much  energy  of  character  ; will  take 
hold  of  his  projects  with  both  hands,  and  drive  forward  in  spite  of  obstacles, 
and  hence  is  calculated  to  accomplish  a great  deal ; is  not  idle  or  lazy,  but 
generally  prefers  to  wait  upon  himself ; will  move,  walk,  &c.,  ir  a decided, 
forcible  and  straight-forward  manner ; have  strong  passions ; a tough  and 
wiry  brain  and  body;  a strong  and  vigorous  mind;  good  judgment;  clear 
head,  and  talents  more  solid  than  brilHant ; be  long-headed,  boid,  cool,  ral 
culating,  fond  of  deep  reasoning,  and  philosophizing,  of  hard  thinking,  and  the 
graver  and  more  solid  branches  of  learning.  This  is  the  thorough-going 
temperament ; imparts  business  powers ; predisposes  to  hard  work,  and 

♦ True  eloquence  consists,  not  in  strength  of  argument,  nor  in  gigantic  power  of 
/nought,  not  in  deep,  powerful,  conclusive  reasoning,  nor  the  observation  of  rheto- 
rical rules,  but  in  the  spontaneous  gushings  or  the  impassioned  burstings  of  deep 
feeling  and  intense  emotion,  transmitted  to  the  audience  not  so  much  by  words  as 
Dy  the  melting,  thrilling,  soul-stirring  intonations  of  the  voice  ; by  the  looks  and  at- 
titude of  the  man,  which  take  captive  the  citadel  of  feeling  by  storm,  and  melt  the 
soul  in  sympathy.  Hence  eloquence  can  never  be  written,  never  placed  on  paper. 
It  must  be  seen  and  heard  and  felt.  This  temperament  is  productive  of  eloquence 
in  two  ways  : first,  by  creating  a gushing  fountain  of  sympathy  and  a spontaneous 
How  of  feeling  in  the  speaker,  and  secondly,  by  giving^  large  pair  of  lungs,  which 
in  speaking  use  up  great  quantities  of  air,  by  which  the  blood  is  sent  to  the  brain 
in  great  abundance  and  highly  charged  with  vitality,  thus  producing  pathos.  The 
organs  of  language,  individuality,  eventuality,  comparison,  ideality,  imitation,  and 
some  others  are  also  necessary,  and  this  same  temperament  in  the  hearer  imparts 
she  feelings  to  be  operated  upon.  This  temperament  predominates  in  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Boscom,  whom  Clay  pronounced  the  greatest  natural  orator  he  ever  heard  ; in  Revs. 
Bethune,  Burchard  and  Maffitt ; in  D-avid  Paul  Brown,  Judge  Conrad,  William  IE 
Read,  ex  Attorney-General  of  Pa.;  Alvan  Stewart  of  Utica,  N.  Y. ; Elv  K» 
More,  ex  U.  S.  Representative  from  N.  Y.,  whose  natural  untutored  eloquence 
w>urst  forth  meteor-like  in  such  dazzling  splendour  as  to  astonish  and  overpower  hia 
hearers,  and  soon  literally  overcame  and  prostrated  his  physical  energies,  and  Kiany 
others  who  might  be  named.  Indeed  I know  no  one  remarkable  for  oratory  or  tnu«ic 
la  whom  this  temperament,  and  especially  the  vital,  does  not  predominate.  Wi 
triumphantly  appeal  whether  phrenology  does  not  thus  furnish  a better  deacrifriteai 
and  analysis  of  eloquence  than  can  be  found  in  works  on  this  subject. 


m 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


is  indispensable  vg  those  who  engage  in  grea  undertakings,  cr  who 
rise  to  eminence. 

One  having  the  mental  temperament  predominant,  the  motive  full  os 
large,  and  the  vital  average  to  full,  will  differ  in  build  from  the  preceding 
description  only  in  his  being  smaller,  taller  in  proportion,  and  more  spare. 
He  will  have  a reflective,  thinking,  planning,  discriminating  cast  of  mind;  a 
great  fondness  for  literature,  science,  and  intellectual  pursuits  of  the  deeper 
graver  kind ; be  inclined  to  choose  a professional  or  mental  occupation ; to 
exercise  his  body  much,  but  his  mind  more;  will  have  a high  forehead? 
good  moral  faculties ; and  the  brain  developed  more  from  the  root  of  the 
nose,  over  to  philoprogenitiveness,  than  around  the  ears.  In  character, 
also,  the  moral  and  intellectual  faculties  will  predominate.  This  tempera- 
ment is  seldom  connected  with  depravity,  but  generally  with  talent,  and  a 
manifestation,  not  only  of  superior  talents,  but  of  the  solid,  metaphysical, 
masoning,  investigating  intellect;  a fondness  for  natural  philosophy,  the 
natural  sciences,  &c.  It  is  also  the  temperament  for  authorship  and  clear 
headed,  laboured  productions.  It  predominates  in  Revs.  Jonathan  Edwards, 
Wilbur  Fiske,  N.  Taylor,  E.  A.  Parke,  Leonard  Bacon,  Albert  Barnes, 
Oberlin,  and  Pres.  Day  ; Drs.  Parish  and  Rush;  in  Vethake,  Hitchcock,  Jas. 
Brown  the  grammarian,  ex  U.  S.  Attorney  General  Butler,  Hugh  L.  White, 
Wise,  Asher  Robbins,  Walter  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  Franklin, 
Alex.  Hamilton,  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  Calhoun,  Jno.  Q.  Adams,  Percival, 
Noah  Webster,  Geo.  Combe,  Lncretia  Mott,  Catharine  Waterman,  Mrs, 
Sigourney,  and  nearly  e^ry  distinguished  author  and  scholar. 

But  if  the  men^  temperament  decidedly  predominates,  the  motive 
only  fair  and  the  vital  weak,  he  will  be  very  tall,  slim,  long-boned,  lank, 
small  chested,  slender  built,  very  active  and  smart  for  business,  but  too  light 
for  any  thing  requiring  great  strength  of  mind,  or  force  of  character.  He 
is  best  fitted  for  some  light,  active  business,  such  as  mercantile,  waiting, 
book-keeping,  &c.,  or  if  a mechanic,  for  a silversmith,  tailor,  &c.  Artists 
generally  have  this  temperament,  and  often  poets.  The  muscles  being  too 
small  to  relish  or  endure  much  hard  work,  they  take  too  little  vigorous 
exercise ; have  feelings  too  refined  and  exquisite  for  this  rough  and  selfish 
age,  or  for  coarse,  dirty  work ; are  often  sentimental,  hypochondriacal,  and 
dyspeptic,  and  predisposed  to  consumption  and  an  early  grave.  This  build 
and  temperament  generally  predominate  in  our  first  cut  dandies  and  double 
refined  ladies,  who  are  usually  more  fashionable  than  sensible  or  useful.  It 
is  by  no  means  a desirable  one,  especially  for  wives  and  mothers,  notwith- 
standing it  is  now  all  the  rage,  and  much  cultivated  by  artificial  pressure . 
It  generally  predominates  in  our  city  and  village  masters,  misses,  anJ 
children,  and  also  in  precocious  children,  who  seldom  amount  to  much,  and 
usually  die  young.  Consumptive  families  are  mostly  very  smart,  ^ut  very 
slim  poor  in  flesh,  and  sharp-favoured. 

One  having  the  vital  predominant,  the  motive  fair  or  strong,  and  the  men 
tsd  deficient,  when  really  roused,  and  pressed  into  service  by  powerful  mo« 
tiTes,  will  be  able  to  accomplish  much,  yet  will  love  ease,  and  do  no  more 
than  he  is  compelled  to.  His  passions  will  be  strong,  and  his  temptations 
powerful,  with  some  tendency  to  merry  company,  if  not  the  excitement  of 
drink.  He  will  not  be  inclined  to  books,  or  hard  study,  or  close  application, 
but  will  be  able  to  do  much  hard  work,  and  less  disgusted  with  coarse  o? 
filthy  kinds  of  labour  than  one  more  delicately  organized.  Hence  it  is 
fable  that  the  “ hewers  of  wood  and  the  drawers  of  water,”  scavengers,  col 
liers,  &c.,  should  have  this  temperament  One  with  the  mental  temperaraes# 


PRESERVING  THE  BALANCE  OS'  TEMPER  AMENTS.  S 

herald  be  incapacitated  both  mentally  and  physically  for  these  kin  da  *f 
tfraigery. 

The  motive  predominant,  mental  great,  and  vital  full,  is  the  one  for  power* 
ful  and  sustained  mental  effort,  and  great  power  in  any  department,  espe- 
cially that  of  mind  as  mind,  or  of  swaying  a commanding  influence  over 
mankind,  or  for  taking  the  lead  in  a large  business ; whilst  one  with  the 
mental  predominant,  the  vital  full,  and  the  motive  weak,  though  he  may  be 
smart,  he  cannot  be  great ; though  his  feelings  may  flare  up,  and  his  talents 
shine  forth  with  brilliancy,  they  will  be  momentary,  and  too  flashy,  vapid, 
and  quickly  spent  to  be  permanently  useful.  The  former  is  the  solid  wood 
or  the  anthracite  coal,  making  a slow  but  powerful  and  continuous  heat 
whilst  the  latter  resembles  the  fire  made  by  pine  shavings,  intense  but  mo- 
mentary. 

Having  described  clearly  the  three  primary  temperaments  and  their  prin- 
cipal combinations,  the  reader  is  left  to  his  own  observation  for  the  interme- 
diate shades  of  character  produced  by  the  others. 

Balance  or.  temperament.  But  the  best  temperament,  the  one  most 
favourable  fen  true  greatness  and  a general  genius,  for  balance  and  consis- 
tency of  character,  and  for  perfection  in  every  thing,  is  that  in  which  each  is 
strongly  marked,  and  all  about  equally  balanced.  Is  there  too  much  of  the 
motive,  there  is  power,  but  nothing  to  rouse  it  to  effort,  and  the  talents  lie 
dormant.  Does  the  vital  motive  greatly  predominate  ovor  the  mental, 
though  there  is  physical  power  and  enjoyment,  there  is  too  little  of  the  men- 
tal, too  little  sensibility,  too  much  grossness  and  coarseness,  too  little  intel- 
lect and  too  much  of  the  animal.  If  the  mental  predominates,  there  is  too 
much  mind  and  sensibility  for  the  body,  too  much  feeling,  and  that  too  exqui- 
site for  this  coarse  world,  together  with  a green-house  precocity,  and  too 
much  sentimentalism  and  refinement.  They  might  be  aptly  compared  to 
the  several  parts  of  a steamboat.  The  vital  is  the  wood,  water,  fire,  steam, 
and  engine;  the  motive,  the  hulk ; the  .mental,  the  freight  and  passengers. 
When  the  vital  predominates,  it  manufactures  more  steam,  more  vital  energy 
than  the  others  can  work  off,  and  there  is  a restlessness,  a pressure,  an  over- 
flowing of  feeling  and  passion,  and  a liability  to  burst.  If  there  is  a de- 
cided predominance  of  bone  and  muscle,  there  is  too  much  hulk  ; she  will 
move  slowly,  and  if  the  mental  is  also  weak,  she  is  too  light  freighted  to  be 
worth  running,  or  to  secure  the  great  objects  of  existence.  But  if  the  men- 
tal is  greatly  predominant,  she  is  overloaded,  in  danger  of  sinking,  and 
incapable  of  being  properly  managed. 

But  when  these  temperaments  are  equally  balanced,  when  there  is  an 
%oundant  supply  of  vital  energy,  a proportionate  supply  of  the  motive  to 
impart  physical  strength  and  the  love  of  labour  requisite  to  give  exercise, 
and  also  of  brain  to  impart  mental  capacity  and  enjoyment,  health  and  long 
life,  and  a high  order  of  talent  will  be  the  delightful  result. 

Every  form  of  disease,  and  a premature  desth,  are  caused  mainly  by  a pre- 
dominance of  one  ©r  more  of  these  temperaments,  or  the  weakness  of  others, 
or  their  exhaustion  or  want  of  action.  When  any  one  has  assumed  the 
ascendency,  its  tendency  is  to  become  still  mere  predominant,  and  thereby 
to  withdraw  the  strength  from  the  others,  on  the  principle  that  an  overloaded 
stomach  withdraws  the  strength  from  the  brain  and  muscles,  which  is  tha 
?ei7  reverse  of  what  should  take  place.  This  uses  up  the  weaker  tempera* 
ments,  and  they  go  by  the  board,  carrying  health  and  life  with  them. 

The  inquiry  then  becomes  a most  important  one, 

How  Can  THESE  TEMPER  AMENTS  BE  INCREASED  OR  DECREASE©* 


§2 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY.  ■ 


How  can  their  balance  he  preserved  or  regained  ? The  ready  answer  n. 

By  their  respective  exercise  and  cultivation . 

Has  your  mental  apparatus  become  too  powerful  and  active,  and  your  mus- 
cular too  weak,  stop  those  sedentary  or  mental  pursuits  which  have  induced 
this  state  of  things  ; suspend  business  ; remove  care  and  anxiety  ; take  things 
easily ; take  much  physical  exercise,  and  even  moderate  labour  will  be  of 
great  service  to  you,  or  rather,  is  indispensable;  avoid  stimulants  of  all 
kinds  and  degrees,  for  they  excite  the  nervous  system  which  you  wish  to 
I amain  quiescent ; retire  early,  first  taking  care  to  make  yourself  sleepy ; 
rise  early,  but  sleep  enough ; banish  care  from  your  pillow  ; give  your  food 
ample  time  to  digest,  and  let  it  be  of  a cooling  nature ; avoid  animal  food, 
tea,  coffee,  wines,  porter,  &c.,  the  effect  of  which  is  highly  irritating  to  the 
nerves  ; in  short,  keep  your  brain  and  nerves  free  from  excitement,  and  exer- 
cise your  muscles  as  much  as  they  will  bear,  but  no  more,  and  that  mode- 
rately, and  the  equilibrium  will  soon  begin  to  be  restored,  and  you  to  amend. 
And  then  keep  on. 

Are  your  muscles  strong,  but  mind  dull,  and  feelings  obtuse,  work  less, 
but  read,  and  think,  and  feel  more.  In  short,  exercise  your  brain  more  and 
muscles  less.  Have  you  too  much  blood,  and  a tendency  to  corpulency,  and 
an  aversion  to  both  study  and  labour,  eat  less,  and  work,  and  think,  and  study 
more. 

But  observe,  no  one  can  change  or  improve  your  temperament  tor  yc 
any  more  than  they  can  eat  or  sleep  for  you.  Nor  can  you  purchase  them, 
nor  can  the  physician  give  you  medicines  to  change  them  except  for  the 
worse.  First  study  the  nature  and  precise  functions  of  each  temperament, 
and  secondly  the  means  of  changing  them,  and  then  apply  these  means  vigo- 
rously, and  you  will  have  it  in  your  power  to  increase  and  decrease  each 
at  pleasure.  And  if  physicians  would  apply  this  kind  of  remedy  to  a ma- 
jority of  diseases,  they  would  often  effect  surprising  cures  where  all  their 
medicines  only  make  their  patients^  worse. 

But  if  your  business  is  of  too  pressing  a nature  to  allow  you  the  proper 
time  and  means  to  effect  this  change,  go  on  as  you  are ; but  remember,  you 
must  find  time  to  die  the  sooner . 

The  plain  fact  is,  that  the  effect  of  the  habits  of  men,  and  of  the  institu- 
tions of  society,  is  most  unfavourable  for  the  preservation  of  this  balance  of 
the  temperaments.  The  farmer,  mechanic,  and  labouring  classes  generally 
exercise  their  muscles  mainly,  to  the  neglect  of  their  minds,  if  not  of  their 
nutritive  apparatus,  whilst  the  inhabitants  of  our  cities  and  villages,  our 
merchants,  book-keepers,  brokers,  professional  men,  artists,  and  mechanics 
of  the  lighter  kinds  of  business,  and  especially  our  gentlemen  of  leisure,  om 
dandies  and  fashionable  ladies , exercise  their  nerves  and  brains  almost 
exclusively,  to  the  utter  neglect  of  their  muscles,  meanwhile  overloading 
their  digestive  organs  and  breathing  impure  air,  not  to  mention  their  pre- 
venting the  free  circulation  of  the  blood  at  that.  The  former,  and  some  of 
the  latter,  plead  that  they  have  no  time  to  cultivate  their  minds/  and  tha 
latter  certainly  have  little  disposition  to  take  sufficient  physical  exert  ise. 
Hence,  in  the  inhabitants  of  our  cities  and  villages,  the  mental  temperament 
greatly  predominates,  and  the  vital  is  weak,  as  is  evinced  by  their  sharp 
features,  thin  faces,  and  haggard  looks,  whilst  those  of  the  country  and  our 
working  classes  generally,  have  finely  developed  heads,  with  but  little  culti 
vation,  that  is,  they  have  much  natural  talent,  with  but  little  acquired  learn- 
ing. This  explains  that  sickLy  delicacy,  that  poor,  scrawny,  homely,  sharp- 
favoured,  dyspeptic,  and  nervous  state  of  the  body,  whick  is  so  fashionabb 


ABUSES  OF  THE  TEMPERAMENTS. 


25 


in  our  cities  and  villages.  Indeed,  to  be  “ sickly,”  and  “ unwell,”  and  “ in 
delicate  health.’'  and  “ quite  poorly,”  and  to  be  “ troubled  with  the  dyspep- 
sia,” or  the  “ liver  complaint,”  or  “ flatulence,”  or  “ pain  in  the  stomach,” 
or  a “ sour  stomach,”  or  “ indigestion,”  to  have  the  “ head-ache,”  or  the 
“ tooth-ache,  ’ the  “ side-ache,”  or  the  “ back-ache,”  to  be  “troubled  for  want 
of  breath,”  or  to  have  a “ bad  cold,”  &c.  &c.  &c.,  are  as  indispensable  to  a 
fashionable,  and  especially  a lady,  as  is  tight-lacing.  No  one  can  be  a gen- 
teel lady  without  having  some  complaint.  Good  health  is  a sure  indication 
of  a want  of  refinement.  But  if  mankind  will  violate  nature's  laws,  they 
must  take  the  consequences,  and  most  dearly  are  they  paying  for  the  whistle 
of  their  fashionable  folly. 

Mankind  have  no  more  right  to  be  sick  than  to  commit  suicide,  and  sick 
persons  are  to  be  blamed , not  pitied.  God  made  us  all  to  be  perfectly 
healthy  and  perfectly  happy,  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave,  and  to  live  twice 
as  long  as  we  now  do  ; and  if  we  lived  as  we  should  live,  and  obeyed 
the  organic  laws  of  our  creation,  we  should  never  be  sick,  and  never  die  till 
ripe  old  age  crept  slowly  and  imperceptibly  upon  us,  like  the  gradual  de- 
parture of  evening  twilight,  our  powers  gradually  weakening  till,  like  the 
expiring  lamp,  life  went  out  of  itself,  “ without  a struggle  or  a groan.”  The 
same  principle  applies  to  the  sickness  and  death  of  children.  To  suppose 
that  the  Creator  has  rendered  this  shocking  and  heart-rending  mortality  cl 
one-half  of  all  our  children  necessary , is  “charging  God  foolishly.”  No  ! 
parents,  by  not  keeping  your  own  and  your  children’s  temperaments  duly 
balanced,  and  by  your  wanton  violation  of  every  law  of  physiology, 

“ You  give  yourselves  the  wounds  you  feel.59 

Sickness  is  not  a providential  affliction  nor  a judgment,  but  the  natural,  legi- 
timate, inevitable  effect  of  violating  those  laws  of  physiology,  including 
those  of  the  temperaments,  under  the  government  of  which  man  is  placed. 
Sickness  and  health  are  as  much  causes  and  eflects  as  the  rising  of  the  sun 
or  the  fall  of  rain.  The  causes  are  in  our  own  hands,  and  the  effects 
(diseases)  show  how  we  apply  them.  The  one  eat  end  of  man’s  exist- 
ence is  enjoyment.  Every  organ  and  function  of  his  body,  every  faculty 
of  his  mind,  man  throughout,  is  every  way  adapted  to  enjoyment  of  the 
richest  kind,  and  to  an  extent  inconceivable  by  us  as  we  now  are.  What  a 
world  of  real  pleasure  is  there  in  childish  sports,  and  in  the  flow  of 
4 youthful  blood,”  and  buoyant,  elastic  spirits;  in  the  full,  uninterrupted 
enjoyment  of  life,  and  health,  and  strength  ; in  eating,  sleeping,  and  muscu- 
lar exercise  ! Yet,  what  are  all  these  compared  with  the  higher  oxticise  cf 
mind,  of  glowing  friendship,  of  the  domestic  feelings,  of  pure  and  elevated 
connubial  love,  of  the  still  higher  moral  and  religious  feelings,  of  disinte- 
rested benevolence  to  man,  and  adoration  of  God,  not  to  mention  the  still 
more  exalted  delight  springing  from  studying  the  worRs  and  operations  of 
nature,  from  the  exercise  of  mind  as  mind,  which,  more  than  any  thing  else, 
calls  into  harmonious  action,  and  that,  too,  in  a higher  degree,  the  greater 
number  of  faculties ! The  perfection  of  man’s  nature  consists  in  the  harmo- 
nious and  agreeable  exercise  of  these  and  all  his  other  faculties  and  powers. 
But  man,  in  his  eager  chase  after  riches,  does  not  give  himself  time  to  reap 
any  of  these  golden  fruits  thus  strewed  by  the  God  of  nature  in  his  path.  Re 
spends  nearly  all  his  time,  ail  his  energies,  his  whole  existence  upon  his 
body,  in  amassing  wealth,  in  getting  something  to  eat,  and  drink,  and  wear; 
and  live  in,  and  show  off  with.  In  doing  this,  he  hurries,  and  drives, 
arid  toils,  as  though  he  had  but  a week  to  live,  thereby  breaking  down  lu* 


34 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


constitution,  inducing  disease  in  all  its  forms,  and  hurrying  himself  into  sn 
early  grave.  This  cannot  be  the  natural  order  of  things.  So  noble  a being 
as  man  was  certainly  never  made  merely  to  eat,  and  sleep,  and  flutter  in 
the  fashions,  and  heap  up  money.  Had  God  designed  that  he,  like  the 
other  animals,  should  expend  his  whole  existence  upon  his  body,  he  cer- 
tainly would  never  have  endowed  him  with  the  higher  qualities  of  morality 
and  intelligence.  Life  and  probation  are  worth  too  much  to  be  ail  swal- 
lowed up  in  merely  gratifying  our  physical  animal  wants.  The  body  ia 
only  the  servant  of  the  mind,  and  for  us  thus  to  use  up  both  the  mind  and 
body  upon  the  latter,  is  to  make  ourselves  mere  brutes,  and  to  throw  into 
the  back-ground  all  that  is  noble,  and  moral,  and  intellectual,  and  godlike  m 
man.  Yet  all  this  the  mass  of  mankind  do.  Only  here  and  there  on® 
spend  their  time  in  the  exercise  and  enjoyment  of  mind,  and  moral  feeling 
as  such.  How  small  a proportion  of  time  is  spent  in  studying  the  won- 
derful works  of  God,  in  admiring  the  beauties  of  nature,  examining  her 
operations,  or  studying  and  applying  her  laws  and  phenomena!  No! 
man  has  no  time  to  bes-tow  upon  these  trivial,  foolish  matters ! He  does  not 
take  time  even  to  eat  and  sleep,  but  must  swallow  down  his  food  half  mas- 
ticated, and  nearly  untasted,  thus  deranging  his  stomach,  and  doubly 
abridging  the  pleasures  of  his  palate.  The  same  is  true  of  all  his  enjoy- 
ments. He  ruins  his  health  in  malting  money,  and.  completes  that  ruin  in 
spending  it! 

But  the  order  of  nature  evidently  is  for  man  to  exercise  every  part  of  his 
body,  every  faculty  of  his  mind,  in  due  proportion. 

“ Nature’s  wants  are  few  but  loud.”  A few  hours’  labour  each  day,  say 
from  five  to  eight,  will  earn  all  the  necessaries  and  the  comforts  of  life,  arti- 
ficial wants  and  extravagances  excepted,  and  to  every  man,  rich  and  poor, 
literary  and  in  business,  this  amount  of  exercise  is  indispensable  for  pre- 
serving his  health.  The  labouring  classes,  instead  of  consuming  then 
whole  exist&ice  in  working,  should  be  better  paid  for  their  labour,  and 
thus  allowed  time  to  cultivate  their  intellects,  and  exercise  their  finer 
feelings.  The  present  arrangements  of  society  tend  to  make  the  rich 
man  richer,  and  the  poor  man  poorer.  This  is  certainly  not  the  or- 
der of  nature.  The  possession  of  great  wealth  is  not  right , because 
its  possessor  cannot  enjoy  it;  and  because  wealth  is  only  the  time  of 
man,  his  life,  and  flesh,  and  blood,  and  earthly  existence,  thrown  into  that 
form.  If  “ time  is  money,”  then  money  is  time,  and  for  one  man  to  con- 
sume, to  put  into  his  pocket,  to  expend  upon  his  individual  gratification,  the 
time  and  lives  of  one,  or  five,  or  twenty,  or  hundreds,  or  thousands  of  his 
fellow-beings,  as  is  the  case  with  those  who  have  different  degrees  of  wealth, 
is  contrary  to  the  original  arrangement  of  heaven.  That  arrangement  is, 
for  every  man  to  have  the  disposal  and  the  full  avails  of  his  own  time ; for 
every  man  to  have  property  enough  to  supply  his  real  necessities  and  wants, 
but  no  m-ore,  and  to  expend  the  balance  upon  nobler  pursuits,  upon  the  ex- 
ercise of  his  intellectual  and  moral  powers,  and  when  men  transgress  these  na- 
tural laws,  they  experience  rebuke  at  the  hand  of  nature,  in  the  very  line  of 
their  transgression.  If  they  become  too  rich,  they  fail  in  business,  '■hese 
reverses  always  falling  upon  the  most  wealthy;  or  their  children  squandcj  »•,  or 
they  get  cheated  out  of  it,  so  that,  “ nolens , volens they  are  compelled  to 
keep  within  certain  limits.  And  the  nearer  they  keep  to  “ neither  povertr 
cor  riches,”  the  better  it  i*  for  them,  mentally  and  physically,  for  tins®  ss&v 
eternity. 


WASTE  3F  TIME. 


25 


^ e have  said  that  money  is  time.  We  will  illustrate  and  *oply  thla 
klea  The  capitalist  employs  twenty  men  at  $2  jer  da}\  They  each  earn 
him  $4  per  day  ; and  this  nett  profit  re-augments  his  wealth.  But  this  wealth 
is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  the  life,  and  blood,  and  strength,  and  sinew, 
and  being  of  these  labourers  put  into  his  pocket.  Let  him  pay  them  al* 
they  earn,  namely,  the  two  dollars  for  half  a day’s  work,  and  l*et  them  open*;, 
the  o*her  half  of  each  day  in  cultivating  their  mental  temperaments,  ii  exeiv 
cising  their  minds  and  moral  feelings,  in  literary  societies,  religious  exercises, 
the  study  of  nature,  &c.  and  though  he  might  not,  thereby,  amass  his  ten» 
of  thousands,  yet  he  would  be  just  as  well  off,  and  they  vastly  better.  l\ 
would  even  benefit  him  to  work  half  the  day,  and  thus  earn  his  own  living. 

Instead  of  this,  he  employs  these  men  to  build  and  furnish,  in  splendid 
style,  a house  at  an  expense  of  $25,000.  Probably  just  as  comfortable 
a house  could  be  built  and  furnished  for  $5,000.  Here,  then,  are  10,000 
days  of  man’s  existence  thrown  away  upon  extras , for  the  mere  sake  of 
looks.  Now  the  time  men  spend  in  labour,  deducting  lost  time,  would  not 
probably  average  more  than  ten  or  twelve  years  each,  but  we  will  say  fifteen, 
and  we  have  more  than  the  entire  earthly  existence  of  two  human  beings 
thrown  away  upon  the  mere  extras  of  that  single  house,  which  do  no  one 
any  real  good,  but  simply  gratify  the  rich  owner’s  approbativeness  and  ac- 
quisitiveness. If  he  owns  a dozen  ^ich  houses,  or  their  equivalent,  he  uses 
up  in  his  own  gratification  the  entire  lives  of  twenty-four  beings  as  good 
as  himself.  And  who  is  tills  rich  nabob,  this  “ great  Csesar,”  that  he  should 
monopolize,  or  rather  sacrifice  upon  the  altar  of  his  selfishness,  all  the  lives 
of  ali  these  human  beings  1 Why  he  is  a rich  man  ! that  is  all.  Let 
ihe  wages  of  the  labouring  classes  be  doubled,  and  trebled,  and  quadrupled; 
build  the  comfortable  house  for  $5,000,  but  pay  out  the  $25,000  for  it,  and 
let  the  10,000  extra  days  be  spent  in  reading  and  mental  culture,  and 
men  will  not  only  be  more  healthy  and  happy,  but  live  longer ; for  it  is  a 
well  established  physiological  principle  that  the  due  exercise  of  the  mind  ia 
eminently  productive  of  health  and  long  life*  by  keeping  this  balance  of  the 
temperaments. 

We  have  named  but  a single  item  of  extra  expense,  and  designedly  under 
rated  even  that.  How  many  thousands  of  furnished  houses  are  there  that 
cost  $30,000,  $50,u00,  and  even  $100,000.,  and  how  many  more  that  ap- 
proach $20,000.  How  many  thousands  and  millions  of  lives  are  thus  swal- 
lowed up  in  this  one  vast  vortex  of  extravagance  ! 

If  you  say  that  all  this  circulates  money,  and  gives  employment  to  tne 
poor ; I reply,  cut  off  these  extras,  and  yet  pay  just  as  much  for  the  balance, 
and  you  will  circulate  just  as  much  money,  be  just  as  well  off  yourself,  and 
eave  a vast  amount  of  time  for  mental  culture.  You  give  too  much  employ- 
ment, and  too  little  for  it.  In  a republic  like  ours,  where  every  thing  de- 
pends on  the  intelligence  of  the  people,  this  arrangement  is  indispensable 

Tea  and  coffee  also  consume  a vast  amount  of  human  existence.  Tha 
time  expended  in  earning  the  money  to  pay  for  the  vast  consumption  of 
these  articles,  the  time  taken  in  cultivating  and  curing,  in  transporting  and 
selling  them,  in  paying  for,  and  setting,  and  cleansing  the  china  sets,  and  above 
all,  the  two  or  more  hours’  time  of  one  person  for  each  of  the  2,000,000  fami- 
lies in  the  U.  S.  spent  daily  in  preparing  these  articles,  would,  of  itself,  make 
from  1 ,200  to  1,500  years , or  some  thirty  lives  consumed  every  day  just 
in  the  one  single  item  of  cooking  these  worse  than  useless  drugs.  Now  ad^ 

* See  an  article  on  “ Mental  Exercise  as  a means  of  Health,”  in  Vol.  II.  pp.  9^  and 
IT0  of  the  American  Phrenological  Journal,  and  “ Madden’?  infirmities  of  GenHis.'  * 

3 


26 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


aJ  these  items  together,  and  extend  the  estimate  to  all  that  'x*e  them, 
what  a vast  consumption  of  human  existence  is  thus  brought  to  view,  which 
iiiight  otherwise  be  expended  upon  the  exercise  of  the  moral  and  intellectual 
faculties  ! • Let  tea  and  coffee  drinkers  never  complain  of  a want  of  dme  fo3 
mental  culture. 

These  decidedly  injurious  drugs  are  also  a more  prolific  source  of  headache! 
Srid  nervous  affections  than  any  other.  An  inveterate  tea  or  coffee  drinkei 
is  sure  to  be  dreadfully  afflicted  with  the  headache,  and  often  the  sick  head 
ache.  Another  dose  may  indeed  give  temporary  relief,  but  it  is  only  to  re- 
double the  headache  when  its  stimulating  effect  subsides. 

They  also  decay  the  teeth,  causing  that  terrible  malady  the  toothache 
asides  opening  the  pores  and  exposing  to  colds,  thus  inducing  fevers,  con- 
sumption, &c.,  and  thereby  increasing  the  waste  of  human  existence  by 
shortening  life. 

A still  better  example,  first  of  the  unnecessary  wasting  of  existence,  and 
secondly  of  the  shortening  of  life,  might  be  adduced  in  the  use  of  tobacco, 
that  vilest  and  filthiest  of  narcotics.  To  see  beardless  boys  strutting  about 
sucking  segars,  betokens  an  early  grave.  A young  or  forming  constitution 
canr  ot  stand  tea,  or  coffee,  or  tobacco.  True  we  occasionally  see  old  people 
who  have  long  used  them,  and  also  ardent  spirits,  but  they  did  not  begin  til. 
theii  bodies  were  fully  matured,  besides  having  originally  powerful  consta« 
tutions,  which  few  young  people  can  now  boast  of.  If  the  public  health  de< 
dines  for  fifty  years  to  come,  as  fast  as  it  has  for  fifty  years  past,  we  shall  1>» 
a weakly,  miserable  race  indeed,  and  be  surely  supplanted  by  those  who  hav»» 
not  yet  used  these  enervating,  time-destroying,  soul-and-body-killing  fash 
ions,  luxuries,  and  extravagances. 

What  finite  mind  can  measure  the  vast  amount  of  human  existence  swal- 
lowed up  in  the  manufacture,  sale,  and  drinking  of  ardent  spirits,  wines, 
beer,  See.,  and  the  fearful  ravages  on  the  life,  happiness,  virtue,  and  intellect 
of  men  resulting  from  their  use,  besides  producing  a feverish  morbid  actiojr 
of  the  body,  and  thus  a rapid  consumption  o-f  the  physical  energies,  and  alsc. 
preternaturally  exciting  the  organs*  located  in  the  base  of  the  brain,  thmj 
withdrawing  the  strength  from  the  moral  and  intellectual  organs.*  It  is  not 
so  much  the  money  thrown  away  as  it  is  the  vast  consumption  of  the  time 
or  life  of  man,  and  the  abridgment  of  human  existence  which  forms  the 
chief  item  to  be  considered. 

This^ncedless  consumption  of  man's  existence  is  equally  applicable  to  a 
thousand  artificial  wants  and  useless  extras  now  deemed  indispensable. 
Mankind  probably  expend  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  of  their  time  upon 
what  does  no  one  any  good,  including  the  sickness  and  premature  death 
thereby  induced.  What  a vast,  an  inconceivable  amount  of  time,  is  wasted 
in  being  fashionable,  in  giving  splendid  parties,  in  manufactu ring,  making 
and  altering  splendid  dresses,  suits,  &c.,  in  dashing  out  in  splendid  style 
and  equipage,  and  in  nicely  adjusting  the  attire  before  the  toilet. 

Men  also  trade  vastly  too  much,  buy  too  much,  consume  too  much,  jus? 
to  gratify  their  artificial  wants,  have  too  much  to  pay  for,  thus  inducing 
these  “hard  times,”  besides*  rendering  themselves  vexed  and  unhappy  in  a 
great  variety  of  ways.  Tar  too  much  time  is  spent  in  government,  whicb 
is  now  prostituted  to  the  selfish  ends  of  those  in  office,  more  than  it  is  matte 
conducive  to  the  public  good.  Men  will  <L  that  as  politicians,  which,  if  they 
did  as  men,  would  blast  their  characters  and  banish  them  forever  from  virtu- 

• The  writer  is  preparing  for  lie  press  .in  essay  on  Temperance  cons  dered  phi* 
'Aoiog'cally  ajvd  phvsiolocicatlv  which  wilt  te  ?hortry  issned 


CULTIVATING  THE  TEMPERAMENT  IN  PROPORTION 

om  society  “ All  is  fair  in  politics,”  be  it  lying,  or  cheating,  or  the  meanest 
irickery,  or  .he  grossest  defamation,  and  “ the  spoils  of  office  belong  to  those 
who  conquer”  by  these  disgraceful  means.  Unblushingly  are  these  prin- 
ciples proclaimed  and  acted  upon.  Politics  swallow  up  a vast  amount  of 
time,  and  money,  and  public  virtue.  I speak  as  a philosopher  and  not  as  a 
politician,  for  I should  feel  myself  disgraced  by  voting  either  ticket  till  thesa 
4ugean  stables  are  cleansed  of  their  selfishness  and  moral  pollution. 

Having  named  a few  of  the  items  on  which  the  life  of  mankind  is  worse 
than  wasted,  and  by  which  it  is  shortened,  the  observation  and  reflection  of 
each  reader  will  be  left  to  carry  out  the  principle  for  himself.  Let  it  be  observed 
that  the  crime  of  murder  is  considered  so  horrible  as  to  be  punished  with  the 
heaviest  penalty  of  the  law,  only  because  it  shortens  the  earthly  existence  of 
the  one  murdered.  Now  wherein  consists  the  difference  in  the  criminality 
of  murdering  a man  out-right,  or  in  another’s  appropriating  that  existence 
to  himself,  as  we  nave  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  houses.  There  is  a dif 
ference,  but  it  is  less  than  is  supposed ; for  in  both  cases  the  higher  ends  of 
man’s  creation  are  cut  off.  And  what  is  the  difference  between  committing 
suicide,  and  doing  what  induces  diseases  and  a premature  death  ?- — there  is 
none.  And  wasting  our  time  upon  tea,  coffee,  and  the  fashions  as  we  have 
illustrated,  is  nearly  as  bad.  Life  and  health  are  the  treasure  of  treasures— 
the  all  of  mortals,  and  should  be  made  the  most  of.  Each  of  us  has  but  a 
single  life  to  live.  Hence,  not  only  should  not  a single  hour  or  moment  of 
it  be  wasted,  but  it  should  be  spun  out  as  long  as  the  laws  of  nature  will 
allow,  and  every  thing  which  tends  either  immediately  or  remotely  to  induce 
disease  or  shorten  life,  is,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  murder  or  suicide. 

Again,  our  cities  and  villages,  besides  being  great  maelstrooms  for  engulph- 
ing  and  consuming  the  public  health  and  morals,  besides  sending  out  a pes- 
tiferous influence  throughout  the  entire  length  and  breadth  of  our  land,  be- 
sides being  sinks  of  sin  and  pollution,  and  literally  rotten  with  depravity, 
and  being  “ the  sores  of  the  body  politic,”  have  originated  and  still  perpetu- 
ate these  fashions,  and  bad  habits,  and  wrong  arrangements  to  which  we 
have  alluded,  as  so  destructive  of  the  lives,  and  heal  h,  and  virtue  of  man- 
kind. They  create  most  of  those  artificial  wants  by  Wnich  so  much  of  man’s 
existence  is  bom  consumed  and  cut  off.  They  engender  and  inflame  that 
speculating  spirit  which  causes  our  “ hard  times,”  besides  confining  multi- 
tudes to  the  counting-house  and  the  parlour,  and  preventing  that  exercise 
which  is  indispensable  to  health,  virtue,  happiness,  and  long  life. 

Let  but  our  cities  and  villages  be  emptied  out  upon  the  country  ; let  our 
land  be  better  tilled  ;*  let  our  politicians  and  many  of  our  public  officers  go 
to  work ; let  every  man  labour,  and  thus  improve  his  motive  temperament ; 
but  let  none  overdo  ; let  every  man  cultivate  his  mind ; let  the  fashions  be 
buried,  and  nature  studied,  especially  human  nature  as  developed  by  phreno- 
logy and  physiology,  and  man’s  happiness  would  be  augmented  a thousand 
fold,  his  diseases  and  sufferings  diminished  ten  thousand  fold}  and  our  world, 
now  a bedlam,  would  become  the  rprden  of  Eden.  In  creating  a being  every 
way  so  noble  and  godlike  as  man  i?,  adapting  to  his  use  and  happiness  so 
perfect  a woria  as  this,  and  in  subjecting  him  to  the  operation  of  a system  ot 

*The  following  amount  of  produce  was  raised  on  thirty-eight  acres  of  originally 
poor  land  by  Jonathan  Jenkins  of  Camden,  Delaware,  in  1837,  namely  two  hundred 
bushels  o.f  wheat,  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  of  corn,  two  hundred  and  fifty  of 
oats,  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  potatoes,  and  forty  of  turnips,  besides  thirty-five  tons 
r»f  hay,  pasturing  four  cows,  and  fattening  one  thousand  pounds  of  beef.  Query 
Mew  many  persons  would  this  sustain  one  year  1 fi  is  a sin  against  Heaven  to  sea 
«o  much  land  uncultivated,  and  so  much  more  but  poorly  tilled,  especially  when 
ha  cultivation  auld  do  our  citizens  so  much 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


S3 

laws,  mertal  and  physical,  the  most  perfect  imaginable,  the  Deity  has  don* 
Ais  part.  He  now  allows  men  to  obey  these  laws,  and  be  perfectly  happy* 
or  to  violate  them,  and  thus  to  bring  down  their  painful  penalty  upon  his 
own  head — to  cut  his  own  throat  if  he  pleases,  but  if  he  does,  he  is  com 
pelled  to  die  in  consequence  of  it.  Our  destinies  are  mostly  in  our  own 
hands,  especially  after  we  are  old  enough  to  choose  or  refuse  the  good  or  evit. 

If  this  is  called  radicalism,  agrarianism,  locc-focoism,  the  real  levelling 
principle,  putting  the  rich  and  poor  on  an  equality,  be  it  so ; it  is  the  order 
9j  nature . Mankind  have  tried  “ the  good  (1)  old  way”  quite  long  enough, 
and  suffered  quite  enough  thereby.  That  every  thing  as  it  now  is,  is  all 
wrong,  is  fully  evinced  by  the  hard  times,  the  bad  health,  the  misery  and 
rexation,  and  the  premature  death  of  all  classes.  Man  cannot  change  for 
the  worse.  He  must  follow  the  order,  and  obey  the  laws  of  his  nature,  or 
^ake  the  consequences.* 

The  Parentage, 

The  parentage  has  also  a powerful  influence  upon  the  manifestations  of 
the  mind.  Not  only  are  the  several  organs  propagated  from  parent  to  child, 
but  the  particular  form  of  manifestation  of  particular  faculties  is  also  trans- 
mitted. Thus  if  the  large  conscientiousness  or  benevolence  of  the  parent  is 
exercised  in  a religious  channel,  not  only  will  these  organs  be  large  in  the 
child,  but  they  will  run  in  a similar  channel,  instead  of  other  channels.  If 
the  alimentiveness  of  the  parent  fastened  upon  oysters,  or  ardent  spirits,  or 
other  kinds  of  food  or  drink,  that  of  the  child  will  crave  the  same  kinds  of 
food  and  drink,  each  organ  in  the  child  taking  not  only  its  size  but  also  its 
particular  direction  and  form  of  manifestation  from  those  of  the  parents. 

Having  barely  stated  this  general  principle,  the  author  leaves  it,  because 
he  cannot  enlarge  upon  nor  defend  it  here,  but  is  now  preparing  a work 
upon  this  general  subject,  in  which  will  be  discussed,  first,  the  marriage  rela- 
tions, and  the  phrenological  rules  given  for  their  formation,  and  for  adapting 
the  conduct  of  each  to  the  phrenological  organs  of  the  other ; and,  secondly, 
the  principles  which  regulate  the  transmission  of  both  physical  and  mental 
qualities  from  parents  to  children  through  successive  generations,  illustrated 
by  a vast  amount  of  facts  drawn  from  the  history  of  the  first  settlers  of  this 
country  and  their  descendants  down  to  the  present  time,  showing  that  the 
original  characteristics  of  the  parents  are  still  stamped  upon  their  descend 
ants.  He  has  now  in  his  employ  a gentleman  more  intimate  with  this  class 
of  facts,  and  better  calculated  to  ferret  them  out,  than  any  other  man  in  this 
country.  The  work  will  be  issued  in  the  fall  or  winter. 

One  single  mind  can  observe  only  a few  of  the  vast  amount  of  facts  boa* 
ing  upon  this  subject,  which  are  constantly  occurring  in  all  parts  of  uic 
country.  The  writer  therefore  solicits  the  communication  of  well  authentic 
cated  facts,  in  reference  to  the  relations  between  parents  and  children,  and 
the  hereditary  transmission  of  mental  or  physical  qualities.  The  names  of 
both  subject  and  communicator  must  be  given  in  order  to  give  authent.city 
to  the  facts,  though  the  latter  and  often  both,  will  be  omitted  in  the  work 
He  solicits  all  who  know  any  facts  bearing  on  this  subject,  and  physicians 
m particular,  to  aid  in  this  most  important  task,  by  communicating  them  to 
him  at  Philadelphia,  at  his  expense.  Let  all  obtain  the  histories  and  cha- 
racters cf  their  ancestors  from  their  aged  parents  and  grand  parents,  and 

♦The  writer  is  still  collecting  and  arranging  the  materials  for  his  work  cn  the 
tvils  of  society  as  it  is,  and  their  remedy  by  llm  application  of  phrenological  jiinci' 
See  note  on  P.  P.  p.  404. 


THE  NECESSITY  OF  EXERCISE.  2$ 

record  them  so  that  they  may  be  used  hereafter.  It  will  be  more  useful  ehan 
the  genealogy  of  our  horses,  which  is  so  carefully  recorded 

The  Influences  of  Habits. 

The  influence  of  habits  in  modifying  the  manifestations  of  the  organs  is 
also  prodigious,  often  changing  the  whole  character  of  the  man,  as  is  the 
case  with  intemperate  persons.  We  can  advert  to  the  influence  of  only  a 
few,  and  to  these  few  only  very  briefly. 

1.  Exercise.  However  splendid  a head  and  temperament  a man  may 
possess,  without  a great  amount  of  exercise,  of  vigorous,  daily,  muscular  exer- 
cise, without  much  hard  work  he  cannot  become  a great  man.  Scarcely  a 
single  intellectually  great,  or  even  eminent  man  or  woman,  either  of  this  or 
any  other  age  can  be  named,  who  did  not  lay  the  foundation  of  their  great- 
ness in  hard  muscular  labour,  and  perfect  the  superstructure  by  the  same 
means  ; that  is,  who  did  not  work  hard  in  their  early  days,  and  continue  this 
labour,  or  at  least  take  much  vigorous,  daily  exercise  through  life.  A long 
list  of  names,  illustrating  this  point,  might  easily  be  adduced. 

When  I visited  Washington  to  take  the  busts  of  our  great  men,  I was 
forcibly  struck  with  the  fact  that  they  all  took  a great  amount  of  phy  sical  ex- 
ercise. Speaker  Polk  habitually  rose  about  daylight,  and  took  a walk  of 
two  hours  before  breakfast,  and  frequently  a ride  after  adjournment,  and  the 
amount  of  mental  labour  which  he  performs  is  astonishing.  John  Q.  Adams 
informed  me  that  he  uniformly  rose  before  the  sun  to  take  his  exercise,  and 
to  a friend  of  mine  he  expatiated  eloquently  upon  the  benefit  and  delight 
which  he  experienced  in  bathing  every  suitable  morning  in  the  Potomac. 
“ Here,”  said  he,  pointing  to  his  bathing  place,  “ I come  whilst  others  are 
asleep,  to  take  my  morning  swim.  You  cannot  imagine  how  delightful  it  is 
for  an  old  man  like  me  to  take  this  exercise  (without  which  I cannot  live)  in 
the  cool  water,  and  without  getting  my  blood  heated.” 

Benton  told  me  that  he  required  his  servant  to  spend  all  his  strength  in 
rubbing  him  at  least  two  hours  daily,  with  the  stiffest,  hardest  brush  he 
could  find,  besides  taking  much  additional  exercise.  By  these  means  it  is 
that  his  health  has  even  improved,  in  spite  of  his  great  and  constant  mental 
exertion  for  the  twenty  years  in  succession  of  his  congressional  career ; and 
to  these  same  means  does  he  owe  most  of  his  prodigious  influence. 

Frequently,  as  I was  going  out  to  take  my  walk,  have  I met  Webster  re- 
turning from  his.  Many  similar  facts,  collected  not  only  at  Washington 
but  connected  with  the  history  and  habits  of  every  distinguished  man,  so 
far  as  I know,  establish  fully  the  fact,  that  physical  exercise  is  as  indispen- 
sable an  accompaniment  of  greatness  as  is  the  development  of  the  intelleoi 
iual  organs.  And  one  principal  reason  why  so  many  men,  having  all  th 
phrenological  indications  of  greatness,  do  not  distinguish  themselves,  is  $ 
want  of  physical  exercise. 

Both  whilst  in  college,  and  in  my  professional  visits  to  our  principal  col- 
leges since  my  graduation,  I have  observed  it  as  a uniform  fact,  that  those  stu 
dents  who  had  been  brought  up  without  having  laboured,  never  took  a high 
intellectual  stand,  except  in  parrot-like  scholarship.  They  always  showed  j 
want  of  mental  vim  and  pith,  and  the  powers  of  tough,  close,  hard  thinking 
After  they  enter  upon  the  business  of  life,  their  case  is  still  worse.  For  them 
to  rise  to  eminence  is  impossible.  If  I am  thankful  to  God  and  my  father 
for  any  thing,  it  is  that  I was  made  to  work  hard  and  constantly  on  a farm, 
till  1 3 years  of  age,  when  I began  to  prepare  for  college.  I left  home  with 
only  four  dollars  in  the  world,  w'jh  my  all  upon  my  back,  on  a journey  on 
'bet  of  four  hundred  miies.  I nu/rked  my  way  to  college,  and  through 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  DIET. 


college.  Instead  of  earning  my  money  by  teaching  school,  I supported 
tnyself  by  sawing,  splitting,  and  carrying  up  the  wood  of  my  fellcw-studente, 
three  and  four  high  flights  of  stairs ; improving  in  this  way  every  hour, 
except  study  hours ; and  often  portions  of  the  night.  My  fellow-students 
laughed  at  me  then,  but  now  the  boot  is  on  the  other  foot.  I thought  it  a 
hard  row  to  hoe,  but  a rich  harvest  has  it  yielded  me ; and  you,  reader,  owe 
to  this  same  cause,  whatever  of  delight,  ur  benefit,  my  lectures,  writing*, 
end  examinations  afford  you. 

Diet.  By  the  truly  wonderful  process  of  digestion,  food  and  drink  arc 
converted  into  thought  and  feeling — aie  manufactured  into  mind  and  soui. 
Is  it  then  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  different  kinds  of  food  produce  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  mind  T Reasonable  or  unreasonable,  it  is  nevertheless  the 
fact . Oysters  are  proverbial  for  exciting  a certain  class  of  feelings  propor- 
tionately more  than  other  feelings,  or  the  intellect.  Other  kinds  of  food 
are  known  to  have  a similar  effect.  RoIIin,  the  celebrated  historian,  says, 
that  in  training  the  pugilists  for  the  bloody  arena,  to  whom  a ferocious 
spirit,  and  great  physical  strength,  were  the  chief  requisites,  they  wTere  fed 
exclusively  on  raw  flesh . Will  not  this  principle  explain  the  ferocity  of 
beasts  of  prey ; the  mildness  of  the  lamb  and  the  dove ; the  blood-thirsty, 
revengeful  spirit  of  the  savage  Indian ; and  the  mild  and  pacific  disposition 
of  the  Chinese  and  Hindoo.  Ardent  spirits  and  wine  excite  the  animal 
organs,  located  in  the  base  of  the  brain,  more  than  they  do  the  intellectual 
or  moral  faculties.  This  is  unquestionably  the  fact  with  every  thkig  heat- 
ing in  its  nature ; such  as  condiments,  flesh,  tea,  coffee,  and  high-seasoned 
or  highly  stimulating  food  of  any  kind.  And  it  will  probably  be  found, 
that  animal  food,  by  keeping  the  body  in  a highly  excited,  not  to  say  fever- 
ish state,  is  calculated  unduly  to  excite  the  animal  organs,  thereby  with- 
drawing strength  from  the  top  and  front  of  the  brain,  but  imparting  physical 
strength,  and  concentrating  the  energies  of  the  system,  thereby  wearing  it 
out  the  sooner ; and  also  that  vegetable  food,  by  reducing  the  inflammation 
of  the  blood,  and  keeping  the  system  cool ; promotes  clearness  of  thought, 
quietness  of  feeling,  placidity  of  mind,  and  moral  and  elevated  feeling; 
and  develops  the  nervous  temperament,  thus  producing  a tendency  to  intel- 
lectual pursuits. 

This  subject  opens  up  a vast  field  for  observation,  and  nothing  but  fads 
can  guide  us  to  the  proper  results.  Let  observations  be  made,  experiments 
instituted,  and  the  results  recorded ; and  a vast  amount  of  good  wall  flow’ 
from  them.  If  you  wish  to  distinguish  yourself  intellectually,  y*.u  must 
regulate  the  quantity  and  quality  of  your  food  and  drink  in  accordance 
with  the  established  laws  of  physiology,  or  your  wings  of  fame  will  be 
melted  in  tne  heat  of  animal  indulgence. 

Health.  In  consequence  of  dific-ent  degrees  of  health,  the  talents  of 
the  same  individual  often  vary  several  hundred  per  cent.  Upon  its  import- 
ance, and  the  means  of  preserving  and  obtaining  it,  and  of  regaining  it  when 
impaired,  I cannot  enlarge  here.  Observe  the  influence  of  disease  upon  tbs 
manifestations  of  the  mind — the  irritability,  and  sour  temper,  and  debilitated 
intellect  and  moral  feeling  which  often  accompany  it.  Observe  how  totally 
changed  is  the  dyspeptic  from  w’hat  he  wras  before,  and  your  impressions  as 
to  the  influence  and  importance  of  health  wrill  be  quite  as  distinct  as  by  any 
rhing  that  can  be  said  here.  But  alas  ! howr  few  retain  their  health  thirty 
^ears.  The  midnight  darkness,  and  total  ignorance  of  the  laws  of  life  and 
laealth  which  pervade  the  community  is  both  astonishing  and  heart-sicken- 
In  this  respect,  man  is  infinitely  behind  the  brute  creation,  who  neva 


MEDICINES  A£  AFPECTlNtil  THE  FACULTIES.  M 

j^eken,  unless  when  caused  by  man.  Yet  man’s  organization  is  vastly  i 

usost  perfect,  and  least  liable  to  disease.  But  mankind  are  nearly  !| 
suicides — downright  self-murderers  of  soul  and  body.  They  seem  to  be 
;ermined  neither  to  live  long,  nor  to  enjoy  life  whilst  they  do  live.  A per 
ectly  healthy  man  knows  neither  fatigue  nor  pain,  yet,  men  love  both,  and 
court  and  woo  them,  making  them  their  constant  attendants  from  the  cradls 
to  the  grave.  But  it  is  right  enough  to  allow  them  to  choose  their  com* 
psnions.  Let  them  have  them,  but  do  not  blame  the  world  in  which  yon 
live  for  the  result  of  this  choice.  If  you  wish  either  to  enjoy  life  or  to  exer- 
cise your  minds,  you  must  keep  your  health. 

Medicines.  The  brains  of  thousands  of  men,  and  tens  of  thousands 
)f  children  have  been  debilitated,  and  their  minds  clouded  with  a thick 
nist,  and  in  many  cases,  totally  darkened  by  those  powerful,  life-killing 
drugs,  employed  as  healing  agents.  How  many  mothers,  in  order  to  make 
^eir  little  ones  sleep,  have  blunted  their  moral  sensibilities,  and  rendered 
their  intellects  obtuse,  by  dosing  them  with  laudanum,  “ Godfrey’s  cordial,” 
and  other  medicines.  If  men  would  observe  the  laws  of  life  and  health, 
they  would  never  require  medicine,  and  in  most  cases  where  they  take  it 
hey  would  do  better  without  it,  if  they  would  begin  in  season  to  practise 
abstinence,  and  not  carelessly  and  ignorantly  augment  the  disease.  And  if 
our  physicians,  instead  of  confining  themselves  to  the  cure  of  diseases, 
would  lecture  and  inform  the  people  how  to  preserve  their  health,  though 
ihey  might  make  less  money,  they  would  save  suffering  humanity  a vast 
amount  of  misery  and  premature  death.  “ An  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth 
a pound  of  cure.” 

But,  owing  to  the  bad.  organization  of  society  alluded  to  in  the  close  ol 
*he  chapter  on  temperaments,  men  have  no  time  to  attend  to  their  health 
in  consequence  of  which  the  violated  laws  of  nature  compel  them  to  find 
time  to  ;>e  sick,  and  to  die  sooner  than  they  otherwise  would. 

Education.  For  remarks  upon  the  influence  of  education  in  modify 
k'jg  the  direction  of  the  faculties,  see  P.  P.  p.  40 ; and  for  remarks  upon  its 
'T.fluence  in  changing  the  relative  size  of  the  organs  and  power  cf  the  facul 
ties,  see  a chapter  on  the  utility  of  phrenology,  appended  to  the  last  edition 
of  P.  P.  pp.  421,  and  also  to  this  work. 

For  th*»  effects  of  the  combined  action  of  the  faculties,  which  constitute 
m far  the  most  important  portion  of  phrenology,  or,  rather,  its  very  essence , 
find  without  a knowledge  of  which  no  correct  estimate  of  character  can  be 
firmed,  t ie  reader  is  referred  to  “ Phrenology  Proved,”  (fee.,  the  main  design 
of  which  is  to  present  this  hitherto  neglected,  but  all-important,  feature  of 
this  subje  ^t. 

A desc,  ipl’on  of  the  organs  in  this  isolated  state,  furnishes  so  lame  and 
mapvv  t \z:  \v  m of  the  character,  that  unless  those  who  have  their  heads 
examined  up  1 this  chart,  make  the  references  here  indicated  to  P.  P.,  and 
there  read  those  combinations  that  apply  to  them,  they  need  not  expect  9 
correct  or  satisfactory  description.  But  decidedly  the  best  method  of  record- 
ing the  descriptions  is  to  have  them  written  out  by  the  examiner. 

The  succeeding  descriptions,  and  also  those  referred  to  in  “ Phrenology 
Proved,”  <fec.,  are  predicated  on  the  supposition  that  the  brain  is  full  or 
large  in  size — the  organization  sound — health  fair  or  good — activity  full  or 
great ; ansi  that  the  faculties  have  not  been  rafs-direcied. 

W e have  already  encroached  largely  upon  the  space  allotted  to  the  analysis 
frf  the  faculties,  aril  must  therefore  dose  this  departmen  Sf  our  subject* 
fiseivin*?  additional  remarks  for  another  place. 


£9 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY 


PsYBIOGNUMT  AS  CONNECTED  WITH  PHRENOLOGY.  That  there  It  80153* 
truth  in  some  of  the  leading  doctrines  of  physiognomy,  and  that  the  feature# 
and  general  expression  of  the  countenance  do  furnish  some  index  of  charac- 
ter and  talent,  is  a generally  admitted  fact,  yet  in  its  details,  and  as  a sys- 
tem, it  cannot  be  relied  upon.  As  far  as  it  is  true,  there  exist  relations  of 
cause  andi  jj  *1  between  its  signs  and  phenomena,  yet  none  maintain  that  a 
long  or  prominent  nose  causes  superior  talent,  or  that  the  talents  give  shape 
to  the  nose,  and  s ) of  its  other  signs.  Instead  of  a given  shape  of  the  fea- 
tures causing  or  b ing  caused  by  the  disposition  or  talents,  both  are  the  pro- 
duct of  the  tempei  imentand  organization.  A sharp  nose  is  said  to  indicate 
a scold,  because  w„  en  the  nose  is  sharp,  the  teeth,  bones,  voice,  phrenologi- 
cal organs,  feelings,  perceptions,  every  thing  about  them,  including  the  tem- 
per, are  also  sharp,  the  whole  man,  mind  and  body,  being  constructed  upon 
the  angular  principle,  which  gives  rise  to  great  mental  as  well  as  physical 
activity,  and  to  intense  feelings.  It  is  a law  of  the  animal  economy  that  every 
part  of  every  individual  should  be  proportionate  to  every  other,  and  correspond 
with  it.  Thus  the  length  of  every  bone  is  in  proportion  to  that  of  every 
other,  so  that  from  the  length  of  any  one  of  them  we  can  ascertain  that  of 
every  other,  and  also  the  height  of  the  person.  Long  arms  are  never  found 
with  short  legs,  but  if  the  person  is  stout  and  square  built,  the  phrenological 
organs  will  be  short  and  broad,  and  the  head  wide  instead  of  high.  In  tall 
persons  the  organs  are  all  long,  and  the  head  higher  and  thinner.  If  there 
is  a great  amount  of  bone  in  the  limbs,  the  scull  also  will  be  thick.  If  the 
person  is  small  boned,  his  scull  is  thin,  the  system  maintaining  uniformity 
of  construction  throughout. 

Again,  the  qualities  of  the  mind  correspond  with  the  build  of  the  body, 
If  the  latter  is  beautifully  formed,  well  proportioned,  handsome,  &c.,  not  only 
will  its  motions  be  easy  and  graceful,  but  the  feelings  will  be  exquisite,  the 
mind  well  balanced,  and  a beauty,  perfection,  taste,  refinement,  elegance, 
and  good  sense  will  cheracterize  every  thing  he  says  or  does.  But  if  the 
body  is  coarse,  the  build  strongly  marked  or  peculiar,  the  features  striking 
or  prominent,  and  countenance  unusual,  the  mind  will  also  be  eccentric,  the 
remarks  new  and  striking,  and  as  homely  as  the  body,  and  the  character 
odd,  differing  from  the  common  run  of  people.  Webster  is  a Webster  in 
his  walk,  looks,  and  features  as  well  as  in  his  speeches,  both  mind  and 
body  bceing  cast  in  the  same  mould.  This  accounts  for  the  fact  that  men 
great  in  a particular  line  generally  have  a remarkable  build,  walk,  counts 
nance,  manner  of  thinking,  expression,  and  action.  Energetic  men  have  a 
rapid,  energetic,  decided  walk,  whereas  the  exquisite  dandy,  without  brain 
without  sense,  and  with  all  his  mind  upon  his  back,  will  have  a soft  effeminate 
manner  of  speaking  and  acting,  a mincing,  affected,  artificial  walk,  as  though 
he  was  stepping  on  eggs,  and  so  of  the  other  mental  qualities. 

The  natural  language  of  the  organs.  Nearly  related  to  this  sub» 
ject  will  be  found  that  of  the  natural  language  of  the  organs,  or  the  posi- 
tion into  which  the  organs,  when  active,  throw  the  head  and  body,  which, 
besides  furnishing  strong  evidence  that  phrenology  is  true  to  nature,  and 
forms  a part  of  it,  is  really  amusing  when  properly  presented.  The  prin- 
ciple is  : every  organ,  when  active,  throws  the  head  into  a line  with  it- 
self, and  so  happens  that  in  every  instance  the  position  of  the  head  pro- 
duced by  the  activity  of  any  organ,  is  perfectly  expressive  of  the  state  of 
mind  imparted  by  the  faculty.  Thus  active  causality  projects  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  forehead,  and  deep  thinkers,  like  Franklin  and  Webster,  alway# 
hold  their  heads  in  this  way.  This  subject  will  hereafter  be  carried  out  and 
illustrated  ov  cuts. 


SIZE  OF  THE  BRAIN. 

la  our  descriptions  of  tne  temperaments,  much  more  reference  shouW 
perhaps  have  been  made  to  the  influence  of  the  different  sizes  of  the  brain, 
in  combination  with  the  different  temperaments  and  degrees  of  activity  • 
Ssut  instead  of  confusing  the  mind  of  the  reader  or  amateur  by  mingling  the 
two  together,  it  was  thought  best  to  make  the  general  remark  here  that  in 
these  and  many  similar  cases,  he  is  left  to  make  the  allowances  in  his  own 
mind,  because  descriptions  cannot  be  made  sufficiently  minute  to  reach 
them.  Having  the  principal  landmarks  before  him,  he  is  left  to  fill  up  th« 
intermediate  spaces  by  compounding  the  influences  of  the  two  in  propor- 
tion as  each  is  found  in  the  heads  of  those  examined. 

The  writer  values  measurements  less  than  most  phrenologists  do,  because, 

1.,  when  one  is  tall,  his  organs  are  long  and  slim,  but  when  he  is  short  and 
thick  set,  they  will  be  short  and  broad ; see  chapter  on  physiognomy  ; and, 

2.,  the  practised  eye  and  fingers  discover  elevations  and  depressions  too  mi 
nute  for  any  measure  to  reach,  and  also  estimate  both  proportionate  and 
absolute  size  here,  as  in  various  mechanical  operations,  in  making  little  glass 
birds,  toys,  &c.,  far  more  accurately  than  any  instruments.  The  most  va 
luable  measures  are,  1.,  the  circumference,  2.,  from  ear  to  ear  over  firmness, 
which  measures  force ; 3.,  do.  around  comparison,  and  also  individuality. 

I.  The  size  of  the  brain,  other  conditions  being  equal,  is  found  to  be 
the  measure  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  mental  power ; and  the  rela- 
tive size  of  the  several  organs  of  an  individual,  indicates  the  proportional 
strength  and  energy  of  his  corresponding  faculties. 

It  should,  however,  be  remembered,  that  the  amount  of  one’s  mental 
power,  depends  even  more  upon  these  “ other  conditions ,”  such  as  his 
organization,  or  the  vigour  of  his  constitution,  the  condition  of  his  nutri- 
tive organs,  the  state  of  his  health,  his  temperament,  the  amount  of 
excitement  under  which  his  various  faculties  act,  his  education.,  habits, 
diet,  &c.,  than  upon  the  size  of  his  brain  alone.  Accordingly,  in  conse- 
quence of  different  degrees  of  health,  rest,  fatigue,  excitement,  &c.,  the 
manifested  quantity  or  amount  of  a man’s  mental  power,  will  vary  twenty, 
forty,  and  even  eighty  per  cent.,  whilst  the  kind  or  quality  will  differ 
little  if  any.  Hence,  both  in  proving  phrenology,  and  also  in  applying  its 
principles,  the  province  of  the  phrenologist  is  to  point  out  the  character 
or  kind  of  talents  and  mental  power,  rather  than  their  precise  amount ; 
and  yet,  if  he  is  informed  as  to  these  “ other  conditions,”  (and  it  is  not 
only  his  right  to  know  them,  but  preposterous  in  hinn,.to  pronounce  with* 
out  such  knowledge,)  he  can  ascertain  very  nearly  the  amount , as  well 
as  the  kind,  of  intellect  and  feeling. 

Average. — One  having  an  average-sized  brain,  with  activity  only 
average , will  discover  only  an  ordinary  amount  of  intellect ; be  inadequate 
*>  any  important  undertaking ; yet,  in  a small  sphere,  or  one  that  require* 
*nly  a mechanical  routine  of  business,  may  do  well : with  activity  greak 
i r very  great , and  the  organs  of  the  propelling  powers  and  of  practica 
intellect,  large  or  very  large,  is  capable  of  doing  a fair  business,  and  ma$ 
pass  for  a man  of  some  talent,  yet  he  will  not  be  original  nor  profound 
will  be  quick  of  perception  ; have  a good  practical  understanding  ; will  d.. 
well  in  his  sphere , yet  never  manifest  any  traces  of  greatness,  and  out 
of  his  sphere,  be  common-place  : with  moderate  or  small  activity,  wiU 
hardly  have  common  sense. 

Full. — One  having  a full-sized  brain,  with  activity  great  or  very  grea<t 
»nd  the  organ  of  practical  intellect  a id  cr  the  propelling  powers,  ltrce  ut 


34 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


very  large,  although  he  will  not  possess  greatness  of  intellect,  nor  a deep* 
strong  mind,  will  be  very  clever  ; have  considerable  talent,  and  that  so  dis» 
tributed  that  it  will  show  to  be  more  than  it  really  is,  is  capable  of  being 
a good  scholar,  doing  a fine  business  and,  with  advantages  and  applica* 
lion,  of  distinguishing  himself  somewhat,  yet  he  is  inadequate  to  a great 
undertaking ; carmobsway  an  extensive  influence,  nor  be  really  great : with 
activity  fall  or  average , will  do  only  tolerably  well,  and  manifest*  only  a 
common  share  of  talents : with  activity  moderate  or  small , will  neiihei 
be  nor  do  much  worthy  of  notice  : c.  1 5.  43. 

Large. — One  naving  a large-sized  brain,  with  activity  average , will 
possess  considerable  energy  of  intellect  and  feeling,  yet  seldom  manifest  it 
unless  it  is  brought  out  by  some  powerful  stimulus,  and  will  be  rather 
too  indolent  to  exert,  especially  his  intellect : with  activity  full,  will  be 
endowed  with  an  uncommon  amount  of  the  mental  power,  and  be  capable 
of  doing  a great  deal,  yet  require  considerable  to  awaken  him  to  that 
vigorous  effort  of  mind  of  which  he  is  capable ; if  his  powers  are  not 
called  out  by  circumstances,  and  his  organs  of  practical  intellect  are„only 
average  or  full,  ha  may  pass  through  life  without  attracting  notice,  or 
manifesting  more  than  an  ordinary  share  of  talents : but  if  the  perceptive 
faculties  are  strong  or  very  strong,  and  his  natural  powers  put  in  vigorous 
requisition,  he  will  manifest  a vigour  and  energy  of  intellect  and  feeling  quite 
Above  mediocrity ; be  adequate  to  undertakings  which  demand  originality 
rtf  mind  and  force  of  character,  yet,  after  all,  be  rather  indolent  (c.  18)  : with 
activity  great  or  very  great,  will  combine  great  power  of  mind  with  great 
Activity  ; exercise  a commanding  influence  over  those  minds  with  which 
ue  coires  in  contact ; when  he  enjoys,  will  enjoy  intensely,  and  when  he 
suffers,  suffer  equally  so;  be  susceptible  of  strong  excitement;  and,  with 
die  organs  of  the  propelling  powers,  and  of  practical  intellect,  large  or 
very  large,  will  possess  all  the  mental  capabilities  for  conducting  a large 
Imsiness ; for  rising  to  eminence,  if  not  to  pre-eminence  ; and  discover 
great  force  of  character  and  power  of  intellect  and  feeling : with  activity 
moderate,  when  powerfully  excited,  will  evince  considerable  energy  of 
intellect  and  feeling,  yet  be  too  indolent  and  too  sluggish  to  do  much 
.ack  clearness  and  force  of  idea,  and  intenseness  of  feeling ; unless  lite- 
rally driven  to  it,  will  not  be  likely  to  be  much  or  do  much,  and  yet  actu- 
ally possess  more  vigour  of  mind,  and  energy  of  feeling,  than  he  will 
manifest;  with  activity  1,  or  2,  will  border  upon  idiocy. 

Very  Large. — One  having  a very  large  head,  with  activity  average  or 
fall,  on  great  occasions,  or  when  his  powers  are  thoroughly  roused,  will 
&e  truly  great;  but  upon  ordinary  occasions,  will  seldom  manifest  any 
remarkable  amount  of  mind  or  feeling,  and  perhaps  pass  through  life  with 
the  credit  of  being  a person  of  good  natural  abilities  and  judgments,  yet 
nothing  more : with  activity  great,  strength,  and  the  intellectual  organa 
the  same,  will  be  a natural  genius  ; endowed  with  very  superior  powera 
of  mind  and  vigour  of  intellect;  and,  even  though  deprived  of  the  advan- 
tages of  education,  his  natural  talents  will  surmount  all  obstacles,  and  make 
nim  truly  talented  (c.  7)  : with  activity  very  great,  and  the  organs  of  prac- 
tical inteHoct  and  of  the  propelling  powers  large  or  very  large,  will  possess 
the  first  order  of  natural' abilities;  manifest  a clearness  and  force  cf  intel- 
lect which  will  astonish  the  world,  and  a power  of  feeling  winch  will  carry 
all  before  him  ; and,  with  proper  cultivation,  enable  him  to  become  a bright 
itar  in  the  firmament  of  intellectual  greatness,  trxm  which  coming  sgoa 


OTRENGTH  AND  ACTIVITY  Of  THE  BRAiN 


3a 


Ksay  vith  delight  and  astonishment.  His  mental  enjoy  ment  will  bs 
most  exq»  site,  and  his  sufferings  equally  excruciating:  c.  5.  6.  40.  41. 

Moderate. — One  with  a head  of  only  moderate  size,  combined  with 
greut  or  very  great  ability,  and  the  organs  of  the  propelling  powers  and 
of  practical  intellect,  will  possess  a tolerable  share  of  intellect,  yet  appear 
to  possess  much  more  than  he  does ; with  others  to  plan  for  and  direct 
him,  will  perhaps  execute  to  advantage,  yet  be  unable  to  do  much  alone ; 
will  have  a very  active  mind,  and  he  quick  of  perception,  yet,  after  ail, 
have  a contracted  intellect  (c.  10.  26)  ; possess  only  a small  mental  calibre, 
and  lack  momentum  both  of  mind  and  character:  with  activity  only  average 
or  fair,  will  have  but  a moderate  amount  of  intellect,  and  even  this  scanty 
allowance  will  be  too  sluggish  for  action,  so  that  he  will  neither  suffer  no 
enjoy  much : with  activity  moderate  or  small , be  an  idiot. 

Small  oii  very  Small. — One  with  a small  or  very  small  head,  no 
matter  what  may  be  the  activity  of  his  mind,  will  be  incapable  of  intellect* 
ral  ffort ; of  comprehending  even  easy  subjects  ; or  of  experiencing  much 
pain  or  pleasure ; in  short,  will  be  a natural  fool : c.  28.  29. 

II.  The  Strength  of  the  System,  including  the  brain,  or  what  is 
the  same  thing,  upon  the  perfection  or  imperfection  of  the  organization. 
Probably  no  phrenological  condition  is  so  necessary  for  the  manifestation 
of  mind,  as  a strong,  compact  constitution,  and  energetick  physical  powers 
Even  after  a violation  of  the  laws  of  the  organization  has  brought  or 
disease,  a naturally  vigorous  constitution  often  retains  no  small  share  of  its 
former  elasticity  and  energy,  and  imparts  the  same  qualities  to  the  mental 
operations  (c.  5.  6.  7.  12.  15.  18.  40.  41.  43)  ; but,  in  proportion  as  thi 
is  defective,  weakness  and  imbecility  of  mind  will  ensue. 

III.  The  Degree  of  Activity. — In  judging  of  the  manifestations  of  the 
mind,  the  activity  of  the  brain  is  a consideration  quite  as  important  as  its 
size.  Whilst  size  gives  power  or  momentum  of  intellect  and  feeling,  act! 
vity  imparts  quickness,  intensity,  willingness,  and  even  a restless  desire,  to 
set,  which  go  far  to  produce  efficiency  of  mind,  with  accompanying  effort 
and  action.  Under  the  head  of  sLe,  however,  the  effects  of  the  different 
degrees  of  aitivity  w ere  presented,  and  need  not  to  be  repeated  here. 

IV.  Upon  the  Excitability.— Sharp,  or  pointed  and  prominent 
organs,  always  accompany  a nervous  and  very  excitable  temperament; 
moderate  or  average  sized  head ; sharp  teeth  and  pointed  benes ; spright- 
liness of  mind  and  body,  &c. 

Pointed  or  Very  Pointed. — One  with  a head  uneven,  or  very  un- 
even, peculiar  in  shape,  and  having  a great  many  protuberances  and  de- 
pressions, or  hills  and  valleys  on  it,  has  an  equally  peculiar,  eccentrick 
sui-generis  character ; presents  many  strong  and  wfeak  points  of  mind  and 
character ; is  too  much  the  sport  of  circumstances ; lacks  uniformity  and 
consistency  of  character,  opinion,  and  conduct ; is  likely  to  be  driven  back 
and  forth  by  strong  excitements  and  counter-excitements,  and  thus  to  hav@ 
a rough  voyage  through  life ; to  experience  many  remarkable  incidents,, 
hair-breadth  escapes,  &c. ; in  short,  to  do  and  say  many  singular  things. 

Moderately  Smooth. — One  with  a round  even  head,  is  likely  to 
manifest  uniformity  and  consistency  of  character ; to  have  good  sense  and 
'udgrnent;  to  have  few  excesses  or  deficiences , and,  like  the  poet’s  goou 
Sian,  “ h:lds  the  even  tenour  of  his  way,”  passing  smooth’y  through  life. 


ANALYSIS  iND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FAOUL  FIBS. 
Amativeness: — Reciprocal  Attachment  and  Love  of  the  Sexes  as  such , 
with  Adhesiveness , Connubial  Love,  and  the  Marriage  Relations0 

Adaptation.  To  prevent  the  extinction  of  our  race,  some  provision  £>r 
•ts  continuance  became  necessary.  Propagation  and  death  are  arrangement* 
necessarily  connected  with  man’s  earthly  existence.  The  former  has  its  coun- 
terpart in  this  faculty. 

It  creates  all  those  relations  and  reciprocal  feelings  existing  between  the 
sexes  as  such,  and  results  in  marriage  and  offspring.  It  originate?  those  re- 
ciprocal kind  offices  and  tender  feelings  which  each  sex  manifests  toward* 
the  other,  refining  and  elevating  each,  promoting  gentility  and  politeness 
end  greatly  augmenting  social  happiness.  So  far  from  being  gross*  or  ex 
ceptionable,  its  proper  exercise  is  pure,  and  chaste,  and  even  desirabj  3 The 
son  who  loves  and  obeys  his  mother,  is  always  tender  and  faithfi  A to  bis 
Mnf*»  and  the  endearing  recollections  of  his  mother  and  loved  ono,  are  hu 
most  powerful  incentives  to  virtue,  studv,  6cc.,  as  well  as  restraints  upon 
his  vicious  inclinations.  The  mother  dotes  upon  her  sons,  and  the  father 
upon  his  daughters.  All  this  class  of  feeungs  and  pnenomena  originate# 
this  faculty.  In  cities  it  is  larger  than  ir  the  country,  because  so  constantly 
excited  by  caresses  bestowed  even  upon  cmldren  hy  the  opposite  sex,  bu 
being  already  too  strong,  it  should  be  excited  as  littie  as  possible. 

Average.  One  having  this  organ  average , will  treat  the  other  sex  ten 
derly,  and  enjoy  their  society,  yet  not  enchanted  with  it,  nor  allow  it  to 
divert  hkn  from  graver  pursuits ; will  find  this  feeling  more  active,  intense 
and  excitable,  than  powerful  and  enduring,  and  be  capable  of  experiencing 
much  connubial  love ; yet  its  amount  and  qualities  will  be  determined  by 
kis  temperament  and  combinations.  If  adhesiveness,  conscientiousness 
and  ideality  are  large,  and  activity  great,  his  love  will  be  tender  and  intense, 
yet  pure  and  chaste  ; partake  more  of  elevated  friendship  than  animal  feel- 
ing, and  be  refined  and  virtuous  ; he  will  have  more  friends  than  lovers  among 
the  opposite  sex ; be  disgusted  with  vulgarity  in  them ; in  case  his  love  is 
well  placed,  will  enjoy  the  marriage  relations  much,  and  with  the  moral  and 
intellectual  organs  also  large,  and  the  mental  temperament  predominant, 
can  love  the  refined  and  intellectual  only  ; but  if  ideality  is  moderate  or  small, 
wifi  disregard  merely  personal  beauty,  and  choose  a useful  companion  : with 
cautiousness  vei;y  large,  will  mature  his  love  slowly,  hesitate  much,  and 
perhaps,  make  no  choice  at  all : with  cautiousness  and  secretiveness  Isrov 
or  very  large,  will  express  less. love  than  he  feels,  and  tktt  equivocally 
by  piecemeal,  and  even  then  not  until  his  loved  one  is  fully  committed  • 
with  conscientiousness  and  approbativeness  large  or  very  large,  can  love 
cfl/y  one  whose  morals  are  pure  and  unblemished,  and  will  value  the  virtu* 
and  moral  purity  of  the  other  sex  as  the  pe.\rl  of  greatest  price,  being  parti 
cularly  disgusted  with  this  specie?  of  immorality : with  cautiousness,  con 
scientiousness,  approbativeness,  and  veneration  large  or  very  large,  am: 
self-esteem  moderate  or  small,  will  be  very  bashful  in  the  society  of  the  op 
posite  sex,  and  of  both  sexes,  yet  enjoy  the  company  of  a few  of  the  formei 
much : with  adhesiveness  and  benevolence  large  or  very  largj,  and  ideality 
and  approbativeness  moderate  or  small,  will  be  really  kind  ai  J affectionate 
towards  the  other  sex,  yet  not  polite,  or  r.efined,  or  urbane,  or  merely  nomi- 
nally attentive,  &c. 

Full.  One  having  amativeness  full , will  experience  the  same  feelings 
Hi  kind,  but  in  a still  greater  degree  of  activity  and  power,  with  those  de- 
scribed under  amativeness  average,  due  allowance  being  made  for  its  in- 
treased  power,  but  A uctivjtv  ud  excitability  'ire  both  great,  ac  ‘.vi# 

Z? 


AMATIVE*  ESS  St 

rsaJ  his  description  uid*.  amativeness  large,  by  selecting  those  combination 
that  apply  to  himself. 

Lauge.  One  who  has  amativeness  large , will  be  alive  to  the  personal 
charms  and  accomplishments  of  the  other  sex ; a great  admirer  of  their 
beauty  of  form,  elegance  of  manners,  &c. ; on  account  of  the  reciprocal 
influence  of  this  faculty,  can  easily  ingratiate  himself  into  their  good  will, 
become  acquain:ed,  exert  an  influence  with  them,  and  kindle  in  them  the 
passion  of  love,  or,  at  best,  create  a favourable  impression,  even  if  in  sorcn  re- 
spects disagreeable  ; has  his  warmest  friends  among  the  other  sex,  and 
when  this  feeling  is  strongly  excited,  finds  its  restraint  extremely  difficult. 
He  should  marry  young,  and  his  first  love,  if  possible,  especially  if  concen 
♦rativeness  is  large,  because  this  feeling  will  be  too  powerful  to  be  trilled 
with  or  easily  diverted,  and  hard  te  govern.  With  adhesiveness  also  large , 
he  will  mingle  pure  friendship  with  devoted  love ; “ cannot  flourish  alone,” 
but  will  be  inclined  to  love  and  marry  young,  and  be  susceptible  of  ardent 
and  intense  connubial  attachment ; will  invest  the  object  of  it  with  almost 
superhuman  purity  and  perfection ; magnify  their  personal  charms  ana 
their  moral  and  intellectual  qualities,  and  overlook  defects  in  either ; be  dea 
lighted  in  their  company,  but  unhappy  when  deprived  of  it ; fully  un- 
bosoms every  feeling,  communicating  and  sharing  every  pain  and  pleasure, 
and  having  the  whole  current  of  the  other  faculties  enlisted  in  their  behalf : 
with  ideality  iarge  or  very  large,  and  the  mental  apparatus  predominant,  will 
experience  a fervour,  elevation,  intensity,  and  ecstasy  of  love,  which  will 
render  it  wellnigh  romantic,  especially  the  first  love ; fasten  upon  mental 
and  moral,  more  than  personal  charms,  or  rather  blending  the  two ; can  fall 
’ii  love  only  with  one  who  combines  beauty  of  person  with  refinement,  gen- 
reel  manners,  and  great  delicacy  of  feeling  ; be  easily  disgusted  with  what 
is  coarse,  vtflgar,  improper,  or  not  in  good  taste,  in  the  person,  dress,  man- 
ners, expressions,  &c.,  of  the  other  sex,  but  equally  pleased  with  the  oppo- 
site qualities;  express  his  love  in  a refined, delicate,  and  acceptable  manner; 
be  rather  sentimental,  fond  of  love  tales,  romances,  sentimental  poetry,  &c. 
but  if  ideality  be  moderate  or  small,  and  the  motive  temperament  predo- 
minant, will  be  the  reverse ; with  philoprogenitiveness  also  large,  will  bo 
eminently  qualified  to  enjoy  the  domestic  relations  of  companion  and  parent, 
and  take  his  chief  delight  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  seldom  straying  from 
home  unless  compelled  to ; and  with  inhabitiveness  also  large,  will  travel 
haif  the  night  to  be  at  home  the  balance,  and  sleep  poorly  anywhere  else 
with  firmness  and  conscientiousness  large  or  very  large,  will  be  faithful  and 
’onstant  in  his  love,  keeping  the  marriage  relations  inviolate,  and  regawlino 
hem  as  the  most  sacred  feelings  belonging  to  our  nature  ; with  combat-  & 
ness  large,  will  protect  the  object  of  his  love  w* th  great  spirit,  resenting 
forcibly  any  indignity  or  scandal  offered  to  the  r person  or  character  • with 
adhesiveness  and  aiimentiveness  large,  will  doubl}  mjoy  the  meal  taken  with 
his  family  or  loved  one : with  adhesiveness  and  dpprobativeness  Iarge  oi 
very  large,  will  praise  them,  like  to  hear  them  praised,  ard  to  be  commendeo 
by  them,  and  cut  to  the  heart  by  their  reproaches ; and  i ’elf-esteem  is  onl} 
moderate  or  small,  and  ideality  large,  too  ready  to  follow  the  fashions  de- 
manded by  the  other  sex,  (a  combination  too  common  in  women,)  and  too 
fearful  lest  they  should  incur  their  censure : with  secretiveness  and  cau- 
tiousness large  or  very  Iarge,  will  feel  much  more  affection  than  express, 
*ffectni£  comparative  indifference,  especially  at  first,  and  until  the  other 
’ Ide  j»  fully  committed,  and  perhaps  not  bring  matters  to  a crisis  till  it  ia 
«>9  iare  ; 1 ut  with  secretiveness  moderate,  will  throw  wide  open  the  pertaSu 

5 


m 


PRACTii.  «U.  l’HREXOL  *GY 


of  his  heart,  showing  in  his  eye,  his  looks,  and  actions,  all  the  Uvc  ^ ft  ' \ 
*otii  adhesiveness,  self-esteem,  and  firmness  large  or  very  large,  though  h in 
!ove  may  be  powerful,  he  will  nqt  allow  it  to  subdue  him,  n>.,r  humble  him- 
self to  gratify  it,  and  bear  its  interruotion  with  fortitude : but  with  self 
esteem  moderate  or  small,  will  break  down  sooner  under  blighted  low  , 
with  a moderate  or  average  sized  head  and  causality,  the  vital  mental  tern 
per  amen  t predominant,  and  adhesiveness,  approbate  veness,  and  ideality 
targe  or  very  large,  will  prefer  the  company  of  the  beautiful,  accomplished, 
fash’onable,  dress}',  gay,  and  superficial  of  the  other  sex,  and  love  to  talk 
sr&ail  talk  with  them  : with  the  moral  organs  predominant,  will  choose  the 
virtuous,  devout  and  religious  : with  the  intellectual  organs  large  or  very 
large,  can  love  only  those  who  are  intellectual,  sensible,  and  literary,  and 
almost  adjre  them,  but  is  disgusted  with  the  opposite  class:  with  the  vital 
temperament  predominant,  ideality  large  or  very  large,  causality  only 
average,  and  conscientiousness  moderate  or  small,  will  be  less  particular  as 
to  their  morals  than  their  personal  charms,  and  if  concentrativeness  is  sr, ;al!, 
will  lov2  the  pretty  face  and  figure  best  that  he  sees  last,  and  have  an  attach 
merit  Dy  no  means  exclu«‘ve,  courting  many,  rather  than  being  satisfied 
with  individual  attachment  and  being  strongly  inclined  to  the  animal  grati- 
fication of  this  faculty  ; and  with  large  language,  individuality,  eventuality 
and  mirthfulness  added,  will  take  great  delight  in  joking  with  and  about  ti'e 
opposite  sex ; often  be  indelicate  in  his  allusions ; fond  of  hearing  and  ro- 
tating obscene  anecdotes  about  them,  and  of  vulgar  prints  ; said  with  large 
tune  added,  of  singing  love  songs  of  an  objectionable  character,  if  not  prone 
to  revelry  and  prrfiigacy,  and  extremely  liable  to  pervert  this  faculty, 
with  adhesivene.-*i  and  conscientiousness  only  moderate  or  average,  and  ac- 
quisitiveness lr.ge,  or  very  large,  will  marry  quite  as  much  for  money  or 
animal  graiifi  ation,  as  for  connubial  love,  especially  if  his  first  attachment 
has  been  in'  erupted : with  an  active  temperament  and  targe  firmness,  con- 
scientious! ^ss,  and  cautiousness,  will  experience  powerful  temptations,  yel 
resist  the*  i ; but  with  only  moderate  secretiveness  and  conscientiousness,  and 
cautious  iess  only  full,  will  hardly  be  a Joseph,  and  si  fluid  never  trust  to  his 
resolu'  on  ; but  if  conscientiousness  and  approbativericss  are  large,  in  case 
he  d'  es  yield,  he  will  suffer  the  deepest  shame,  remorse,  and  penitence. 

V ne  reverse  of  any  of  these  combinations  will  produce  opposite  qualities*. 

/ ery  Large.  One  having  this  organ  very  „ arge  experiences  its  powe2 
B’ d intensity  to  an  almost  ungovernable  extent;  is  even  passionately  fond 
f the  other  sex  should  by  all  means  be  married  • will  place  the  highest 
estimate  upon  them,  and  experience  the  feelings  described  under  amative- 
ness large,  and  under  those  combinations  which  exist  in  his  head,  in  a still 
higher  degree  of  intensity  and  power,  so  that,  making  due  allowances  fof 
he  increase  of  this  feeling,  he  will  read  his  character  in  this  respect  undei 
Jris  organ  large,  selecting  those  combinations  which  are  found  in  his  head. 

Moderate,  will  be  rather  deficient,  though  not  palpably  so,  in  love  and 
attentions  to  the  opposite  sex  ; with  adhesiveness  large,  have  more  platonic 
affection  and  pure  friendship  than  animal  feeling ; with  activity  great, 
mo:e  ardour  and  excitability  of  this  feeling  than  power,  and  be  disgusted 
frith  vulgarity.  This  combination  predominates  in  women. 

Small,  feels  little  connubial  or  sexual  love,  or  desire  to  marry  ; is  less 
polite  and  interesting,  and  moie  cold,  cov,  distant,  reserved,  &c.,  than  one 
with  this  organ  large,  and  the  leverse  of  his  description  : p 59,  c.  29.  31. 

Very  smahl,  is  passively  continent,  never  experiencing  this  feeling : p.  6C 


JPIIILOPROGEKITn  ENES3, 


ftfti^:#BOGENiTivExiss : Parental  love ; attachment  ic  one’s  own  off- 
spring; love  of  children  generally,  of  pets,  animals,  4 c. 

‘To  rear  the  tender  thought,  to  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot. 

Adaptation.  For  aught  we  know,  man,  like  the  fabled  Minerva  from 
the  brain  of  Jupiter,  might  have  been  brought  forth  in  the  full  possession  of  all 
his  faculties  both  physical  and  mental,  capable,  from  the  first  moment  of 
nis  earthly  existence,  of  taking  care  of  himself  and  supplying  his  every 
want.  But  the  fact  is  otherwise.  He  enters  the  world  in  a condition  utter- 
ly helpless,  and,  but  for  the  greatest  parental  care  and  anxiety,  every  infont 
child  must  inevitably  perish,  and  our  race  soon  become  extinct.  To  this  a. 
rangement  or  state  of  things,  philoprogenitiveness  is  adapted,  nor  can  any 
other  element  of  man’s  nature  accomplish  the  end  attained  by  this  faculty. 
The  infant  cannot  be  regarded  as  a friend,  and  therefore  adhesiveness  can- 
not be  exercised  upon  it.  Causality  might  devise  the  means  requisite  for  its 
■'eliefbut  would  not  lift  a finger  towards  executing  them;  benevolence  might 
do  something,  yet  it  would  be  far  too  little  for  their  physical  salvation  or  their 
mental  and  moral  cukure.  How  often  do  we  find  persons  very  benevolent 
'o  adults,  but  cruel  to  children.  These  vexatious  and  expensive  little  crea- 
\„;res  are  far  more  likely  to  array  combativeness  and  destructiveness  and  ac- 
quisitiveness against  them  than  benevolence  or  any  other  faculty  in  their 
favour  : so  that  if  parents  had  no  faculty  adapted  exclusively  to  the  nursing 
fe.'ad  training  of  offspring,  their  burden  would  be  too  intolerable  to  be  sub- 
mitted to,  whereas  this  faculty  renders  them  the  dearest  of  all  objects  to  pa- 
rents, their  richest  treasure,  their  greatest  delight,  and  an  object  for  which 
they  live  and  labour  and  suffer  more  than  for  any  other,  casting  into  the 
shade  all  the  toil  and  trouble  and  expense  which  they  cause,  and  lacerating 
the  parent’s  heart  with  the  bitterest  of  pangs  when  death  or  space  tears 
the  parent  and  child  asunder. 

The  numberless  attentions  demanded  by  the  helpless  condition  of  child- 
ren, require  a much  more  vigorous  action  of  the  other  faculties  in  their  fa- 
vour than  is  demanded  in  reference  to  adults.  Without  the  influence 
of  philoprogenitiveness,  the  scales  would  be  turned  against  them,  whereas 
now,  by  exciting  combativeness  and  cautiousness  in  their  defence  and  pro- 
tection ; by  awakening  causality  to  plan  and  benevolence  to  execute  ways  and 
means  for  their  relief ; by  stimulating  acquisitiveness  to  accumulate  the  means 
of  educating  and  adorning  them,  it  sets  all  the  other  faculties  at  work  in 
their  behalf. 

Moreover,  the  duties  and  relations  of  the  mother  to  her  offspring  require 
a much  greater  endowment  of  this  faculty  in  her  than  in  the  father,  and  ac- 
cordingly, we  find  much  larger  philoprogenitiveness  in  the  female  head  than 
in  the  male.  This  adaptation  of  the  organ  in  woman  to  the  far  greater 
power  of  the  passion,  and  of  both  to  the  far  greater  demand  made  upon  h if 
by  hr***  offspring,  is  certainly  an  important  evidence  of  the  truth  of  phre- 
nology. 

Average.  One  having  philoprogenitiveness  average,  will  take  consider- 
fcblel  Merest  in  children,  especially  when  they  begin  to  walk  and  prattle, 
and  if  a parent,  exert  himself  strenuously  to  provide  for  them  ; place  a high 
but  reasonable  value  upon  them ; be  sufficiently  tender  of  them,  yet  no 
foolishly  fond  or  indulgent ; be  pleased  with  good  children,  yet  not  bear  much 
from  those  that  are  troublesome  ; and  whilst  he  will  value  his  own  children 
highly,  and  bear  considerably  from  them,  he  will  not  care  much  about  thcas 
ef  others  9i  tear  much  from  them, 


40 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY 


One  having  philoprogenitiveness  average,  with  adhesiveness  «« 

very  large,  will  not  manifest  great  fondness  for  in  fants.  yet  when  his  own 
children  are  capable  of  being  made  companions  and  fiaends,  will  prize  them 
highly  : with  combativeness  and  destructiveness  larger  than  philoprogeni 
tiveness,  though  tolerably  fond  of  good  children,  will  not  bear  with  theii 
mischief  or  childish  whims,  or  their  noise,  and  hence  often  scold  if  not  pun- 
ish them  : with  well  developed  intellectual  organs,  will  labour  for  their  in- 
tellectual improvement,  and  give  them  good  advantages  fer  education  : with 
the  moral  organs  large,  will  seek  their  moral  and  religious  improvement, 
and  watch  their  moral  conduct : with  adhesiveness^  benevolence,  firmness, 
conscientiousness,  and  the  reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  combative- 
nesa  and  self-esteem  at  least  full,  will  like  children  well,  yet  be  far  from 
spoiling  them  by  over  indulgence,  and  generally  secure  their  obedience,  yet 
not  treat  them  with  severity : with  very  large  conscientiousness,  will  not 
make  sufficient  allowance  for  their  childishness,  but  censure  their  little 
thoughtless  mischief  as  though  it  were  a premeditated  wrong,  &c. 

Poll.  The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  philoprogenitiveness 
full  will  be  found  under  this  organ  average,  the  reader  making  due  allowance 
for  the  increased  influence  of  philoprogenitiveness,  and  will  be  a medium 
between  those  of  this  organ  average  and  large. 

Large.  One  having  philoprogenitiveness  large , if  a parent,  takes  a 
deep  and  lively  interest  in  his  children  ; enjoys  their  company  and  childish 
shorts,  and  perhaps  often  mingles  with  them  ; easily  gains  their  good  will 
fey  paying  them  little  attentions,  and  is  thus  the  better  qualified  to  govern 
and  educate  them ; values  his  children  above  all  price ; cheerfully  submits 
to  parental  care  and  toil ; spare  no  pains  for  them  ; eagerly  watches  around 
their  sick  bed,  regrets  their  absence,  and  experiences  poignant  grief  at  their 
loss  ; if  concert trativeness  be  also  large  or  very  large,  will  pore  incessantly  over 
that  loss  for  years,  but  with  concentrativeness  moderate  or  small,  though  he 
will  feel  their  loss  keenly  whenever  he  thinks  of  it,  will  be  occasionally  re- 
lieved by  a change  of  occupation  or  subject  of  feeling:  with  combativeness, 
destructiveness  and  self-esteem  full  or  large,  and  adhesiveness,  benevo- 
lence, conscientiousness,  firmness  and  the  reasoning  organs  large  or  very 
large,  corrects  his  children  when  their  own  good,  and  not  his  caprice,  de- 
mands it;  governs  them  by  moral  suasion  mainly,  and  employs  physical 
punishment  only  as  a last  resort ; is  kind  yet  strict,  fond  yet  not  over- indul- 
gent; gratifies  his  children  whenever  he  can  do  so  without  injuring  them, 
but  no  farther,  and  is  well  qualified  to  discharge  the  duties  of  a parent:  with 
the  moral  organs  generally  large  or  very  large,  regards  their  moral  cha- 
racter and  standing  as  of  primary  importance,  and  faithfully  reproves  their 
(bulls,  &c.;  if  a professor  of  religion,  will  interest  himself  in  institutions  cal- 
culated to  improve  the  morals  of  children,  such  as  Sabbath-schools,  Bible 
classes,  &c.,  and  with  large  cautiousness  added,  will  have  much  anxiety 
touching  this  point : with  the  intellectual  organs  large  or  very  large,  will  do 
nis  utmost  to  cultivate  their  intellects,  and  give  them  every  advantage  in  his 
power  for  acquiring  knowledge,  with  an  active  temperament,  say  the  sanguine 
nervous,  a moderate  or  average  size  brain,  and  large  or  very  large  comba- 
tiveneas  and  destructiveness,  and  moderate  or  average  causality,  secretive 
ness  and  conscientiousness,  will  be  by  turns  too  indulgent  and  then 
voo  sc  ere ; pet  them  one  minute  and  scold  or  punish  them  the  next, 
not  overlooking  their  childisn  foibles,  and,  with  moderate  or  small  self-esteem 
added,  will  fa?d  to  secure  their  respect  or  obedience,  and  allow  them  to  tram- 
ole  upon  h/ir.  with  large  or  very  large  approbate  and  ideal,  added  to  foi* 


PHILOPROGENITIVE  NESS 


4) 


£cmb  nation,  will  he  likely  to  educate  them  for  show  and  effect  rather  than 
for  usefulness  ; to  teach  them  the  ornamental  and  fashionable,  to  the  neglect 
of  the  more  substantial,  branches  of  learning  ; to  ornament  their  persons 
more  than  their  minds,  thus  making  them  self-conceited  fops  and  vain  and 
gaudy  belles,  rather  than  useful  members  of  society:  but  with  a large  brain, 
well  developed  moral  and  intellectual  organs,  and  only  average  or  full  ide- 
ality and  approbat.,  will  seek  their  usefulness  rather  than  their  distinction , 
snd  give  them  an  education  more  practical  and  substantial  than  ornamen- 
tal : with  a full  or  large  sized  brain,  and  well  developed  moral  and  intellectua. 
organs,  particularly  large  firmness,  self-esteem,  conscientiousness,  individu- 
ality, eventuality,  locality,  form,  language,  order,  calculation  and  comparison, 
will  be  eminently  qualified  for  teaching  school,  and  capable  of  both  govern- 
ing and  instructing  them. 

This  organ  also  fastens  upon  other  objects  of  care  and  tenderness,  such  aa 
domestic  animals,  particularly  horses,  dogs,  cattle,  birds,  flower-pots,  &c., 
creating  in  the  farmer  a love  of  rearing  and  feeding  his  live  stock;  in  the 
hunter  and  man  of  leisure,  a powerful  attachment  to  his  favourite  horse 
and  dog  ; in  the  unmarried  lady,  a love  of  her  kitten  or  lap  dog  or  bird  ; in 
the  little  girl,  a fondness  for  her  doll-babies,  and  with  imitation  and  con- 
struct., skill  in  making  and  dressing  them,  &c. : combined  with  large  or  very 
large  form,  size,  and  ideality,  this  faculty  admires  the  good  points  of  a horse 
noth  of  form  and  movemert,  and  thus  aids  in  matching  and  judging  of 
horses,  and  with  large  acquisitiveness,  leads  to  trading  in  them,  (see  acquis 
large.) 

Vert  Large.  One  having  philoprogenitiveness  very  large , will  expe- 
rience the  feelings  described  under  this  organ  large  but  in  the  highest  de- 
gree of  intensity  and  power ; almost  idolizes  his  children ; grieves  immoder 
ately  at  their  loss,  refusing  to  be  comforted,  literally  doting  on  and  living  for 
them  ; with  large  or  very  large  benevolence  and  only  moderate  or  small  de- 
structiveness, can  never  correct  children  or  see  them  punished,  and  with  on- 
ly average  causality,  is  in  danger  of  spoiling  them  by  petting  and  over-in- 
dulging them : with  very  large  approbativeness  or  self-esteem  added,  indulges 
parental  vanity  and  conceit ; prides  himself  upon  his  children,  thinking  them 
vastly  smarter  than  those  of  others,  and  taking  every  opportunity  to  exhibit 
their  attainments : with  very  large  cautiousness,  indulges  a multitude  of 
groundless  apprehensions  about  them,  always  cautioning  them,  and  thus 
likely  to  render  the  child  either  timid,  or  else  disgusted  with  the  foolish  fears 
of  the  parent : with  acquisitiveness  moderate,  makes  them  many  presents, 
and  is  too  ready  to  supply  their  every  want,  even  though  an  artificial  one  : with 
large  or  very  large  moral  and  intellectual  organs,  whilst  he  indulges  towards 
them  indescribably  tender  parental  fondness,  will  love  them  too  well  to  spoil 
them  ; and  love  them,  too,  as  intellectual  and  moral  beings  rather  than  aa 
rr.crely  his  children  ; and  employ  his  utmost  powers  in  cultivating  the 
higher  and  nobler  qualities  of  man’s  nature,  contemplating  them  with  a fond- 
necs  amounting  to  rapture. 

Moderate.  One  having  this  organ  moderate,  is  not  fond  enough  of  fiiild 
$n  to  bear  much  from  them  ; may  love  his  own  children,  yet  cares  little  ibr 
those  of  others,  and  cannot  please  or  take  care  of  them,  particularly  of  in- 
fants, nor  endure  to  hear  them  cry,  or  make  a noise,  or  disturb  bi3 
things,  and  with  an  active  temperament  and  fall  or  large  combaUveuesg,  if 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


12 

yet  with  these  organs  large;  and  combat,  and  destruct  only  full,  many  dfi 
every  thing  necessary  for  their  good,  and  never  see  them  wronged  or  suffer. 
The  combination  and  descriptions  under  philoprogenitiveness  average  will 
apply  to  this  organ  moderate,  due  allowance  being  made  for  the  diminished 
influence  of  the  feeling. 

Shall,  feels  little  interest  in  even  his  own  children,  much  less  in  those 
of  others  ; is  liable  to  treat  them  unkindly  : p.  64.  c.  20. 

Very  Small,  has  no  parental  love  ; bates  all  children : p.  64.  c.  30. 

\ 4*  ADHESIVENESS. — Friendship  ; social  feeling  ; love  of  society 
Average,  is  quite  friendly,  yet  will  not  sacrifice  much  for  friends. 
Full,  is  highly  social,  yet  not  remarkably  warm-hearted  : p.  66.  c.  18. 
Large,  is  eminently  social,  an  ardent,  sincere  friend;  enjoys  friendly 
jociety  extremely;  forms  strong,  if  not  hasty,  attachments : p.  65.  c.  1 1. 
Very  Large,  loves  friends  with  indescribable  tenderness  and  strength 
of  feeling ; will  sacrifice  almost  every  thing  upon  the  altar  of  friend? 
ship;  with  amat.  full  or  large,  is  susceptible  of  the  most  devoted  con 
nubial  love;  falls  in  love  easily : p.  65.  c.  10.  14.  20.  21.  42. 
Moderate,  loves  friends  some,  yet  self  more ; quits  friends  often  : p.  67 
S.mall,  is  unsocial,  cold-hearted,  likes  and  is  liked  by  few  or  none  : p.  37 
Very  Small,  is  a stranger  to  friendly  social  feeling:  p.  67.  c.  24.  32. 

I 5.  INHABITIVENESS. — Love  of  home  as  such;  attachment  io  the 
place  where  one  has  lived  ; unwillingness  to  change  it  ; patriotism. 
Average,  forms  some,  though  net  strong,  local  attachments : c.  8.  12. 
Full,  loves  home  well,  yet  does  not  grieve  much  on  leaving  it:  p.  69. 
Large,  soon  becomes  strongly  attached  to  the  place  in  which  he  lives 
loves  home  and  country  dearly  ; leaves  them  reluctantly ; is  unhappy 
without  a home  of  his  own:  p.  68.  6.  12.  14.  15.  16.  21. 

Very  Large,  regards  home  as  the  dearest,  sweetest  spot  on  earth;  feels 
homesick  when  away ; dislikes  changing  residences  ; is  pre-eminently 
patriotic ; thinks  cf  his  native  place  with  intense  interest : p.  68.  c.  5. 
Moderate,  has  some,  hut  no  great,  regard  for  home  as  such  .*  p.  69.  c.  26 
Small  or  Very  Small,  forms  few  local  attachments;  cares  lif*!« 
where  he  is ; makes  any  place  home ; leaves  and  changes  resident* 
without  regret:  p.  69.  *(The  number  according  to  Spurzheim.) 

6 CONCEIN1TRATIVENESS. — Unity  and  continuity  of  thought 
feeling ; power  of  entire  and  concentrated  application  to  one  thing 
Average,  possesses  this  power  to  some,  though  to  no  great,  extent 
Full,  is  disposed  to  attend  to  but  one  tiling  at  once,  ye*  can  turi?  ra 
pidly  from  thing  to  thing;  is  neither  disconnected  nor  prolix  : p.  71.  0 15 
Large,  is  able  and  incline*,  *o  apply  his  mind  to  one,  and  but  one,  *»u> 
ject  for  the  time  being,  till  „ is  finished  ; changes  his  mental  operations 
with  difficulty  ; is  often  prolix  : p.  72.  c.  12.  42. 

Very  Large,  places  his  mind  upon  subjects  slowly;  cannot  leave  tb«*m 
unfinished,  nor  attend  to  but  one  thing  at  once ; is  very  tedious ; ha 
great  application,  yet  lacks  intensity  an  A point : p.  70. 

Moderate,  loves  and  indulges  variety  and  change  of  thought,  feeling, 
occupation,  &C. ; is  not  confused  by  them  ; rather  lacks  application  ; has 
intensity , hut  not  unity , of  the  mental  action  : p.  71.  c.  16. 

Small,  craves  novelty  and  variety  , has  little  application  ; thinks  and 
foe!s  intensely,  yet  not  long  on  any  thing , jumps  rapidly  from  premise 
cove  us;on  ; fails  t > conned  and  carry  cut  his  ideas  &c. : y,.  71.  c.  14* 


43 


m.FEF./L^G  TO  “ PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  ” 

Veui  za  all,  is  restless ; satisfied  only  by  constant  succession . p.  73 
This  faculty  is  sui  generis,  and  affects  both  feeling  and  intellect. 

SPECIES  rI.  Selfish  Propensities.  These  provide  for  the  various 
mimal  wants  ; have  reference  to  the  necessities,  desires,  and  gratifications 
of  their  possessor ; and  terminate  upon  his  sensual  interests  and  wants 
Lapse  or  Very  Large,  has  strong  animal  desires  ; is  strongly  tempted 
to  gratify  them  ; prone  to  be  selfish,  unless  the  moral  sentiments  are  still 
stronger ; and  will  take  good  care  of  number  one  : c.  8.  12.  14. 15.  16.  20. 
Moderate  or  Small,  is  not  selfish  enough  ; easily  trode  upon  ; need-* 
to  have  some  one  to  take  care  of  him ; and  cannot  give  himself  up  to 
low-lived,  sensual  pleasures  : c.  10.  11.  12.  41. 

A.  V i jl  ATIVENESS. — Love  of  existence  as  such,  dread  of anpihilationi 
Average,  is  attached  to  life,  and  fears  death,  yet  not  a great  deal. 
Full,  desires  life,  but  not  eagerly,  from  love  of  it  and  of  pleasure  : p.  74. 
Large,  loves,  and  clings  tenaciously  to,  existence,  for  its  own  sake; 
craves  immortality  and  dreads  annihilation,  even  though  miserable  : p.  74, 
Very  Large,  however  wretched,  shrinks  from,  and  shudders  at  the  thought 
of,  dying  and  beyig  dead ; feels  that  he  cannot  give  up  existence  : p.  74, 
Moderate,  loves  life,  yet  is  ®ot  very  anxious  about  living : p.  74. 
Small  or  Very  Small,  heeds  not  life  or  death,  existence  or  annihilation 

6.  G.  COMBATIVENESS. — Feeling  of  resistance,  defence,  opposition  i 
boldness , willingness  to  encounter  ; courage,  resentment,  spirit  : p.  75. 
Average,  is  pacifick,  but,  when  driven  to  it,  defends  his  rights  boldly 
avoids  collision,  strife,  &c.,  yet,  once  excited,  is  quite  forcible. 

Full,  seldom  either  courts  or  shrinks  from  opposition;  when  roused,  ia 
quite  energetick  ; may  be  quick  tempered,  yet  is  not  contentious  : p.  78. 
Large,  is  resolute  and  courageous ; spirited  and  efficient  as  an  oppo- 
nent; quick  and  intrepid  in  resistance;  loves  debate;  boldly  meets,  if 
he  does  not  court,  opposition : p.  75.  c.  5.  15.  8.  16. 

Very  Large,  is  powerful  in  opposition  ; prone  to  dispute,  attack,  &c. ; 
contrary  ; has  violent  temper ; governs  it  with  difficulty  : p.  77.  c.  12.  14 
Moderate,  avoids  collision;  is  rather  pacifick  and  inefficient:  p.  78. 
Small,  has  feeble  resistance,  temper,  force,  &c. ; is  cowardly : p.  79. 
Very  Small,  withstands  nothing ; is  chickenhearted ; an  arrant  coward. 

?.  1.  DESTRUCTIVENESS.  — Executiveness;  indignation  ; force ; 
severity  ; sternness;  a destroying,  pain-causing  disposition  : p.  82 
Average,  has  not  really  deficient,  yet  none  too  much,  indignation.  19 
Full,  can,  but  is  loath  to,  cause  or  witness  pain  or  death  ; has  sufficient 
severity,  yet  requires  considerable  to  call  it  out : p.  83.  c.  5.  11. 

Large,  when  excited,  feels  deep-toned  indignation;  is  forcible,  and  dis- 
posed to  subdue  or  destroy  the  cause  of  his  displeasure:  p.  82.  c.  5.  89. 
Very  Large,  when  provoked,  is  vindictive,  cruel,  disposed  to  hurt,  taka 
revenge,  &c. ; bitter  arid  implacable  as  an  enemy;  very  forcible:  p.  S3 
c.  12.  13.  14.  15.  16.  17.  24.  25.  26.  32.  33.  35.  42. 

Moderate,  is  mild ; not  severe  nor  destructive  enough ; when  angry, 
lacks  power  ; can  hardly  cause  or  witness  pain  or  death  : p.  84.  c.  10.  41, 
Small,  would  hardly  hurt  one  if  he  could,  or  could  if  he  would,  haa 
so  feeble  anger  that  it  is  derided  more  than  feared  : p.  84.  c.  21.  27. 

Very  Small,  *s  unable  to  cause,  witness,  or  endure  pain  or  death : e.  48 
* ALIMENTIVENESS. — Appetite  for  sustenance  ; cause  of  hunger 
Average,  enjoys  food  well,  but  not  very  well ; hence  is  particular : c.  4 i 
Full,  has  a good  appetite,  yet  can  govern  it  well  is  not  greedy:  p.87 


44 


PRACTICAL  F HRENOLOGY. 


Large,  has  an  excellent  appetite;  a heaity  relish  for  ftod,  drinK,  &C. 
enjoys  them  much  • is  a good  liver;  not  dainty  . p.  86.  c.  5.  12.  14. 
Very  Large,  sets  too  much  by  the  indulgence  of  his  palate;  eats  witfl 
the  keenest  appetite  ; perhaps  “ makes  a god  of  his  belly  :”  p.  87.  c.  18 
Moderate,  has  not  a good,  nor  very  poor,  but  rather  poor,  appetite : p.  87 
Small  or  Very  Small,  is  dainty,  mincing,  particular  about  food  ; eata 
with  little  relish ; hardly  cares  when  he  eats,  or  whether  at  all : p.  88. 
8.  ACQUISITIVENESS. — Love  of  acquiring  and  possessing  pro 
perty  as  such;  desire  to  save , lay  up , 4*c.;  innate  feeling  of  mine  afj 
thine,  of  a right  to  possess  and  dispose  of  things  : p 89. 

Average,  loves  money,  but  not  greatly  ; can  make  it,  but  spends  freely 
Full,  sets  by  property,  both  for  itself,  and  what  it  procures,  yet  is  not 
penurious ; is  industrious  and  saving,  yet  supplies  his  wants:  p.  93, 
Large,  has  a strong  desire  to  acquire  property ; is  frugal ; saving  of 
money  ; close  and  particular  in  his  dealings ; devoted  to  money-making; 
trading,  &c. ; generally  gets  the  value  of  his  money:  p.  89.  c.  5.  18. 
Very  Large,  makes  money  his  idol ; grudges  it;  is  tempted  to  get  it 
dishonestly  ; penurious ; sordid  ; covetous ; &c. : p.  92.  c.  8.  9.  20.  26. 
Moderate,  finds  it  more  difficult  to  keep  than  make  money ; desires  it 
more  to  supply  wants  than  lay  up ; is  hardly  saving  enough : p.  94.  c.  7. 14 
Small,  will  generally  spend  what  money  he  can  get  injudiciously,  if  not 
profusely  ; lays  up  little  ; disregards  the  prices  of  things  : p.  95.  c.  27. 41- 
V er y Small,  cannot  know  nor  be  taught  the  value  or  use  of  money : p.  95 

10.  7.  SECRETIVENESS. — Desire  and  ability  to  secrete , conceal , fyc. 
Average,  is  not  artful  nor  very  frank ; is  generally  open ; can  conceal 
F ull,  can  keep  to  himself  what  he  wishes  to,  yet  is  not  cunning : p.  99 
Large,  seldom  discloses  his  plans,  opinions,  &c. ; is  hard  to  be  founc 
out ; reserved ; non-committal : p.  96.  c.  5.  40. 

Very  Large,  seldom  appears  what  he  is,  or  says  what  he  means ; often 
equivocates  and  deceives ; is  mysterious,  dark,  cunning,  artful,  given  ta 
double-dealing,  eye-service,  &c. : p.  98.  c.  8.  9.  12.  13.  15.  16.  17,  20 
25.  26.  22.  30.  31.  33.  34.  36.  37.  38. 

Moderate,  is  quite  candid  and  open-hearted ; loves  truth ; dislike* 
concealment,  underhand  measures,  &c. ; seldom  employs  them:  p.  100. 
Small,  speaks  out  just  what  he  thinks  ; acts  as  he  feels ; does  not  wish 
to  learn  or  tell  the  secrets  of  others,  yet  freely  tells  his  own ; is  too  plain 
spoken  and  candid : p.  101.  c.  21.  27.  41. 

Very  Small,  keeps  nothing  back;  has  a transparent  heart:  p.  101. 

GENUS  III.  Human,  Moral,  and  Religious  Sentiments  : 102 

SPECIES  I,  Selfish  Sentiments.  In  their  character  and  objects,  thes« 
faculties  partake  more  of  the  human,  and  less  of  the  animal,  than  do  tin 
selfish  propensities , and  although  they  terminate  upon  self  yet  they  hav 
no  inconsiderable  influence  upon  the  moral  character  : p.  47.  103.  c.  2 
Average  or  Full,  has  a respectable,  though  not  great,  regard  for  hi 
character,  and  desire  to  do  something  worthy  of  himself : c.  2*1.  10.  11 
Large  or  Very  Large,  thinks  much  of  and  about  himself,  has  a grea 
amount  of  character  of  some  kind:  p.  51.  c.  5.  6.  12.  14.  15.  16.  18.  4tf 
Moderate,  Small,  or  Very  Small,  has  too  little  pride  and  weigh 
ef  character  and  ambition  to  give  manliness  and  efficiency  : c.  20.  26. 

11.  U).  CAUTIOUSNESS. — Carefulness  ; provision  against  danger 
Average,  has  some  caution,  yet  hardly  enough  for  success  «.  41. 
Full,  has  prudence  and  forethought,  yet  not  too  much:  p.  105,  c.  10 


REI  ERRING  TO  “PHRENOLOGY  PKJ^’ED. 

Liaot,  is  always  watchful ; on  the  look-out;  careful;  anxious;  solid 
tous ; provident  against  real  and  imaginary  danger,  &c.:  p.  104.  c.  5. 6. 15 
Very  Larue,  hesitates  too  much  ; suffers  greatly  from  groundless  fears; 
is  timid,  easily  frightened,  &c. : p.  105.  c.  12.  13.  16.  17.  21.  26.  27.  31 
Moderate,  is  rather  imprudent,  hence  unlucky  ; liable  to  misfortune* 
caused  by  carelessness;  plans  too  imperfectly  for  action : p.  106. 

Small,  acts  impromptu  ; disregards  consequences ; fears  nothing ; iti 
imprudent;  luckless,  often  in  hot  water : p.  106. 

Very  Small,  is  reckless,  destitute  of  fear  and  forethought : p.  107. 
Circumspection.  Propriety  ; discreetness  of  expression  and  conduct 
Average  or  Full,  has  some,  though  none  too  much,  discretion  and 
propriety  of  expression  and  conduct ; sometimes  speaks  inconsiderately. 
Large  or  Ver's  Large,  weighs  well  what  he  says  and  does;  has  * 
nice  sense  of  propriety  ; thinks  twice  before  he  speaks  once. 

Moderate  or  Small,  does  and  says  indiscreet  things  : unascertained 
11.  APPROBATIVENESS. — Sense  of  honour , regard  for  cliarac • 
ter  ; ambition ; love  of  popularity,  fame,  distinction,  Afc. : p.  107. 
Average,  enjoys  approbation,  yet  will  not  sacrifice  much  to  obtain  it. 
Full,  desires  and  seeks  popularity  and  feels  censure,  yet  will  neither 
deny  nor  trouble  himself  much  to  secure  or  avoid  either:  p.  110. 
Large,  sets  every  thing  by  character , honour , &c. ; is  Keenly  alive  to 
the  frowns  and  smiles  of  publick  opinion,  praise,  &c. ; tries  to  show  off 
to  good  advantage;  is  affable,  ambitious,  apt  to  praise  himself:  p.  108 
Vert  Large,  regards  his  honour  and  character  as  the  apple  of  his  eye ; 
is  even  morbidly  sensitive  to  praise  and  censure ; over  fond  of  praise, 
often  feels  ashamed,  &c. ; extremely  pclite,  ceremonious,  &c. : p.  110. 
Moderate,  feels  reproach  some,  yet  is  little  affected  by  popularity  or 
unpopularity ; may  gather  the  flowers  of  applause  that  are  strewed  in 
his  path,  yet  will  not  deviate  from  it  to  collect  them  : p.  112. 

Small,  cares  little  for  popular  frowns  or  favours ; feels  little  shame ; 
disregards  and  despises  fashions,  etiquette,  &c. ; is  not  polite:  p.  112. 
Very  Small,  cares  nothing  for  popular  favour  or  censure. 

8.  SELF-ESTEEM.  Self-respect ; high-toned , manly  feeling  ; innate 
love  of  personal  liberty , independent , Sfc.;  pride  of  character : p.  1 1 3. 
Average,  respects  himself,  yet  is  not  haughty  : c.  21.  41. 

Full,  has  much  self-respect ; pride  of  character ; independence  : p.  116 
Large,  is  high-minded,  independent,  self-confident,  dignified,  his  own 
master ; aspires  to  be  and  do  something  worthy  of  himself ; assumes 
Vesponsibilities ; does  few  little  things:  p.  114.  c.  5.  6. 

Very  Large,  has  unbounded  self  confidence ; endures  no  restraint, 
takes  no  advice;  is  rather  haughty,  imperious,  &c.;  p.  116.  c.  8.  14. 15.  16* 
Moderate,  has  some  self-respect,  and  manly  feeling,  yet  too  little  to 
give  ease,  dignity,  weight  of  character,  &c. ; is  too  trifling:  p.  116.  c.  25 
Small,  feels  too  unworthy;  says  and  does  trifling  thin**® ; puts  him- 
self on  a par;  is  not  looked  up  to  ; undervalues  himself:  p.  117.  c.  11 
Very  Small,  is  servile,  low-minded  : destitute  of  self-respect : p.  117 
t.  *5.  FIRMNESS. — Decision , stability , fixedness  of  character , 4*c.  119 
Average,  has  some  decision,  yet  too  little  for  general  success  : c.  10. 20 
Full,  has  perseverance  enough  for  ordinary  occasions,  yet  too  little  fot 
gj'eat  enterprises;  is  neither  fickle  nor  stubborn  : p.  121.  c.  21.  27. 
Large,  may  be  fully  relied  on  ; is  set  in  his  own  way  ; hard  t:>  be  con 
vinccd  or  changed  at  all;  holds  on  long  and  hard  : p.  119.  c,  d. 


PRACTICAL  I'lIR&NOLOCrr. 


Very  Large,  h wilful;  and  so  tenacious  and  unchangeable  of  pi 
nion,  purpose,  &c.,  that  he  seldom  gives  up  any  thing  . p.  120.  c.  £*  8t 
12.  14.  15.  1 6.  17. 

Moderate,  gives  over  too  soon  ; changes  too  often  and  too  easily ; hu» 
fails  to  effect  what  greater  firmness  would  do : p.  122.  c.  11.  26. 

Small  oii  Very  Small,  lacks  perseverance ; is  too  changeable  sad 
vacillating  to  effect  much,  or  be  relied  upon  : p,  122. 

SPECIES  II.  Moral  and  Religious  Sentiments.  These  rends* 
man  a moral,  accountable,  and  religious  being ; humanize,  adorn,  anj 
elevate  his  nature ; connect  him  with  the  moral  government  of  God, 
create  the  higher  and  nobler  sentiments  of  our  nature  ; and  are  the  origia 
of  goodness,  virtue,  moral  principle  and  purity  &c. : p.  48.  123.  c.  2 
Average  or  Full,  has  moral  feeling  and  principle,  yet  too  little  t« 
withstand  large  or  very  large  propensities  : c.  8.  15.  21. 

Large  or  Very  Large,  is  morally  inclined;  sentimental;  thinks  an0 
feels  much  on  moral  and  religious  subjects,  &c.:  p.  52.  c.  5.  6.  7.  11.  41. 
Moderate,  Small,  or  Very  Small,  has  not  strong  moral  or  religious 
feelings;  lets  his  larger  faculties  rule  him:  p.  52.  c.  14.  17.  20.  26.42. 
15.  16.  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. — Innate  feeling  of  duty , acco&nia 
billty,  justice,  right,  Sfc.  ; moral  principle  ; love  of  truth  : p.  124. 
Average,  has  right  intentions,  but  their  influence  is  limited : c.  15. 
Full,  strives  to  do  right,  yet  sometimes  yields  to  temptation  ; resists 
besetting  sins,  but  may  be  overcome,  and  then  feels  remorse  : p.  130.  c.  27. 
Large,  is  honest ; fai^ful ; upright  at  heart ; moral  in  feeling ; grate- 
ful ; penitent ; means  wed  ; consults  duty  before  expediency  ; loves  and 
means  to  sneak  the  truth;  cannot  tolerate  wrong  : p.  126.  c.  13.  25.  11. 
V ery  Large,  is  scrupulously  exact  in  matters  of  right ; perfectly  hones! 
in  motive ; always  condemning  self  and  repenting  ; very  forgiving,  con- 
scientious, &c. ; makes  duty  every  thing,  expediency  nothing:  p.  129. 
Moderate,  has  considerable  regard  for  duty  tn  feeling,  but  less  in  prac- 
tice ; justifies  himself ; is  not  very  penitent,  grateful,  or  forgiving  ; often 
temporizes  with  principle  ; sometimes  lets  interest  rule  duty  : p.  131. 
Small,  has  few  conscientious  scruples ; little  penitence,  gratitude,  re* 
gard  for  moral  principle,  justice,  duty,  &c. : p.  132.  c.  20.  16.  17.  42. 
Very  Small,  neither  regards  nor  feds  the  claims  of  duty  or  justice. 

1 5, 17.  HOPE. — Anticipation ; expectation  of  future  happiness,  Success, $c. 
Average,  has  some,  but  generally  reasonable,  hopes;  is  seldom  elated 
Full,  is  quite  sanguine,  yet  realizes  about  what  he  expects : p.  139. 
Large,  expects,  attempts,  and  promises  a great  deal  ; is  generally  san- 
guine, cheerful,  &c. ; rises  above  present  troubles;  though  disappointed, 
hopes  on  still ; views  the  brightest  side  of  prospects : p.  137.  c.  5.  6.  26, 
Very  Large,  has  unbounded  hopes;  builds  a world  of  castles  in  th* 
air  ; lives  in  the  future  ; has  too  many  irons  in  the  fire  : p.  138.  c„  12.  18. 
Moderate,  expects  and  attempts  too  little  ; succeeds  beyond  his  hope*; 
is  prone  to  despond  ; looks  on  the  darker  side  : p.  139. 

Small,  is  lew-spirited  ; easily  discouraged  ; fears  the  worst,  sees  many 
lions  in  his  way  ; magnifies  evils;  lacks  enterprise:  p.  140.  c.  J7« 
Very  Small,  expect?1  nothing  good;  has  no  hope  of  the  future  : p.  140 
1 18.  MARVELLOUSNESS. — Belief  in  die  supernatural ; ertaunty 
gi,  believes  some  but  not  much,  in  wonders,  forewarnings,  &a> 


REFERRING  TO  s%  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  19  47 

Pull,  is  open  to  conviction ; rather  credulous ; believes  in  spirits, 
providences  and  forewarnings,  the  spiritual,  &c. : p.  1 43. 

Large,  believes  and  delights  in  the  supernatural,  in  dreams,  and  thepike1 
thinks  many  natural  things  supernatural:  p.  142.  c.  8.  12. 

Very  Large,  is  very  superstitious;  regards  most  things  with  wonder. 
Moderate,  believes  but  little  that  cannot  be  accounted  for,  yet  \s  open 
to  conviction  ; is  incredulous,  but  listens  to  evidence  : p.  144. 

8m all,  is  convinced  only  by  the  hardest ; believes  nothing  till  he  sees 
facts , or  why  and  wherefore , not  even  revelation  farther  than  a reason 
»s  rendered  ; is  prone  to  reject  new  things  without  examination : p.  145, 
Very  Small,  is  skeptical ; believes  little  else  than  his  senses  : p.  148. 
8.  14.  VENERATION. — The  feeling  of  worship  for  a Supreme  Beings 
respect  for  religion  and  things  sacred , and  for  superiors  : p.  147. 
Average,  may  feel  religious  worship,  yet  little  respect  for  men.  10. 
Full,  is  capable  of  much  religious  fervour  and  devotion,  yet  is  not  habi- 
tually serious  ; generally  treats  his  fellow  men  civilly  : p.  149.  c.  1 1. 42. 
Large,  loves  to  adore  and  worship  God,  especially  through  his  works; 
treats  equals  with  respect,  and  superiors  with  deference : p.  148.  c.  G 
Very  Large,  is  eminent,  if  not  pre-eminent,  for  piety,  heart-felt  devo- 
tion, religious  fervour,  seriousness,  love  of  divine  things,  &c. : p.  149. 
c.  5.  12.  15.  16.  26.  41. 

Moderate,  disregards  religious  creeds,  forms  of  worship,  &c. ; places 
religion  in  other  things  ; is  not  serious  nor  respectful : p.  150.  c.  21. 
Small,  feels  little  religious  worship,  reverence,  respect,  &c. : p.  150 
Very  Small,  seldom,  if  ever,  adores  God  ; is  almost  incapable  of  it. 
S$.  13.  BENEVOLENCE.  Desire  to  see  and  make  sentient  beings  happy ;■ 
willingness  to  sacrifice  for  this  end;  kindness;  sympathy  for  distress 
Average,  has  kind,  fellow  feeling,  without  much  active  benevolence. 
Full,  has  a fair  share  of  sympathetick  feeling, and  some,  though  no 
great,  willingness  to  sacrifice  for  others  : p.  158. 

Large,  is  kind,  obliging,  glad  to  serve  others,  even  to  his  injury ; feels 
lively  sympathy  for  distress ; does  good  to  all : p.  155.  c.  6.  7.  18.  21. 
Very  Large,  does  all  the  good  in  his  power  ; gladly  sacrifices  self  upon 
the  altar  of  pure  benevolence ; scatters  happiness  wherever  he  goes ; i 
one  of  the  kindest-hearted  of  persons:  p.  >57.  c.  5.  10.  I1  40.  41. 
Moderate,  has  some  benevolent  feeling,  yet  too  little  to  prompt  to  much 
self-denial ; does  good  only  when  he  can  without  cost : p.  158.  c.  12.  20 
Small,  feels  little  kindness  or  sympathy ; is  almost  deaf  to  the  cries  of 
distress;  hard-hearted,  selfish,  &c. : p.  159.  c.  8.  14.  15.  26.  42. 

Very  Small,  is  destitute  of  all  humanity  and  sympathy:  p.  159.  c.  24. 
SPECIES  III.  Semi-Intellectual  Sentiments.  By  creating  a taste 
for  the  arts,  improvements, polite  literature,  the  refinements  and  elegancies 
of  life,  &c.,  these  faculties  greatly  augment  human  happiness,  and  adorn 
and  elevate  human  nature  : p,  48.  159.  c.  2.  Large  in  c.  6.  11.  18. 

V).  9.  CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  Mechanical  dexterity  and  ingenuity  ; 
desire  and  ability  to  use  tools , build,  invent , employ  machinery,  SfC. 
Average,  has  some,  yet  no  great,  relish  for,  and  tact  in,  using  tools. 
Full,  has  fair  mechanical  ingenuity,  yet  no  great  natural  talent  or  de«ir« 
lo  make  things;  with  practice,  will  do  well ; without  it,  little  : p.  163. 
Large,  shows  great  natural  dexterity  in  using  tools,  executing  meek  a 
deal  operations,  working  machinery,  &c. ; loves  them:  p,  161.  c.  18 
2 


\ EfiY  Large,  is  a mechanick  of  the  firs  ; order ; a true  genius  ; lovca  si 
tao  well  tc  leave  it ; shows  extraordinary  skill  in  it : p.  162.  c.  7.  19. 
Moderate,  with  much  practice,  may  use  tools  quite  well,  yet  dislike* 
mechanical  operations;  owes  more  to  art  than  nature  : p.  163.  c.  14. 
Small,  hates  and  is  awkward  and  bungling  in  using  tools,  &c. : p.  163, 
Very  Small,  has  no  mechanical  skill  or  desire  : p.  164. 

21.  19.  IDEALITY. — Imagination  ; taste  ; fancy  ; love  of  perfection* 
poetry,  polite  literature,  oratory,  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  art,  4 rc. 
Average,  has  some  taste,  though  not  enough  to  influence  him  much. 
Fell,  has  refinement  of  feeling,  expression,  &c.,  without  sickly  delicacy 
somo  love  of  poetry,  yet  not  a vivid  imagination  : p.  1 68.  c.  6.  7.  42. 
Large,  has  a lively  imagination  ; great  love  of  poetry,  eloquence,  fiction, 
good  style,  the  beauties  of  nature  and  art : p.  166.  c.  11.  18.  41. 

Very  Large,  often  gives  reins  to  his  erratick  imagination  ; expedience! 
revellings  of  fancy,  ecstasy,  rapture  of  feeling,  enthusiasm  : p.  167.  c.  40, 
Moderate,  has  some,  but  not  much,  imagination  ; is  rather  plain  in 
expression,  manners,  feeling,  &c. ; dislikes  poetry,  finery,  See. : p.  168.  42 
Small,  lacks  taste,  niceness,  refinement,  delicacy  of  feeling,  &c. : p.  169, 
Very  Small,  is  destitute  of  the  qualities  ascribed  to  this  faculty  : p.  169. 
B SUBLIMITY". — Conception  of  grandeur  ; sublime  emotions  excited 
by  contemplating  the  vast,  magnificent,  or  splendid  in  nature  or  art . 
Average,  sometimes,  but  not  to  a great  degree,  experiences  this  feeling 
Full,  enjoys  magnificent  scenes  well,  yet  not  remarkably  so. 

Large,  admires  and  enjoys  mountain  scenery,  thunder,  lightning,  tenv 
pest,  a vast  prospect,  &c.,  exceedingly  ; hence,  enjoys  travelling  : p.249. 
Very  Large,  is  a passionate  admirer  of  the  wild  and  romautick;  feela 
the  sublimest  emotions  whilst  contemplating  the  grand  or  awful  in  na- 
ture ; dashing,  foaming,  roaring  cataracts,  towering  mountains,  peals  of 
thunder,  flashes  of  lightning,  commotions  of  the  elements,  the  starry 
canopy  of  heaven,  &c. : p.  249.  c.  11.  40.  41. 

Moderate,  ho  some,  though  not  at  all  vivid,  emotions  of  this  kind. 
Small,  or  yer  Small,  discovers  little  in  nature  to  awaken  this  feeling 
32  21.  I MIT  \TiON. — Disposition  and  ability  to  take  pattern , imito.t*. 
Average,  copies  some,  yet  too  little  to  deserve  or  excite  notice > 

Full,  with  effort,  copies  some,  but  not  well ; cannot  mirnick : p.  171 
Large,  has  a great  propensity  and  ability  to  copy,  take  pattern  from 
others,  do  what  he  sees  done,  Sec. ; needs  but  one  showing ; gesticulates 
much  ; describes  and  acts  out  well : p.  170.  c.  41. 

Very  Large,  can  mirmck,  act  out,  and  copy  almost  any  thing;  de* 
scribe,  relate  anecdotes,  Sec.,  to  the  very  life ; has  a theatrical  taste  an^ 
talent;  seldom  speaks  without  gesturing:  p.  171.  c.  11.  40. 

Moderate,  cannot  mirnick  ai  all ; can  copy,  draw,  take  pattern, 
only  with  difficulty  ; describes,  relates  anecdote,  &c.,  poorly  : p.  171. 
Small,  dislikes  and  fails  to  copy,  draw,  do  after  others,  Sec. : p.  172 
Very  Small,  has  little  ability  to  imitate  or  copy  any  thing:  p.  172. 

23.  20.  MIRTHFULNESS. — Intuitive  perception  of  the  absurd  ana 
ridiculous  ; a joking,  fun-making,  ridiculing  disposition  and  ability. 
Average,  perceives  jokes,  and  relishes  fun,  nut  cannot  make  much. 
Full,  has  much  mirthful  feeling  ; makes  and  relishes  jokes  well : p 175. 
Large,  has  a quick,  keen  perception  of  the  ludicrous  ; makes  a great 
amount  of  fun  ; too  much  for  his  Hvn  good  ; is  quick  at  repartee  ; smile: 
oftefc  ; lai  ghs  heartily  at  jekc»:  j,.  73.  c.  1 1 18 


REFERRING  TO  “ PHRENOI  OGY  PROVED/’ 


4y 


V’eht  Large,  is  quick  and  apt  at  turning  every  thing  into  ridicule 
throws  off  constant  sallies  of  wit;  is  too  facetious,  jocose,  &c. : p.  175,  o.  6. 
Moderate,  has  some  witty  ideas,  yet  lacks  quickness  in  conceiving, 
and  tact  in  expressing  them , is  generally  quite  sober : p.  176.  c.  26. 
Small,  makes  little  fun ; is  slow  to  perceive,  and  still  slower  to  turn 
jokes;  seldom  laughs;  thinks  it  wrong  to  do  so:  p.  177. 

Vert  Small,  has  few  if  any  witty  ideas  or  conceptions:  p.  177. 

GI3NUS  III.  Intellectual  Faculties  These  have  to  do  with  ths 
physical  and  the  metaphysical  world  ; with  things  in  general,  and  their 
qualities , relations , &c. ; with  the  world  and  its  contents : p.  49. 177.  c.  2. 
Average  or  Full,  has  sufficient  intellect  to  get  along  in  the  world, 
yet  not  enough  to  render  him  eminent  for  talents  : c.  10.  15.  21.  27. 
Large,  is  possessed  of  sufficient  natural  talent  and  power  of  intellect 
to  enable  him  to  take  a high  intellectual  stand  among  men,  yet  their 
direction  depends  upon  other  causes  : c.  18. 

Very  Large,  is  by  nature  a truly  great  man;  possesses  the  highest 
order  of  natural  talents ; is  capable  of  rising  to  pre-eminence  : c.  5.  6. 

7.  11.  40.  41. 

Moderate  or  Small,  shows  little  talent , lacks  sense  : c.  8.  14.  20.  42. 

SPECIES  I.  The  Senses  ; sensation , sight , hearing , taste , smell.  178 

SPECIES  II. — Observing  and  Knowing  Faculties.  These  bring 
man  into  direct  intercourse  with  the  physical  world  ; observe  facts  of 
all  kinds,  that  is,  the  conditions , qualities , phenomena , and  physical 
relations  of  material  things  ; collect  and  treasure  up  information  ; creata 
the  desire  to  see  and  know  things,  &c. : p.  50.  183.  c.  2. 

Average  or  Full,  possesses  fair  perceptive  powers  : c.  6.  10.  11.  21. 
Large,  with  advantages,  knows  a great  deal  about  matters  and  things 
in  general ; is  very  quick  of  observation  and  perception  ; has  a practical, 
matter-of-fact,  common  sense  tact  and  talent ; can  show  off  to  excellent 
advantage  ; appear  to  know  all  that  he  really  does,  and  perhaps  more 
is  capable  of  becoming  an  excellent  scholar,  or  of  acquiring  and  retaining 
knowledge  with  great  facility,  and  attending  to  the  details  of  business 
and  has  a decidedly  practical  intellect:  p.  50.  c.  15. 16. 17. 18.  19.  25. 
Very  Large,  is  pre-eminent  for  the  qualities  just  described  ; seizes  as 
if  by  intuition  upon  the  properties,  conditions,  fitness  or  unfitness,  value, 
See.,  of  things ; has  wonderful  powers  of  observation  and  ability  to 
acquire  knowledge  ; has  a natural  taste  and  talent  foi  examining  and 
collecting  statistics,  studying  natural  science,  &c. : p.  53.  c.  5.  7.  12.  40. 
Moderate  or  Small,  is  rather  slow  of  observation  and  perception , 
cannot  show  to  be  what  he  is ; acquires  knowledge  with  difficulty , 
is  slow  in  learning  and  doing  things  off-hand,  See. : p.  53. 

2 £,  22.  Individuality. — Observing  and  individualizing  power  ana 
desire;  curiosity  to  see  and  know;  disposition  to  specify,  personify 
Average,  has  some,  yet  no  great,  curiosity,  and  desire  to  see  things. 
Full,  has  fair  observing  powers,  and  desire  to  see  things : p.  185.  c.  6. 21 
ijARGE,  has  a great  desire  to  know,  investigate,  examine,  experience, 
<$r,c. ; is  a great  observer  of  men  and  things  ; quick  of  perception  ; sees 
what,  is  transpiring,  what  should  be  done,  See.:  p.  184.  c.  8.  10.  1 1.  14.  25, 
Very  Large,  has  an  insatiable  desire  to  see  and  know  every  thing; 
extraordinary  observing  powers;  is  eager  to  witness  e^ery  parsing 
event:  p.  185.  c 5 7.  12.  13.  lf>  22  23.  40.  41.  42. 

ii 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY 


fa# 

Moderate,  is  rather  deficient,  yet  not  palpably  so,  in  observing  pasf& 
and  desire  ; not  sufficiently  specihck  : p.  185. 

Small,  is  slow  to  see  things ; attends  little  to  particulars  : p.  186 
Vert  Small,  sees  scarcely  any  thing;  regards  things  in  the  gross : p.  18$ 
5,  23.  FORM. — Cognizance  and  recollection  of  shape , or  configuration 
Average,  recollects  forms,  faces,  &c.,  quite  well,  but  not  very  well. 
Full,  recognises  persons,  countenances,  &c.,  well:  p.  1SS.  e.  9.  19, 
Large,  notices,  and  for  a long  time  remembers,  the  faces,  countenances, 
forms,  looks,  &c.,  of  persons,  beasts,  things,  &c.,  once  seen  ; knows  by 
sight  many  whom  he  may  be  unable  to  name  : p.  187.  c.  6.  18.  40.  26 
Vert  Large,  never  forgets  the  countenance,  form,  &c.,  of  persons  and 
things  seen;  easily  learns  to  read  and  spell  correctly;  reads  and  sees  thing! 
at  a great  distance;  has  excellent  eyesight:  p.  188. c.  5.  7.  13.  17.  23.  39. 
Moderate,  must  see  persons  several  times  before  he  can  recollect  them  *, 
sometimes  doubts  whether  he  has  seen  certain  persons  : p.  189. 

Small  or  Very  Small,  has  a miserable  memory  of  persons,  looki\ 
shape,  &c. ; fails  to  recognise  even  those  he  sees  often  : p.  189. 

25.  SIZE. — Cognizance  and  knoivledge  of  relative  magnitude,  hulk , 
Average,  measures  bulk  with  tolerable,  but  not  great,  accuracy : c,21.  27 
Full,  can  measure  ordinary  and  familiar  distances  well,  yet  shows  hr 
r*smarkbDle  natural  talent  in  it : p.  191.  c.  6.  8.  9.  10.  14.  18. 

Large,  has  an  excellent  eye  for  measuring  proportion,  size,  height, 
angles,  perpendiculars,  &c. ; quickly  detects  disproportions  in  them 
190.  e.  11.  19.  25.  42. 

Very  Large,  detects  disproportion,  and  judges  of  size,  with  wonderful 
accuracy,  by  intuition,  and  as  well  without  as  with  instruments  ; cannot 
endure  inaccuracy  : p.  191.  c.  5.  7.  12.  13.  15.  16.  17.  40. 

Moderate,  is  rather  deficient  in  measuring  by  the  eye  ; with  practice* 
may  do  tolerably  well  in  short,  but  fails  in  long,  distances:  p.  191. 
Small,  judges  of  relative  size,  &c.,  very  inaccurately  : p.  191.  c.  28.  29 
Very  Small,  can  hardly  distinguish  mountains  from  molehills  : p.  192, 
ti  i.  WEIGHT. — Intuitive  perception  and  application  of  the  principle 
of  specifick  gravity,,  projectile  forces , momentum , balancing,  resistance, 
Average,  balances  himself  tolerably  well  in  ordinary  cases,  yet  has  ns 
great  natural  talent  in  this  respect:  c.  21.  27. 

Full,  keeps  his  centre  of  gravity  well,  but  ventures  little : p.  194. 
Large,  can  walk  on  a high  or  narrow  place  ; hold  a steady  hand  ; throw 
a stone  or  ball,  and  shoot,  straight ; ride  a fractious  horse,  &c.,  verj 
well : p.  193.  c.  16.  17.  25.  26.  40.  41. 

Very  Large,  has  this  power  to  a wonderful  extent : p.  !9i,  c.  7.  i 3.  15 
Moderate,  maintains  his  centre  of  gravity,  &c.,  rather  poorly  : p.  194 
Small  or  Very  Small,  is  unlike  one  with  weight  large  : p.  195.  c.  2£ 
tH,  26.  COLOUR. — Perception  and  recollection,  of  colours,  hues,  tints , 
Average,  can  discern  and  recollect  colours,  yet  seldom  notices  them. 
Full,  with  practice,  compares  and  judges  of  colours  well ; without  it,  does 
not  excel : p.  196.  c.  10.  11.  41. 

Large,  has  a natural  taste  ami  talent  for  comparing,  arranging,  mingling; 
applying,  and  recollecting  colours;  is  delighted  with  paintings:  p.  195 
Very  Large,  resembles  one  with  colour  large,  but  excels  him  : p.  196, 
Moderate,  aided  by  practice,  can  discern  and  *ompare  ce lours,  yet  owes 
less  to  nature  than  art;  seldom  notices  colours  unless  ol dig >J  to,  sso 
then  soon  fgrpets  them  • i>  1 97  c 20 


l&EFERvilNG  TO  “PHRENOLOGY  PROVED.  5’ 

Skall,  seldom  observes  the  colour  of  on-e’s  hair,  eyes,  dress,  & c. ; can 
nst  describe  them  by  what  they  wear,  or  compare  colour  apart ; hardly 
distinguisnes  the  primary  colours  by  candlelight,  much  less  shades : p.  S$Y 
Wry  Small,  can  tell  white  from  black,  but  do  little  more:  p.  19V.  c.  1 
29.  28.  ORDER.  System  ; physical  arrangement ; a place  for  things 
Average,  appreciates  order,  yet  not  enough  to  keep  it : c.  9.  10.  ST 
Full,  likes  order  ; takes  much  pains  to  keep  things  arranged  : p.  30$, 
Large,  has  a place  for  things,  and  things  in  their  places  ; can  find,  evsa 
in  the  dark,  what  he  alone  uses ; is  systematick  ; annoyed  *by  disorder . 
p.  199.  c.  6.  11.  15.  19.  40.  41. 

Very  Large,  is  very  precise  and  particular  to  have  every  little  thing  in 
its  place  ; literally  tormented  by  disorder  ; is  fastidious  : p.  199.  c.  5.  7 
Moderate,  likes,  but  does  not  keep  order  ; allows  confusion  : p.  201. 
Small  or  Very  Small,  is  nearly  destitute  of  order  and  system  : p.  201 
SO.  29.  CALCULATION. — Intuitive  perception  of  the  relations  of  num 
hers  ; ability  to  reckon  fgures  in  the  head  ; numerical  computation . 
Average,  by  practice  and  rules,  may  reckon  figures  quite  well : c.  10. 
Full,  aided  by  rules  and  practice,  may  excel  in  reckoning  figures,  ana 
do  well  in  his  head,  but  not  without  them  : p.  204.  c.  11.  27. 

Large,  can  add,  subtract,  divide,  &c.,  in  his  head,  with  facility  and 
correctness  ; become  a rapid,  correct  accountant ; delights  and  excels  in 
urithmetick : p.  202.  c.  5.  13.  15.  19. 

V ery  Large,  has  an  intuitive  faculty,  to  a wonderful  extent,  of  reckoning 
cjven  complicated  sums  of  figures  in  his  head  ; delights  in  it : p.  203.  c.  7 
Moderate,  does  sums  in  his  head  rather  slowly  and  inaccurately  : p.  204, 
Small,  is  dull  and  incorrect  in  adding,  dividing,  &c. ; dislikes  it : p.  205. 
Very  Small,  can  hardly  count,  much  less  go  farther  : p.  205.  c.  2S.  29. 
31. 27.  LOCALITY.  Cognizance  and  recollection  of  relative  position,  looks 
and  geography  of  places,  SfC.,-  desire  to  travel,  see  the  world , 3fC.:  p.  205. 
Average,  has  a fair,  though  not  excellent,  recollection  of  places  : c.  27 
Full,  remembers  places  well,  yet  is  liable  to  lose  himself  in  a city  oi 
forest ; ordinarily  shows  no  deficiency ; seldom  loses  himself : p.  207.  c.  8. 
Large,  recollects  distinctly  the  looks  of  places,  where  he  saw  things, 
&c. ; seldom  loses  himself,  even  in  the  dark ; has  a strong  desire  to 
travel,  see  places,  <&c. : p.  205.  c.  20.  25.  26. 

Very  Large,  never  forgets  the  looks,  location,  or  geography  of  any 
place,  or  hardly  thing,  he  has  ever  seen ; is  even  passionately  fond  of 
travelling,  scenery,  geography,  &c. : p.  206.  c.  5.  7.  12.  13.  16.  17.  40. 
Moderate,  recollects  places  rather  poorly  ; sometimes  gets  lost  : p.  207 
Small  or  Very  Small,  has  little  geograpnical  or  local  knowledge  o 
recollection ; seldom  observes  where  he  goes,  or  finds  his  way  back : p.  208 
SPECIES  III.  Semi-perceptive  Faculties.  These  have  to  do  with 
action  or  phenomena , and  their  conditions,  and  deal  them  out  to  th< 
reasoning  faculties  : p.  50.  209.  Large  in  c.  5.  7.  17  ; small  in  6.  25 
82.  30.  EVENTUALITY. — Recollection  of  actions , phenomena , occur 
rences,  what  has  taken  place,  circumstantial  and  historical  facts : p.  20S 
Average,  has  neither  a good  nor  had  memory  of  occurrences,  &c.;  c.  8 
Full,  recollects  leading  events,  and  interesting  particulars,  and  has  a 
good  memory  of  occurrences,  yet  forgets  less  important  details : p.  213 
Large,  has  a clear  and  retentive  memory  of  historical  facts,  general  news 
what  he  has  seen,  heard,  read,  &c.,  even  in  detail : p.  210.  c.  5.  10.  16 
Vers  Large,  neve  forgets  any  occurrence,  even  though  it  is  trifling 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY. 


m 


has  a craving  i hirst  for  information  and  experimen  , literally  devour 
book?v  newspapers,  &c. ; command  an  astonishing  amount  of  informs 
tion;  p.  211.  c.  12.  13.  14.  20. 

Mom  rate,  recollects  generals,  not  details ; is  rather  iorgetful:  p.  212.  c.  6. 
Small,  has  a treacherous,  confused  memory  of  occurrences  : p.  213. 
Very  Small,  forgets  almost  every  thing,  generals  as  well  as  particulars* 
1-3.  31.  TIME. — Cognizance  and  recollection  of  succession , the  lapse  of 
time , dates,  how  long  ago  things  occurred <Vc.  .*  p.  214. 

Average,  notices  and  remembers  dates,  times,  &c.,  some,  but  not  we  A 
Full,  recollects  about , but  not  precisely,  when  things  occurred  : p.  216 
Large,  tells  dates,  appointments,  ages,  time  of  day,  &c.,  well : p.  215, 
Very  Large,  remembers,  with  wonderful  accuracy,  the  time  of  occur- 
rences ; is  always  punctual ; tells  the  time,  day,  &c.,  by  intuition : p.  216 
Moderate,  has  rather  a poor  idea  of  dates,  the  time  when,  &c. : p.  216. 
Small,  can  seldom  tell  when  things  took  place  ; is  not  punctual : p.  217 
Very  Small,  is  liable  to  forget  even  his  age,  much  more  other  things 
34.  32.  TUNE. — Tone  ; sense  of  melody  and  musical  harmony  ; ability 
to  learn  tunes  and  detect  chord  and  discord  by  ear ; propensity  to  sing 
Average,  likes  musk ; with  practice  may  perform  tolerably  well. 

Full,  can  learn  tunes  by  ear  well,  yet  needs  help  from  notes : p.  220. 
Large,  easily  catches  tunes,  and  learns  to  sing  and  play  on  instruments 
by  rote  ; delights  greatly  in  singing  ; has  a correct  musical  ear  : p.  218 
Very  Large,  learns  tunes  by  hearing  them  sung  once  or  twice;  is 
literally  enchanted  by  good  musick;  shows  intuitive  skill,  and  spend? 
much  time,  in  making  it;  sings  from  the  heart,  and  with  melting  pathos . 
p.  218.  c.  12. 

Moderate,  aided  by\.Jtes  and  practice,  may  sing,  yet  it  will  be  media* 
nically  ; lacks  that  soul  and  feeling  which  reaches  the  heart : p.  220. 
Small,  learns  to  sing  or  play  tunes  either  by  note  or  rote  with  great 
difficulty;  sings  mechanically,  and  without  emotion  or  effect:  p.  221. 
Very  Small,  can  hardly  discern  one  tune  or  note  from  another  : p.  22* 
55.  33.  LANGUAGE.  Power  of  expressing  ideas,  feelings , by 

means  of  tuords,  attaching  meaning  to  signs,  <Vc.  / verbal  memory / 
desire  and  ability  to  talk : p.  222. 

Average,  can  communicate  his  ideas  tolerably  well,  yet  finds  some 
difficulty  ; uses  common  words  ; can  write  better  than  speak. 

Full,  commands  a fair  share  of  words,  yet  uses  familiar  expressions 
is  neither  fluent  nor  the  reverse ; when  excited,  expresses  himself  freely, 
yet  not  copiously  : p.  227.  c.  6. 

Large,  is  a free,  easy,  ready,  fluent  talker  and  speaker ; uses  good  lan 
guage  ; commits  easily  ; seldom  hesitates  for  words : p.  224.  c.  5.  7.  20 
Very  Large,  has  by  nature  astonishing  command  of  wTords,  copious 
ness  amd  eloquence  of  expression,  and  verbal  memory  ; quotes  will 
ease  ; is  an  incessant  talker  ; has  too  many  words  : p.  226.  c.  11.  40.  41 
Moderate,  often  hesitates  for  words ; employs  too  few  ; may  write  well 
and  be  a critical  linguist,  but  cannot  be  an  easy,  fluent  speaker ,*  p.  228 
Small,  employs  few  words,  and  those  common-place  ; in  speaking 
hesitates  much  ; is  barren  in  expression ; commits  slowly : p.  228. 
Very  Small,  can  hardly  remember  or  use  words  at  all,  or  read:  p.  229 
GENUS  IV.  Reflective  or  Reasoning  Intellect.  This  looks 
beyond  mere  physical  facts  and  natural  phenomena , and  investigate* 
their  :auscs>  abstract  relations  analogies,  great  principle**.  &c.:  originate* 


DEFERRING  TO  “ PIIREXOL 


fcd©&3  ; appertains  and  applies  natural  laws;  contrives;  invents,  &c, ; p.229 
Large  on  Very  Large,  with  perceptive  intellect  less,  gives  great  deptls 
without  brilliancy  of  talent ; shows  to  be  less  than  he  is ; holds  out  well 
k*  35.  CAUSALITY. — Cognizance  of  the  relations  of  cause  and  effect  t 
ability  to  apply  them , or  to  adapt  means  to  ends  ; power  of  reasoning 
drawing  inferences  from  premises,  discovering  first  principles , 4*c. 
Average,  has  some,  but  no  great,  ability  to  plan  and  reason  : c.  10. 
*ull,  adapts  means  to  ends  well ; has  an  active  desire  to  ascertain _ 
causes,  yet  not  a deep,  original,  cause-discovering  and  applying  mind* 

р.  236.  c.  21.  27. 

Large,  plans  well ; can  think  clearly  and  closely  ; is  always  inquiring 
into  the  why  and  the  wherefore — tin  causes  and  explanation  of  things* 
always  gives  and  requires  the  reason  ; has  by  nature  excellent,  judgment, 
good  ideas,  a strong  mind,  &c. : p.  233.  c.  5.  18.  19.  41. 

Vert  Large,  is  endowed  with  a deep,  strong,  original,  comprehensive 
mind,  powerful  reasoning  faculties,  great  vigour  and  energy  of  thought, 
first-rate  judgment,  and  a gigantick  intellect:  p.  236.  c.  6.  7.  11.40.  41 
Moderate,  is  rather  slow  of  comprehension ; deficient  in  adapting  means 
to  ends ; has  not  good  ideas  or  judgment:  p.  237.  c.  8.  12.  13.  15.  16 
Small,  has  a weak,  imbecile  mind  ; cannot  contrive  or  think  : p.  238. 

с.  14.  20.  25.  26. 

Very  Small,  little  idea  of  causation : is  a natural  fool : p.  238.  c.  28.  29, 
T7.  34.  COMPARISON. — Perception  of  analogies , resemblances , differ * 
?nces  ; ability  to  compare , illustrate , criticise , classify , generalize , 
Average,  perceives  striking  analogies ; illustrates  tolerably  well : c.  8.  21 
Full,  i llustrates,  discriminates,  &c.,  well,  but  not  remarkably  so  : p.  243 
Large,  has  a happy  talent  for  comparing,  illustrating,  criticising,  arguing 
from  similar  cases,  discriminating  between  what  is  and  is  not  analogous, 
or  in  point,  classifying  phenomena,  and  thereby  ascertaining  their  laws, 
&c. : p.  241.  c.  7.  12.  13.  15.  18.  19.  41. 

Vert  Large,  is  endowed  with  an  extraordinary  amount  of  critical  acu- 
men ; analytical,  comparing,  and  illustrating  power : p.  243.  c.  5.  6. 40.  4. 
Moderate,  may  discern  obvious  similarities,  yet  overlooks  others : p.  244. 
Small  or  Very  Small,  is  almost  destitute  of  this  power:  p.  244.  c.  28. 29 
Having  made  numerous  observations  upon  the  following  organs,  and 
especially  upon  suavitiveness,  the  author  considers  them  as  highly  pro- 
bable, but  not  as  ascertained . (See  pp.  248-9.)  He  therefore  places 
them  before  the  tribunal  of  facts , and  awaits  its  decision,  meanwhile 
summoning  the  phrenological  world  as  witnesses.  They  were  firs< 
Pointed  out  by  L.  N.  Fowler,  brother  of  the  author. 

& SUAVITIVENESS.  Ability  to  render  one9s  self  agreeable;  pleasant 
ness . 

Average  or  Full,  neither  excels  nor  is  deficient  in  this  respect. 

Large  or  Very  Large,  readily  wins  confidence  and  affection,  even  of 
enemies ; can  say  and  do  hard  things  without  creating  difficulty  ; obtada 
favours;  get  along  well;  so  say  and  do  things  that  they  take : p.  248 
Moderate  or  Small,  is  deficient  in  the  power  just  described. 

IX  This  faculty  is  as  yet  without  a name.  One  with  this  organ 
Large  or  Very  Large,  perceives,  as  if  by  intuition,  the  char  jeter  me 
motives  of  men  from  their  physiognomy,  conversation,  &c. ; is  suspicion^ 
find  seldom  deceived  ; naturally  understands  human  nature : p.  247. 40 
’—ate  or  Small,  seldom  suspects  others:  is  easily  imposed  upon 
s humar.  nature  slowly ; doo«  not  know  well  how  to  take  men  : p ‘H? 


] 


55 


24 


59 


PATHOLOGICAL  FACTS.* 

Warts r lecturing  and  practising  phrenology  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
December  *7,  1836,  Dr.  Howard,  who  then  lived  in  Carmine  street, 
called  on  me,  and  stated  that  the  evening  before,  he  had  been  called  in 
great  haste  to  visit  a lady  who  was  taken  with  a most  violent  pain  in  the 
head,  which  was  so  severe  as  in  Sfteen  minutes  entirely  to  prostrate  her,, 
producing  fainting.  When  brought  to,  she  had  forgotten  the  names 
of  every  person  and  thing  around  her,  and  almost  entirely  lost  the  use  of 
words,  not  because  she  could  not  articulate  them,  but  because  she  could 
not  remember  or  think  of  them.  She  could  not  mention  the  name  of  he. 
own  husband  or  children,  or  any  article  she  wanted,  nor  convey  her  ideas 
by  words,  yet  understood  all  that  was  said  to  her,  and  possessed  every 
other  kind'of  memory  unimpaired.  “And  where  was  this  pain  located/’ 
I eagerly  inquired.  “ That  is  for  you  to  say,”  said  he.  “ If  phrenology 
is  true,  you  oug rt  to  be  able  to  tell  where  it  is.”  “ Then  it  is  located  over 
her  eyes,”  said  I.  He  replied,  “ That  is  the  place.”  The  pain  was  seated 
there  only.  In  other  words,  her  phrenological  organ  of  language  had 
become  greatly  diseased,  and  the  faculty  of  language  was  the  only  men 
tal  power  that  suffered  injury,  all  the  others  remaining  unimpaired. 

Dr.  Miller,  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  related  to  the  author 
a similar  case,  which  occurred  in  or  near  that  city,  accompanied  by  a 
pain  in  the  a 'me  portion  of  the  head,  and  there  only.  See  also  P.  P.  p.  18. 

Whilst  e camming  professionally  the  head  of  a lawyer,  Attorney 
General  of  one  of  the  New  England  states,  observing  an  unusual 
and  feverish  heat  in  his  forehead,  and  particularly  in  the  organs  of 
the  perceptive  faculties,  I observed,  “ Sir,  the  brain  in  your  forehead  is 
highly  inflamed ; you  have  been  studying  or  thinking  too  hard,  or  doing 
too  much  business  of  some  kind,  and  if  you  do  not  stop  soon,  you  will  be 
either  a dead  man  or  a crazy  one.”  He  started  upon  his  feet  as  if  elec- 
trified, exclaiming,  “ Who  has  been  telling  you  about  me  1”  “No  one, 
sir.”  “ But  some  one  has  been  telling  you.”  “ Upon  my  honour  and 
my  conscience,  sir,  I neither  know  you  nor  your  occupation,  nor  eondi 
tion  in  life,  nor  one  single  thing  about  you,  except  what  I infer  from  your 
phrenological  developments,”  said  I,  pointing  out  to  him  the  preternatu- 
ral heat  of  his  forehead.  He  requested  me  to  proceed,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  examination,  stated  that  for  several  weeks  he  had  been  dreadfully 
afflicted  with  the  most  violent  and  intolerable  pain  in  his  forehead,  parti- 
cularly the  lower  portion,  and  cn  that  account,  had  requested  my  attend- 
ance, that  his  memory,  which,  up  to  that  time,  had  been  remarkably 
retenfiye,  had  failed  him,  and  his  intellectual  faculties  also  sustained  much 
injury,  and  that  all  this  was  brought  on  at  a session  of  the  Court  in  which 
his  intellectual  powers  were  employed  to  their  utmost  stretch  of  exertion 
for  several  days  and  nights  in  succession,  upon  very  heavy  cases,  both  for 
the  state  and  for  individuals.  He  was  sixty  years  of  age,  had  a powerful 
constitution,  a most  active  temperament,  and  very  large  perceptive  facul- 
ties, which  the  inflammation  had  rendered  redder  than  the  other  portions 
of  his  forehead. 

After  stating  this  class  of  facts  at  a lecture  in  Easton,  Maryland,  Mr, 
J.  H.  Harris  remarked  that  he  now  could  not  help  believing  in  phrenology 
because  he  had  experienced  its  truth.  He  said  that  at  one  time,  whilst 
extensively  engaged  in  superintending  a great  amount  and  variety  of  busi- 

* N.  B.  This  chapter  should  be  read  in  connexion  with  the  close  of  propose 
tiou  111.  p.  y,  and  wilt  be  printed  sometimes  on  the  cover  and  sometimes  in  tfc* 
bo4v  of  Uiv  work 


A 


60 


FHKEJJOI.OGY  PROVED  BY 


aess.  including  building,  he  was  repeatedly  seized  with  a most  intent 
pam  over  his  eyes,  which  was  so  powerful,  that  to  obtain  rt  lief  he  would 
have  held  his  head  still  to  have  had  it  bored  into,  and  that,  whenever 
this  pain  seized  him,  he  forgot  every  thing,  and  would  drop  the  sentence 
he  was  speaking,  unable  to  think  of  a single  word  or  thing  until  the 
paroxysm  abated. 

A Mr.  C.,  of  Boston,  is  subject  to  spells  of  violent  pain  in  his  forehead, 
and  there  only,  (the  seat  of  the  intellectual  organs,)  which  is  accompa- 
nied with  an  irrepressible  desire  to  read,  think,  study,  write,  &c.  lie 
often  sits  up  whole  nights  indulging  this  intellectual  mania.  Nothing 
but  sleep  will  relieve  him,  yet  he  is  unwilling  to  seek  rest  because  of  the 
delight  experienced  in  this  exercise  of  mind,  even  though  fully  aware  that 
he  thereby  aggravates  the  disease. 

At  Carlisle,  in  June,  1837,  I pointed  out  this  same  preternatural  heat 
in  the  forehead  of  a student,  who,  entering  his  class  poorly  prepared,  had 
overdone  his  intellectual  organs.  He  had  been  compelled  to  suspend  his 
studies  on  account  of  the  pain  in  his  forehead,  and  the  morbid  action  of 
his  intellectual  powers. 

Eventuality.  In  April,  1837,  Hr.  Carpenter,  of  Pottsville,  Penn 
gylvania,  related  to  the  writer  the  following.  One  of  his  patients  fell  from 
a horse,  striking  the  centre  of  his  forehead  against  the  corner  of  a rock, 
on  which  portions  of  brain  were  found.  I have  seen  the  scar,  and  know 
that  it  was  eventuality  that  was  injured.  As  Dr.  C.  entered  the  room 
the  patient  recognised  him,  as  he  did  each  of  his  neighbours,  but  he  had  for* 
gotten  every  fact  and  event , and  them  only.  He  asked  what  was  the 
matter,  and  as  soon  as  he  vas  told,  forgot,  and  asked  again.  To  use  Dr. 
C.’s  expression,  “ fifty  tiaes  over  he  asked  what  was  the  matter,  and  as 
soon  as  he  was  told,  forgot,  and  asked  again.”  He  forgot  that  his  brother 
was  coming  that  day  from  a distance  to  visit  him,  and  that  he  was  then 
on  his  way  to  meet  him.  Every  event  was  to  him  as  though  it  was  not ; 
yet  all  his  other  mental  powers  remained  unimpaired.  When  depletion 
was  proposed,  he  objected,  and  assigned  his  reasons,  showing  that  his 
reasoning  faculties  were  uninjured.  After  the  brain  had  been  re-sup- 
plied, he  recovered,  to  a considerable  extent,  his  memory  of  facts.  This 
accident  made  him  a believer  in  phrenology. 

Dr.  Ramsey,  of  Bloomfield,  Columbia  county,  Pennsylvania,  reported 
the  following  case  as  having  occurred  in  his  practice : — About  four  years 
since,  a patient  of  his,  by  his  horses  becoming  frightened,  was  driven 
with  great  violence  against  a fence,  the  centre  of  his  forehead  striking 
against  the  corner  of  a rail.  He  recognised  the  Doctor  as  he  entered,  and 
asked  him  what  all  this  fuss  was  about.  As  soon  as  Dr.  R.  had  told  him, 
he  forgot,  and  asked  again  and  again,  for  twenty  times  in  succession,  and 
to  this  day  he  has  not  the  slightest  recollection  of  this  most  important 
event  of  his  life,  except  the  mere  fact  that  the  horses  were  frightened. 

Another  case  anolagous  to  this,  and  affecting  eventuality  was  narrated 
to  the  author  by  the  Rev.  S.  G.  Callahan,  an  Episcopal  Clergyman  and 
teacher  of  high  intellectual  and  moral  standing,  in  Laurel,  Delaware. 
About  twelve  years  ago,  he  was  intimately  acquainted  with  a Dr.  Thomas 
Freeman,  surgeon  on  board  an  English  man-of-war,  who,  in  an  action 
with  the  Dutch,  received  a bbw  from  a rope  with  a knot  in  it,  whicn 
woke  in  the  scull  in  the  centre  of  his  forehead,  “ Here,”  said  he,  (putting 
his  finger  upon  the  organ  of  eventuality,)  “ producing  a cavity  resembling 
the  inside  of  a section  of  the  larger  end  of  a hen’s  egg.”  The  &cckkaf 


PATHOLOGICAL  FACTS. 


61 


caused  a loss  of  memory  of  facts  only , which  caused  111s  dismissal  c rj 
half  pay  for  Ike,  whilst  every  other  power  remained  unimpaired.  Th-,«4 
if  he  went  for  wood,  he  was  as  likely  to  get  any  thing  else,  or  nothing  at 
all,  as  what  he  went  for.  Being  employed  tr.  construct  a vat  for  colouring 
broad-cloths,  he  constructed  every  thing  right,  his  causality  and  con- 
structiveness remaining  uninjured,  but  when  he  came  to  the  chemical  pro® 
cess  of  dyeing,  with  which  he  was  as  familiar  as  with  his  alphabet,  ho 
.ailed  repeatedly,  till  they  were  compelled  to  employ  another  dyer,  * he 
pointed  out  the  omissions  which  caused  his  failures.  Although  the  doc- 
tor was  an  excellent  chemist,  and  understood  every  part  of  the  operation, 
vet  he  would  omit  one  thing  in  one  experiment,  and  another  in  another, 
and  thus  spoil  every  attempt.  He  could  seldom  succeed  in  any  chemical 
experiment,  though  passionately  fond  of  them,  because  of  these  omissions ; 
and  yet,  said  my  informant,  start  him  on  a train  of  thought,  and  he  rea- 
soned as  clearly,  and  logically,  and  powerfully  as  almost  any  one  I ever 
neard.  Now  observe,  that  the  only  organ  injured  was  eventuality,  and 
this  was  the  only  faculty  impaired. 

Robt.  McFarland,  a tavernkeeper,  who,  in  1837,  lived  in  Carlisle,  Penn, 
sylvania,  south  of  the  Court-house,  in  consequence  of  a fall  when  abou* 
sixteen  years  old,  had  a deposition  of  watery  matter  which  finally  settled 
in  the  centre  of  his  forehead,  forming  a sack  between  the  scull  and  skin, 
which  remained  there  for  several  years,  until  it  became  very  painful,  ai 
last  intolerably  so,  compelling  him  to  have  the  sack  removed,  and  the 
decayed  portion  of  the  scull  on  which  it  had  formed,  scraped  twice  a-day 
for  twenty  days  in  succession,  by  which  the  disease  was  arrested.  Before 
his  fall,  his  memory  of  circumstances,  what  he  read,  saw,  &c.,  was  so 
excellent  that  he  was  often  referred  to.  This  kind  of  memory,  and  this 
only , was  destroyed  by  the  disease.  On  this  account  he  called  on  me  for 
an  exaanination,  but  did  not  state  his  object,  waiting  to  see  if  I would 
detect  it.  On  examining  his  forehead,  I told  him  that  his  memory  of  faces 
was  among  the  best  that  I had  ever  seen,  but  that  I observed  a scar  in  the 
centre  of  his  forehead,  where  memory  of  facts  is  located,  and  that  if  the 
wound  which  caused  it  affected  the  brain  there,  his  memory  of  incidents, 
every-day  occurrences,  what  he  read,  and  saw,  and  heard,  &c.,  Lr<l  been 
impaired.  “ That’s  a fact,”  said  he.  “ If  I see  a man  who  called  on  me 
ten  years  ago,  I know  him  instantly  ; but  if  a customer  wants  any  thing, 
and  another  calls  for  something  else  before  I have  waited  on  the  first,  I 
forget  the  first,  and  thus  often  give  offence  ; but  I can’t  help  it,-  And  it’s 
of  no  use  for  me  to  read  any  thing ; I forget  it  immediately.” 

The  intense  pain  caused  by  the  dropsical  deposit,  shows  an  affection, 
tong  continued  and  severe,  of  the  brain  beneath  it,  and  the  location  of  the 
scar  fixes  it  on  eventuality,  which  was  the  only  faculty  impaired. 

A Mr.  Camp,  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  by  the  bursting  of  a gun, 
had  the  end  of  tiie  barrel  driven  an  inch  or  more  into  his  organ  of  even’ 
tuality,  scattering  the  brain  upon  the  stone  wall  against  which  he  was 
leaning.  By  this  accident,  his  memory  of  facts  was  so  much  impaired 
that  lawyer  Stoddard  said  he  was  frequently  compelled,  on  this  account, 
to  suspend  or  give  up  his  suits.  I have  often  seen  the  scar,  and  also  been 
ft  witness  to  his  miserably  defective  memory  of  facts,  appointments,  &c. 

Mr.  Alex.  Nathan  Dalby,  potter,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  is  another  exam- 
ple of  the  injury  of  the  organ,  and  with  it,  of  the  faculty  of  eventuality,  caused 
by  falling  from  a horse,  and  striking  his  forehead  upon  a stone,  and  I>r. 
of  Milton,  Pennsylvania*  furnishes  another. 


62 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  BY 


Tune.  Dr.  Miller,  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  reports  tba 
Mowing  in  vol.  I.  No.  1,  p.  24,  of  the  American  Phrenological  Journal, 
A lad  was  kicked  by  a horse,  “ the  point  of  the  shoe  striking  him  under 
the  left  superciliary  ridge,  outer  angle,  fracturing  the  orbitar  plate,  and 
forcing  the  spisula  of  bone  upwards  arid  outwards,  on  the  dura-matere 
which  was  wounded  by  them.”  As  th  :>  wound  was  three- fourths  oi  an 
inch  deep,  and  penetrated  the  head  in  the  direction  of  tune,  reaching  the 
borders  of  that  organ,  but  not  penetrating  it,  it  would  of  course  highly 
inflame  it,  which  would  produce  a disposition  to  sing.  This  result  fol- 
io wed.  When  the  boy  came  to,  he  began  to  sing,  and  sang  most  when 
the  wound  was  most  inflamed.  Both  before  and  after  this  occurrence,  he 
had  never  been  known  to  sing,  but  now,  lying  apparently  at  the  point  of 
death,  he  would  break  out  singing  songs,  and,  to  use  his  mother’s  expres- 
sion, “ did  nothing  but  sing.”  On  account  of  his  singing  propensity,  Dr. 
M.  sent  for  Dr.  Sewall,  the  anti-phrenologist,  and  Dr.  Lovell,  then  Presi- 
dent of  the  Washington  Phrenological  Society,  who  reminded  Dr.  S.  that 
this  case  went  to  prove  phrenology,  and  yet,  p.  57,  of  Dr.  S.’s  attack 

phrenology,  he  says  no  cases  analogous  to  the  above  have  ever  been 
known  to  occur.  His  memory  of  such  facts  must  be  rather  short. 

A similar  case  occurred  about  19  years  ago,  at  Young’s  factory,  cn 
the  Brandywine,  five  miles  above  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  was  reported 
by  Dr.  Jacques,  of  W.,  attending  physician.  An  Irishman,  named  Robert 
Hunter,  having  charged  a rc*:k  with  a blast  which  did  not  ignite,  swore 
that  he  would  make  her  go  off’,  at  the  same  time  jamming  his  iron  crew 
bar  down  among  the  'powder.  It  struck  fire,  and  blew  up,  but  did  not 
split  the  rock.  The  crowbar  was  sent  no  one  knows  where,  both  hands 
were  tom  off,  and  th:  charge,  coming  up  in  a body,  struck  his  head  along 
the  superciliary  ridge,  cutting  a furrow  in  the  scull,  and  carrying  away 
portions  of  the  dura-mater  and  brain.  It  took  its  course  along  the  bor- 
ders of  tune,  but  did  not  disorganize  it.  From  his  friends,  Mr.  and  Mrs, 
White,  at  whose  house  he  boarded  and  died,  I learned  its  precise  location, 
viz.  along  ihe  superciliary  ridge , externally  of  it.  It  also  carried  away 
a portion  of  the  superorbitar  plate,  and  terminated  near  mirthfuiuess. 

In  fifteen  minutes  after  he  was  taken  to  the  house  of  Mr.  W.,  “ he  fell 
to  singing  songs,”  and  continued  singing  almost  without  interruption  till 
his  death,  which  occurred  nine  days  after.  I took  down  from  the  lips  of 
Firs.  W.  the  following  description  of  his  singing  propensity.  “ He  sung 
the  whole  time  after  he  was  blown  up  till  he  died.  He  did  not  stop  one 
hour,  put  it  all  together.  Mr.  W.  began  to  read  the  Bible  to  him,  but 
he  broke  out  singing  and  stopped  him.  He  was  very  musical,  much 
more  so  than  when  he  was  of  himself.  I thought  this  very  strange.  It 
was  not  a quarter  of  an  hour  after  he  was  brought  in  before  he  began  to 
dng.  He  sung  all  the  time  till  he  died,  and  stopped  only  when  some 
one  went  in  to  see  him,  and  then  began  again  directly.  His  principal 
song  was  “ Erin  go  bragh,”  and  he  sung  it  with  a better  tune  than  I ever 
heard  it  sung  before  or  since.  It  beat  all  how  musical  his  voice  was. 
He  sung  very  loud,  and  seemed  to  take  a great  deal  of  pleasure  in  it.” 
Dr.  Jacques  observed  that  what  struck  him  most  forcibly  was  to  hear  him 
Ring  with  so  much  feeling,  and  pathos,  and  ecstasy.  Several  others  bore 
their  testimony  to  the  same  point. 

G.  Combe,  p.  416,  of  his  large  work,  describes  a similar  case,  and  th« 
American  Phrenological  Journal,  Vol.  I.  p.  243,  still  another  nd  Ga8 
tad  Spurzheim  many  others. 


PHRENOLOGY 


PROVED,  ILLUSTRATED,  AND  APPLIED, 

ACCOMPANIED  BY 

A CHART; 

EMBRACING  AN 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  PRIMARY,  MENTAL  POWERS 

IN  THEIR 

VARIOUS  DEGREES  OF  DEVELOPMENT 
THE 

FHMfVOASnMA  PRODUCED  BY  THEIR  COMBINED  ACTIVITY 
AMD  T£3 

bOLATlOK  ©&  FHRXHOLOGXCAli  OS.0AM3  1W  ?IE  £, 
ToGB^ssa  wm  a 

vriw  or  os  moral  and  theological  searing  or  the  scs&kcs* 


BY 

0.  S.  & L.  N.  FOWLER, 

PRACTICAL  phrenologists, 

ASSISTED  BY 

SAMUEL  KIRKHAM, 

AUTHOR  OP  1 ENGLISH  GRAMMAR  IN  LECTURES,”  AKTi  AN 
“ESSAY  ON  ELOCUTION. 


SIXTY-SECOND  EDITION,  ENLAROBD  AND  IMPROVED 

NEW  YORK: 

FOWLER  AND  WELLS,  PUBLISHERS, 
NO.  308  BROAD-WAV. 


accepting  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  l£36t  bv 

L.  N.  FOWLER  & S.  K1RKHAM. 
kl  t£@Ciorkf8  .>ifice  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  e! 
N#w  York. 


PREFACE. 


*Fo  Americanize  whatever  in  science  and  the  arts,  is  capable  o! 
pnprovingor  adorning  the  mind,  or  of  otherwise  benefiting  mankind, 
is  no  less  the  duty,  than  it  would  prove  the  glory,  cf  every  American 
citizen.  Americans  have  had  the  genius  and  the  moral  courage  to 
point  out  to  the  world  the  landmarks  of  civil  liberty,  and  the  true 
form  and  principles  of  free  government,  and,  also,  the  highroad  to 
national  prosperity  by  improving  and  promoting  agriculture,  com- 
merce, and  the  arts ; but,  with  a deep  sense  of  humility  and  abase- 
ment, it  must  be  acknowledged,  that  hitherto  they  have  rendered  to 
foreign  literature  and  foreign  science,  a far  more  degrading  homage 
and  submission  than  that  demanded  of  our  forefathers  by  political 
tyrants  at  the  period  of  our  Revolution.  We  have  nobly  burst  the 
bands  of  despotick  rule,  and  raised  a proud  beacon  of  liberty  and  in- 
dependence whose  light  has  penetrated  and  illumined  the  remotest 
corners  of  the  earth;  and  yet,  it  cannot  be  denied,  that  we  have  too 
generally  been  content  to  receive  our  literary  and  our  scientilick 
plies  by  foreign  importations — that  we  have  too  long  degraded  o^r* 
selves  by  tamely  submitting  to  the  dictum  of  transatlantic!*  writers, 
and  by  servilely  copying  their  works ; or,  in  other  words,  that  our 
literary  and  scientific1!*  dependence  has  brought  a blush  upon  our  po- 
itical  independence. 

In  nothingjias  this  spirit  of  literary  servility  been  more  strikingly 
manifested  tlian  in  the  works  of  our  countrymen  upon  the  science  of 
Phrenology.  Hitherto,  no  American  work  has  appeared  upon  this 
subject,  stamped  with  originality  of  thought,  or  presenting  new  and 
comprehensive  views,  or  even  imbodying,  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent, facts  produced  by  the  soil  and  climate  of  equal  rights  ; but  every 
thing  phrenological  in  this  country,  has  been  either  a reprint,  or  a 
substantial  copy,  of  some  foreign  work. 

W hy  this  dearth  of  tafent  in  American  authorship  upon  Phrenolo- 
gy 1 Is  it  because  foreign  writers  have  exhausted  the  subject ; or  be- 
cause it  is  an  exotick  plant  which  no  man  of  genius  and  learning 
dares  to  touch  1 or  because  we  have  not  among  us,  minds  sufficiently 
gifted  in  logical  and  critical  acumen,  to  grapple  with  the  subject,  and 
to  imboay  and  analyze  the  enormous  mass  of  facts  presented  by  the 
peculiar  condition  of  the  country  in  which  we  live  Surely,  if  the 
genius  of  science  evpr  demanded  an  advocate — if  ever  nature  held 
or it  her  hand,  and  invited  her  worshipper  to  sit  down  by  her  side  and 
take  her  picture,  here  the  votary  of  the  one  and  the  amateur  of  the 
other  have  inducements  and  allurements  to  step  forth,  which  were 
never  before  proffered  to  mortal  genius.  In  this  land  of  plenty  and 
equal  rights,  conscious  of  its  liberty  to  exercise  any  and  all  of  its 
powers,  the  human  mind  marches  forth  unfettered  and  free.  Here 
human  nature  displays  itself  in  all  its  varying  hues  of  light  and 
shade.  Here,  then,  if  anywhere,  we  might  expect  to  find,  net  only 
she  greatest  variety,  but,  also,  the  greatest  extremes,  of  character  and 


IS 


PREFACE. 


talents,  as  well  as  the  most  striking  specimens  of  original  genius,  d 

all  accompanied  wifh  corresponding  phrenological  developments. 
Among  those  who  have  become  identified  with  the  American  soil, 
we  find  three  of  the  five  varieties  of  the  human  race,  namely,  the 
Anglo-American,  Ihe  Aboriginal  American,  and  the  African;  be- 
sides an  innumerable  multitude  of  every  other  nation,  kindred, 
tongue,  and  people,  who  are  every  day  landing  upon  our  prolifick 
shores : and,  in  short,  here  we  have  all  the  materials  necessary  for 
the  most  extensive,  and  interesting,  and  instructive  phrenological  ob- 
servations and  experiments.  Since,  then,  the  grand  basis  of  the 
phrenological  system  has  been  laid  by  Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzheim,  in 
the  Old  YvT orld,  does  it  not  behoove  some  American  genius  to  step 
forward  and  lay  hold  of  these  ample  materials  thus  placed  by  Provi- 
dence within  his  reach,  and  complete  this  beautiful  structure,  and 
thereby  identify  the  American  name  with  a monument  which  is  des- 
tined to  become  the  admiration  of  ail  future  ages'? 

Phrenology,  it  is  true,  is  yet  in  its  infancy;  and  its  warmest  advo- 
cates do  not  deny,  that,  for  years,  it  must  totter  along  in  it^  leading- 
strings.  They  do  not  expect,  that,  like  the  birth  of  Minerva  from 
the  brain  of  Jupiter,  a science  of  so  vast  importance  can  spring  at 
once  into  perfect  form  and  maturity.  They  do  not  imagine,  that,  in 
the  freshness  of  its  tender  youth,  it  can  possess  all  the  strength,  and 
vigour,  and  compactness  of  manhood.  They  are  not  unaware,  that 
centuries  have  rolled  up  their  rich  floods  of  discovery  to  aid  in  rear- 
ing to  its  present  growth,  the  science  of  astronomy;  and  they  believe 
that  the  fertilizing  efforts  of  other  centuries  will  be  required  to  per- 
fect it : and  they  are  sensible,  too,  that  the  same  is  true  of  botany,  chym- 
istry,  medicine,  and,  indeed,  of  all  other  sciences.  Hence,  they  are 
not  so  unreasonable  as  to  suppose,  that  two  or  three  intellects,  however 
gigantiek,  are  capable  of  discovering  and  perfecting  so  comprehen- 
sive and  profound  a science  as  that  of  Phrenology;  but  they  do  be- 
lieve, that  Phrenology  is  a noble  and  thriving  plant — a germ  of  true, 
science , which  has  already  taken  deep  root,  and  which  requires  noth- 
ing more  than  the  fostering  care  of  men  of  genius  and  learning  to 
increase  it  to  a stately  tree,  whose  branches  will  wave  over  all  na- 
tions, and  whose  fruit  will  gladden  the  hearts  of  all  people. 

Of  all  the  subjects  in  philosophy,  that  which  pertains  to  the  mind 
of  man,  is  undoubtedly  the  most  interesting  and  important.  Every 
discovery,  therefore,  in  this  imperfectly-explored  region — every  fresh 
ray  of  light  cast  upon  this  clouded  tract,  should  be  hailed,  with  joy 
by  every  votary  of  science  and  by  every  friend  of  man.  This  volume 
is  not  designed  to  supersede  the  invaluable  writings  of  Drs.  Gall  and 
Spurzheim,  and  of  Mr.  Combe,  nor  does  it  profess  to  be  wholly  original ; 
but  it  does  lay  claim  to  many  important  improvements  in  the  science 
of  Phrenology.  These  consist  mainly  in  presenting  many  new  and 

Sas  the  Authors  conceive)  useful  views  upon  the  subject;  in  bringing 
brward  many  new  facts  and  the  result  of  many  observations  and  suc- 
cessful experiments,  which  serve  as  new  proofs  of  the  truth  of  the 
science  and  illustrations  of  its  principles  and  utility;  in  supplying 
many  gross  deficiencies  of  the  other  writers  upon  the  subject;  and, 
above  all,  in  presenting  the  subject  in  a far  more  practical  form  than 
it  has  been  heretofore  given.  These  several  improvements,  now* 
ever,  will  be  more  clearly  understood  by  giving  a definite,  numeri 
cal  statement  of  them. 


PREFACE. 


V 

The  present  work,  then,  differs  from  all  others  upon  the  same  sub* 
feet,  in  the  following  important  particulars : 

1.  In  order  to  obtain  a clear  and  distinct  idea  of  the  character 
and  analysis  of  the  primary  mental  faculties,  the  student  in  Phre- 
nology requires,  not  only  that  the  phenomena  produced  by  them, 
should  be  described,  but  that  those  great  principles  in  nature,  in  ac* 
cordance  with  which  these  various  faculties  are  constituted,  and  to 
which  they  adapt  the  human  mind,  should  also  be  presented  and  ex~ 
plained;  for,  without  a knowledge  of  these  natural  laws,  he  could 
gain  but  a very  imperfect  idea  of  the  nature  and  functions  of  the 
mental  faculties.  The  faculty  of  Weight,  for  example,  has  to  do 
with  those  great  principles  of  weight,  or  gravity  to  which  all  material 
objects  are  subservient;  Causality  takes  cognizance  of  the  abstract 
principles  of  cause  and  effect,  upon  which,  as  far  as  we  can  perceive, 
the  whole  natural  and  moral  government  of  God  proceeds;  Compari- 
son is  adapted  to  those  laws  of  analogy  which  enter  into  the  whole 
system  cf  things;  and  so  of  the  rest.  The  omission  of  a more  dis- 
tinct reference  to  these  fundamental  laws,  the  Authors  consider  as  a 
radical  defect  in  other  phrenological  works,  which  defect  they  have 
attempted  to  supply. 

2.  The  organs  were  discovered  when  developed  in  excess,  which 
nas  led  many  to  an  almost  exclusive  observation  of  their  extreme  de- 
velopments to  the  neglect  of  the  medium  and  more  common  mani- 
festation of  the  faculties,  as  displayed  in  the  ordinary  transactions  of 
life.  In  applying  the  principles  of  the  science,  the  authors  have  al- 
ways practised  giving  the  proportionate  size  of  all  the  various  organs, 
and  of  describing  character  as  deduced  from  the  combined  manifest- 
ations of  the  faculties  in  their  various  degrees  of  strength:  and  thus 
they  have  been  enabled,  in  this  work,  to  describe  the  phenomena  nro* 
duced  by  the  faculties  in  all  their  various  degrees  of  development. 

3.  By  perusing  what  is  said  of  the  manifestations  of  the  various 
faculties  in  our  best  works  upon  Phrenology,  the  reader  will  find  it 
extremely  difficult  to  form  any  distinct  notions  of  the  actions  and 
feelings  which  these  faculties  would  produce  in  their  ordinary,  daily 
manifestations.  This  marked  deficiency  the  Authors  have  attempted 
to  supply  by  dwelling  chiejly  upon  the  incidents  which  result  from  the 
most  common  operations  of  the  faculties,  and  by  directing  the  atten- 
tion of  the  reader  mainly  to  the  precise  phenomena  produced  by 
them. 

4.  Hitherto  phrenologists  have  described  the  organs,  not  only  when 
developed  in  excess,  but,  also,  (which  is  a still  greater  defect,)  as  they 
manifest  themselves  when  acting  singly  and  alone — a thing  that 
scarcely  ever  takes  place:  and  hence  the  very  vague  and  imperfect 
knowledge  of  the  science  acquired  by  those  who  have  perused  all 
our  most  able  works  upon  the  subject.  The  most  important  point  to 
be  understood  in  Phrenology,  is  a knowledge  of  the  modifications 
produced  by  the  combined  action  of  the  several  organs;  and  the  prin- 
cipal merits  of  this  work  are  believed  to  rest  upon  this  point,  namely, 
the  Authors  have  presented  several  thousand  combinations  of  the  facul- 
ties, and  described  their  accompanying  manifestations  and  phenome- 
na, which  have  not  been  noticed  bv  any  other  writers. 

5.  Extensive  observation,  and  long  experience  in  applying  tbs 
principles  of  Phrenology  to  the  living  subject,  have  satisfied  the  Au« 
filers,  that,  if  a conviction  of  the  truth  and  importance  of  the  science* 


n 


PREFACE. 


Is  ever  lo  be  forced  tome  upon  the  minds  of  men,  it  'w  ill  be,  not  so 
much  by  reasoning  upon  the  subject,  as  by  a practical  application  ef 
its  principles.  What  do  the  common  people,  or  even  scientifick  men, 
care  about  the  arguments  adduced  in  support  of  any  new  subject  or 
science  'l  Before  they  will  believe  in  it,  or  even  listen  to  it,  they  must 
see  its  truth  practically  demonstrated.  Indeed,  the  world  will  never 
believe,  either  in  any  new  mechanical  invention  or  improvement,  or 
in  any  proposed  discovery,  however  reasonable  or  useful  it  may  be, 
until  they  see  it  fully  and  fairly  tested  by  actual  experiment.  In  their 
phrenological  experiments  in  describing  character,  the  Authors  sei* 
dom  fail  to  convince  nearly  all  who  witness  them,  both  of  the  truth 
cf  the  science  and  of  its  practical  utility;  and,  by  gaining  converts, 
it  gains  advocates,  students,  and  admirers,  becomes  known , and  its 
usefulness  is  thus  disseminated.  The  importance  of  this  manual  as 
a practical  treatise,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  it  will  enable 
any  individual,  by  having  the  relative  size  of  his  phrenological  or 
gans  correctly  marked  upon  the  Chart  which  accompanies  it,  to  reaU 
from  the  different  pages  of  the  book  to  which  the  Chart  will  refer 
him,  a most  beautiful  and  accurate  analysis  of  his  own  mind — a cor- 
rect delineation  of  his  own  character  and  talents,  and  a perfect  clas- 
sification of  all  his  mental  operations,  and  thus  enable  him  to  judge 
'ixperimentally  of  the  truth  of  the  science. 

6.  The  moral  and  theological  bearing  of  the  science  is  one  of  the 
most  important  points  connected  with  it,  and  is  presented  in  the 
latter  part  of  this  work,  and  discussed  in  such  a manner,  it  is  be- 
lieved, as  to  wipe  out  the  disgraceful  stigma  heretofore  cast  upon 
Phrenology  by  branding  it  as  a science  whose  doctrines  lead  to  infi- 
delity, fatalism,  and  so  forth.  The  Authors  trust  that  they  have  en- 
tirely scraped  off  f'om  it  this  moral  fungus , and  clearly  shovm,  that, 
so  far  from  its  bein^  a legitimate  shoot  springing  naturally  from  the 
phrenological  stock,  it  is  a vile  and  baneful  exotick,  wrholly  engen- 
dered in  the  miilds  of  immoral,  misguided,  or  designing  mca : and 
thus,  by  clearing  the  skirts  of  Phrenology  from  every  thing  impure, 
anti-christian,  os*  unholy,  they  trust  they  have  rendered  an  accept- 
able service  both  to  the  cause  of  science  and  of  pure  morality  and 
true  religion. 

The  gmat  haste  in  which  this  volume  has  necessarily  beer  pre- 
pared for  the  press,  is  the  only  reasonable  apology  which  the  Authors 
nave  to  offer  for  its  numerous  defects;  anc  even  this,  it  must  be.  con- 
fessed, I*  mA**e  hackneyed  than  weighty. 


‘IT  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  ths 


PHRENOLOGY 


PROVED,  ILLUSTRATED,  AND  APPLIED. 


GENERAL  REMARKS  IN  PROOF  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

Phrenology  professes  to  point  out  a connexion  between 
tartain  manifestations  of  the  mind , and  particular  conditions 
and  developments  of  the  brain . It  asserts,  for  example,  that 
the  feeling  of  benevolence  or  kindness , is  always  manifested 
and  indicated  by  means  of,  and  in  proportion  to,  a given  por- 
tion of  the  brain ; (see  cuts;)  and  that  the  same  is  true  ol 
cautiousness  or  circumspection , of  love , hatred , and  reason , 
and  of  all  the  other  mental  faculties  and  feelings;  and,  vice 
versa , that  the  relative  developments  and  various  conditions 
of  given  portions  of  the  brain,  manifest  and  indicate  the 
character  and  talents  of  individuals ; so  that  the  one  can  be 
always  ascertained  by  an  observance  of  the  other. 

Phrenology  also  claims  to  be  a new  and  complete  system 
of  intellectual  and  moral  philosophy,  and  professes  to  devel- 
op and  illustrate  the  fundamental  principles  of  human  nature 
— principlps  which  are  inseparably  connected  with  man’s  im- 
provement and  happiness,  and  which  embrace  every  thing 
pertaining  to  him  as  a physical,  moral,  and  intellectual  be- 
ing. It  rests  for  support,  in  part,  upon  the  truth  of  the  fol- 
lowing propositions. 

I.  The  brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind , or  that  corporeal 
instrument  which  the  mind  employs  in  the  exercise  of 
thought  and  feeling.  This  proposition  is  established  by  the 
following  arguments. 

First.  How  impossible  soever  it  may  be  for  us  to  compre- 
hend the  connexion  between  mind  and  matter,  it  is,  neverthe- 
less, indisputably  true,  that  we  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
operations  of  the  mind,  except  through  the  medium  of  its 
physical  organ , the  body.  This  fact  admits  of  the  most  am- 
ple proof ; but,  without  proof,  it  must  be  obvious  to  every 


8 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


who  reflects  at  all — obvious  that  we  know  nothing  of  mind* 
in  this  life,  as  a separate  entity , or  a thing  that  acts  indepen- 
dently of  its  organick  apparatus. 

Second.  Since  the  body  is  the  instrument  of  the  mind,  '4 
follows,  that  the  mind  must  act  upon  the  physical  worii, 
either  directly  through  the  whole  body,  or  by  means  of  some 
particular  portion  of  it.  But  it  would  be  absurd  to  suppose, 
that  the  mind  employs  the  whole  body  as  its  corporeal  organ; 
lor  it  is  well  known,  that  the  various  parts  of  the  human 
frame,  with  the  exception  of  the  brain,*  such  as  the  limbs, 
the  lungs,  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  stomach,  the  viscera,  &c„ 
are  exclusively  occupied,  each  in  performing  its  particular 
class  of  functions.  Hence  it  may  be  inferred,  analogically 
that  some  particular  portion  of  the  body  is  allotted  to  the 
exercise  of  the  mental  functions — a class  of  functions  im- 
mensely more  important  than  all  those  which  fall  to  the  lot  of 
the  whole  body  besides : and  inasmuch  as  all  the  other  parts 
of  the  body  are  known  to  be  employed  in  the  performance  o 1 
the  other  functions,  it  follows,  that  the  brain  must  be  devoted 
to  the  performance  of  the  intellectual  functions. 

Third.  Another  and,  perhaps,  stronger  evidence  that  t he 
brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind,  may  be  derived  from  its  im- 
portant location  in  the  human  frame,  and  the  extreme  deli- 
cacy of  its  wonderful  structure.  Look  at  its  commanding 
position,  in  the  superiour  and  crowning  portion  of  this  ma- 
yestick  structure  called  man  ! See  the  matchless  skill  of  the' 
Divine  Architect  displayed  in  protecting,  from  external  in- 
jury, this  exquisitely-wrought  instrument ; first,  by  the  scull 
so  elegantly  and  wonderfully  shaped,  and  so  judiciously  di 
vided  into  its  various  frontal,  Literal,  and  occipital  portions  5 
and  all  these  so  ingeniously  and  so  strongly  joined  together 
by  their  respective  sutures  ! Ami  in  order  still  farther  to 
strengthen  this  bulwark  of  the  intellect,  we  And  the  scull 
again  divided  into  its  external  and  internal  tables ; and  these 
tables  supported  and  united  by  an  intervening,  spongy  sub- 
stance called  diploe , which  renders  it  less  liable  to  be  cracked 
or  broken.  This  ossifick  ball  is  also  strengthened  by  the 
tcalp  or  s^in ; and  this,  again,  is  both  protected  and  adorned 
by  a thick  coat  of  flowing  hair.  But.,  when  we  take  a view 
of  the  interiour  of  this  “dome  of  thought, ” this  “palace  ol 
the  soul,”  and  survey  its  beautiful  chambeis,  so  superbly 

* The  spleen  may  also  he  considered  another  exception;  but  it  i*  too  uai-j 
Joortant  te  be  noticed  in  the  argument. 


T1IE  BRAIN  THE  ORGAN  OF  THE  MIND 


9 


lined  wrth  the  dura  mater — when  we  look  at  the  pia  matert 
which  envelops  the  brain,  and  at  the  ingenious  contrivance 
of  that  secreting  membrane,  the  htnica  arachnoidea , placed 
between  .ht  dura  and  the  pia  mater  to  lubricate  and  soften 
botli — when  we  examine  the  partition  fvalls  of  these  .chain 
bers,  formed  by  the  falciform  process  of  the  dura  mater,  and 
the  connecting  fibres  of  the  two  hemispheres  of  the  brain, 
styled  the  corpus  callosum — when  we  scrutinize  the  cinen- 
nous  substance  of  which  the  brain  itself  is  composed,  and 
notice  the  beautiful  convolutions  in  which  it  is  deposited— 
when  we  observe  that  this  organ  is  the  grand  centre  of  all 
the  most  delicate  and  intricate  machinery  of  the  human  frame, 
the  finale  of  the  spinal  marrow,  and  of  the  whole  nervous 
system,  and,  moreover,  the  recipient  of,  at  least,  one-third  of 
the  vital  flood  propelled  by  the  heart — when  we  look  at  all 
this,  the  conviction  is  forced  home  upon  us,  that  the  Great 
Architect  would  not  he  likely  to  make  such  a display  of  wis- 
dom and  skill  in  the  formation,  location,  and  protection  of  the 
brain,  unless,  in  doing  so,  he  had  some  important  end  in 
view — unless,  in  short,  he  designed  the  brain  to  perform  the 
mental  functions. 

Fourth.  It  has  been  fully  proved  by  anatomical  demonstra- 
tions, that  the  nerves  of  feeling,  seeing,  hearing,  smelling, 
&c.,  have  their  origin  in  the  brain,  and  even  compose  a por- 
tion of  that  organ  ; and  the  functions  of  these  nerves,  consti- 
tute a portion  of  the  intellectual  operations.  Now,  since  a 
portion  of  the  mental  functions,  is  performed  by  a part  of  the 
brain,  it  is  a logical  induction  to  infer,  that  the  remaining 
mental  operations  are  performed  by  the  remaining  portions 
of  the  brain ; and,  without  first  showing  by  what  organ  or 
organs  the  other  intellectual  phenomena  are  performed,  no 
one  can  logically  call  in  question  this  induction. 

Fifth.  An  inflammation  of  the  brain  produces  a derange- 
ment of  the  mental  faculties;  and  its  debility  causes  mental 
weakness,  and  sometimes  even  imbecility  ; but  no  such  effects 
are  produced  by  the  inflammation  or  debility  of  any  other 
portion  of  the  body.  A suspension  of  the  action  of  the  brain 
by  pressure,  or  other  causes,  produces  a suspension  of  the 
action  of  the  mind,  while  the  animal  functions  continue  to 
operate.  The  destruction  or  injury  of  even  a portion  of  the 
brain,  (when  it  reaches  an  organ  on  hath  sides  of  the  head,) 
causes  a derangement  of  some  of  the  mental  faculties;  but 
the  mutilation  of  any  other  part  of  the  body,  such,  f )r  exam 


so 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


pie,  as  ilie  amputation  of  a limb,  produces  no  such  effect, 
How  can  these  things  be  accounted  for  on  any  other  princi- 
ple than  that  which  recognises  the  brain  as  the  organ  of  tha 
mind? 

Sixth.  There  is  found  to  exist  a reciprocal  proportion  be- 
tween the  power  and  qualities  of  the  mind,  and  the  size, 
activity,  and  shape  of  the  brain.  An  observation  of  the  va- 
rious classes  of  animals,  will  illustrate  this  position.  The 
worm  has  little  or  no  brain,  and  (except  sensation)  little  or 
no  intellect  or  passion.  The  frog,  the  toad,  the  turtle,  &c. 
have  a contracted  and  flattened  brain,  and  the  mental  powers 
proportionally  weak.  The  dog,  the  monkey,  the  elephant, 
&c.,  possess  a cerebral  development  far  superiour  to  those 
animals  last-named,  and  an  intellect  equally  superiour.  Idi- 
ots are  found  to  possess  brains  vastly  inferiour  to  those  be- 
longing to  men  of  ordinary  talents;  and  these,  again,  a 
development  of  this  organ  far  inferiour  to  that  of  a Frank- 
lin, a Bacon,  a De  Witt  Clinton,  a Webster,  a Bonaparte,  a 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  &c. : in  other  words,  as  we  rise  in  the 
scale  of  animated  being  from  the  lowest  grade  tothe  highest, 
at  every  ascending  step,  we  invariably  find,  particularly  in 
the  coronal  and  frontal  regions  of  the  head,  (in  which, 
according  to  phrenology,  the  intellectual  and  moral  organs 
are  located,)  an  additional  amount  of  brain.  Are  these 
things  merely  the  result  of  chance ; or  do  they  show  de- 
sign ? — are  they  merely  accidental ; or  are  they  the  result 
of  fixed  and  immutable  laws? 

Other  arguments  in  favour  of  the  proposition  that  the 
brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind,  might  easily  be  adduced  ; 
out,  since  it  is  generally  admitted  by  the  great  naturalists, 
anatomists,  physiologists,  metaphysicians,  and  philosophers, 
ti  might  fairly  be  assumed,  and  the  burden  of  proof  thrown 
upon  those  who  call  it  in  question. 

II.  The  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  innate  and  inde- 
pendent faculties — a congregate  of  separate,  primary  pow- 
ers. The  truth  of  this  proposition  may  be  shown  by  the 
following  arguments. 

First.  The  mind  performs  different  classes  of  functions 
©r  various  kinds  of  operations,  such  as  love,  hatred,  fear, 
reason,  sensation,  &c. ; and,  throughou  ^il  nature,  different 
classes  of  functions  are  always  performea  by  different  in- 
struments. It  is  admitted,  that  seeing  and  hearing  are  men- 
tal operations,  and,  also,  that  they  are  performed  bv  different 


A PLURALITY  OF  FACULTIES.  Is 

fectthie*.  k6ce  second  argument  under  this  proposition.)  Il 
is  likewise  admitted,  that  the  functions  of  love,  hatred,  rea- 
son, &c.,  are  intellectual  functions,  differing  in  their  nature 
and  qualities  no  less  than  those  of  seeing  and  hearing.  If, 
then,  the  economy’  of  nature  require*,  that  the  mental  opera- 
tions of  seeing  and  hearing,  should  be  performed  by  differ 
ent  faculties,  why  should  not  the  same  economy  also  demand, 
that  the  mental  operations  of  loving,  hating,  reasoning,  &c. 
should  also  be  performed  by  as  many  different  faculties  ? 
The  mind,  therefore,  consists  of  as  many  different  faculties, 
or  primary  powers , as  it  performs  different  classes  of  func- 
tions. 

Second.  The  mind  is  capable  of  doing  several  things  at 
the  same  time — of  seeing  and  loving  a friend,  of  reasoning 
and  feeling  upon  a subject,  of  talking,  walking,  looking, 
thinking,  hearing,  &c.,and  all  simultaneously ; which  could 
not  possibly  be  done  by  a single  faculty.  According  to  the 
theory  of  Dr.  Thomas  Brown, : * the  mind  is  but  a single 
faculty  or  power,  and  all  the  various  mental  operations  are 
the  product  of  this  single  faculty  in  different  states , or  modes 
of  action : — seeing,  for  example,  is  the  mind,  or,  what  is  the 
same  thing,  the  man,  in  a state  of  seeing ; hating,  the  mind, 
or  the  nan,  in  a state  of  hating;  reasoning,  the  man  m a 
state  of  reasoning,  &c.  If  this  is  so,  how  can  the  same 
mind,  or,  what  is  equivalent,  the  same  man,  be  in  two  or 
more  different  states  at  the  same  instant?  How  can  an  in- 
dividual, at  one  and  the  same  time,  be  wholly  engrossed  in 
seeing  his  friend  and  in  loving  him  ? How  can  a speaker 
carry  on,  simultaneously,  a train  of  thought  and  a process 
of  feeling  ? or  how  can  he  reason  better  when  excited  than 
when  not  excited?  If  this  theory  were  true,  while  looking 
at  a wound  we  could  not  feel  its  pain,  but,  with  perfect  ease, 
we  might  relieve  its  pain  by  simply  looking  at  the  wound, 
or  at  any  other  object,  or  by  engaging  the  mind  in  the  exer- 
cise of  any  other  function ; for,  inasmuch  as  it  would  be  im- 
possible for  us  both  to  see  and  feel  at  the  same  time,  the 
xistant  we  should  begin  to  look , or  think , or  do  any  thing 
dse,  wo  should  cease  to  feel.  Bat  since  we  can  see  the  per- 
forating needle  whilst  we  feel  its  smart;  can  see  our  friend 
whilst  loving  him  ; can  be,  at  the  same  instant,  both  devising 
and  executing ; can  ue  walking,  and  talking,  and  seeing,  and 


* Brown’s  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind, 


12 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED 


feeling,  and  reasoning,  &c.  simultaneously,  and  as  thes$ 
require  each  the  exercise  of  the  mind,  it  follows,  that  these 
various  classes  of  functions,  and,  by  a parity  of  reasoning,  that 
all  the  different  classes  of  mental  functions,  are  performed 
by  as  many  different  faculties , several  of  which  c*  a be  in 
simultaneous  action. 

The  supporters  of  Dr.  Brown’s  theory,  maintain,  indeed, 
that  the  mind  can  perform  but  one  class  of  functions  at  a 
time;  but  this  can  easily  be  shown  to  be  incorrect;  for,  ii 
this  position  were  true,  the  moment  one  should  begin  to 
walk,  which  requires  the  exercise  of  the  mind,  and  all  the 
lime  he  is  engaged  in  walking,  he  must  necessarily  cease  to 
perform  any  and  all  other  functions  ; and  so  of  seeing,  hear- 
ing, feeling,  &c.  Suppose,  for  example,  an  orator  is  deeply 
engaged  in  addressing  an  audience  : according  to  this  the- 
~y,  he  must  be  engaged  one  moment  in  thinking,  the  next, 
m feeling,  the  next,  in  looking  at  his  audience,  the  next,  in 
gesticulation,  and  so  on  through  the  whole  round  of  mental 
operations  which  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  perform,  before 
he  can  recommence  the  circuit  of  the  various  functions  en- 
tering into  the  delivery  of  his  discourse;  but,  it  is  evident, 
that  he  may  be,  at  one  ana  the  same  time , beholding  his  au- 
dience, gesticulating,  and  pouring  forth  a powerful  current 
of  thought  commingled  with  deep  emotion  ; or,  in  other 
words,  at  one  ancl  the  same  time , exercising  all  the  various 
faculties  necessary  to  the  performance  of  his  oratorical 
effort. 

But,  say  the  supporters  of  this  theory,  in  such  instances, 
the  mind  does  not  perform  several  classes  of  functions  at  the 
same  time,  but  its  transition  from  one  class  to  another,  is  sc 
rapid  as  not  to  be  observable.  Let  us  look  at  this  argument. 
It  cannot  he  denied,  that  an  organ  which  perform?  any  'por- 
tion of  a class  of  functions,  always  performs  the  whole  of 
that  class — that,  for  example,  the  organ  of  vision  does  all 
the  seeing^  and  that  no  seeing  can  be  effected  without  its 
agency  and  action;  that  no  digestion  can  be  performed  with- 
out the  action  of  the  stomach ; that  no  sensation  can  take 
place  except  by  the  instrumentality  of  the  nerves  of  feeling; 
no  motion,  except  by  the  muscles,  and  so  on  ; and  that  this 
principle  holds  good  throughout  all  the  operations  of  nature: 
and  hence  it  follows,  that  the  action  of  the  brain,  (whirh  has 
been  proved  to  be  the  organ  of  the  mind.)  is  just  as  nece.* 
sai’v  in  every , as  in  any , operation  of  the  mind ; and,  cons* 


MIND  A PLURALITY  OF  FACULTIES.  IZ 

qucntly,  that  there  can  be  no  operation  of  the  mind  without 
fk  corresponding  action  of  the  brain:  and,  moreover,  that  a 
change  in  the  operations  of  the  mind,  must  necessarily  pro- 
duce a change  in  the  action  of  the  brain.  If,  then,  the  mind 
were  a single  faculty,  and,  consequently,  the  brain  a single 
organ,  their  united  transition  from  one  class  of  functions  to 
another,  could  be  no  more  rapid  or  instantaneous  than  that  of 
die  eye,  the  finger,  or  any  other  corporeal  organ,  and,  of 
course,  not  so  instantaneous  as  not  to  be  observable  ; and,  it 
not  observable,  (which  all  will  admit,)  it  cannot  exist : and, 
therefore , the  mind  cannot  be  a single  faculty.  But  according 
to  the  principle,  that  the  mind  consists  of  & plurality  of  facul* 
ties,  any . or  even  all , of  these  faculties  may  be  in  simultane- 
ous and  harmonious  action — a principle  as  remarkable  for 
beauty  and  consistency,  as  the  old  theory  is  for  deformity 
and  absurdity. 

Third.  The  diversity  of  human  character  and  talents, 
proves  the  plurality  of  the  mental  faculties.  If  the  mind 
were  a single  faculty,  all  minds  must  be  exactly  alike  in 
their  nature , their  qualities , and  their  'modes  of  action , and 
could  differ  only  in  their  strength  and  activity ; which  is 
by  no  means  the  case:  but,  if  different  minds  possess  the 
various  faculties  in  different  degrees  of  development,  they 
must,  like  the  primary  colours  mingled  in  various  propor- 
tions. differ  accordingly ; which  is  the  fact.  If  the  mind 
were  a single  faculty,  it  could  work  just  as  well  in  one  har- 
ness as  in  another — could  perform  all  classes  of  mental  op- 
erations with  equal  facility  and  success ; and  every  man 
could  succeed  equally  well  in  any  and  in  every  pursuit — 
equally  well  as  a poet,  a painter,  a musician,  a logician,  an 
orator,  a mathematician,  a linguist,  a mechanick,  a naturalist, 
a divine,  and,  in  short,  in  every  calling,  and  in  every  department 
of  literature  and  science.  Partial  genius,  or  a taste  and  tal- 
ent for  doing  particular  things,  striking  instances  of  which 
frequently  occur,  could  not  then  exist;  but  all  men  would  be 
squally  capable  of  succeeding  equally  well  in  any  thing  and 
in  every  thing.  This,  however,  the  experience  of  almost 
every  individual,  even  from  thevery  cradle,  proves  to  be  erro- 
neous. Those  who  are  idiots  in  some  things,  are  often  re- 
markably gifted  in  other  things ; which  proves  that  such, 
and,  by  a parity  of  reasoning,  that  all  mankind,  possess  dif 
f event  mental  faculties,  and  in  various  degrees  of  strength 
wid  activity. 


*4 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED, 


FouUh  According  to  the  principle,  that  the  mix *d  consist! 
of  several  faculties,  it  is  evident  that,  in  a given  time,  it  can 
Perform,  not  only  a greater  number , but  also,  a greater  vari • 
ly,  of  operations,  which  would  render  it  proportionally  the 
more  perfect  and  useful.  In  order  to  show  the  force  of  this 
argument,  let  us  suppose  that  the  body  were  so  constituted 
as  to  be  incapable  of  performing  more  than  one  class  oi 
functions  at  a time,  so  that,  whilst  performing  the  function  ot 
respiration,  for  example,  it  would  be  incapable  of  exercising 
any  other  function — whilst  executing  the  function  of  seeing, 
that  of  hearing,  of  feeling,  of  digestion,  and  of  every  thing 
else,  must  cease.  How  infinitely  inferiour  must  such  a ma 
chine  be,  to  the  magnificent  structure  which  we  now  pos 
sess — a structure  capable  of  proceeding,  in  the  most  eas)’ 
and  elegant  manner,  in  the  simultaneous  performance  or 
many  widely  different  classes  of  functions  ! As,  in  the  op- 
erations of  the  body,  scarcely  any  thing  important  is  ever 
effected  which  does  not  require  the  cooperation  of  several, 
different  organs,  so  is  it  with  respect  to  the  operations  of  the 
mind,  for  we  rarely  meet  with  any  of  its  products  that  do  not 
evince  the  combined  efforts  of  several  of  its  faculties.  If 
we  look  into  an  author,  for  example,  we  can  seldom  proceed 
far  without  meeting  with  a thought  that  displays  the  com- 
bined action  of  reason,  wit,  fancy,  and  so  forth. 

Fifth.  That  the  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  faculties, 
may  be  proved,  in  the  fifth  place,  by  a reference  to  the  men- 
tal exercise  of  memory , by  which  we  are  to  understand,  a 
reminiscence  of  the  operations  of  the  mind.  It  has  been 
shown,  that,  if  the  mind  were  a single  faculty,  its  operation 
would  be  just  as  powerful  in  all  classes  of  functions,  as  in 
any  class.  In  this  case,  it  could  not  only  remember,  judge,  in- 
vent, construct,  copy,  &c.,  with  equal  success,  but  its  memory 
would  be  just  as  strong  when  exercised  upon  one  class  of 
facts,  as  when  upon  any  other  class;  and,  consequently, 
every  one  would  be  able  to  remember  every  class  of  facts 
with  equal  ease  and  tenacity.  But  this  is  seldom,  if  ever, 
the  case.  Almost  every  individual  is  a living  witness  to  ths 
opposite  state  of  things . in  proof  of  which,  it  is  necessary 
only  to  appeal  to  observation  and  experience.  Most  persons 
find  it  as  easy  to  remember  some  things,  as  it  is  difficult  tc 
remember  others : they  often  find  that  their  associates  rec 
ollect  what  they  forget,  and  forget  what  they  remember 
it  is  both  natural  and  easy  for  some  persons  to  remembei 


MIND  A PLURALITY  OF  FACULTIES. 


15 


faces,  but  to  forget  names ; whilst  others  forget  faces,  Dut  re- 
collect names.  The  same  holds  true  of  size,  weight,  col* 
ours,  dates,  tunes,  places,  incidents,  &c.  Kence,  there  are 
many  kinds  of  memory  ; but  this  could  not  be  the  case  if  the 
mind  were  a single  faculty : therefore , if  we  admit — what, 
indeed,  the  phenomena  of  memory  compel  us  to  admit — that 
there  are  many  kinds  of  memory,  we  must  also  admit,  that 
there  are.  at  least,  as  m©Ay  separate  intellectual  faculties,  as 
there  are  sorts  of  memory : ergo , the  mind  consists  of  a 
plurality  of  faculties. 

Sixth.  A plurality  of  the  mental  faculties,  is  also  estab- 
lished by  the  phenomena  of  dreaming.  If  the  mind  were  a 
unity , it  would  act  o repose,  be  asleep  or  awake,  as  a whole ; 
that  is,  one  portion  jf  it  could  not  be  awake  and  active, 
whilst  the  remainder  slept ; and,  consequently,  all  its  phe* 
nomena,  so  far  as  produced  at  all,  would  be  in  perfect  har- 
mony with  each  other.  But  this  would  entirely  preclude 
the  phenomena  of  dreaming  ; or,  at  least,  that  kind  of  dream- 
ing so  very  common,  in  which  numerous  vivid  emotions, 
such  as  joy,  grief,  terrour,  fear,  affection,  &c.  arise,  succeed 
one  another,  and  depart,  without  the  control  of  the  reason- 
ing faculties.  These  phenomena,  however,  perfectly  har- 
monize with  the  doctrine  of  a plurality  of  faculties,  some  of 
which,  being  awake  and  excited  to  action  by  some  stimulus 
which  does  not  affect  the  other  faculties,  present  those  dis- 
ordered ideas  and  feelings  which  constitute  a dream,  whilst 
the  repose  of  the  others,  permits  this  disordered  action. 

Seventh.  Partial  insanity,  or  monomania,  is  utterly  at  va- 
riance with  the  idea  that  the  mind  is  a single  faculty,  em- 
ploying in  its  operations  but  a single  organ.  A derange- 
ment of  the  mind  can  be  caused  only  by  a derangement  of 
the  brain.  Now,  if  all  classes  of  the  mental  functions,  were 
performed  by  a single  organ,  it  is  evident,  that  a derange- 
ment of  this  organ,  would  cause  a corresponding  and  uni- 
form derangement  of  all  the  operations  of  the  mind  : 
whereas,  cases  of  monomania,,  or  a derangement  that  extends 
to  only  one  or  two  classes  of  the  mental  operations,  whilst 
*1J  the  other  classes  are  performed  with  perfect  sanity  and 
oropriety,  very  frequently  occur.  This,  indeed,  is  the  most 
common  form  in  which  derangement  appears,  many  instances 
of  which  have  fallen  under  the  author’s  own  observation. 
We  often  meet  with  persons  deranged  in  the  matter  of  love. 
Dr  hatred  or  on  the  subject  of  religion,  or  with  respect  U? 


6 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


proptxty,  &c.,  whilst  they  are  perfectly  rational  on  every 
other  oiibject ; but,  if  one  and  the  same  faculty  exercised  th$ 
various  functions  of  love,  and  hatred,  and  religious  feeling 
&c.,  and,  aiso,  all  the  other  mental  functions,  it  would  be  im 
possible  for  this  single  faculty  to  be  deranged  in  the  perform- 
ance of  these  first-named  functions,  whilst  it  was  perfectly 
sane  in  the  exercise  of  all  its  other  functions : consequently 
it  is  impossible  for  the  mind  to  consist  of  only  a single  fac- 
ulty .* 

Eighth.  The  relief,  and  even  refreshment,  afforded  to  the 
mind  by  a change  of  thought,  study,  feeling,  &c.,  furnish 
another  evidence  of  a plurality  of  the  mental  faculties  ; for 
if  the  mind  were  but  a single  faculty,  this  single  faculty 
would  have  to  perform  all  the  mental  operations,  and,  con- 
sequently, would  be  just  as  much  exhausted  and  fatigued  by 
its  exercise  in  performing  any  one  class  of  functions,  as  in 
any  other  class  ; and,  therefore,  when  fatiguedbv  exercising 
one  class  of  functions,  it  could,  not  only,  not  be  relieved  or 
refreshed,  but  would  be  still  farther  exhausted,  by  dropping 
that  class,  and  taking  up  another.  But  what  is  the  language 
of  facts  touching  this  subject  ? How  is  it  that  the  mechan- 
ick,  when  fatigued  by  hard  labour  in  his  shop,  experiences 
relief  and  refreshment  by  taking  a smart  walk  to  his  meals? 
Not,  as  has  been  intimated  by  some,  by  the  mere  novelty 
presented  by  the  change,  but,  by  giving  rest  to  the  fatigued 
organs,  and  by  bringing  into  exercise  another  set  of  organs. 
What  is  here  predicated  of  the  physical  phenomena,  holds 
equally  true  when  applied  to  the  intellectual. 

The  student,  for  example,  when  suffering  great  fatigue  ol 
mind  from  a long  and  continued  pursuit  of  mathematicks,  or 
metaphysicks,  often  turns  to  chymistry,  history,  the  study  of 
language,  of  geography,  or,  perhaps,  a work  of  imagina- 
tion, with  new  vigour  and  fresh  delight,  although  his  fatigue 
of  mind  is  too  great  any  longer  to  continue  the  first  study 
The  fact  that  a change  of  subjects  or  studies,  affords  relie 
and  refreshment  to  the  mind,  is  too  familiar  to  need  farther 
illustration  ; and  the  inference  to  be  drawn  from  it,  is  per 
fectly  obvious,  namely,  that  this  change  which  presents  an 
other  subject  of  study,  calls  into  exercise  another  set  of  fa * 
ulties. 


• For  a farther  illustration  of  this  point,  see  Dr.  A.  Combe,  and  al»c  Dr.  Spar# 
heiui,  upon  Insanity. 


THE  BRAIN  A PLURALITY  OF  ORGANS 


17 


ifhi<s  it  would  appear,  that  the  various  arguments  undel 
fills  second  proposition,  namely,  that  the  mind  performs  dif- 
ferent classes  of  functions — that  it  is  capable  of  performing 
several  classes  of  functions  at  the  same  time — that  different 
individuals  possess  the  various  mental  faculties  in  different 
degrees  of  strength  and  power,  constituting  what  is  called 
'partial  genius — that  the  perfection  of  the  mind  requires  that 
it  should  be  composed  of  many  faculties — that  the  phenom- 
ena of  the  various  kinds  of  memory,  could  not  be  produced 
by  a single  faculty — that  the  phenomena  of  dreaming  could 
not  result  from  the  operation  of  a single  faculty — that  partial 
insanity  is  inconsistent  with  the  idea  of  but  a single  mental 
Dower — and  that  the  relief  which  the  mind  experiences  by  a 
change  of  subject,  is  owing  to  the  exercise  of  another  set  o f 
faculties,  one  and  ail,  clearly  demonstrate  the  truth  of  the 
proposition,  that  the  mind  is  a plurality  of  innate  and  inde- 
pendent faculties,  and  that  this  is  a fundamental  and  consti- 
tutional principle  of  the  human  mind.  Many  other  argm 
ments  in  proof  of  this  position,  might  readily  be  adduced; 
but  it  is  believed  that  the  foregoing  are  abundantly  sufficient. 

In  the  general  argument  in  proof  of  the  truth  of  phrenol- 
ogy, this  proposition  is  all-important , and  even  fundamental . 
It  is,  indeed,  the  test  and  touchstone  of  the  truth  of  the  scf 
once.  If  this  proposition  should  be  disproved,  phrenology 
would  fall,  “ like  the  baseless  fabrick  of  a vision,  and  leave  not 
a wreck  behind;”  but  if,  in  connexion  with  the  preceding 
proposition,  it  be  established,  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as 
evading  the  inference,  that  phrenology  is  true  : and  when 
we  prove  that  phrenology  is  true,  we  sweep  away,  like  spi- 
ders’ webs,  all  the  old  and  crude  theories  of  mental  philoso- 
phy, and,  in  their  stead,  establish,  upon  an  immoveable  basis, 
the  beautiful  and  splendid  superstructure  of  phrenological 
science. 

III.  The  brain  consists  of  as  many  different  portions  or 
groans,  as  the  mind  does  of  faculties.  Throughout  ail 
Gature,  different  classes  of  functions  are  always  performed 
oy  different  instruments ; and  no  single  organ  is  known  la 

Eerform  more  than  one  class  of  functions.  It  has  already 
een  stated,  that  the  organs  of  seeing,  hearing,  sensation* 
ftc.,  have  been  proved  each  to  perform  its  respective,  intel- 
lectual function  exilusively  by  means  of  a particular por lion 
of  the  brain  ; and  hence  it  fol  ows  analogically  hat  all  the 


IS 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED 


other  mental  faculties  must  also  perform  their  lunations  by 
means  of  the  other  portions  of  the  brain. 

In  support  of  this  third  proposition,  innumerable  facts  have 
heretofore  been  brought  forward  by  phrenologists,  in  addi- 
tion to  which  the  author  takes  the  liberty  of  presenting  a 
few  of  the  many  that  have  fallen  under  his  own  observation. 

He  once  examined  the  head  of  a lady  who  was  deranged 
in  the  matter  of  conscience , but  perfectly  sane  in  every  other 
respect.  He  found  the  organ  of  conscientiousness  to  be  very 
large,  and  much  heated , or  much  warmer  than  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  head.  At  the  request  of  the  author,  other  per- 
sons present  who  were  disbelievers  in  phrenology,  applied 
their  hands  to  the  head,  and  very  readily  perceived,  and  bore 
testimony  to,  the  fact. 

While  practising  phrenology  in  Brattleborough,  Vt.,  a 
lady  called  upon  the  author,  stating  that  she  laboured  under 
a great  difficulty  in  expressing  her  ideas.  He  remarked  that 
her  organ  of  language  was  large,  and  asked  if  it  had  al- 
ways been  so.  She  replied,  that,  until  she  had  an  inflamma- 
tion of  the  brain,  which  was  particularly  severe  about  the 
eyes,  (above  which,  this  organ  is  located,)  causing  excruci- 
ating pain  in  those  parts,  she  could  talk  with  fluency;  but 
since  that  time,  she  often  hesitated  for  words  in  which  to  ex- 
press the  most  commonplace  ideas.  The  organ  of  language 
being  situated  upon  the  superorbiter  plate,  its  inflammation 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for  an  inflammation  of  the  eyes. 

A little  girl  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  received  a fracture  of 
the  scull  in  the  region  in  which  the  organ  of  tune  is  located 
Whilst  confined  with  this  wound,  which  had  become  irri- 
tated, she  experienced,  what  had  never  been  manifested  be- 
fore, a strong  and  involuntary  propensity  to  sing.  Thus 
the  phenomena  of  musick  was  produced  by  what,  under  or- 
dinary circumstances,  we  should  expect  to  prevent  it,  viz.  a 
wound ; and  the  only  solution  of  the  case,  seems  entirely  to 
turn  upon  the  fact,  that  the  inflammation  was  connected  with 
the  phrenological  organ  of  tune.  This  case  was  stated  to 
tne  author  in  1835,  by  Dr.  Miller,  at  the  house,  and  in  the 
presence,  of  Dr.  Sewall  a distinguished  physician  and  anti- 
phrenologist. 

Several  cases  of  monomania,  produced  by  wounds  and  in 
flammation  in  the  cerebellum,  in  which  the  feeling  of  ama 
tiveness  was  deranged,  have  been  related  to  the  author.  One 
was  that  of  a gentleman  in  the  west,  who  had  to  submit  ra 


THE  BRAIN  A PLURALITY  OF  ORGANS.  19 

the  discipline  of  the  straight-jacket,  and  who  died  the  ninth 
day  of  the  disease,  reported  to  the  author  by  a Mr.  C.  An- 
other case  of  the  same  kind,  was  reported  by  Dr.  Miller  ol 
Baltimore,  and  another  by  Dr.  Jackson  of  Boston ; which, 
together  with  the  thousands  of  similar  ones  stated  by  Drs. 
Gall,  Spurzheim,  and  others,  all  tend  to  confirm  the  truth  oj 
the  proposition,  that  the  brain  consists  of  a 'plurality  of  or- 
gans. 

The  author  saw  a man  in  Hatfield,  Mass.,  who  possesses 
good  talents,  but  who  is  deranged  in  the  matter  of  love , while 
he  is  sane  in  other  respects.  He  is  often  complaining  of  a 
compressed  sensation,  and  of  a buzzing  sound,  exactly  in 
that  portion  of  the  head  in  which  the  organ  of  adhesiveness 
is  located.  Many  other  cases  in  which  the  individuals  were 
rational,  but  whose  attachments  had  been  interrupted,  have 
fallen  under  the  author’s  observation,  and  in  all  of  which 
they  complained  of  a soreness  in  the  same  place.  In  one  of 
these  instances,  the  individual  was  unable  to  rest  the  bach 
part  of  the  head  upon  a pillow,  and  suffered  so  much  from 
the  presence  of  pain  as  to  call  in  a physician  :*  meanwhile 
the  mental  suffering,  caused  by  the  absence  of  the  object  ot 
attachment,  was  almost  insupportable. 

Did  the  proposed  limits  of  this  work  permit,  many  more 
similar  facts  would  be  presented,  but  those  given  are  deemed 
sufficiently  numerous  to  prove  a reciprocal  connexion  be- 
tween the  diseased  condition  of  certain  portions  of  the  brain, 
and  a derangement  of  particular  classes  of  the  mental  func 
tions.  Here,  then,  we  rest  the  argument.  If  the  brain  is  a 
unity , a disease  of  any  portion  of  it,  must  affect  it  as  a ivhole , 
and,  consequently,  (on  the  supposition  that  the  brain  is  the 
organ  of  the  mind,)  equally  affect  every  function  of  the 
mind ; yet,  since  this  is  not  only,  not  borne  out  by  facts,  but 
even  in  direct  opposition  to  them,  the  only  remaining  con 
elusion  is,  that,  instead  of  the  whole  brain’s  being  employee 
by  each,  separate  faculty  of  the  mind,  one  portion  of  it  is 
employed  by  that  faculty,  for  example,  which  performs  the 
function  of  anger,  another  portion  by  that  which  exercises 
fear,  and  another  by  that  which  exercises  reason,  and  so  oj 
all  the  other  mental  functions.  The  contrary  supposition  is 


’Through  ignorance  of  the  real  cause  of  the  disease,  the  mode  of  trectmen* 
adopted  in  this  case,  was  very  in  jurious  and  highly  reprehensible.  Instead  of  sl- 
aying the  excitement,  by  removing  the  inflammation,  a blister  was  applied  whip* 
f really  inci  eased  the  disease. 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


SfO 

fits  absurd,  and  as  much  opposed  to  all  analogy,  both  physical 
and  intellectual,  as  to  suppose  that  the  whole  body  should  bs 
employed  in  seeing,  the  whole  in  hearing,  in  digestion,  m 
respiration,  and  in  every  other  particular  function : and  if 
this  connexion  between  the  faculties  of  the  mind  and  par- 
ticular portions  of  the  brain,  exists  at  all , it  follows,  that  there 
can  be  no  exercise  of  the  one,  without  a reciprocal  action  o4 
the  other ; or,  in  other  words,  that  there  can  be  no  exercise 
of  a faculty , without  the  exercise  of  its  corresponding  or - 
\ gan ; and,  vice  versa , no  exercise  of  an  organ , without  the 
exercise  of  its  corresponding  faculty.  The  great  Author  of 
nature  would  not  have  established  this  mutual  connexion, 
unless  the  economy  of  nature  required  it;  and  if  this  econ- 
omy requires  it  in  any  one  instance,  it  must,  for  the  same 
reason,  equally  demand  it  in  every  instance. 

It  may  also  be  added  in  this  connexion,  that,  according  to 
the  theory  of  the  unity  of  the  brain,  each  faculty  must,  of 
necessity , use  the  brain  as  a whole  in  succession , which  pre- 
cludes the  possibility  of  that  common  and  necessary  phenom- 
ena of  the  mind,  namely,  its  simultaneous  exercise  of  several 
faculties. 

IV.  The  various  faculties  of  the  mind  are  possessed , orig- 
inally, in  different  degrees  of  strength  by  different  indi- 
viduals, and  also  by  the  same  individual.  There  exists  a 
toto  celo  difference  between  a Shakspeare  and  a Franklin,  a 
Howard  and  a Nero,  a Raphael  and  a Washington,  a Ben- 
iamin West  and  a Patrick  Henry — a difference  which  nei- 
ther education  nor  circumstances  could  create,  nor  even 
essentially  modify.  So  strong  was  the  passion  for  painting 
with  West,  that  he  bid  defiance  both  to  the  corrections  of 
his  school-teacher,  and  the  frowns  of  his  parents,  and  seclu- 
ded himself  in  his  garret  merely  to  indulge  it;  and  even 
while  a mere  child , and  without  instruction,  he  conceived 
und  executed  some  of  his  most  beautiful  designs.  Diversi- 
ty and  variety  characterize  the  intellects  and  the  feelings  of 
men,  at  least,  as  much  as  they  do  their  countenances , and 
that,  even  from  the  first  dawn  of  the  mind,  and  not  unfre- 
quently  in  opposition  to  circumstances.  This  diversity  of 
human  intellects,  dispositions,  predilections,  talents,  &c.,  is 
too  common  and  too  striking  to  need  illustration.  Every 
individual , in  a greater  or  less  degree,  furnishes  an  illustra- 
tion of  this  fact.  It  has  even  passed  into  a proverb,  that  •*  a 
prof  must  be  horn  and  not  made  ;:1  and  this  applies  equally 


SIZE  THE  MEASURE  ( F POWER. 


21 


to  the  artist,  the  orator,  the  mechaniek,  the  divine,  the  natu- 
ralist. the  accountant,  and  even  to  all  who  excel  in  any  par- 
ticular calling.  The  happiness  of  society,  and  the  improve- 
ment of  mankind,  absolutely  demand  this  variety  of  talents 
and  character ; and,  in  accordance  with  this  demand,  the 
Creator  doubtless  intends,  and,  therefore,  qualifies,  one  man 
for  one  sphere  of  action,  and  another;  for  another  sphere. 

If  this  diversity  and  variety  did  not  exist,  it  is  evident  from 
.he  principle,  that  like  causes  produce  like  effects,  that,  in 
all  cases,  the  same  circumstances  would  form  similar  char- 
acters, and  opposite  circumstances,  opposite  characters ; or, 
rather,  that  the  character  and  talents  of  men  would  vary  in 
exact  proportion  to  the  variation  of  their  education,  circum- 
stances in  life,  &c.,  so  that,  the  one  could  always  be  estima- 
ted from  a knowledge  of  the  other ; but  the  fact  is,  similar 
circumstances  often  produce  opposite  characters  and  talents, 
and  opposite  circumstances,  similar  characters  and  talents. 
The  conclusion,  then,  both  a priori  and  from  facts,  is,  that 
the  various  faculties  are  imparted  to  different  individuals,  and 
even  to  the  same  individual,  originally , in  different  degrees 
of  strength.  The  force  of  education,  however,  in  impro- 
ving or  perverting  the  faculties,  as  originally  bestowed,  in 
modifying  their  relative  power,  and  in  changing  their  direc 
lion,  is  not  intended  here  to  be  denied. 

V.  There  exists  a reciprocal  proportion  between  the  rel- 
ative strength  and  power  of  the  various  mental  faculties, 
and  the  size  of  those  portions  of  the  brain , or  those  organs, 
"y  which  they  arc  severally  manifested.  It  has  already  been 
shown,  that  each  mental  faculty  is  exercised,  exclusively , by 
means  of  one  particular  portion  of  the  brain;  and,  upon  the 
principle,  which  holds  good  throughout  all  nature,  that, 
other  conditions  being  qqual,  size  is  always  the  measure  oi 
power* — a principle  too  familiar  to  require  proof — it  follows, 
that  the  stronger  a faculty  is,  the  larger  must  be  its  organ; 
and,  vice  versa , the  larger  an  organ,  the  stronger  its  faculty. 

This  proposition  is  also  rendered  evident  from  the  estab- 
lished and  familiar,  physiological  principle,  that  the  exercise 
of  any  corporeal  organ,  causes  its  increase.  The  exercise 
of  the  arm  of  the  blacksmith,  causes  its  enlargement.  Those 
who  spend  their  lives  at  the  oar,  thereby  greatly  augmen 
the  size  of  their  arms  and  chests,  while  the  lower  extiv 


* fiae  pembe’s  System  of  Phrenology  j Ages  23  *c  29,  aivl  9<1  to  33. 


22 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


ties  are  comparatively  feeble.  Labouring  men  generall| 
possess  much  larger  bodies , and  much  smaller  heads , than 
literary  and  scientific!*:  men.  Give  a child  no  exercise,  and 
you  thereby  make  him  a dwarf.  Cease  to  exercise  any  por 
lion  of  the  body,  and  it  diminishes  in  size  and  strength. 

Now,  since  the  brain  is  one  of  the  corporeal  organs,  it 
follows,  (until  the  brain  is  shown  to  form  an  exception  tc 
the  action  of  this  law,)  that  the  same  common  law  of  increase 
by  exercise,  and  of  decrease  by  inaction,  which  has  been 
shown  to  govern  the  other  corporeal  organs,  equally  governs 
the  organs  of  the  bravo,  causing  their  increase  in  proportion 
to  their  exercise.  And,  since  it  has  beer,  shown,  that  the  va- 
rious faculties  of  the  mind  manifest  their  functions  by  means 
of  as  many  organs  of  the  brain — that  these  faculties  differ 
in  their  strength — that  the  exercise  of  these  organs  must  be 
proportionate  to  that  of  their  corresponding  faculties — and 
that  the  increase  of  these  organs  must  be  proportionate  to 
their  exercise , it  necessarily  follows,  that  the  increase  of  each 
organ,  must  be  proportionate  to  the  exercise  of  its  faculty ; 
that,  for  example,  if,  in  the  exercise  of  the  function  of  con- 
scientiousness, an  individual  calls  into  action  a given  portion 
of  the  brain,  (see  cuts,)  and  in  the  exercise  of  benevolence, 
another  portion,  he  must  exercise,  and,  of  course,  increase, 
the  organ  of  benevolence  more  than  he  does  that  of  consci 
entiousness,  in  proportion  as  he  is  more  benevolent  than  he 
is  conscientious;  and  that  the  same  holds  true  with  respect 
to  all  the  other  faculties  of  the  mind,  and  their  corresponding 
organs  of  the  brain.  Hence,  a proportion  between  the  two, 
must  necessarily  exist. 

VI.  The  shape  of  the  brain  may  generally  be  ascertain- 
ed by  the  form  of  the  scull ; or,  in  other  words,  an  increase 
of  the  various  portions  of  the  brain,  causes  a corresponding 
increase  of  the  portions  of  the  scull  above  them ; for,  inas- 
much as  the  scull  is  moulded  and  adapted  to  the  brain,  the 
conformation  of  the  brain  determines  the  shape  of  the  scull, 
and,  with  a few  unimportant  exceptions,  corresponds  with  it 

The  scull  is  merely  the  protector  of  the  brain,  and  sub- 
servient to  it ; that  is,  the  scull  is  formed  for  the  brain,  ana 
not  the  brain  for  the  scull.  How  unreasonable,  then,  is 
suppose,  that  the  scull  should  throw  any  obstruction  in  the 
way  of  the  development  of  the  brain  ! This  would  be  like 
assuming,  that  men  are  made  for  the  houses  they  occupy 
wad  not  the  houses  for  the  men.  What!  one  operation  o 


SHAPE  OF  THE  BRAIN. 


25 


nature  interfere  with,  and  prevent,  another  operation  of  na 
Hire ! Does  the  bark  of  a tree  obstruct  the  growth  of  th.€ 
tree  ? Does  the  shell  of  the  oyster,  the  lobster,  or  the  turtle, 
prevent  the  increase  of,  or  give  shape  to,  the  body  of  these 
animals?  As  well  might  we  assume,  that  the  skin  gives 
shape  to,  and  prevents  the  growth  of,  the  arm,  the  hand,  or 
the  scull,  as  to  suppose  that  the  scull  controls  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  brain. 

It  is  brought  forward  as  an  objection  to  phrenology,  that 
*n  enlargement  of  the  scull  can  take  place,  oiily  by  the  me* 
chanical  pressure  of  the  brain,  and  that  the  brain  is  too  sot* 
i substance  to  produce  such  an  influence  upon  the  scull 
This  objection  is  fully  answered  by  an  appeal  to  that  general 
law  of  nature  which  accounts  for  the  gradual  expansion 
of  the  scull  as  the  individual  advances  in  years,  by  the  anal- 
ogy of  growth  and  formation  as  displayed  in  all  her  works. 
Are  not  the  gradual  growth  and  formation  of  the  wood  and 
bark  of  the  tree,  both  mutual  and  natural  ? And  does  not 
the  same  hold  true  of  the  hard  and  soft  parts  of  the  shell-fish, 
and  of  every  thing  analogous  in  nature?  Can  we  conceive 
any  thing  more  mysterious  or  difficult  in  this,  than  in  any 
other  operation  of  nature?  Is  there  any  thing  more  unac- 
countable in  the  formation  and  growth  of  the  brain  and  scull, 
than  in  that  of  the  wood  and  bark  of  a tree?  The  clear 
voice  of  facts  speaks  in  the  language  of  demonstration  upon 
this  subject ; and  from  its  decision,-  there  is  no  appeal.  Not 
only  does  the  whole  head,  which,  of  course,  includes  the 
scull,  and  all  the  various  parts  of  the  head,  increase  up  to 
the  age  of  thirty  or  more,  but  the  form  of  the  head  changes, 
more  or  less,  “ from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.” 

In  children  the  cerebellum  (organ  of  amativeness)  is 
commonly  very  small:  In  middle  aged  persons  (when  the 

vigour  of  the  passion  is  greatest)  its  proportionate  size  is 
greatly  increased  ; and  in  aged  persons,  again  diminished ; 
mid  the  scull  adapts  itself  to  this  increase  and  decrease.  The 
middle  of  the  foreheads  of  children  and  youth,  is,  in  general, 
extremely  full  and  rounded,  while  that  of  men  is  generally 
iepressed. 

Nor  is  this  the  only  class  of  facts  bearing  upon  this  point. 
Numerous  instances  of  the  increase  of  various  portions  of 
she  scull,  while  other  portions  remained  stationary , might 
m?  cited : yet,  why  should  we  consume  time  upon  the  prop- 
ortion, that  the  external  surface  of  the  brain  and  scull,  is 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


u 


genera],  correspond — a proposition  which  is  not  only  a mat 
tei  of  observation , and  which  is  demonstrated  by  almost  everj 
scull  upon  which  we  can  cast  our  eyes,  but  which  is  already 
proved  to  our  hands  by  such  men  as  Cuvier,  Magendie, 
Charles  Bell/  and  others  of  equal  learningand  authority,  and, 
moreover,  which  is  susceptible  of  physical  demonstration? 

It  remains,  then,  for  the  phrenologist  merely  to  ascertain 
what  portions  of  the  brain  are  employed  to  manifest  the  vari- 
ous faculties,  and,  also,  what  are  the  indications  upon  th* 
scull  of  the  relative  size  of  these  organs,  (which,  indeed, 
has  already  been  done  by  the  most  critical  and  extensive 
observation,)  and  then  he  will  have  sufficient  data  from 
which  to  determine  even  the  minutice  of  the  character  and 
talents,  and  of  the  various  mental  qualities,  of  any  and  oi 
every  individual. 

In  this  connexion  may  be  mentioned  the  fact,  that  the 
thickness  of  the  scull  may  be  determined  by  its  vibrations  in 
speaking,  the  tones  of  the  voice,  &c. 

VII.  The  history  of  the  discovery  of  'phrenology , fur- 
nishes ample  demonstration  of  its  truth.  Like  ail  the  other 
exact  sciences,!  every  portion  of  it  was  discovered,  and 
brought  to  its  present  state  of  perfection,  entirely  by  induc- 
tion—by  an  observation  and  a classification  of  facts.  It 
originated  with  Dr.  Gall,  a celebrated  physician  cf  Vienna, 
who  noticed,  in  the  first  place,  a uniform  connexion  between 
mil  and  prominent  eyes,  and  a talent  for  committing  to  mem 
ory.  By  this  happy  circumstance,  he  was  led  to  look  foi 


* In  Charles  Bell’s  Anat  II.  300,  we  are  furnished  with  the  following  passage 
“Thus  we  find,  that  the  bones  of  the  head  are  moulded  to  the  brain,  and  the  pe 
culiar  shapes  of  the  bones  of  the  head,  are  determined  by  the  original  peculiari- 
ty in  the  shape  of  the  brain.”  It  is  also  added  in  a note,  “I  have  seen  one  striking 
instance  of  the  scull’s  decreasing  with  the  brain.  It  occurred  in  an  individuat 
who  died  at  the  age  of  thirty-two,  after  having  laboured  under  chronick  insanity 
for  upwards  of  ten  years,  and  whose  mental  weakness  augmented  in  proportion  to 
the  diminution  of  the  brain  and  the  shrinking  of  his  scull.  The  diminution  ol 
his  head  in  size,  attracted  his  own  attention  during  life.”  Cuvier  is  still  more  rx- 
plicit  upon  the  same  point.  He  says,  “In  all  mammiferous  animals,  the  brain  is 
moulded  in  the  cavity  of  the  cranium,  which  it  fills  exactly  : so  that  the  description 
of  the  osseous  part,  affords  us  a knowledge  of,  at  least,  the  external  form  of  th 
medullary  mass  within .”  Magendie  says,  “ The  only  way  of  estimating  the  voluixo 
of  the  brain  in  a living  person,  is  to  take  the.  dimensions  of  the  scull f-  <Lc.  Othei 
authors  might  be  quoted  ; but  these  arc  sufficient  for  our  purpose  ; so  that  attaf 
omisls  and  physicians , at  least,  cannot,  with  any  appearance  of  consistency,  quea 
Hon  this  proposition : and  no  others  have  any  right  to  do  so.  Its  correctness 
stands,  then,  unshaken. 

t So  many  phrenological  facts,  all,  like  the  converging  rays  of  the  concave  mir- 
ror, tending  to  the  same  focus,  all  establishing  and  confirming  the  same  genera] 
principles  as  the  great  law  of  nature,  have  been  collected  and  classified,  that, 
until  their  opponents,  upon  whom  the  burden  of  proof  is  thus  thrown,  explais 
these  facts  upon  other  than  phrenological  principles,  phrenologists  have  au  na 
iispufcxJ  right  tv  number  it  anr.ong  the  “other  exact  sciences.” 


DISCOVERY  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 


21 

other  signs  of  intellect,  in  other  portions  of'  the  head,  and, 
accordingly,  when  he  ascertained  that  a certain  servant-man 
was  'pre-eminent  for  his  kindness  and  goodness,  he  took  a 
sast  of  his  head,  and  afterwards,  the  casts  of  several  other 
persons  distinguished  for  the  same  trait  of  character.  He 
then  made  a careful  examination  and  comparison  of  these 
several  casts,  and  found,  that,  although  they  differed  in  every 
other  respect,  there  was  one  protuberance,  upon  the  upper 
part  of  the  frontal  portion  of  the  head,  (see  cuts,)  commrn 
to  them  all. 

The  following  is  the  method  adopted  by  Dr.  Gall  in  thei 
discovery  of  combativeness . After  collecting  a promiscuous 
company  of  ordinary  persons  from  the  streets,  he  ascertain* 
ed  from  them  which  were  cowardly,  and  which,  courageous^ 
He  then  placed  the  former  by  themselves  and  the  latter  by 
themselves,  and  proceeded  to  examine  and  compare  the  re- 
spective developments  of  the  different  portions  of  their  heads, 
until  he  ascertained,  that,  notwithstanding  the  great  diver- 
sity of  shape  in  other  parts,  yet  the  heads  of  the  courageous 
ones  all  displayed  a fulness  and  thickness  just  behind  the 
top  of  the  ear,  (see  cuts,)  and  that  the  heads  of  the  cowardly 
were  all  thin  and  depressed  in  that  particular  region.  This 
discovery — as  well  as  that  of  benevolence — was  then  applied 
to  innumerable  other  subjects,  until  its  correctness  was 
fully  established. 

The  same  plan  was  afterwards  pursued  by  Drs.  Gall  and 
Spurzheim,  in  the  discovery  of  every  other  organ.  They 
travelled  through  many  countries  in  Europe,  visiting  the  va- 
rious hospitals,  prisons,  and  other  places  where  extreme  cases 
of  character  might  be  found,  and  examined  the  heads  of  all 
the  remarkable  persons  within  their  reach,  and  thus,  slowly 
but  surely,  confirmed  the  discovery  and  location  of  about 
thirty  of  the  phrenological  organs:  and  in  this  way  they 
collected  an  amount  of  facts  sufficient  to  fasten  conviction 
upon  every  philosophical  mind  that  will  examine  them. 
Thus,  in  the  discovery  of  phrenology,  nothing  was  theo- 
rized ; but  every  organ  was  discovered , and  that  by  observ- 
ing, that  certain  manifestations  of  the  mind,  are  always  ac* 
companied  by  particular  manifestations  of  the  brain.  Phre- 
nology rests  its  claims  to  respect  and  belief  upon  the  samo 
grounds  with  the  sciences  of  chymistry,  mineralogy,  botany, 
electricity,  anatomy,  and  all  the  other  sciences  which  are  de- 
duced from  an  observance  and  classification  of  natural  facts? 

2 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


VI II.  The  truih  of  phrenology  is  mainly  supported  by 
an  appeal  to  the  demonstrative  evidence  of  physical  fact?,, 
In  this  place  an  allusion  can  be  made  to  only  a few  of  the 
innumerable  facts  that  have  already  been  observed  in  support 
of  phrenological  science.  Throughout  the  whole  animal 
kingdom,  they  abound  ; but,  more  especially,  and  in  the  most 
striking  manner,  are  they  found  to  be  manifested  in  that  most 
important  and  wonderful  of  the  animal  species — man. 

The  human  head  generally  presents  a large  development 
of  the  frontal  and  coronal  portions  of  the  brain ; and,  accord- 
ing to  phrenology,  the  former  of  these  portions,  is  the  seat  of 
the  intellectual , and  the  latter,  of  the  moral , organs ; but,  in 
the  brains  of  animals,  these  portions  are  almost  entirety 
wanting,  as  their  heads  manifest  scarcely  any  traces  of  these 
organs : and  does  not  this  perfectly  correspond  with  the 
mental  qualities  of  these  different  classes  of  beings  ? The 
European  race  (including  their  descendants  in  America) 
possess  a much  larger  endowment  of  these  organs,  and  also 
of  their  corresponding  faculties,  than  any  other  portion  ol 
the  human  species.  Hence,  their  intellectual  and  moral  su- 
periority over  all  other  races  of  men.  Franklin,  Locke, 
Bacon,  Browne,  Edwards,  Webster,  and  Drs.  Richard  and 
James  Rush,  and,  indeed,  all  deep  and  profound  reasoners, 
all  original  and  powerful  thinkers,  without  a solitary  excep- 
tion, possess  realty  immense  causality  and  comparison. 
Among  all  the  heads  examined  and  noticed  by  the  author, 
ne  has  never  seen  one  with  so  very  high,  broad,  and  deep  a 
forehead,  or,  in  other  words,  in  which  the  reasoning  organs 
are  developed  in  so  extraordinary  a manner,  as  in  that  ot 
Daniel  Webster  and  where  do  we  find  his  superiour  for 
displaying  those  faculties  of  the  mind  which  are  imparted 
by  these  organs  ? (See  comparison  and  causality  very  large.) 
Men  of  ordinary  talent,  possess  a respectable  endowment  of 
these  organs.  The  Hindoos,  Chinese,  American  Indians 
and  the  African  race,  still  less,  but  much  more  than  the  low 
er  order  of  animals.  Idiots,  scarcely  any;  and  thcs  ,ewei 
order  of  animals,  none,  or  next  to  none  at  all.  (See  lUus 
{ration  by  cuts.) 

The  monkey  possesses  immense  philoprogenitiveness 


* In  the  different  parts  of  this  work,  the  author  occasionally  takes  the  liter?} 
ef  referring  to  individuals  whose  percussion  to  do  so,  ne  has  not  had  the  cpp©? 
Icaity  to  ask.  He  trusts,  howezcr,  that  the  cause  of  science  will  l.e  subserr®* 
W Ill's  license,  and  that  this  wi  1 be  received  as  a sufficient  apology  for  him. 


PHRENOLOGY  OF  ANIMALS. 


fef 

smati vreners  and  individuality,  and  large  s( c retiven ess,  com- 
bativeness,  &c.,  and  but  very  little  language,  causality,  corn 
parison,*  and  moral  organs ; which  perfectly  corresponds 
with  the  character  of  the  animal.  The  crow  has  very  large 
cautiousness  and  secretiveness,  and  large  combativeness ; tne 
cat,  the  fox,  the  weasel,  and  all  those  animals  which  employ 
secrecy  in  catching  their  prey,  possess  large  cautiousness, 
secretiveness,  and  destructiveness;  the  tiger,  the  lion,  the 
leopard,  and  the  panther,  or  the  feline  species  generally,  the 
bear,  the  wolf,  the  fox,  the  hawk,  the  owl,  the  eagle,  and  all 
animals  which  destroy  other  animals  and  live  upon  their 
flesh,  possess,  without  an  individual  exception,  large  com- 
bativeness and  immense  destructiveness  ; while  the  deer,  the 
calf,  the  sheep,  the  hen,  the  dove,  the  pigeon,  and  all  those 
animals  which  eat  no  flesh,  and  are  not  savage  in  their  na- 
ture, have  small  combativeness  and  very  little  destructiveness. 

The  dog  has  very  large  locality,  and,  accordingly,  is  able 
to  pursue  the  deer  for  successive  days  through  the  deep  for- 
est, making  almost  innumerable  turnings  and  windings,  and 
yet,  when  he  gives  up  the  chase,  can  pursue  a direct  line  to 
his  home.  The  bear  and  the  swine  possess  the  same  organ, 
and  also  the  same  faculty,  in  a remarkable  degree.  The 
familiar  fact  of  tying  up  a pig  in  a bag,  and  of  transporting 
him,  in  this  condition,  to  a distance,  is  directly  in  point.  It 
is  well  known,  that  as  soon  as  he  is  released,  if  he  has  the 
opportunity,  he  will  draw  a bee-line  for  his  home.  Sec  re 
tiveness  is  so  extremely  developed  in  the  head  of  the  cat  and 
the  fox,  that  the  protuberance  assumes  the  appearance  of  a 
little  horn,  while  destructiveness,  though  large,  comparatively 
retires;  but  in  the  dog  and  the  bear,  destructiveness  is  much 
larger  than  secretiveness  : and  this  exactly  corresponds  with 
the  character  of  each.  In  the  gambols  of  the  kitten,  and  in 
the  general  disposition  of  the  cat,  we  see  a great  deal  more  oi 
secrecy  and  slyness  than  of  destructiveness ; but  in  the  dog, 
we  see  the  disposition  to  bite  and  tear  in  pieces  without  the 


* In  the  monkey,  the  superorbiter  plate,  upon  which  language  is  located,  anr  ") 
the  portion  of  the  scull  beneath  which  causality  is  situated,  are  joined  together, 
thus  indicating  a want  of  these  organs.  Their  want  of  the  corresponding/nc^i- 
ties,  is  equally  striking.  In  the  Indian  and  African  races,  these  portions  of  the 
ecull  are  separated  perhaps,  one  inch  and  a half;  whilst  in  the  miniature  bust  oi 
Franklin,  which  is  probably  not  one-tenth  the  size  of  his  head,  these  same  por- 
tions are  separated  nearly  as  far  as  in  the  full  grown  Indian  and  A frioar  head* 

The  height  of  this  miniature  bust,  from  the  external  opening  of  the  ear.  i3  alttjj 
.i  early  as  great  as  that  of  the  full- sized  Indian  head;  which  strictly  corr  sposjds 
the  moral  character  of  each 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


88 

use  of  artifice  or  cunning1.  In  the  head  of  the  monkey,  the 
robin,  the  bluebird,  the  partridge,  and  other  animals  which 
show  an  extreme  fondness  for  their  young,  as  well  as  in  fe- 
males generally,  the  organ  of  piiiloprogenitiveness  is  very 
large ; while  in  the  male  dog,  which  is  a stranger  to  this 
feeling,  no  traces  of  it  are  to  be  found.  The  strength  of  this 
feeling  in  the  female  bear,  which,  as  is  well  known,  will 
fight  so  desperately  for  her  cubs,  corresponds  exactly  with 
the  development  of  the  organ  in  a scull  of  the  bear  now  in 
the  author’s  possession.* 

Facts  which  show  the  correspondence  between  theb$nown 
characteristicks  of  the  various  classes  of  animals  and  their 
phrenological  developments,  might  be  added  to  almost  any 
extent,  and  their  correctness  demonstrated  by  the  author’s 
collection  of  the  sculls  of  animals.  Every  menagerie  in 
the  country  affords  numerous  and  striking  evidences  and 
illustrations  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  All  animated  na 
lure  teems  with  facts  in  its  favour:  and  no  striking  instance 
has  been,  or,  the  affirmation  may  be  ventured,  can  be,  pro- 
duced, through  all  the  gradations  and  classes  which  compose 
the  animal  kingdom,  from  the  worm  up  to  man,  and  even 
through  all  the  different  races  of  men,  which  can  show  a 
discrepance  between  the  known  and  marked  characteristicks 
of  an  animal,  and  the  phrenological  developments  and  con- 
ditions of  his  brain ; but,  on  the  contrary,  the  coincidences 
between  the  two,  are  invariably  found  to  be  the  most  striking 
and  satisfactory.  Inasmuch,  then,  as  the  phrenological 
phenomena,  from  one  end  of  the  chain  of  animated  beings 
to  the  other,  are  uniformly  found  to  accord  with  the  characters 
of  these  beings,  it  follows,  that  the  same  phrenological  law 
governs  all  animals,  and,  consequently,  causes  this  uni- 
formity. 

Yet,  after  all,  it  is  the  hitman  species  that  furnishes  the 
most  varied,  the  most  striking,  and  the  most  copious  evi- 

* The  following  anecdote  is  well  authenticated.  Recently  a farmer  in  Allegany 
L'o.,  N.  on  rising  in  the  morning,  discovered  that  a sow  of  his  had  been  kifled 
In  the  sty,  and  that  her  litter  of  pigs  was  missing:  and  from  the  tracks  of  a bear 
wound  the  pen,  together  with  copious  traces  of  blood,  he  concluded  that  the  piga 
had  all  been  eaten  by  the  bear.  Some  time  after,  however,  the  fanner  encoun- 
tered, in  the  woods,  a large  female  bear,  having  in  her  charge  and  keeping  his  losi 
litter  of  pigs.  A sharp  conflict  ensued.  The  farmer,  determined  to  recover  hil 
Itolen  property,  displayed  his  combativeness  in  a heroick  manner ; and  bruin,  ac- 
tuated by  the  still  stronger  passion  of  philoprogenitiveness,  showed  unwonted 
wowess  in  defending  her  paternal  right  to  her  adopted  offspring  until,  at  length, 
r»ercome  by  t re  skill  of  her  human  antagonist,  she  took  to  flight,  carrying  off  on<j 
M' the  l'ttle  squeakers  in  her  mouth.  This  singular  incident  clearly  shows, 

<fce  bear  possessed  larger  philoprogenitiveness  than  aliment;?  oness. 


INDIAN  DEVELOPMENT 


29 


dences  and  illustrations  of  the  truth  and  principles  of  this 
science  ; because  it  is  man  alone  that  is  capable  of  perform- 
ing the  greatest  number,  and  the  most  complicated  kinds,  of 
functions — man,  whose  mind  can  grasp  the  great,  and  attend 
to  the  minute — man,  in  short,  who  is  lord  over  all  other  ter 
restrial  beings. 

A great  number  of  Ii  Jian  heads  and  sculls,  from  many 
of  the  different  American  tribes,  has  fallen  under  the  author’s 
observation  and  inspection  ; and  he  has  found,  as  a general 
feature  common  to  them  all,  an  extreme  development  of  de- 
structiveness, secretiveness,  and  cautiousness,  together  with 
a large  endowment  of  individuality,  eventuality,  tune,  con- 
scientiousness, and  veneration,  and,  sometimes,  firmness ; 
large  approbativeness  or  self-esteem,  and  sometimes  both 
large;  moderate  acquisitiveness,  benevolence,  causality, 
combativeness,  amativeness,  and  constructiveness:  and,  in 
the  female,  extremely  large  adhesiveness  and  philoprogeni- 
tiveness ; but  in  the  male,  philoprogenitiveness  moderate. 
This  combination  of  organs  indicates  just  such  a character 
as  the  Indians  generally  possess.  Their  extreme  destruc- 
tiveness would  create  a cruel,  blood-thirsty,  and  revengeful 
disposition — a disposition  common  to  the  race — which,  in 
connexion  with  their  moderate  or  small  benevolence,  would 
make  them  turn  a deaf  ear  to  the  cries  of  distress,  and  steel 
them  to  such  acts  of  barbarity  as  they  are  wont  to  practise 
in  torturing  the  hapless  victims  of  their  vengeance.  Their 
extremely  large  destructiveness  combined  with  their  large 
secretiveness  and  cautiousness,  and  smaller  combativeness, 
would  cause  them  to  employ  “ cunning  and  stratagem  in 
warfare,  in  preference  to  open  force;”  would  give  them  less 
courage  than  cruelty;  cause  them  to  be  wary,  extremely 
cautious  in  advancing  upon  an  enemy,  and  to  lurk  in  am- 
bush ; and,  with  high  firmness,  admirably  fit  them  to  endure 
privation  and  hardship,  and  even  the  most  cruel  tortures; 
and,  at  the  same  time,  render  them  unconquerable:  and  if 
to  these  we  add  large  approbativeness,  we  may  expect  them 
to  glory  in  dark  deeds  of  cruelty;  in  scalping  the  fallen  foe, 
anc  in  butchering  helpless  women  and  children. 

Their  large  conscientiousness  would  make  them  grateful 
for  favours,  and,  accordingtc  their  ideas  of  justice,  (which,  in 
consequence  of  their  small  causality,  would  be  contracted,) 
honest,  upright,  and  faithful  to  their  word ; and  these  consti- 
tute the  principal  sum  of  their  mora.  virtues ; but  when  \v« 


m 


PHRENOI  JGY  PROVED 


add  their  high  veneration  and  marveilousness,  we  find  them 
credulous,  religious,  and  superstitious.  Their  small  amount 
<>f  brain  in  the  coronal  region  of  the  head,  when  compared 
with  their  immense  development  of  the  animal  passions  and 
selfish  feelings,  would  bring  them  chiefly  under  the  domin- 
ion of  the  animal  nature  of  man,  and  render  them  little  sus- 
ceptible of  becoming  civilized,  humanized,  and  educated: 
hence,  the  rugged  soil  which  they  present  to  the  labours  of 
the  Christian  missionary.  Their  very  large  individuality 
and  locality,  and  full  perceptive  organs  generally,  with  their 
large  destructiveness,  secretiveness,  and  cautiousness,  would 
cause  them  to  delight  in  the  chase,  and  admirably  qualify 
them  to  succeed  in  it;  whilst  their  small  causality,  would 
render  them  incapable  of  producing  many  inventions  and  im- 
provements, or  of  reasoning  profoundly.  Their  small  ac- 
quisitiveness would  create  in  them  but  little  desire  for  prop- 
erty ; and  this  would  result  in  a want  of  industry,  and  leave 
them,  as  we  find  them,  in  a state  of  comparative  destitution 
as  regards  the  comforts,  and  even  the  necessaries,  of  life. 
The  very  large  philoprogenitiveness  of  their  females,  admira- 
bly qualifies  them  to  protect  and  cherish  their  offspring  under 
the  peculiarly  disadvantageous  circumstances  in  which  they 
are  placed  ; whilst  the  small  endowment  of  this  faculty  in 
their  males,  would  cause  them  to  be  comparatively  indiffer- 
ent to  their  children,  and  to  throw  the  whole  burden  of  taking 
care  of  them  while  young,  upon  the  other  sex.  Their  large 
tune,  and  very  large  destructiveness,  woqld  give  them  a pas- 
sion for  war-songs  and  war-dances ; and  these  combined  with 
their  large  eventuality,  would  cause  them  to  adopt  this  meth- 
od of  perpetuating  their  warlike  exploits. 

In  Washington  the  author  examined  the  heads  of  about 
twenty  Indians  of  the  Cherokee  delegation  to  Congress,  in 
which  he  found  the  animal  portion  of  the  brain  relatively 
smaller,  and  the  human  and  reasoning  organs  much  larger, 
than  in  Indian  heads  generally;  and  this  perfectly  harmon- 
izes with,  and  accounts  for,  the  fact,  that  this  tribe  is  less 
savage,  and  more  intellectual,  than  any  other.  Indeed,  the 
phrenological  developments  of  some  of  the  half-breeds , were 
decisively  superiour.  Those  examined  from  Indiana,  pos- 
sessed a much  larger  development  of  destructiveness,  and 
were  less  talented  and  civilized.  Those,  again,  from  the 
Osage  tribe  possessed  a development  still  more  inferiour, 


AFRICAN  HEADS. 


and  a c ^responding  character.  A scull*  from  a tribe  of 
cannibal,  located  near  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  which  was 
examined  by  the  author,  presented  altogether  the  worst 
phrenological  developments  of  any  scull  he  ever  saw.  In 
shape,  it  bore  a strong  resemblance  to  that  of  the  monkey, 
except  that  destructiveness,  secretiveness,  and  veneration, 
&nd,  perhaps,  conscientiousness,  were  larger.  Of  intellect, 
of  course,  these  beings  possess  very  little ; and  no  descrip- 
tion can  adequately  set  forth  their  barbarity  and  brutal  fero- 
city, no  pen  describe  their  degradation.  And. thus  it  appears, 
that,  in  passing  from  the  European  race  to  the  Indian,  and 
from  one  tribe  of  Indians  to  another,  we  find,  in  every  in- 
stance, a striking  coincidence  between  the  phrenological  de- 
velopments of  brain,  and  the  known  traits  of  character. 

The  African  race  as  found  in  America,  furnish  anothef 
instance  of  the  striking  correspondence  between  their  known 
character  and  their  phrenological  developments.  They  pos- 
sess,! in  general,  either  large,  or  very  large,  adhesiveness, 
philoprogenitiveness,  hope,  language,  and  approbativeness, 
or  self-esteem,  and  sometimes  both;  large  veneration,  mar- 
vellousness, individuality,  locality,  and  tune;  with  moderate 
causality,  constructiveness,  and  mirthfulness.  Combative- 
ness, destructiveness,  secretiveness,  acquisitiveness,  and,  per- 
haps, conscientiousness,  unlike  these  organs  in  the  Indian 
head,  \Tary  in  sire,  being  sometimes  very  large,  and  in  other 
instances,  moderate  or  small.  The  size  of  their  heads,  is 
generally  moderate  or  small.  Their  extremely  large  hope, 
would  make  them  very  cheerful,  and  little  anxious  about  the 
future;  and,  whh  their  large  approbativeness  and  small  ac- 
quisitiveness, extravagant,  and  predisposed  to  lead  a life  o* 
ease  and  idleness.  Their  very  large  hope  and  language, 
with  small  secretiveness  and  mirthfulness,  would  give  them 
nilarity  and  garrulity,  without  much  pure  wit. 

Their  large,  or  very  large,  tune,  which  inspires  them  with 
melody,  with  their  smaller  reasoning  organs,  which  give 
hem  but  few  thoughts,  and  their  large  language,  would  fur- 


* A cast  of  this  scull,  the  author  believes,  is  for  sale. 

t Individual  exceptions  to  this  description,  are  frecpiently  to  be  met  with,  but 
.he  author  is  confident  that  its  general  features  will  be  found  to  be  characteristick. 
What  the  negroes  are  capable  of  attaining  to  by  education  and  cultivation,  he  does 
not  pretend  to  say,  nor  is  it  necessary  to  his  argument  that  he  should  do  so  ; for  he 
is  merely  pointing  out  ti  e coincidences  between  their  present  character,  andtheii 
phrenolog&il  developments.  This,  however,  he  has  observed,  that  the  intellec 
luaiorgacsare,  in  general,  much  better  developed  in  coloured  child' en  than  in 
mdulU. 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


S2 

man  exac.ly  such  composition  as  we  meet  with  in  negro 
songs,  doggrel  rhymes  glowing  with  vivacity  and  melody, 
and  containing  many  words  and  repetitions  with  but  few 
ideas.  Their  small  reasoning  organs  would  give  them  but 
little  depth  and  strength  of  intellect,  and  a feeble  judgment, 
with  very  little  talent  for  contriving  and  planning.  Then 
very  large  philoprogenitiveness,  adhesiveness,  and  inhabi- 
tiveness,  would  make  them  extremely  attached  to  their  fami- 
lies and  the  families  of  their  masters,  and  pre-eminently 
social. 

Their  excessively  large  approbativeness  and  self-esteem 
would  create  in  them  that  fondness  for  dress  and  show,  and 
that  pride  and  vanity,  for  which  they  are  so  remarkable. 
Their  large  religious  organs  would  produce  those  strong 
religious  emotions,  and  that  disposition  to  worship,  for  which 
they  are  distinguished,  as  well  as  those  rare  specimens  of 
eminent  piety  sometimes  found  among  them.  Their  variable 
selfish  organs  would  cause  those  extremes  of  temper  and 
character  which  they  display,  sometimes  running  into  cun 
ning,  thievish  ness,  and  general  viciousness  and  cruelty,  and 
sometimes  showing  the  opposite  character.  Their  large 
marvellousness  accounts  for  their  belief  in  ghosts  and  super- 
natural events  so  often  manifested  among  them  ; whilst  their 
very  large  language,  combined  with  their  large  perceptive 
r ns  generally,  would  create  in  them  a desire  to  learn,  and 
-urn;  j them  to  succeed  well  in  many  things. 

fi>  phrenological  developments  and  characteristicks  of 
the  Hindoos,  are  no  less  striking.  In  them  the  organs  of 
destructive  ness  and  combativeness,  are  generally  small ; 
* Pich  remit  rs  them  less  cruel  and  warlike  than  the  Amer- 
i ;'*r>  Indians,  < r even  the  European  race.  Their  extremely 
lar*«  vencxaiiCi  and  marvellousness  produce  that  religious 
enthusiasm  and  superstition  for  which  they  are  so  noted  ; 
and  their  large  acquisitiveness  and  small  conscientiousness 
often  make  them  thn-vish. 

Anothe.  tnportant  «-  rgument  in  favour  of  phrenology 
may  be  drawr  from  thr  difference  in  the  conformation  of  the 
heads  of  the  «.  sexes  in  the  female  character,  fondness 
for  children,  an*1  general  attachment,  are  undoubtedly  pre« 
dominating  and  c;.ntroiIing  passions,  much  stronger,  indeed, 
than  the  same  pass,  n the  male  sex;  and,  accordingly, 
we  find  the  organs  o,  idhesivon  vr  and,  particularly,  philo* 
nrogenitiveness,  so  stro  3'r/  in  be  female  head  aa 


HEADS  OF  THE  SEXES. 


33 


to  elongate,  and  even  deform,  the  middle  portion  of  the  back 
part  of  the  head,  affording  a sure  sign  by  which  to  enable 
the  phrenologist  to  distinguish  the  female  from  the  mai** 
head. 

The  timidity,  trepidation,  and  anxiety  of  the  sex,  are  pro- 
verbial ; in  accordance  with  which,  in  their  heads  we  fins 
the  organ  cf  cautiousness  much  larger  than  in  the  male,  and 
combativeness  ancl  destructiveness  much  smaller:  and  this 
perfectly  harmonizes  with  the  fact,  that  they  are  more  amia- 
ble, and  less  cruel,  than  the  other  sex.  Man  possesses  more 
dignity,  sternness,  and  force  of  character  than  woman,  and 
has  less  to  do  with  trifles ; and  we  find  in  his  head,  not  only 
a superiour  endowment  of  combativeness  and  destructive- 
ness, but  also  of  self-esteem  and  firmness.  The  moral  and 
religious  organs  are  generally  much  larger  in  the  female, 
than  in  the  male,  head  ; and  we  know  that  women  are  much 
more  inclined  to  religious  worship  than  men.  Ideality  is 
commonly  larger  in  females ; and  in  harmony  with  this,  we 
find  them  more  refined  and  delicate  in  feeling,  and  possessed 
of  better  taste. 

The  sympathy  and  kindness  of  woman  are  also  proverbial 
She  will  go  much  farther  than  man  (with  reverence,  and  to 
her  everlasting  honour,  be  it  recorded)  in  her  assiduities  and 
unremitting  attentions  to  the  sick,  the  needy,  and  the  afflict- 
ed ; she  will  do,  she  will  suffer,  she  will  sacrifice  any  thing 
and  every  thing  to  relieve  distress,  to  bind  up  the  broken- 
hearted, and  to  pour  the  oil  of  consolation  into  the  wounds 
of  a troubled  soul:  and  all  from  pure  motives  of  kindness, 
affection,  love,  and  duty.  The  phrenologist  alone,  is  capa- 
ble of  developing  and  explaining  this  interesting  mystery. 
He  can  place  his  finger  upon  her  superiour  organs  of  benev- 
olence, conscientiousness,  adhesiveness,  and  philoprogeni- 
tiveness. 

But  the  justice  of  the  Great  Giver,  would  notallow  the 
sex  to  lay  claim  to  all  that  is  superiour.  The  reasoning  or- 
gans are  not  so  strongly  developed  in  the  softer,  as  in  the 
nobler,  sex;  (whether  from  a want  of  cultivation,  or  from 
some  other  cause,  the  author  does  not  pretend  to  decide;) 
and,  accordingly,  we  find  the  former  less  distinguished  for 
originality  and  power  of  thought  than  the  latter. 

If  the  mind  were  a single  faculty,  and  the  br^in  a single 
organ,  and,  of  course,  phrenology  a farce,  we  might  expect 
to  find  a uniformity  in  the  shape  of  the  heads  of  the  two 
2* 


S4 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED. 


eexes,  ant , also,  uniform  developments  in  the  heads  of  the 
various  individuals  of  the  same  sex;  that  is,  exactly  the  re* 
verse  of  what  we  find  to  exist.  Now,  this  marked  differ * 
enz e in  the  conformation  of  the  heads  of  the  different  races 
of  men,  of  the  sexes,  and  of  different  individuals,  must  either 
be  designed  for  some  wise  purpose,  or  it  must  be  accidental. 
That  it  is  accidental,  no  rational  mind  can  believe;  but  if  it 
is  the  result  of  design  in  the  great  Author  of  it,  the  conclu- 
sion is  obvious,  that  it  must  have  a direct  reference  to  the 
different  qualities  of  mind  known  to  be  possessed  by  these 
different  races,  sexes,  and  individuals. 

Thus  far,  then,  the  author  has  presented  only  a few  of  the 
numerous  classes  of  facts  which  go  to  prove  the  truth  oi 
phrenology.  Should  he  descend  to  particulars,  volumes 
would  be  required  to  enumerate  even  the  striking  instances 
which,  in  the  course  of  a few  years’  practice  in  the  science,* 
have  fallen  under  his  own  observation.  Many  additional 
facts  will  be  interspersed  through  the  following  pages  of  this 
work. 

Phrenology  is  either  wholly  true  or  wholly  false.  If  the 
phenomena  which  support  it,  are  fortuitous  or  accidental,  the 
truth  of  phrenology  may  be  doubted;  but  if  they  are  the 
result  of  fixed  laws — of  the  unalterable  principles  of  nature, 
it  must  be  true.  But  the  uniformity  and  harmony  observable 
in  these  phenomena,  render  it  impossible  that  they  are  the 
mere  product  of  chance:  hence  it  is  impossible  that  phrenol- 
ogy can  be  untrue.  Phrenology,  then,  is  consistent  in  the- 
ory, and,  by  an  appeal  to  nature  and  to  facts,  susceptible  of 
physical  demonstration.  Let  judgment  be  pronounced 
upon  it,  then,  at  this  tribunal  alone,  and  let  it  stand  or  fall 
accordingly.  It  boldly  challenges  the  most  scrutinizing 
examination.  They  who  question  its  truth,  are  called  upon 
to  disprove  the  foregoing  propositions,  and  to  account  for  the 
facts  which  support  it,  on  other  than  phrenological  princi- 
ples : and  the  importance  of  the  subject,  makes  this  call  a 
reasonable  one. 

The  author  is  willing  that  the  truth  or  falsity  of  this  sci- 
ence, should  wholly  turn  on  his  own  ability  to  apply  the 
principles  m describing  the  character  and  talents  of  individ- 
ttaio  by  an  examination  of  their  heads.  For  several  year  a 


* ghoul  1 the  present  work  be  favourably  received  by  the  public k,  it  is  the  de- 
sign of  th s author  soon  to  publish  a larger  work  upon  the  subject,  in  which  uuufy 
more  individual  facts  will  be  static- 


HEADS  OF  THE  SEXES. 


35 

past,  on  all  occasions,  and  under  every  disadvantageous  cir- 
cumstance— even  when  opposed  by  prejudice,  by  envy,  by 
malice,  by  ridicule — he  has  boldly  challenged  those  who 
doubted  the  truth  of  phrenology,  to  test  him  in  any  and  in 
every  way  wrhich  their  skepticism  and  their  ingenuity  could 
devise : and,  although,  at  first,  whilst  he  lacked  experience, 
he  made  some  mistakes  yet,  he  can  appeal  to  more  than  ten 
thousand  living  witnesses,  who  have  been  present  at  his  pub 
lick  examinations  of  heads,  (as  well  as  to  the  testimonials 
introduced  at  the  close  of  this  work,)  who  will  bear  evidence 
to  the  great  and  iconderful  accuracy  with  which,  in  ninety- 
nine  cases  in  a hundred,  he  has  described,  even  in  minute 
detail,  the  character  and  talents  of  those  examined — notwith- 
standing very  many  of  these  examinations  were  made  by  the 
sense  of  touch  alone,  the  authors  eyes  being  covered.  Obser- 
vation and  experience,  in  short,  have  as  thoroughly  convinced 
the  author  of  the  truth  of  phrenology,  as  he  is  satisfied  of 
the  truth  of  chymistry,  electricity,  or  any  other  of  the  natu- 
ral sciences,  and  by  the  same  kind,  and  an  equal  amount,  of 
evidence. 

Phrenology,  then,  demands  assent  to  the  following  series 
of  propositions,  namely,  that  the  brain  is  the  general  organ 
of  the  mind — that  the  mind  consists  of  a plurality  of  facul- 
ties— that  each  of  these  faculties  is  exercised  by  means  of  a 
particular  portion  of  the  brain — that  these  several  faculties 
are  possessed  in  different  degrees  of  power  by  the  same  in- 
dividual, and  also  oy  different  individuals — that  the  size  of 
these  several  portions  or  the  brain,  or  organs,  is  proportion- 
ate to  the  power  and  exercise  of  their  respective  faculties — > 
that,  in  general,  the  shape  of  the  scull  corresponds  with  thal 
of  the  brain — that  phrenology  was  discovered,  and  thus  far 
matured,  wholly  by  induction — and  that  the  whole  animal 
Kingdom,  and  especially  the  human  species,  both  prove  and 
illustrate  the  truth  of  this  science. 

But.  as  phrenology  claims  to  be  supported  by  facts,  they 
whose  opinions  are  valuable,  will  neither  form  nor  express  a 
decision  upon  its  merits,  until  they  have  examined  a suffi- 
cient number  of  these  facts  to  decide  under  standingly. 
!*  Self-conviction,”  observes  an  able,  phrenological  writer. 
“ must  depend  upon  self-observation.”  As  the  held  is  open 
to  every  one,  and  is  easy  of  observation,  all  are  invited  to 
examine  and  judge  for  themselves.  In  this  work  will  be 


so 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


found  our  rules;  and  all,  into  whose  hands  it  may  faL,  WlL 
he  able  to  apply  them  to  the  characters  and  developments  osf 
their  fnends  and  acquaintances,  and  thur  either  pro  re  or 
TftQTa  phrenology 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


TEMPERAMENTS. 

As  the  illustration  and  application  of  the  principles  of 
phrenology,  necessarily  combine  with  them  much  evidence 
of  the  truth  of  the  science,  it  is  impossible  to  treat  these  sev- 
eral branches  of  the  subject  in  a manner  wholly  distinct  and 
separate.  At  every  succeeding  step  of  the  author’s  progress, 
therefore,  he  will  be  able  to  present  additional  proofs  of  the 
correctness  and  importance  of  the  science. 

Since  the  brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind,  and  its  action 
necessary  in  every  operation  of  *he  mind,  we  may  naturally 
expect  a most  intimate  relation  to  exist  between  the  two,  and, 
also,  that  this  relation  is  reciprocal.  Through  the  nerves 
there  likewise  exist  a most  intimate  and  close  connexion 
and  sympathy  between  the  brain  and  every  other  portion  of 
the  human  system  : hence,  it  is  evident,  that  the  various 
conditions  of  the  brain,  and  of  the  several  parts  of  the  body, 
must  effect,  in  the  most  direct  manner,  the  manifestations  of 
thought  and  feeling.  This,  indeed,  is  a well-known  fact ; 
but,  nevertheless,  one  that  is  not  appreciated  nor  acted  upon 
in  any  due  proportion  to  its  real  value. 

It  is  well  known  that,  after  the  excitement  produced  by 
drinking  ardent  spirits  has  subsided,  their  effect  is  to  lethar- 
gise  the  powers  of  the  intellect,  and  leave  them  in  a similar 
state  of  torpor  with  that  of  the  body — that  a given  amount 
of  opium,  or  calomel,  or  arsenick,  will  drive  from  its  throne 
the  feeling  and  thinking  principle — that,  in  short,  the  ex- 
haustion and  the  refreshment  of  the  body  and  of  the  mind,  are 
proportional  and  reciprocal.  Yet,  how  little  are  the  natural 
laws  of  this  mutual  relation  between  body  and  mind,  regard- 
ed or  attended  to  ! The  phenomena  of  the  earth  and  its 
surrounding  elements,  the  mechanical  principles,  the  laws  of 
numbers  and  proportion,  and  of  the  various  branches  of  phys- 
ical science,  are  studied  with  the  greatest  assiduity,  and  ap- 
plied with  the  greatest  care  as  far  as  they  tend  to  promote 
ou r physical  wants  and  comforts,  whilst  the  laws  and  condi- 


38 


PHRENOLOGY  ILI  lTSTRATED. 


Lions  which  regulate  the  mental  manifestations,  are  nearly 
overlooked.  Mens  sana  in  corpore  sano , is,  to  be  sure,  an 
adage  often  repeated,  but  sddon  understood. 

Every  day’s  observation  confirms  and  deepens  the  convic- 
tion the  author  has  long  entertained,  that  much  more  is  de- 
pending upon  the  physiology  of  the  body  and  the  qualities 
of  the  brain, "or.  what  is  the  same  thing,  upon  the  tempera- 
ment, than  upon  the  size  and  combinations  of  the  organs — 
that  the  depraved  manifestations  of  the  organs,  or  those  vices 
which  everywhere  abound,  and  which  pour  forth  such  a 
flood  of  corruption  among  men,  originate  not  in  the  nature 
or  the  combinations  of  the  organs  oi  of  their  faculties,  but  in 
the  disordered  physiology  of  mankind.  For  example : it  is  ad- 
mitted that  the  size  of  the  organs  is  not  directly  changed  by 
an  improper  use  of  ardent  spirits;  but  who  does  not  know, 
that  the  vices  of  an  individual,  may  be  easily  augmented  a 
hundred-fold  by  habits  of  intemperance?  And  why  is  this  ? 
Simply  because  his  physiology  is  deranged.  Now,  why 
should  not  every  derangement  of  the  body,  whether  brought 
about  by  the  use  of  alcohol  or  wine,  or  an  improper  quality 
or  quantity  of  food,  or  by  any  other  cause,  produce  the  same 
result?  And  is  not  the  conclusion  just,  that  the  ocean  of 
sin,  and  consequent  misery,  which  swallows  up  nearly  all 
that  is  lovely,  and  elevated,  and  desirable  among  men,  is 
produced  by  the  same  cause  ? This  portion  of  the  expan- 
sive field  of  phrenology,  and,  also,  its  kindred  one,  viz.  that 
containing  the  laws  of  propagation  and  its  accompanying 
phenomena,  and  which  are  undoubtedly  the  most  fertile 
parts  of  the  whole  phrenological  soil,  are,  as  yet,  compara- 
tively unexplored.  With  the  open  volume  of  nature  in  one 
hand,  and  the  torch  of  truth  in  the  other,  phrenologists  alone 
have  entered  upon  this  immense  and  valuable  tract.  The 
works  of  A.  Combe  upon  this  subject,  are  valuable  above  ail 
praise. 

These  digressive  remarks,  which,  were  thev  carried  out  to 
the  extent  their  importance  demands,  would  require  volumes, 
will  enable  the  reader  to  understand  what  the  phrenologist 
means  by  the 


TEMPERAMENTS. 

The  wc  d Temper  aments  is  here  used  to  denote  certain 
states  or  corto'itions  of  the  body , or  the  relative  activity  on 
particu.ar  classes  of  tne  corporeal  organs. 


TEMPERAMENTS 


39 


Other  conditions  being  equal,  the  strength  and  ->ower  of 
the  various  faculties  of  the  mind,  are  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  their  corresponding  organs  of  the  br&tn.  Yet,  since 
much  depends  upon  the  quality,  organization,  and  activity  of 
the  brain,  and  this  upon  the  quality,  organization,  health, 
habits,  and  activity  of  the  body,  or,  in  other  words,  upon  the 
temperament,  a small  brain  often  gains,  in  these  respects, 
what  it  loses  in  size.  All  great  men  arc  found  to  possess  both 
i favourable  temperament  and  a large  brain. 

The  temperaments  are  divided  into  four  kinds : 

1.  The  lymphalick,  or  phlegmatick,  in  which  the  secreting 
glands  are  the  most  active  portion  of  the  system ; indicated 
fry  soft  and  abundant  flesh,  and  languor  of  the  pulse,  and  of 
all  the  corporeal  and  mental  functions ; by  a dull,  ease-seek- 
ing, inefficient,  indolent,  disposition,  and  an  aversion  to  cor- 
poreal and  intellectual  effort.  Great  excitement  is  necessary 
to  arouse  one  with  this  temperament  to  effort,  yet  the  action 
may  then  be  a powerful  one.  This  temperament  is  often 
found  among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans,  and  also  in  ne- 
groes. 

2.  The  sanguine,  in  which  the  arterial  system , and  the 
organs  which  circulate  the  various  fluids,  particularly  the 
olood,  are  most  active ; indicated  by  light  or  sandy  hair,  fair 
skin,  a fresh  and  florid  countenance,  light  or  blue  eyes,  a 
strong  and  rapid  pulse,  strong  animal  passions,  and  more  ar- 
dour, enthusiasm,  activity,  and  zeal,  than  strength  and  power 
of  mind  or  body. 

3.  The  bilious,  in  which  the  muscular  portion  of  the  sys- 
tem predominates  in  activity ; characterized  by  a more  ath- 
letick  form  ; by  strong  bones  and  muscles,  black  hair,  a dark 
skin,  and  dark  eyes ; a strong  and  steady  pulse,  hardness, 
strength,  and  power  of  body,  accompanied  with  considerable 
force  and  energy  of  mind  and  character. 

4.  The  nervous,  in  which  the  brain  and  the  nervous  sys- 
tem are  much  more  active  than  the  other  portions  of  the 
body,  which  gives  rise  to,  and  is  accompanied  by,  the  highest 
degree  of  excitability  and  activity  of  the  physical  and  men' 
tal  pjvvers ; vividness  and  intensity  of  emotion ; clearness 
and  rapidity  of  thought,  perception,  and  conception ; spright- 
liness  of  mind  and  body;  light,  fine,  and  thin  hair;  a fair, 
clear,  and  delicate  skin  and  countenance ; and  more  activity, 
vivacity,  and  intensity,  than  power  and  endurance,  of  mind 

body. 


40 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRAl  E». 


These  temperaments  are  generally  compounced.  the  ne^ 
vous-sanguine  gives  the  highest  degree  of  activity  and  inters 
sity  of  thought  and  feeling;  the  nervous-bilious,  activity, 
accompanied  with  power  and  endurance,  constituting  one  of 
the  most  favourable  temperaments,  especially  when  united 
with  a little  of  the  sanguine  ;*  the  bilious-lymphatick  gives 
mental  and  corporeal  indolence,  accompanied  with  power 
under  strong  excitement ; the  sanguine-lymphatick,  is  less  fa- 
vourable to  intellectual,  than  to  corporeal,  manifestations,  &c. 

But  since  these  temperaments,  and  other  conditions,  ex- 
cept the  size  of  the  respective  organs,  are  alike  in  the  same 
head , it  follows,  that  the  power  and  energy  of  each  faculty, 
are  proportionate  to  the  size  of  its  organ ; so  that  this  work 
will  generally  present  a comparison  between  the  different 
faculties  of  the  same  individual,  rather  than  between  the 
various  faculties  of  different  individuals, 

INFLUENCE  OF  EDUCATION. 

The  influence  of  education,  which  is  admitted  to  be  very 
great,  is  exerted  chiefly  in  directing  and  modifying  the  op- 
erations and  the  manifestations  of  the  various  ^acuities,  ratl> 
er  than  in  increasing  or  diminishing  their  s^ength  and 
power,  or  the  size  of  their  respective  organs.  The  function 
of  combativeness,  for  example,  when  trained  in  the  ruder 
states  of  society,  manifests  itself  chiefly  in  physical  combat. 
ramily  feuds,  personal  prowess,  and  hatred  as  manifested  by 
''pen  violence  and  force,  bodily  exposures  to  danger,  &e. ; 
while  the  same  amount  of  the  same  faculty,  even  with  a 
similar  combination  of  the  other  faculties,  when  the  subject 
is  educated  in  refined  society,  and  placed  under  the  restraints 
of  law  and  religion,  manifests  itself  chiefly  in  intellectual 
and  moral  courage  and  resistance,  in  sarcasm,  hatred,  &c. ; 
and  yet,  the  primary  function  of  resistance  and  opposition, 
in  both  instances,  is  the  same  in  its  nature,  degree,  and  aims. 
The  same  is  true  of  all  the  other  faculties;  so  that,  in  de- 
scribing character  correctly,  it  is  necessary  for  the  phrenol- 
ogist to  know  under  what  influences , and  in  what  circum • 
sta.nc.es,  :he  individual  examined,  has  been  placed. 

The  author  does  not  intend,  in  this  connexion,  to  touch 
upon  the  influence  of  education  in  radically  changing  th« 


• Henry  Clay. 


SHAPE  OF  TIIE  ORGANS. 


41 


relative  power  and  activity  of  the  various  men  al  faculties, 
or  in  moulding  and  materially  changing  the  character  of  in- 
dividuals, but  he  will  reserve,  for  a future  chapter,  some  re- 
marks upon  its  importance,  its  influence,  and  the  proper 
method  of  conducting  it. 

SHAPE  OF  THE  ORGANS. 

Each  mental  faculty,  as  has  been  already  shown,  is  mani- 
fested by  means  of  two  organs,  occupving  a corresponding 
portion  of  each  hemisphere  of  the  brain.  The  same  princi- 
ple of  double  organs  obtains  here,  as  is  exemplified  in  the 
case  of  the  eye,  the  ear,  &c.,  and,  doubtless,  for  the  same 
good  reason,  namely,  that  when  one  organ  is  injured,  the 
other  may  perform  the  function.  In  shape,  the  organs  are 
conical , their  apex  being  at  the  medulla  oblongata,  andtheii 
base  at  the  skull.  The  medulla  oblongata  is  situated  at  the 
base  of  the  brain,  or,  rather,  forms  the  capital  of  the  column 
of  the  spinal  marrow.  A straight  line  drawn  from  the  open- 
ing of  one  ear  to  that  of  the  other,  would  pass  nearly  through  it. 

A more  particular  account  of  the  anatomy  of  the  brain,  as 
connected  with  phrenology,  may  be  found  in  Dr.  Spurzheim’a 
Phrenological  Works,  and  in  G.  Combe’s  “ System  of  Phre- 
nology.” As  the  limits  of  the  present  work,  do  not  give  the 
author  sufficient  space  to  do  justice  to  this  subject,  it  is  left 
comparatively  untouched,  and,  as  it  has  been  so  fully  and  so 
ably  presented  by  these  authors,  it  is  the  less  necessary  that 
he  should  enter  into  an  examination  of  it. 

It  has  already  been  shown,  that  the  power  of  each  faculty, 
and  its  tendency  to  action,  are  proportionate  to  the  size  oi 
its  respective  organ.  In  order  to  determine  the  size  of  the  or- 
gans, it  is  necessary  to  ascertain  their  length  and  their 
breadth.  The  length  of  the  organs  may  be  determined  by  ob- 
sen  ing  the  distance  from  the  external  opening  of  the  ear  to 
that  part  of  the  skull  in  which  they  terminate;  and  the  breadth, 
by  the  surface  of  the  skull  they  occupy.  It  is  supposed  that 
he  portion  of  an  organ  which  is  nearest  to  the  skull,  is 
chiefly  used  in  the  exercise  of  the  mental  functions. 

In  some  heads,  the  organs  are  sharper  and  more  elongated 
than  in  others,  thus  presenting  a greater  prominence ; in 
others,  they  are  shorter  and  broader.  The  shape  of  the 
former,  denotes  greater  activity  and  quickness,  and  less  pw* 

; tfca.  of  the  latter,  greater  intensity  and  strength. 


42 


phrenology  illustrated. 


TEST  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 

Before  we  enter  upon  the  classification  or  description  of 
the  several  faculties,  it  will  be  necessary  to  lay  down  some 
rules  by  which  to  test  each  supposed  faculty,  that  we  may  thus 
be  able  to  decide  correctly,  not  only  upon  the  claims  of  the 
faculties  as  ne  w laid  down  by  phrenologists,  but  also  upon 
all  that  may  be  hereafter  proposed  as  discoveries. 

What  is  a faculty?  The  test  which  was  proposed  by 
Spurzheim,  and  which  is  generally  followed,  is  that 

1.  Which  exists  in  one  kind  of  animals  and  not  in  another  ) 

2.  Which  varies  in  the  sexes  of  the  same  species  ; 

3.  Which  is  not  proportionate  to  the  other  faculties  of  the 
same  individual; 

4.  Which  does  not  manifest  itself  simultaneously  with 
the  other  faculties ; that  is,  which  appears  or  disappears  ear 
\ier  or  later  than  they  ; 

5.  Which  may  act  or  repose  singly; 

6.  Which  individually  is  propagated  in  a distinct  manner 
from  parents  to  children  ; and, 

7.  Which  singly  may  preserve  its  proper  state  of  health, 
or  be  affected  by  disease. 

These  seem  to  be  descriptions  of  the  phenomena  of  a fac- 
ulty, rather  than  a definition  of  its  nature . A more  simple 
and  comprehensive  test  seems  to  be, 

That  power  of  the  mind  which  performs  one,  and  but  one, 
distinct  and  homogeneous  class  or  kind  of  functions,  and  which 
is  manifested  by  means  of  a given  portion  of  the  brain.  When- 
ever, therefore,  we  ascertain  that  there  is  exercised  a distinct 
class  of  functions,  having  for  their  end  one  important  object, 
we  may  infer,  that  there  exists  a distinct  faculty  which  per- 
forms it ; and,  vice  versa , that  the  existence  of  a faculty  pre- 
supposes, and  necessarily  implies,  a corresponding  sui  generis 
class  of  functions  which  this  faculty  produces.  Upon  sub- 
mitting the  faculties  as  laid  down  in  this  work,  to  this  test,  it 
will  be  found  that  the  functions  ascribed  to  amat.,  combat., 
acquis.,  benev.,  hope,  firm.,  caus.,  and  all  the  rest,  constitute 
each  a distinct,  homogeneous  class  directed  to  a specifick  end 
and  exercised  by  so  many  distinct  portions  of  the  brain , and 
each  supposed  discovery  of  a faculty,  wlr'ch  does  not  eon* 
form  to  these  requisitions,  is  spurious. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 


43 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 

No  permanent  classification  of  the  faculties  has  yet  been 
generally  adopted.  That  last  adopted  by  Spurzheim,  and 
followed  by  G.  Combe,  and  all  American  phrenologists,  is 
unquestionably  the  best  now  in  use.  In  its  general  divisions 
and  fundamental  principles,  it  harmonizes  very  well  with  the 
generick  character  of  the  faculties,  and  the  grouping  together 
of  the  organs  in  the  head.  So  far  as  this  is  the  case,  it  is  per* 
feet ; yet,  in  its  details,  it  is  evidently  defective,  because  it 
often  groups  organs  together  which  are  located  in  widely 
different  parts  of  the  head,  and  also  classifies  faculties  togeth- 
er between  which  there  is  a generick  difference.  A more 
perfect  classification  of  the  faculties  than  that  adopted  by  the 
great  Author  of  nature  in  the  respec  tive  locations  of  their  cor- 
responding organs,  cannot  be  imagined,  and  could  have  been 
invented  only  by  that  all-wise  Being  who  created  these  fac- 
ulties ; and  yet,  to  draw  lines  of  demarcation  between  these 
organs,  is  often  extremely  difficult.  Concentrativeness,  for 
example,  is  sui  generis  in  its  character,  and  too  much  unlike 
any  of  the  other  faculties  to  be  properly  classed  with  any 
subdivision  of  them,  whether  it  be  the  propensities,  the  sen- 
timents, or  the  intellectual  faculties  of  Spurzheim  and  others, 
or  the  domestick,  selfish,  human,  or  intellectual  faculties  of 
the  author.  The  function  of  ideality  is  not  exclusively  an 
emotion,  nor  yet  wholly  an  intellectual  operation,  but  is  evi- 
lently  a compound  of  both ; and,  accordingly,  we  find  its  lo- 
cation to  be  between  these  two  classes  of  faculties.  Still,  it 
«s  evidently  human , in  its  character,  and  is  classed  accord- 
ingly. 

The  same  is  true,  except  in  a degree  still  more  striking, 
:oncermng  mirthfulness,  tune,  imitation,  and  constructive- 
Mess.  Is  there  not  quite  as  much  intellect  displayed  in  a 
truly  pungent  and  appropriate  witticism,  or  a splendid  con- 
ception of  the  imagination,  as  there  is  in  musick  ? in  a bon  mot , 
nd  the  inspiration  of  poetry  and  oratory,  as  in  a tune  1 and 
s there  not  quite  as  much  emotion  in  a musical,  as  there 
is  in  a poetical,  performance?  There  is  evidently  as  little 
generick  difference  between  firmness  and  self-esteem,  as  there 
is  between  any  other  two  organs.  Both  evidently  belong  to 
*«.he  same  species ; yet,  Dr  Spurzheim,  and  all  succeeding  phre 
noiogists,  have  grouped  firmness  among  the  religious  organs. 
Why  shouM  destructiveness  be  placed  before  amativeness  1 


44 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED, 


Certainly  not  because  it  comes  first  in  the  order  of  na  ure, 
nor  in  its  position  in  the  head.  How  much  more  of  senti • 
•ment  is  there  in  imitation , than  there  is  in  attachment  ? Worn* 
en  are  considered  even  more  sentimental  than  men,  and 
chiefly  because  they  manifest  so  much  stronger  attachment. 

What  reason  or  philosophy  is  there  in  grouping  construe* 
liveness  among  the  animal  propensities,  when  it  unquestion 
ably  displays  as  much  of  intellect,  and  as  little  propensity, 
as  almost  any  other  faculty?  Its  location  also  borders  upon 
that  of  the  intellectual  faculties.  Similar  remarks  will  apply 
to  the  subdivisions  of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

Enough  has  already  been  said  to  induce  the  reader  t( 
suppose,  that  the  author,  in  common  with  most  other  phre 
nologists,  considers  the  present  classification  of  the  faculties, 
if  not  every  classification  that  can  be  made,  very  imperfect. 
For  his  own,  though  widely  different  from  that  generally 
adopted,  and,  he  hopes  as  materially  improved,  he  is  far  from 
claiming  perfection.  Phrenology  is  not  a man-made  theory. 
All  that  we  can  know  about  it,  is  learned  from  an  observation 
of  nature.  Why  not,  then,  in  the  classification  of  the  fac- 
ulties, as  well  as  in  their  phenomena  and  analysis,  follow 
nature  ? or,  in  other  words,  why  not  let  the  faculties  class- 
ify themselves  according  to  the  grouping  together  of  their 
respective  organs  in  the  head  ? In  the  classification  of  the 
faculties,  the  author  has  endeavoured,  as  far  as  bis  ingenuity 
and  observation  enable  him,  to  follow  this  arrangement  of  the 
organs,  as  the  fundamental  principle  upon  which  his  divis- 
ions are  based.* 


* It  will  be  seen  that  this  discrepance  between  the  author  and  other  phrenolo- 
gists, has  a direct  reference,  not  to  the  facts  or  principles  which  involve  dv)  truth 
of  phrenology,  nor  to  the  nature  or  the  manifestations  of  the  faculties,  bill  uKiply 
lo  the  numerical  arrangement  and  the  classification  of  the  faculties,  or  a ihe 
nomenclattire  of  the  science  ; and  cannot,  therefore,  bo  cited  as  on  ULStanc*  j* 
radical  disagreement  among  phrenologists. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 


He  will  then  submit  the  following 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  PHRENOLOGICAL  FACULTIES 
AND  ORGANS. 

The  Faculties  are  divided  into  two  Classes,  or  Orders* 
and  these  are  subdivided  into  several  G.dicra,  and 
these,  again  into  various  Species* 

ORDER  I*  Affective  Facvalties,  or  Feelings, 

From  these  faculties  originate  the  propensities,  desires, 
emotions,  sentiments , and  the  whole  range  of  those  mental 
operations  denominated  feelings.  They  constitute  by  la* 
the  largest,  most  vivid,  and  most  powerful  class  of  the  men- 
tal operations,  and,  whenever  their  legitimate  stimuli  are 
presented,  rush  into  involuntary  activity,  and  frequently 
without  awaiting  the  mandate  of  reason,  or  listening  to  the 
voice  of  propriety ; and,  although  the  internal  excitement 
necessarily  produced  by  the  presence  of  these  stimuli,  can- 
not be  avoided,  yet,  an  open  expression  of  this  excitement, 
need  not  take  place ; or,  in  other  words,  we  are  not  always 
obliged  to  express  ail  that  we  feel.  The  organs  of  these  fac- 
ulties, occupy  that  portion  of  the  head  commonly  covered  by 
hair, 

GENUS  I.  Propensities. 

These  embrace  those  mental  functions  which  pertain  to 
man  as  an  animal,  or  to  his  physical  relations.  They  stim- 
ulate the  other  faculties  ; impart  efficiency,  impetus,  and  phys- 
ical force  to  the  whole  character ; originate  the  various  ani- 
mal impulses,  instincts,  desires,  passions , and  propensities  to 
act;  and  are  located  in  the  inferiour  posterior,  or  back  and 
lower,  portion  of  the  head,  (see  cut  No.  2.  in  the  Sy- 
nopsis,) causing,  when  large  or  very  large,  great  breadth 
and  fulness  between,  behind,  and  over  the  ears,  as  in  the  cut 
No.  8. 12. 13. 14.  15. 16;  but,  when  small,  this  portion  of  the 
head  is  thin  and  narrow,  as  in  the  head  of  Franklin.  Near- 
ly all  the  brain  of  animals  is  developed  in  this  region,  as 
will  be  seen  by  a reference  to  their  heads  or  the  cuts;  and 
iheir  characters  are  made  up,  chiefly  of  the  functions  per- 
taining to  the  corresponding  famkies. 


16 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED* 


Species  I.  Domestick  PROPENSITIES. 

They  are, 

Abbreviated. 

1.  Amativeness,  amat. 

2.  Philoprogenitiveness,  philoprc. 

3 Adhesiveness,  adhes. 

4,  Inhabitiveness,  inhab. 

1 nese  constitute  man  a gregarious  animal ; lay  the  found 
ation  for  his  civil  institutions ; make  him  a social  and  do- 
mestick being ; create  his  family  attachments  and  relations  ; 
have  a direct  reference  to  the  marriage  state,  and  originate 
most  of  its  duties,  its  relations,  and  its  pleasures.  When 
large  or  very  large,  they  cause  an  elongation  and  fulness 
in  the  middle  and  lower  portion  of  the  back  part  of  the 
head  ; (see  Domes.  Propensities  in  cut  No.  2,  and,  also,  the 
female  and  Aurelia  Chase;)  but  when  they  are  small,  this 
part  of  the  head  presents  a depressed  and  flattened  appearance* 
as  in  the  skull  of  the  male  Indian  represented  in  the  cuts. 


5.  CoNCENTRATIVENESS,  COUCent. 

This  is  sui  generis , or,  unique  in  character ; and,  therefore, 
referable  to  no  specified  class  of  faculties,  hut  acts  as  a kind 
of  regulator  or  modifier  of  all  the  other  faculties. 

Species  II.  Selfish  propensities 


The  selfish  propensities  are, 


f VlTATIVENESS,* 

Abbreviated 

vitat. 

6. 

Combativeness, 

combat. 

7. 

Destructiveness, 

destruct. 

8. 

Alimentiveness, 

aliment. 

9. 

Acquisitiveness, 

acquis. 

10. 

Secretiveness, 

secret. 

These  provide  for  the  various  animai  wants ; have  a di 
iect  reference  to  the  necessities,  desires,  and  gratification  oJ 
the  individual  possessing  them ; and  terminate  upon  his  in- 
terests, wants,  and  happiness.  They  are  located  upon  the 
sides  of  the  head,  around  the  ears,  and,  when  large  or  very 
large,  give  it  a thick  and  rounded  appearance,  and  make 

* From  the  limited  number  of  the  author’s  experiments,  he  is  disposed  to  regard 
the  locatfon  of  this  organ  as  uncertain,  yet  all  his  experiments  confirm  its  press** 

.ocation. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 


the  sides  of  the  head  spherical , but  when  moderate  01  small, 
the  head  is  tliinner  and  more  flattened  in  this  region. 

These  propensities,  as  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  the 
combinations  of  the  various  classes  of  faculties,  receive  their 
direction  and  their  modification  mainly  from  the  relative  in- 
fluence of  the  sentiments  and  intellect. 

GENUS  II.  Human,  moral,  and  religious  sentiments. 

These  are  feelings  of  a higher  order  than  the  propensi- 
ties ; are  more  elevating  and  ennobling  in  their  character, 
and  more  humanizing  in  their  influence.  They  are  located 
together  in  the  coronal  or  upper  portion  of  the  head,  and, 
when  large  or  very  large,  elongate,  widen,  elevate,  and  ex- 
pand this  part  of  the  head  ; but  when  moderate  or  small,  the 
head  is  lower,  shorter,  and  narrower.  See  cut  No.  2, 


Species  I.  Selfish  sentiments. 

They  are, 

Abbreviated. 

11.  Cautiousness,  cautious. 

12.  Apfrobativeness,  approbat. 

IB.  Self-esteem,  self-e. 

14.  Firmness,  firm. 

These,  like  the  selfish  propensities,  also  terminate  upon 
their  possessor,  and,  by  disposing  him  to  seek  his  own  indi- 
vidual interest  and  happiness,  make  him  selfish;  yet  their 
character  and  manifestations  are  far  superiour  to  those  of  the 
selfish  propensities,  especially  when  the  religious  and  rea- 
soning faculties  are  strong.  They  are  located  together  in 
the  superiour  posterior,  or  back  part  of  the  upper  portioa 
of  the  head,  which  is  represented  in  the  cuts  by  the  name 
of  the  Selfish  Sentiments.  When  th 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


13 


Species  II.  Moral  and  Religious  Sentiments. 


They  are 

Abbreviated. 

15.  Conscientiousness,  consciea. 

16.  Hope,  hope. 

17.  Marvellousness,  marvel. 

18.  Veneration,  . vea. 

19.  Benevolence,  benev. 


These  faculties  create  those  mctfal,  religious,  and  devo 
tional  feelings  and  emotions  which  enter  so  largely  into  the 
human  character ; humanize,  adorn,  elevate,  and  soften  the 
nature  of  man  ; constitute  man  a moral  and  accountable  being, 
and  connect  him  with  the  moral  government  of  God*  create 
those  moral  duties  and  relations  which  exist  between  man 
and  his  Maker,  and  also  between  man  and  man  ; and  pro- 
duce those  characteristicks  commonly  attributed  to  angels, 
and  (except  in  a vastly  greater  degree)  to  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing. They  are  located  in  the  superiour  anterior,  or  the 
frontal,  portion  of  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  and,  when 
large  or  very  large,  throw  a proportionally  large  amonnt  o i 
brain  into  this  region,  elevating  and  elongating  it  in  th's  di- 
rection, as  in  the  case  of  Frank  u,  Herschell,  and  the peui 
female  in  the  cuts  ; but  when  small,  this  portion  of  the  her 9 y 
tDvvand  slopes  rapidly,  as  in  the  cuts  No.  8.  12.  14.  42. 


Species  III®  Semi-intellectual  Sentiments 


They  are, 

20.  Constructiveness, 

21.  Ideality, 

22.  Imitation, 

23.  Mirthfulness, 


Abbreviated. 

construct. 

ideal, 

imitat. 

mirth. 


These  faculties  are  of  a mixed  nature,  participating  tht 
properties  both  of  the  human  sentiments  and  Gf  the  intellec 
tual  faculties.  They  tend  to  the  adornment  and  perfec.tior 
ol  the  human  mind,  by  creating  in  it  a taste  and  a talent  foi 
the  fine  arts  and  polite  literature,  for  constructing,  manufac 
luring,  copying,  and  the  like.  They  are  located  partly  be- 
tween the  forehead  and  the  portion  of  the  head  covered  ly 
Mir,  and  partly  withm  the  latter,  giving,  when  large  or  verj 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  FACULTIES 


49 


large,  a fulness  and  breadth  to  this  portion  of  "he  head;  bui 
when  small,  the  head  where  the  iiair  begins  to  appear,  is 
narrow  and  flattened. 

ORDER  II.  Intellectual  Faculties. 

Those  faculties  have  to  do  exclusively  with  objects  and 
filings,  their  physical  qualities,  and  abstract  relations.  They 
create  a thirst  for  information,  and  furnish  the  ability  to  ac- 
quire knowledge  in  general ; take  cognizance  of  facts  and 
conditions,  and  remember  them,  and  constitute  what  is  com- 
monly called  the  intellect,  understanding,  or  judgment. 


GENUS  I.  Perceptive  Faculties 

These  perceive  natural  objects  and  their  physica*  quali- 
ties, together  with  some  of  their  relations.  They  constitute 
the  direct  medium  of  communication  between  the  other  fac- 
ulties and  the  material  world,  and  convey  to  the  mind  all  the 
physical  information  it  is  capable  of  acquiring. 


Species  I®  External  Senses. 


They  are, 

Sensation, 

Sight, 

Hearing, 

Taste, 

Smell. 


(that  is,  feeling  or  touch.) 

In  accordance  with  the  usage  of  his 
^predecessors,  the  author  has  left  these  fac- 
ulties unnumbered;  but,  inasmuch  as  they 
occupy  each  a given  portion  of  the  brain, 
Mid  are  also  mental  faculties,  there  evidently  exists  no  good 
reason  why  they  should  not,  in  like  manner,  be  numbered. 

These  perform  the  first  portion  of  the  process  of  observ- 
ing the  physical  qualities  of  material  objects.  The  eye,  for 
example,  may  be  perfectly  good,  yet  the  individual  be  utter- 
ly unable  to  distinguish  between  the  colours  of  objects,  ot 
some  of  their  other  qualities ; so  that,  in  observing  a colour, 
the  faculty  of  sight  performs  the  first  portion  of  the  process, 
and  that  of  colour,  the  second.  Hence,  neither,  acting  sepa- 
rately, can  take  cognizance  of  the  colour  of  objects.  This 
example  will  also  furnish  an  idea  of  the  difference  ex  sting 
oetween  the  other  external  senses,  and  the  other  perceptive 
faculties.  Their  perfection  materially  assists  the  other  intel- 
TCtual,  and  even  the  affective,  faculties ; yet,  there  is  no  ab- 
solute deptmdance  of  the  functions  of  the  one  upon  the  func* 
ions  of  the  other. 


50 


PHRENOLOGY  II  LUSTRATED, 


Species  II.  Observing  and  Knowing  Faculties 
They  are, 

Abbreviated 


24.  Individuality,  individ. 

25.  Form,  form. 

26.  Size,  size. 

27.  Weight,  weigh.. 

28.  Colour,  colour. 

29.  Order,  order. 

30.  Calculation,  calcu. 

31.  Locality,  local. 


These  store  the  mind  with  individual  facts  ; furnish  a gene 
ral  knowledge  of  things,  their  conditions,  and  qualities  ; collet 
statistical  information ; create  a desire  and  a talent  propor 
donate  to  their  size,  for  observing  and  knowing;  and  thug 
render  very  great  assistance  in  doing  every  kind  of  business. 
They  are  located  directly  about  the  eyes — their  principal 
medium  of  communication  with  the  external  world — and, 
when  large  or  very  large,  cause  the  lower  portion  of  the 
forehead  above  the  eyes,  proportionally  to  protrude,  as  in  the 
cut  of  Herschell,  of  the  Indians,  of  the  New  Zealander, 
the  bust  of  Washington,  &c.,  (see  corresponding  part  of  cut 
No.  2;)  but  when  they  are  moderate  or  small , this  portion  ia 
proportionally  depressed,  as  in  the  cut  of  Franklin. 

Species  III.  Semi-perceptive  Faculties. 

They  are, 

Ab  breviated. 


32.  Eventuality,  event. 

33.  Time,  time. 

34.  Tune,  tune. 

35.  Language,  lang. 


These  constitute  a class  of  faculties  intermediate  between 
those  which  perceive  objects  and  their  physical  qualities,  and 
those  which  comprehend  the  abstract  relations  of  things,  and 
have  to  do  with  a class  of  facts  which  are  not  necessarily  ol 
a physical  character.  Some  of  these  faculties  are  much 
stronger  in  children  than  in  men,  and  their  corresponding 
organs  proportionally  larger:  hence,  the  depression  general 
ly  observable  in  the  middle  of  the  foreheads  of  the  latter,  an.! 
he  fulness  and  roundness  in  that  of  the  former. 


COMBINATION?  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 


£| 


GENUS  I).  Reflective  or  Reasoning  Faculties, 

They  are, 

Abbreviated. 

36.  Causality,  caus. 

37.  Comparison,  compar. 

These  form  ideas ; reason ; superintend  the  operation  oi 
the  other  faculties;  perceive  abstract  and  metaphysical  rela* 
lions,  the  connexion  between  cause  and  effect,  proposition 
and  inference,  &c. ; form  judgment ; discover  truth  and  ab- 
surdity, &c.  They  are  located  in  the  superiour  and  frontal 
portion  of  the  forehead.  When  they  are  large,  or  very 
large,  the  upper  portion  of  the  forehead  is  very  high,  broad, 
and  deep,  as  well  as  prominent,  as  in  the  cut  of  Franklin; 
but  when  they  are  small,  this  portion  of  the  forehead  is  low, 
narrow,  and  depressed,  as  in  the  cut  of  the  Indian. 

COMBINATIONS  OF  THE  CLASSES  OF 
FACULTIES. 

The  back  part  of  the  head,  called  occipital , is  exclusively 
occupied  by  the  organs  of  the  propensities  and  selfish  senti- 
ments : the  remaining  portion  is  called  frontal , and  is  de- 
voted to  the  organs  of  the  sentiments  and  the  intellect.  The 
portion  represented  by  the  lower  portion  of  cut  No.  2,  is 
called  basilar , and  the  portion  above  it,  coronal;  the  former 
being  allotted  to  the  organs  of  the  selfish  propensities  and 
perceptive  faculties,  which  constitute  the  principal  faculties 
possessed  by  animals,  and  the  latter,  to  those  of  the  senti- 
ments and  reasoning  faculties. 

The  influence  of  the  various  combinations  of  faculty 
upon  the  character,  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important  fea- 
tures of  phrenology ; and  in  nothing  is  this  influence  more 
manifest  than  in  those  more  general  combinations  of  the  va- 
rious classes  of  faculties  already  mentioned.  One  in  whom  the 
occipital  region,  (or  the  organs  of  the  propensities  and  pro- 
pelling powers,)  is  much  larger  than  the  frontal,  will  have 
proportionally  more  of  feeling  than  reason  ; of  passion,  than 
intellect ; of  propelling,  than  directing,  power  ; of  efficiency, 
than  depth  and  strength,  of  intellect ; of  mental  sail,  that? 
ballast;  of  zeal,  and  energy,  action,  than  judgment;  oi 
Jbe  animal,  than  of  the  inte  actual  and  moral,  qualities:  but 


52 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


When  the  occipital  portion  is  smaller  than  the  frontal,  the  char- 
acter will  be  directly  the  opposite. 

One  in  whom  the  basilar  region  greatly  predominates  over 
the  coronal,  will  possess  great  force  and  efficiency  of  char- 
acter; a ready  talent  for  business  and  study;  and  strong  pas- 
sions applied  to  selfish  purposes,  but  accompanied  with  less 
morality  and  elevation  of  character  and  feeling;  less  depth  a 
intellect,  with  less  of  the  moral,  religious,  and  human  senti 
rnents ; and  yet,  with  full  comparison  and  causality,  may  b$ 
capable  of  conducting  and  effecting  important  operations 
This  portion  of  the  brain  is  generally  large  in  men  who  dis- 
tinguish themselves  in  the  world. 

One  who  possesses  a much  greater  development  of  the 
moral  and  intellectual  organs,  than  of  the  propensities,  will 
have  goodness,  with  less  greatness  or  force,  of  character , 
morality  and  virtue,  joined  with  want  of  impetus,  if  not  of  effi- 
ciency ; will  have  fine  talents  and  a love  for  moral  and  in- 
tellectual pursuits,  accompanied  with  so  much  modesty  and 
dependance,  if  not  actual  tameness,  of  character,  that  he  wiL 
not  be  likely  to  rise  in  the  world,  unless  pushed  forward  by 
others,  but  may  then  distinguish  himself;  will  be  amiable 
ana  sentimental,  if  not  eminently  pious,  yet  effect  but  little, 
This  organization  is  but  poorly  adapted  to  the  exigences  ol 
the  nineteenth  century. 

One  having  large  or  very  large  organs  of  the  propensities 
and  of  the  religious  sentiments,  and  reasoning  faculties  only 
moderate  or  full,  may  struggle  hard  against  the  current  ol 
his  propensities,  yet  will  he  liable  to  he  often  overcome  by 
it;  may  endeavour  to  live  a virtuous,  Christian  life,  yet  will 
be  sometimes  guilty  of  gross  inconsistencies,  and  apt  to  take 
contracted  views  of  religious  subjects,  and  indulge,  alternate- 
ly, both  classes  of  organs  ; out,  with  £he  moral  and  reasoning 
ergans  equally  large,  will  be  obliged  to  struggle  hard,  yet 
will  generally  struggle  successfully,  against  “his  easily  be- 
setting sins,”  and,  in  general,  he  consistent  in  his  religious 
belief  and  practice. 

One  having  the  propensities  well  developed,  with  very 
large  moral  and  intellectual  organs,  will  combine  great 
strength  of  mind  with  great  energy  of  character,  directed  by 
the  human  sentiments,  and  applied  to  the  advancement  of 
moral  and  benevolent  objects,  and  he  a talented  and  useful 
member  of  society,  yet  have  many  faults. 

One  with  the  propensities  and  the  intellectual  organs 


COMBINATIONS  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 


53 


laige  cr  very  large,  and  the  moral  deficient,  will  combine 
great  power  ard  energy  of  mind  with  great  depravity  ol 
character,  and  never  lack  means  by  which  to  gratify  his  self 
ish  passions. 

One  Laving  rone  of  each  class  of  organs  large  er  very 
large,  will  present  seemingly  contradictory  phases  of  char^ 
acter ; will  often  do  what  he  afterwards  regrets,  and  be  sub 
ject  to  a constant  and  severe  “ warfare  between  the  flesh  and 
the  spirit.5 5 

One  having  the  perceptive  organs  generally  large  or  very 
urge,  and  the  reasoning  organs  only  full,  will  have  a mind 
well  stored  with  facts,  and  a desire  to  see  and  know;  athirst 
for  general  information,  and  a facility  in  acquiring  it;  an 
ability  to  attend  to  details,  and  a popular,  practical,  business 
talent,  but  will  lack  depth,  judgment,  originality,  and  pene- 
tration of  mind ; may  execute  well,  but  cannot  adapt  means 
to  ends,  nor  superintend  complicated  operations;  may  pos> 
sess  versatility  of  talent,  be  a good  scholar,  and  pass  for  a 
man  of  talents  and  learning,  yet  will  not  think  profoundly, 
nor  readily  comprehend  first  principles,  nor  bear  sounding. 

One  with  the  reflecting  organs  large  or  very  large,  and 
the  perceptive  only  moderate  or  small,  or  with  the  upper 
portion  of  the  forehead  much  larger  than  the  lower,  Avili 
think  more  than  he  observes  or  communicates;  will  have 
much  more  to  do  with  ideas  than  with  facts ; with  funda - 
mental  'principles  and  the  general  bearing  of  things,  than 
with  their  details  and  minutiae ; with  the  abstract  relations 
than  with  the  qualities,  of  things;  with  the  analytical  and 
demonstrative  sciences,  than  with  the  natural ; with  thoughts 
than  words;  may  have  great  strength,  shrewdness,  and  pen- 
etration of  intellect,  and  be  a deep  and  profound  reasoner 
hut  will  lack  versatility  of  talent,  and  be  unable  to  employ 
his  powers  to  good  advantage,  or  show  what  he  is,  except  in 
a certain  sphere,  yet  will  wear  well,  have  a fund  of  import- 
ant ideas,  and  excellent  judgment,  and  shine  in  proportion 
as  he  is  tried.  One  having  the  perceptive  and  reasoning  or- 
gans both  large  or  very  large,  and  a large  and  an  active  brain, 
will  have  a universal  talent,  and  a mind  well  balanced  and  well 
furnished  with  both  facts  and  principles ; will  be  a general 
scholar,  and,  with  a respectable  development  of  the  propensities, 
possess  a decidedly  superiour  intellect,  and  be  capable  of  ri 
sing  eminence  , will  not  only  possess  talents  of  a very  high 
order<  but  also  be  aMe  to  use  them  to  the  best  advantage,  and 


54 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Doth  aevise  and  execute  projects,  and  succeed  in  vhatevei  he 
undertakes,  even  when  most  of  those  around  him,  fail. 

One  with  an  even  head,  in  which  all  the  parts  are  re- 
spectably developed,  will  have  few  prominent  traits  of  char* 
acter,  and  few  excesses  or  deficiencies ; will  do  a fair  busi- 
ness, take  his  character  from  surrounding  circumstances,  and 
pass  quietly  through  life  ; but,  if  the  brain  is  large  and  very 
active,  and  external  circumstances  are  favourable,  he  will  b© 
a universal  genius — great  in  every  thing,  and  without  any 
weak  points  of  character,  and  capable  of  swaying  a geneial 
and  a commanding  influence.* 

One  with  an  uneven  and  peculiar  head,  will  possess  a sui 
generis  character ; will  be  notorious  for  his  peculiarities  01 
talents  and  disposition  ; for  his  excesses  and  deficiencies;  his 
strong  and  weak  points ; will  often  present  opposite  phases 
of  character ; cut  a bold  and  commanding  figure  wherever 
he  moves  ; and  often  effect  something  important. 

The  combined  action  of  the  several  organs,  has,  also,  a 
very  important  influence  upon  the  character  and  the  mental 
manifestations,  particularly  in  directing  them.  Self-esteem 
large  or  very  large,  for  example,  combined  with  still  larger 
moral  and  reasoning  organs,  and  with  smaller  propensities, 
imparts  a dignity,  manliness,  nobleness,  elevation,  and  high- 
mindedness, which  scorn  every  thing  mean,  low,  and  de- 
grading, than  which  no  trait  of  character  ie  more  useful  or 
commendable : while  the  same  degree  of  sclf-e.,  joined  with 
weaker  moral  and  reasoning  faculties,  and  stronger  selfish 
propensities,  makes  its  possessor  proud,  conceited,  haughty, 
domineering,  forward,  impertinent,  and  most  disagreeable. 
The  same  principle  applies  to  amat.,  combat.,  destruct.,  se- 
cret., firm.,  approbat.,  &c. ; and,  in  determining  character,  is 
as  important,  at  least,  as  any  other. 

The  larger  organs!  control  and  direct  the  smaller  ones, 
and  also  give  the  stamp  and  direction  to  the  whole  char- 
acter, while  the  smaller  organs,  in  proportion  to  their 
strength,  modify  the  action  of  the  larger.  Thus,  one  having 
combat,  and  destruct.  large,  with  large  or  very  large  self-e., 
will  employ  the  former  to  avenge  personal  injuries ; promote 
selfish  interests;  domineer  over  others,  &c. ; but,  with  self-e. 


* Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

t"In  this  work  the  term  ‘‘organs3’  is  often  used  as  synonymous  with  “ faculties," 
And  is  intended  to  refer  to  both  the  organs  and  the  faculties,  collectively;  juntas 
•elf*eateem  means  both  the  organ  and  the  faculty  of  self-e. 


COMBINATIONS  OF  THE  FACULTIES.  S5 

only  moderate  or  full,  and  benev.  and  conscien.  very  large, 
will  seldom  resent  personal  injuries,  yet  will  be  very  spirited 
in  maintaining  the  eause  ofjustice,  truth,  and  humanity;  in  de- 
fending suffering  innocence,  punishing  the  aggressor,  driv- 
ing forward  moral  and  philanthropick  causes,  &c. ; with 
large  or  very  large  acquis.,  will  employ  these  organs  in  de- 
fending his  property,  and  in  prosecuting,  with  energy,  his 
money-making  projects  ; with  large  or  very  large  intellectu- 
al organs,  in  the  vigorous  pursuit  of  intellectual  acquire- 
ments, in  spirited  debate,  or  the  fearless  declaration  of  opinion  • 
with  moderate  self-e.  and  large  or  very  large  adhes.  and  be- 
nev., in  the  defence  of  friends,  while  he  himself  patiently 
endures  oppression,  &c.  The  combinations  of  the  phreno- 
logical faculties,  are  almost  innumerable,  especially  when 
taken  in  connexion  with  the  varieties  of  temperament,  educa- 
tion, habit,  external  circumstances,  &c.  of  different  individu- 
als— sufficient,  at  least,  to  produce  that  endless  diversity  and 
ever-changing  variety  which  exist  in  the  manifestations  of  the 
mina.  Hence,  here  is  opened  the  most  extensive  field  im- 
aginable for  philosophical  research — a field  emt  racing  the 
whole  range  of  the  mental  phenomena,  and  also  every  thing 
parimmag  to  Jmmr.ix  nature. 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLtJ STR ATED. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  FACULTIES. 

The  lender  will  bear  in  mind  that,  Vi  the  following  anal- 
ysis of  the  various  faculties,  the  author  has  left  ample  roona 
for  him  to  exercise  his  own  judgment  and  discrimination, 
particularly  in  ascertaining  the  influence  of  some  of  the 
combinations.  For  example:  he  has  described  the  influence 
of  the  organ  of  amat.  large,  when  acting  in  conjunction  with 
other  organs;  yet  as  the  influence  of  amat.  very  large  upon 
the  other  organs,  is  the  same  in  kind  with  that  of  amat. 
large,  and  differs  only  in  the  degree  or  amount  of  that  influ- 
ence, the  reader  is  left  to  ascertain  this  by  a reference  to  the 
combinations  under  amat.  large.  The  same  is  true  of  amat. 
full , and  of  all  the  other  organs  very  large  or  moderate. 

Under  amat.  moderate,  again,  the  organ  is  described  be- 
ow  par,  with  its  combinations.  Yet  these  same  combina- 
tions will  also  apply  to  amat.  small , after  making  the  neces- 
sary allowance  for  the  diminution  of  the  mere  quantum  oi 
he  amative  feeling. 

ORDER  I. — Affective  Faculties  or  Feelings, 

GENUS  I.— Animal  Propensities. 

SPECIES  I. — Domestick  and  Social  Propensities. 

AMATIVENESS. 

Reciprocal  attachment  and  love  of  the  sexes. 

This  faculty  prompts  many  of  those  kind  attentions 
and  obliging  manners  which  the  sexes  are  accustomed  to 
show  to  each  other;  greatly  increases  their  mutual  attach- 
ment and  tenderness ; gives  correct  reciprocal  ideas  of  taste 
and  propriety  in  whatever  concerns  the  other  sex,  and  se- 
cures to  them  a kind  and  genteel  treatment — thus  promoting, 
as  much  as  any  other  faculty,  general  politeness,  urbanity, 
refinement,  kindness,  and  social  happiness.  The  proper  ex- 
ercise and  expression  of  this  faculty,  so  far  from  being  the 
least  gross  or  indelicate,  is  as  perfectly  inoffensive  as  that  o’ 
any  other;  and  is  so  for  from  being  the  least  exceptionable 
as  to  be  even  indispensable,  to  a virtuous  character,  especial- 
ly when  modified  by  large  adhes.,  approbat.,  benev.,  con- 
scien.,  ideal.,  mirth.,  and  the  reasoning  faculties.  The  influ 
ence  of  this  faculty  in  the  irtercourse  of  the  sexes,  is  highly 


AMATIVENESS 


57 


advantageous  to  both,  inasmuch  as  it  has  a tendency  to  make 
man  civil,  courteous,  cleaniy,  and  humane,  condescending*, 
polished,  affable,  &c. ; and  woman  agreeable,  gracefu.  and 
elegant,  accomplished,  sensible,  and  elevated  in  character, 
feeling,  and  purpose. 

Large — One  in  whom  arnat.  is  large , is  extremely 
fond  of  the  other  sex,  and  of  their  company,  and  alive  to 
their  charms ; is  a favourite  with  them,  and  readily  ingrati- 
ates  himself  into  their  good  will,  even  though  he  may  be 
possessed  of  some  qualities  that  are  disagreeable;  has  a 
great  influence  over  them;  easily  kindles  in  them  the  pas- 
sion of  love,  because  he  is  himself  so  susceptible  to  the 
same  passion;  and,  when  in  circumstances  calculated  to  ex- 
cite the  faculty,  finds  its  restraint  extremely  difficult. 

One  having  large  amat.  with  large  or  very  large  adhes., 
is  an  ardent  and  devoted  lover;  and,  with  ideal,  also  large 
adds  to  his  love  that  warmth,  and  fervour,  and  intensity  which 
make  it  romantick,  and  kindle  it  to  a passion ; with  firm, 
also  large  or  very  large,  will  be  constant : but  with  these  or- 
gans large  or  v*ery  large,  and  firm,  moderate  or  small,  will 
be  liable  to  be  inconstant,  and  possess  an  attachment  by  no 
means  exclusive : with  ideal,  and  approbat.  very  large,  se- 
cret. and  destruct.  large,  benev.,  adhes.,  and  caus.  only  full, 
and  conscien.  moderate  or  small,  will  sometimes  act  the  part 
of  the  coquette,  and  seek  the  general  admiration  of  the  other 
sex,  rather  than  be  satisfied  with  individual  attachment : with 
large  or  very  large  adhes.,  philopro.,  benev.,  and  conscien., 
will  be  inclined  to  marry,  and  be  pre-eminently  qualified  to  en- 
joy the  family  and  social  relations,  and  will  also  highly  ap- 
preciate the  joys  and  pleasures  of  home,  family,  and  friends  ; 
and,  with  large  combat,  and  destruct., will  defend  them  with 
boldness,  protect  their  rights  with  spirit,  and  punish  with  se- 
verity those  who  injure  them  : with  large  or  very  large  ap- 
probat. and  ideal.,  will  be  over-anxious  to  obtain  the  approba- 
tion, and  avoid  the  disapprobation,  of  the  other  sex,  and 
exceedingly  sensitive  to  their  praise  or  censure,  and  too  eager 
to  follow  the  fashions  demanded  by  the  taste  of  the  other 
sex  : with  moderate  acquis.,  and  large  approbat.  and  benev., 
will  spend  money  freely  for  their  sakes : with  large  or  very 
large  secret,  and  adhes.,  will  feel  much  stronger  attachment 
than  express;  keep  his  heart  much  to  himself;  affect  com- 
parative indifference ; and,  even  when  the  fire  of  love  i§ 
burning  fiercely  withir  will  express  it  equivocally,  especial* 
3* 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


§8 

ly  at  first:  b^t  with  secret,  moderate,  will  express  it  without 
reserve; throw  the  portals  of  the  heart  wide  open  ; and,  with 
self:e.  moderate,  the  more  readily  give  up  to  the  dominion  oi 
the  passion ; but,  with  selfie.  and  firm,  large  or  very  large, 
and  large  intellectual  organs,  though  he  nay  be  deeply  in 
love,  will  have  too  much  pride  to  be  subdued  by  this  passion  * 
with  very  large  adhes.,  ideal.,  approbat.,  and  mirth.,  and  caus. 
only  full,  will  prefer  the  company  of  the  beautiful,  the  gay 
and  the  accomplished  of  the  other  sex,  and  love  them 
best:  with  very  large  adhes.,  benev.,  ven.,  and  conscien., 
will  choose  the  virtuous,  the  devout,  the  religious,  &c. : with 
large  intellectual  organs  in  addition,  the  religious,  the  refin 
ed,  and  the  highly  intellectual,  and  almost  adore  them,  but 
be  disgusted  with  those  first  described  : with  conscien.  small, 
caus.  only  full,  and  acquis,  and  ideal,  large  or  very  large, 
will  be  less  particular  with  regard  to  their  moral  qualities: 
with  large  or  very  large  ideal.,  approbat.,  mirth.,  hope,  ali- 
ment., and  lang.,  and  moderate  or  small  acquis.,  conscien., 
and  marvel.,  is  given  to  joke  with  and  about  the  other  sex  ; 
and  inclined  to  profligacy  and  revelry:  with  large  or  very  large 
conscien.,  ideal.,  mirth.,  benev.,  and  the  reasoning  organs 
large,  will  express  this  passion  in  a very  delicate,  refined, 
witty,  and  acceptable  manner ; but,  with  moderate  or  small 
ideal,  and  mirth.,  in  a coarse  and  vulgar  manner : with  con- 
scien. large,  is  strongly  tempted,  but  strongly  resists;  and,  with 
firm.,  cautious.,  and  caus.  also  large,  will  not  yield  to  the  solic- 
itations of  the  passion ; but,  with  firm.,  cautious.,  and  caus.  only 
full,  may  sometimes  sin,  yet  will  deeply  repent  of  it ; and,  with 
approbat.  large,  suffer  intolerably  from  shame  and  remorse: 
with  conscien.  small  and  caus.  moderate,  will  be  extremely 
liable  to  abuse  and  pervert  this  faculty,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  amat.  very  large,  experiences 
at  times,  the  goadings  of  the  propensity  to  a degree  almost 
beyond  endurance;  can  govern  it  only  by  the  aid  of  large 
or  very  large  firm.,  conscien.,  and  reasoning  organs,  and  by 
avoiding  the  causes  calculated  to  excite  it ; and  possesses  ex- 
traordinary depth,  strength,  and  power  of  this  passion.  One 
having  very  large  amat.;  with  large  or  very  large  conscien., 
firm.,  benev.,  and  reasoning  organs,  will  exercise  towards 
the  other  sex,  strong  feelings  of  kindness  and  love ; is  evei 
ready  in  his  attentions  to  them;  is  but  ill  at  ease  'without  theii 
society;  and  enjoys  intercourse  with  them  in  the  greatesi 
possible  degree:  with  conscien.  moderate  or  small,  and  tho 


AMATIVLNEf  S. 


59 


reasoning  organs  only  full,  is  strongly  inclined  and  urge  d to 
profligacy,  licentiousness,  vulgar  allusions,  indelicate  ex- 
pressions and  jesting ; to  the  relation  of  obscene  anecdotes,  &c. 
See  combinations  under  amat.  large. 

Full. — One  having  ama i.fulL,  with  adhes.  and  ideal.  large 
or  very  large,  will  place  a high  estimate  upon  the  other  sex ; 
eagerly  seek  their  company,  and  take  great  delight  in  it ; 
be  ardent  as  a lover,  and  not  insensible  to  their  charms ; 
with  good  health  and  an  active  temperament,  experience, 
in  a high  degree,  the  influence  of  this  passion,  yet  will  pos 
ses £ more  activity  than  power.  The  descriptions  of  amat. 
full,  when  combined  with  the  other  organs,  will  be  found 
much  the  same,  except  in  degree,  with  those  given  under 
amat.  large,  and  will  be  between  those  under  amat.  large  and 
amat.  moderate. 

Moderate. — One  having  amat.  moderate , is  not  particu- 
larly partial  to  the  other  sex,  nor  very  fond  of  their  company  ; 
may  enjoy  the  society  of  a few  select  persons  of  the  other 
sex,  but  will  dislike  their  promiscuous  society,  unless  his 
adhes.,  approbat.,  ideal.,  mirth.,  or  other  organs,  create  attach- 
ment to  them,  and  fondness  for  their  society  : with  self-e.  and 
mirth,  moderate  or  small,  large  or  very  large  secret.,  appro- 
bat.,  cautious.,  conscien.,  and  ven.,  will  be  extremely  diffident 
and  reserved,  if  not  awkward  and  affected,  in  their  company 
and  ill  qualified  to  shine  in  parties  of  amusement,  and  will  be 
rather  deficient  in  the  strength  and  power  of  this  passion. 
One  having  moderate  amat.,  with  large  or  very  large  adhes., 
benev.,  and  conscien.,  and  full  compar.  and  caus.,  will  exercise 
more  of  pure  love  and  virtuous  affection  towrards  the  opposite 
sex,  than  of  the  mere  amative  passion — of  chaste  Platonick 
affection,  than  of  sexual  love — of  pure  and  sentimental 
friendship,  than  of  merely  animal  feeling;  and,  with  large 
or  very  large  ideal,  and  conscien.,  will  manifest  this  passion 
in  a peculiarly  refined  and  delicate  manner,  and  be  exceed 
ingly  disgusted  with  vulgarity,  particularly  in  the  other 
sex.  This  is  the  kind  of  attachment  generally  exercised  by 
females,  in  whom  adhes.  is  commonly  altogether  largei 
than  amat.  When  the  size  of  these  organs  is  reversed,  they 
produce  the  opposite  kind  of  love,  or  that  which  is  less 
sentimental  and  exclusive,  and  more  promiscuous  and  sexual. 

Small. — One  having  small  amat.,  is  not  partial  to  the  oth- 
er sex  as  such ; does  not  pay  them  so  much  attention,  nor 
*vait  upon  them  so  genteelly,  nor  sacrifice  so  much  for  their 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Sf> 

sake,  nor  excite  their  love  so  easily,  as  if  possessed  of  full  01 
large  amat.,  but  is  rather  cold,  coy,  distant,  unacceptable,  and 
less  inclined  to  marry,  unless  induced  to  do  so  by  philopro., 
adhes.,  approbat.,  benev.,  acquis.,  the  intellectual  organs,  ai 
some  other  motive  than  his  sexual  desire. 

Very  Small. — One  having  amat.  very  small , is  incapa- 
ble of  sexua-  attachment  or  intercourse;  seldom,  if  ever,  ej?> 
periences  the  workings  of  this  feeling;  and  is  given  to  pas- 
sive continence.  This  organ  is  always  very  small  in  very 
young  children,  and  the  passion  proportionally  weak ; it  at- 
tains its  full  size  in  the  meridian  of  life,  when  the  passion  is 
strongest;  is  generally  larger  in  married,  than  in  single,  per- 
sons; and  decreases  in  old  age,  when  the  passion  becomes 
weaker.  Phrenology  determines  the  strength  and  power  ol 
this  passion,  and  its  liability  to  be  perverted,  rather  than  the 
virtue  or  licentiousness  of  the  subject.  Education  and  cir- 
cumstances determine  this  question  oftener  than  the  strength 
of  the  faculty. 

The  depraved  exercise  of  t-hi-s  faculty,  in  one  or  another 
of  those  ten  thousand  forms  which  it  assumes,  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  most  proliflck  sources  of  depravity,  cor- 
ruption, and  misery,  with  which  mankind  are  afflicted;  and 
it  becomes  the  philanthropist,  the  Christian,  and  especially 
the  phrenologist,  to  inquire,  why  is  this?  for,  until  we  can 
discover  the  root  of  this  tree  of  vice,  and  attack  the  evil  there, 
it  is  in  vain  to  attempt  to  lop  off  its  branches.  This  faculty 
is  found  to  exist  in  animals,  as  well  as  in  man,  and  that,  too, 
unrestrained  by  morality  or  intellect,  and,  consequently,  far 
more  liable  to  perversion,  than  in  the  human  species;  yet 
instances  of  its  perversion  in  the  brute  creation,  are  exceed- 
ingly rare.  Now,  why  is  this  ? The  nature  of  the  faculty, 
and  the  character  of  the  function,  are  the  same  in  both,  us 
that  its  depraved  manifestation  cannot  be  attributed  to  any 
natural  cause.  It  must,  then,  depend  upon  the  education , or 
framing,  of  this  faculty.  And  no  wonder  that  it  is  thus 
perverted  ; for  the  nature  and  the  proper  function  of  the  fac- 
ulty. not  being  generally  understood,  it  has  been  regarded 
chiefly  in  its  'perverted  manifestation.  Hence,  that  false 
modesty,  that  sickly  delicacy,  that  double-refined  fastidious- 
ness which  pervade  every  civilized  community  in  regard 
to  it,  and  which  are  far  more  detrimental  to  virtue  and  purity 
than  any  thing  and  every  thing  else  could  be.  It  is  not  to$ 
nu’b  to  add,,  that  n°arly  all  the  licentiousness  which  pev 


miLOPKOGENITIVENEAS. 


6\ 


v&utr*  Dur  country,  and.  yearly  ruins  scores  of  thousands, 
originates  in  the  false  training  of  this  faculty. 

The  question,  then,  becomes  a most  important  one,  How 
can  this  faculty  be  so  trained  that  this  growing  evil  ma)  be 
checked  and  remedied?  This  question  will  be  answered  is 
a subsequent  portion  of  the  work.* 

location. — This  organ  is  located  in  the  cerebellum, 
or  between  the  mastoid  processes  behind  the  ear : and,  when 
large,  it  causes  this  portion  of  the  head  to  appear  broad  and 
thick;  when  small,  the  neck  is  thin  and  narrow. 

2.  PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 

Parental  affection  and  tenderness — love  of  offspring , and  of 
children  generally — fondness  for  pets , especially  young 
animals , and  for  the  infirm  and  helpless. 

If  there  existed  no  particular  attachment  to  children  as 
inch , the  burden  of  raising  and  of  educating  them,  would  be 
intolerable,  and  seldom  submitted  to ; whereas  the  effect  oi 
this  faculty  is,  to  make  them  to  their  parents  the  dearest  oi 
ail  objects,  their  richest  treasure,  and  their  greatest  delight, 
a source  of  their  greatest  anxiety  and  solicitude,  and,  in  short, 
the  direct  and  main  object  of  one  of  the  strongest  of  the  hu 
man  passions,  as  well  as  the  indirect  object  of  many  others  , 
and  this  casts  entirely  into  the  shade  the  trouble,  and  pain, 
and  expense  which  they  cause,  and  induces  the  parent  to  do 
and  to  suffer,  whatever  is  deemed  necessary,  and  often  what 
is  entirely  unnecessary,  to  promote  the  happiness  and  the 
best  inteiests  of  his  child,  especially  the  young  child.  While 
children  are  yet  too  young  to  be  regarded  as  friends — the 
very  time  they  require  the  greatest  attention — they  cannot 
be  the  legitimate  objects  of  adhes.,  and,  for  a similar  reason, 
they  cannot  come  under  the  exclusive  care  of  benev.,  of  con* 
scion.,  of  reason,  or,  indeed,  of  any  other  faculty ; so  that,  1 i 


*■  When  this  pottion  of  the  work  was  stereotyped,  the  author  intended  to  add  to 
the  work  some  rraral  hints  and  reflections  in  the  form  of  a supplement,  tut,  as  lh« 
work  progressed,  it  reached  three  times  the  size  originally  contemplated,  withou’ 
even  then  allowing  room  for  this  portion  of  the  matter,  besides  crowding  out  man$ 
other  things  at  first  contemplated.  See  note  at  the  bottom  of  page  404. 

This  will  also  serve  to  explain  some  other  references  in  the  work  to  parts  not  ys< 
added,  but  which  will  eventually  be  published  in  a separate  volume. 

He  is  now  prepaiing  for  the  press  a work  on  marriage  and  the  domestic  rela- 
tions, treated  phivnologically,  including  the  phrenological  rules  for  choos  ng  com- 
panions, and  living  agreeably  with  them;  and  also,  the  laws  of  hereditary  de- 
scent, s lowing  the  propagation  of  physical  and  mental  qualities  for  many  sue 
cessive  generations,  than  which,  a more  important  subject  could  hardly  be  dia 
fussed.  He  solicits  *hc  communication  of  facts  bearing  on  this  uoint. 


52 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATES*. 


there  were  no  faculty  exclusively  devoted  to  then,  they  womd 
never  receive  that  care,  and  those  unnumbered  attentions, 
which  their  helpless  condition  demands  even  to  maintain 
them  in  existence. 

Without  this  faculty,  the  action  of  the  other  faculties  would 
be  less  vigorous  towards  children  than  towards  others; 
whereas,  their  wants  demand  a much  more  vigorous  exer- 
cise of  them  in  their  favour.  But,  with  philopro.  to 
direct  and  stimulate  their  action  towards  children,  their  pro- 
tection and  nursing,  difficult  and  even  painful  as  they  may 
be,  are  abundantly  secured. 

It  is,  moreover,  evident,  that  the  duties  and  the  circum 
stances  of  woman  require  of  her  a much  greater  endow- 
ment of  this  faculty  than  is  required  of  the  other  sex.  Ac- 
cordingly we  find,  that  she  possesses  a much  larger  organ  ol 
philopro.  than  man.  This  adaptation  of  the  organ  in  females 
to  the  far  grp^ter  power  of  the  passion,  and  of  both  to  the  far 
greater  demand  made  upon  them  by  their  offspring,  is  cer- 
tainly no  unimportant  argument  in  proof  of  the  truth  of 
phrenology. 

Large. — One  having  large  philopro.,  is  deeply  interested 
in  children  ; delighted  with  their  company  and  playfulness, 
and  even  sports  with  them;  generally  notices  them,  and  ea- 
sily gams  their  affections,  by  which  their  government  and 
education  are  greatly  facilitated ; and,  if  a parent,  willingly 
endures  paternal  care  and  toil;  spares  no  pains  in  educating 
them;  and  considers  them  the  richest  of  treasures:  with 
adhps.  very  large,  experiences  poignant  grief  at  the  loss  of 
children ; and,  with  concent,  large,  will  pour  incessantly 
over  it,  but  with  concent,  moderate  or  small,  will  feel  keenly 
for  the  time  being,  yet  frequently  be  relieved  by  a change  ol 
the  subject  of  feeling : with  large  amat.  and  adhes.,  feels 
powerfully  the  reciprocal  attachment  of  fathers  and  daugh- 
ters,  of  mothers  and  sons,  and  of  adults  and  children  of  op- 
posite sexes  : with  full  combat,  and  destruct.,  and  large  or  very 
large  adhes.,  ber.ev.,  conscien.,  firm.,  and  intellectual  organs, 
} uuishes  children  when  their  own  good  demands  it;  is  kind, 
yet  strict ; governs  them  with  decision  mingled  with  mild- 
ness and  affection,  and,  with  self-e.  full,  speaks  with  the  au- 
thority necessary  to  secure  their  obedience ; but,  with  combat 
and  destruct.  large,  is  by  turns  too  indulgent  and  too  severe; 
and,  with  self-e.  moderate,  fails  to  secure  their  obedience  and 
respect,  and  allows  them  to  trample  upon  him:  with  large 


PHILO  PRO  GENITIVE  NESS. 


63 


M very  large  adhes.,  benev-,  ven.,  firm.,  consci’en.,  hope, 
eompar.,  and  cans.,  and  moderate  approbat.  and  ideal.,  will 
regard  their  religious,  moral,  and  intellectual  character  as  of 
primary  importance;  their  usefulness,  rather  than  their  dis- 
tinction ; and  endeavour  to  give  them  a practical  and  sub» 
stantial,  rather  than  an  ornamental  education. 

Very  Large. — One  having  very  large  philopro.,  is  pas- 
sionately fond  of  children,  and  has  them  always  around  him  ; 
and,  with  very  largebenev.,  and  moderate  destruct.  and  caus., 
is  in  danger  of  spoiling  them  by  excessive  fondness  and  over- 
indulgence  ; is  extremely  fond  of  pets  of  some  description, 
such  as  pet  dogs,  pet  horses,  and  the  young  and  tender  oi 
animals  generally;  is  willing  to  endure  the  greatest  priva- 
tions if  he  can  thereby  promote  their  happiness ; values  them 
above  every  thing  else,  and  almost  idolizes  them;  and,  with 
adhes.  very  large,  grieves  immoderately  at  their  loss,  or  is 
overcome  by  it : with  moderate  or  small  destruct.  and  con- 
scien.,  “ spares  the  rod  and  spoils  the  child  with  very  large 
approbat.  or  self-e.,  and  only  moderate  or  full  conscien.  and 
caus.,  indulges  parental  vanity  and  conceit;  thinks  his  own 
children  much  smarter  than  those  of  others;  delights  to  ex- 
hibit their  great  attainments,  &c. ; and,  if  very  large  ideal, 
be  added,  would  be  likely  to  educate  them  for  show  and  effect 
— to  teach  them  the  ornamental  and  fashionable,  to  the  ne- 
glect of  the  more  substantial,  branches  of  learning — the  fine 
arts,  rather  than  useful  learning;  thus  making  them  self-im- 
portant fops,  and  vain  and  guady  belles,  rather  than  useful 
members  of  society:  with  very  large  cautious.,  indulges  a 
multitude  of  groundless  fears  and  unfounded  apprehensions 
about  them,  and  borrows  a world  of  trouble  on  their  account : 
with  benev.  very  large,  and  acquis,  only  moderate,  makes 
them  many  presents  ; with  the  moral  and  intellectual  organs 
also  large  or  very  large  and  well-cultivated,  has  a happy 
talent  for  instructing  them,  and  delights  in  it. 

b ull. — One  having  philopro.  full , will  take  considerable 
interest  in  children,  especially  when  they  begin  to  walk  and 
pm  uie;  bear  much  from  them,  particularly  when  combat, 
anu  destruct.  are  only  moderate ; and,  when  they  are  pos- 
sessed of  high  intellectual  charms,  will  often  notice  and  play 
with  them,  and  generally  please  them ; and,  if  he  has  chit 
drei  of  his  own,  will  make  strenuous  efforts  and  great  sacri* 
ficet  «o  provide  for,  and  to  educate,  them;  but,  witn  combat 
ftisd  estruct  larger  than  philopro.,  will  be  rather  impatieel 


64 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


when  troubled  by  them,  and  sometimes  severe  with  them : 
with  large  or  very  large  adhes.,  benev.,  eonscien.,  firm.,  and 
reasoning  organs,  and  self-e.  and  combat.,  at  least,  full,  will 
love  children,  yet  be  far  from  spoiling  them  by  over-inckiL. 
gence,  and  generally  secure  their  obedience,  yet  seldom  be 
harsh  towards  them. 

Moderate. — One  having  philopro.  moderate , is  not  very 
fond  of  children.,  and  cannot  bear  much  from  them;  may 
sometimes  take  some  interest  in  them,  yet  does  not  like  young 
children  ; may  love  his  own,  yet  does  not  fancy  those  of  others. 
One  with  philopro.  moderate  and  adhes.  large,  may  love  chib 
dren  as  friends  rather  than  as  children  ; and,  with  benev.  and 
eonscien.  also  large,  will  take  ab  needful  care  of  them  from 
feelings  of  kindness  and  duty,  without  being  partial  to  chil- 
dren, as  such. 

Small. — One  having  philopro.  small , with  combat,  andde- 
struct.  large,  is  generally  severe,  and  easily  vexed,  with  chil- 
dren ; and,  with  self-e.  also  large,  and  benev.  only  mod- 
erate or  full,  is  domineering,  haughty,  and  arbitrary  towards 
them,  and  thus  extremely  unpopular  with  them,  and  delights 
to  torment  and  tease  them. 

Very  Small. — One  with  philopro.  very  small,  will  be  a 
stranger  toihis  passion,  and  deal  with  children  entirely  as  his 
other  organs  dictate. 

Location. — This  organ  is  located  in  the  centre  of  the 
hind  head,  just  above  the  sharp  point  of  the  occipital  bone, 
and  back  of  the  top  of  the  ears.  When  the  lobes  of  adhes. 
are  large  or  very  large,  and  philopro.  is  moderate  or  small, 
a depression  will  be  found  between  the  lower  portion  of  the 
twro  lobes  of  adhes.,  but  when  philopro.  is  also  large  or  very 
large,  this  portion  of  the  head  will  be  elongated,  as  in  the 
cut  of  Aurelia  Chase.  When  philopro.  and  adhes.  are  both 
large,  and  inhab.  is  small,  it  assumes  a sharpened  appearance, 
running  horizontally  between  the  two  lobes  of  adhes. 

3.  ADHESIVENESS. 

Susceptibility  of  attachment — propensity  to  associate — -fond* 
n ess  for  society — inclination  to  lore,  and  desire  to  beloved . 

The  chief  office  of  this  organ  is  to  create  those  strong 
ties  of  social  and,  with  a mat.,  of  conjugal  affection,  which 
bin!  wankini  together  in  families  societies,  communitiea 


ADHESIVENESS- 


65 


&c.,  and  from  which  probacy  flows  as  much  happiness,  if 
not  virt'ie,  as  from  any  other  source.  This  faculty  is  very 
strong*,  and  generally  a ruling  one,  in  females:  and  its  in- 
fluence upon  society,  is  incalculable. 

Large. — One  having  adhes.  large,  exercises  strong  and 
ardent  attachment*  is  eminently  social  and  affectionate; 
seeks  every  opportunity  to  enjoy  the  company  of  friends,  and 
feels  very  unhappy  when  deprived  of  it;  does  and  sacrifice** 
much  for  their  sake;  sets  much  by  them,  and  goes  far  to 
see  and  help  them  ; and  makes  a real,  true,  warm-hearted, 
and  devoted  friend.  One  having  adhes.  large,  with  combat, 
and  destruct.  large,  readily  takes  the  part  of  friends;  resents 
and  retaliates  their  injuries;  protects  their  rights,  interests, 
character,  &c.,  as  readily  as  he  does  his  own  ; and,  with 
self-e.  only  moderate  or  full,  even  more  so;  and  yet,  with 
self-e.  large  or  very  large,  will  occasionally  fall  out  with 
them  : with  acquis,  large,  may  love  strongly,  and  be  very  hos- 
pitable and  kind,  yet  unwilling  to  give  his  money ; but,  with 
approbat.  and  benev.  also  large,  may  be  liberal  among  his 
friends,  and  sometimes  forward  to  discharge  the  social  bill, 
yet  will  be  as  affectionate  as  he  is  liberal ; is  very  emulous  to 
excel  among  friends,  and  cut  to  the  heart  by  their  reproach- 
es ; and,  if  approbat.  or  self-e.  is  very  large,  and  caus.  only 
full,  is  jealous  of  those  that  excel  him,  and  forward  among 
friends;  assumes  the  lead;  and  must  be  first  or  nothing; 
with  moderate  combat.,  destruct.,  and  self-e.,  and  large  or  very 
large  approbat.,  benev.,  conscien.,  ideal.,  mirth.,  and  reasoning 
organs,  will  have  many  friends  and  few  enemies  ; be  amiable, 
and  gain  the  good  will  of  all  who  know  him  : with  large 
ideal.,  will  express  his  affection  in  a refined  and  delicate 
manner,  and  with  mirth,  large,  in  a pleasing,  jocose,  and 
lively  manner:  with  large  or  very  large  event.,  will  recol- 
l?ct,  with  vivid  emotions  of  delight,  by-gone  scenes  of  social 
ehesr  and  friendly  intercourse  : with  large  reasoning  organs, 
will  give  good  advice  to  friends ; lay  excellent  plans  for 
them  ; rightly  appreciate  their  character  ; and,  with  caution?, 
also  large,  be  judicious  in  selecting  them,  &c. 

Very  large. — Those  who  have  ad  lies,  very  large , or 
predominant,  instinctively  recognise  it  in  each  other;  seem 
become  mutually  and  strongly  attached;  desire  to  cling 
around  the  objects  of  their  love:  take  more  interest  and  de< 
light  in  the  exercise  of  friendship  than  in  any  thing  else; 
are  unwilling  to  Junk  or  believe  ill  of  their  friends;  sym 


56 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


pathize  in  their  misfortunes;  dread  an  interruption  of  frieacC- 
ship  as  the  greatest  of  calamities;  and  willingly  sacrifice 
case,  property,  happiness,  reputation,  and  sometimes  even  life 
for  their  sakes.  Their  friends  maybe  few,  but  will  be  dear , 
and  their  attachment  mutual,  ardent,  strong,  and,  with  firm, 
large,  constant;  their  joys,  hopes,  fears,  trials,  &c.  one;  their 
social  intercourse  delightful  beyond  description  ; their  sepa- 
ration, painful,  in  the  extreme  ; their  loss,  agonizing,  almost 
beyond  endurance;  and  the  interruption  of  friendship,  a fre- 
quent source  of  partial  derangement. 

One  having  very  large  adhes.,  with  large  or  very  large 
destruct.,  combat.,  self-e.,  firm.,  and  benev.,  and  only  mode- 
rate or  small  approbat.,  secret.,  and  conscien.,  will  be  a most 
ardent  friend  and  an  equally  bitter  enemy;  will  never  forget 
a favour  or  an  injury,  till  the  one  is  rewarded,  and  the  other 
avenged  or  confessed  ; cannot  do  too  much  good  to  his  friends, 
nor  evil  to  his  foes;  and  will  make  all  his  acquaintance  ei- 
ther ardent  friends,  or  bitter  enemies : with  very  large  phi- 
lopro.  and  large  amat.,  sets  every  thing  by  his  family,  and 
a!  most  idolizes  them ; takes  more  delight  in  home  and  friends 
chan  in  any  thing,  if  not  in  every  thing,  besides;  cannot  en- 
dure to  be  absent  from  home;  is  yre-eninently  domestick ; 
and,  with  very  large  benev.  and  conscien.,  promotes  their 
happiness  by  every  effort,  and  by  every  sacrifice  in  his  pow- 
er, and  deeply  sympathizes  in  their  distress;  and,  with 
moderate  combat,  and  destruct.,  regards  the  peace  and 
quiet  of  the  fireside  as  the  greatest  of  pleasures,  and  famih 
dissension  as  the  worst  of  evils  ; and  does  every  thing  in  his 
power  to  promote  domestick  quiet  and  happiness,  &c.  One 
having  large  or  very  large  adhes.,  loves  those  best,  and 
chooses  them  for  his  friends,  who  most  nearly  resemble  him- 
self, and  gratify  the  largest  number  of  his  organs:  with 
large  or  very  large  approbat.,  hope,  ideal.,  and  mirth.,  and 
only  moderate  conscien.  and  caus.,  the  gay  and  witty,  the 
fashionable  and  showy,  &c. : with  large  or  very  large  mor- 
al organs,  the  eminently  devout  and  religious,  the  sedate  and 
the  sentimental : with  large  or  very  large  ideal,  and  inte.lec- 
tual  organs,  those  who  are  highly  talented,  intellectual,  anti 
literary,  but  avoids  the  ignorant:  with  very  large  conscien., 
requires,  first  of  all,  that  his  friends  be  perfectly  moral  and 
honest,  but  with  conscien.  moderate,  is  not  particular  in  this 
respect. 

Full. — .One  having  adhe<*.  fidlt  will  make  a social,  cors* 


ADHESIVENESS. 


07 


gamenable,  warm-hearted  friend,  who  will  sacrifice  much  ai 
the  shrine  of  friendship,  yet  sacrifice  his  friendship  on  the 
altar  of  the  stronger  passions  ; his  friendship,  though  strong 
and  ardent,  will  be  less  glowing  and  intense  than  that 
produced  by  large  adhes.  One  having  adhes.  full,  with 
large  or  very  large  combat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  approbat.,  and 
acquis.,  will  serve  himself  first,  and  his  friends  afterwards ; 
form  attachments,  yet  break  them  when  they  come  ir.  con- 
tact with  the  exercise  of  these  organs ; and,  with  large  se- 
cret. and  small  conscien.,  will  not  be  at  all  desirable  as  a 
friend,  yet,  after  all,  set  considerable  by  his  friends : wnn 
very  large  benev.,  large  conscien.,  approbat.,  and  firm.,  only 
moderate  or  full  combat.,  destruct.,  and  secret.,  and  full 
or  large  intellectual  organs,  will  be  very  good  company  ; 
desirable  as  a friend  ; liberal,  well-disposed,  true  to  his  friends, 
and  always  ready  to  do  them  a favour.  Many  of  the  com- 
binations under  adhes.  large,  will  apply,  except  in  degree,  to 
adhes.  full,  in  the  selection  of  which,  as  in  many  similar 
cases,  the  reader  will  use  his  own  comjpar. 

Moderate. — One  having  adhes.  moderate , may  be  some- 
what fond  of  society,  and  exercise  some  attachment  to  his 
friends,  yet  will  sacrifice  it  upon  unimportant  considerations, 
and,  though  he  may  have  many  acquaintances,  will  have  no 
intimate  and  very  dear  friends : with  large  combat,  and  de- 
struct., will  become  easily  offended  with  friends,  and  seldom 
retain  a friend  long : with  large  benev.,  will  bestow  his  ser- 
vices, and,  with  moderate  acquis.,  his  money,  more  readily 
than  his  affections ; and,  with  the  selfish  organs  large,  take 
care  of  himself  first,  making  friendship  subservient  to  sel- 
fish purposes^ 

Small. — One  having  adhes.  small , thinks  and  cares  little 
about  friends  ; takes  little  delight  in  their  company  ; prefers 
.o  live  and  act  alone ; is  cold-hearted,  unsocial,  and  selfish ; 
‘las  few  friends,  and,  with  large  or  very  large  selfish  organs, 
x great  many  enemies,  because  he  is  himself  so  inimical  to 
others.  See  combinations  under  adhes.  moderate. 

Very  small. — when  adhes.  is  very  small,  its  influence  is 
«?ot  observable,  and  the  subject,  a perfect  stranger  to  friendship. 

While  amat.  is  generally  much  smaller,  adhes.,  philoprOo, 
benev.,  and  conscien.,  are  commonly  very  mucn  larger  in  fe 
Oiaies  than  in  males,  by  which  the  former  are  qualified,  in  a 
pre-eminent  degree , to  enjoy  the  dornestick  and  social 
dons,  and  to  discharge  tho  duties  of  their  station. 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Location. — -The  location  of  this  organ  is  outward  a 
upward  from  philopro.,  and  above  amat.,  and  its  shape  near- 
:V  oval 

4.  INI1ABITIVENESS. 

Love  of  home  and  country — desire  to  locate  and  remain  h 
one  spot — attachment  to  the  place  in  which  one  has  lived. 

That  there  often  exists  a partiality  towards  particula: 
places,  and  for  no  other  reason  than  that  one  has  lived  there, 
is  a very  common  phenomenon,  and  even  necessary  to  man's 
happiness  and  well-being  This  class  of  functions  must  be 
produced  by  some  faculty ; and  the  fact  that  its  organ  is 
found  adjoining  philopro.  and  adhes.,  the  objects  of  which 
it  directly  and  essentially  aids,  affords  presumptive  and  ana- 
logical proof  both  of  its  existence  and  of  the  correctness  oi 
*ts  location. 

Large. — One  having  inhab.  large , will  have  a very 
strong  desire  to  locate  himself  in  a single  spot  which  he  can 
call  his  home,  and  to  remain  there;  leaves  the  place  of  his 
nativity  and  abode  with  the  greatest  reluctance,  and  returns  to 
them  with  delight;  soon  becomes  strongly  attached  to  his  house., 
his  office,  his  garden,  his  fields,  &c.,  and  is  generally  satis 
fied  with  them;  thinks  a great  deal  of  his  native  town,  state, 
and  country,  and,  when  away  from  them,  of  those  that  have 
lived  in  them,  &c.  One  having  inhab.  large,  with  philopro., 
adhes.,  ideal.,  individ.,  and  local,  large  or  very  large,  will  be 
extremely  fond  of  travelling,  yet  too  fond  of  home  to  absent 
himself  long  at  a time;  in  early  life,  will  have  an  insatiable 
desire  to  rove  about  and  see  the  world,  and  afterwards  to  set- 
tle: with  approbat.  and  self-e.  large  or  very  large,  will  have 
high  ideas  of  his  country , of  national  honour,  national  ad- 
vantages and  privileges,  &c. ; and,  with  large  or  very  large 
combat,  and  destruct.,  will  be  eminently  patrioticlc  and  ready 
to  sacrifice  all,  even  life  itself,  in  defence  of  his  country  3 
rights  and  honour,  and  of  his  own  fireside ; and,  with  large  c r 
very  large  ven.,  will  look  witn  great  reverence  to  those  de- 
parted worthies  who  have  served  and  honoured  their  coun- 
try, and  also  to  the  national  relicks  of  past  ages. 

Yery  large. — One  having  inhab.  very  large , will  ba 
sometimes  homesick,  especially  if  philopro.  and  adhes.  are 
&Lso  very  large:  will  suffer  almost  any  inconvenience,  and 


INHAB  ITIVE  NESS. 


& 

foregc  bright  prospects  of  acquiring  wealth,  &c., sooner  than 
lea ve  his  home ; and  experience,  only  in  a proportionally 
higher  degree,  the  feelings  attributed  to  this  organ  large. 

Full. — One  having  this  organ  full,  will  prefer  to  live  m 
ime  spot,  yet,  when  his  interests  require  it.  can  change  th$ 
place  of  his  abode  without  much  regret ; and,  with  large 
phiiopro.  and  adhes.,  will  think  much  more  of  his  family 
and  his  friends,  than  he  will  of  his  horme  as  suck. 

Moderate  or  small. — One  having  inhab.  moderate  or 
small,  with  large  or  very  large  hope,  individ.,  ideal.,  and  lo- 
cal., will  be  very  apt  to  change  his  location  either  in  hopes 
of  improving  it,  or  to  see  the  world;  will  have  an  insatiable 
desire  to  travel  in  foreign  parts ; unless  prevented  by  strong 
reasons,  will  be  likely  to  live,  at  different  times,  in  several  dif- 
ferent places ; and,  with  phiiopro.  and  adhes.  large,  will  regard 
his  home  not  for  its  own  sake , but  for  the  sake  of  family  and 
friends , and  will  not,  by  his  mere  love  of  home,  be  prevented 
from  going  where  his  interest  or  business  leads  him,  nor 
be  likely  to  suffer  from  a want  of  home. 

Very  small. — When  this  faculty  is  very  small , its  oper- 
ation has  no  perceptible  influence  upon  the  character. 

The  author  has  seen  numerous,  striking  developments  of 
the  organ  in  conjunction  with  a proportionate  strength  of  the 
faculty  ; and  also  many  other  instances  of  the  deficiency  both 
of  the  organ  and  of  the  faculty.  One  of  the  most  striking  of 
the  former,  is  the  case  of  Judge  Tucker  of  Williamsburgh, 
Va., half-brother  of  the  late  John  Randolph,  who,  while  yet  in 
the  prime  of  life,  left  a very  lucrative  and  honourable  pro- 
fession for  the  sole  purpose  of  living  and  dying  where  his 
fathers  had  lived  and  died.  The  organ  is  extremely  large  m 
his  head,  and  also  the  organs  of  adhes.  and  phiiopro.  The 
author  might  mention  hundreds  of  others  equally  in  point. 

Between  Spurzheim  and  Combe  there  exists  a difference 
of  opinion  concerning  this  faculty  and  that  of  concent.  Dr. 
Spurzheim  gives  the  location  and  analysis  of  inhab.  similar 
to  that  contained  in  this  work,  but  maintains  that  the  organ  of 
concent,  does  not  exist;  while  Mr.  Combe  maintains,  that  the 
organ  of  concent,  (which  will  be  next  analyzed)  occupies  near- 
ly the  same  position.  But  from  the  numerous  and  marked 
cases  of  a development  of  each  organ  in  the  absence  of  the 
other,  and  the  perfect  coincidence  between  the  strength  of 
these  faculties  and  the  size  of  their  respective  organs,  ol 
which,  m no  instance,  has  he  seen  a failu  e,  he  author  is 


f® 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


thoroughly  convinced  that  both  are  substantia’ ly  correct— 
that  there  are  two  organs  as  analyzed  and  located  in  this 
work. 

Location. — The  location  of  inhab.  is  directly  above  phi* 
lopro.,  and  partly  between,  and  partly  above,  the  two  lobes 
of  adhes.  Where  it  is  large  or  very  large,  and  concent, 
moderate,  an  angle  is  formed  near  the  union  of  thelambdoj 
dal  sutures,  between  which  and  the  occipital  bone,  there  will 
be  considerable  distance,  but  when  it  is  small,  no  such  organ 
will  be  found. 

5.  CONCENTRATIVENESS. 

The  'power  of  mental  concentration  and  continuity. 

The  object  of  this  faculty  is  to  continue  the  operations  ol 
the  other  faculties  upon  any  given  subject,  until  they  have 
thoroughly  acted  upon  it,  and  presented  the  result.  The 
nature  of  the  faculty  may  not  yet  have  been  fully  analyzed, 
yet,  of  the  phenomena  ascribed  to  it,  there  can  be  no  question. 

Large. — One  having  large  concent.,  is  thereby  enabled 
and  disposed  to  keep  his  whole  mind  patiently  fixed,  for  a 
long  time,  upon  a single  thing ; to  continue  the  existing  train 
of  thought,  feeling,  &c.,  and  to  exclude  every  other;  to  im- 
part unity  and  mutual  dependence  to  propositions,  arguments, 
paragraphs,  parts  of  a sentence,  &c. ; to  dwell  patiently  on 
any  subject  of  interest,  and,  with  large  intellectual  organs,  tc 
go  to  the  bottom  of  subjects  ; to  investigate  them  thoroughly; 
to  run  out  processes  of  reasoning,  and  chains  of  thought,  &c., 
in  all  their  bearings  and  consequences;  to  give  his  whole 
mind  to  one,  and  but  one,  thing  at  a time ; and  to  hold  his 
mind  to  a train  of  thought,  subject  of  study,  piece  of  labour,  &c., 
till  they  are  entirely  completed.  It  imparts  a unity  and  con- 
nectedness to  all  the  conceptions  and  operations  of  the  mind, 
and  yet,  in  doing  this,  prevents  that  intensity,  and  rapidity, 
and  variety  which  are  manifested  without  it.  One  having 
concent,  large,  with  large  combat,  and  destruct.,  will  prolong 
the  exercise  of  anger:  with  cautious,  large,  that  of  fear, 
with  ideal,  large,  flights  of  imagination,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  concent,  very  large , is  con- 
fused if  several  things  claim  attention  at  once;  requires  3 
long  time  to  fix  his  mind  upon  any  particular  subject,  or  to 
divert  it  when  once  fixed  ; in  conversation,  is  apt  to  be  prcdix 
and  tedious,  *'\a  wear  his  subjects  threadbare,  and,  if  inter 


CONC  ENT  R ATI  VE  NESS 


71 


nipted,  is  greatly  disturbed,  if  not  vexed : with  individ.  moder- 
ate or  small,  and  the  reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  is 
frequently  abstract,  absent  minded,  and  so  deeply  buried  in 
meditation,  as  to  be  unconscious  of  what  is  transpiring  around 
him,  and  often  dwells  so  long  upon  a subject  as  to  distort  it, 
and  pursue  it  into  absurd  extremes.  The  style  of  Dr. 
Chalmers,  and  also  of  Dr.  Thomas  Brown,  will  serve  as  il- 
lustrations of  the  effect  which  this  faculty  produces  upon  the 
manner  of  communicating  ideas. 

Full. — One  having  concent,  full , will  be  inclined  to  dweL 
upon  a thing  to  which  his  attention  has  been  called,  and  also 
to  impart  as  much  perfection  as  may  be  to  the  operations  of  his 
mind,  yet,  when  occasion  requires,  can  change,  without  much 
difficulty,  from  one  subject  to  another,  and  thus  attend  to  a 
variety  of  objects  within  a limited  time,  and  will  preserve  ?. 
happy  medium  between  too  great  prolixity,  and  too  greai 
brevity. 

Moderate  or  small. — One  with  concent,  moderate  01 
small , is  able  and  inclined  to  pass  rapidly  and  easily  front 
one  kind  of  study,  book,  conversation,  thought,  feeling,  busi 
ness,  occupation,  &c.  to  another,  from  point  to  point,  in  argu 
ment,  without  connecting  or  arranging  them ; does  not  sys 
tematically  arrange  his  subjects ; fails  to  impart  mental  de 
pendence  to  his  sentences,  paragraphs,  propositions.  an< 
parts  of  a discourse,  so  that  many  of  them  could  be  omitted 
without  affecting  the  rest;  throws  out  his  thoughts  in  con-" 
cise  and  distinct  propositions,  rather  than  in  long  paragraphs  ; 
stops  when  he  has  finished,  and  even  before  he  has  suffi- 
ciently illustrated,  his  ideas,  passes  to  others,  and  again  re- 
turns; abridges  his  anecdotes  and  sentences  by  the  omission 
of  important  particulars ; drops  one  sentence,  subject,  anec- 
dote, &c.  to  commence  another,  and  forgets  Avhat  he  was  be- 
ginning to  say;  wanders,  in  contemplation,  through  a great 
variety  of  different  or  opposite  subjects;  throws  off  care  and 
trouble  easily,  and  keeps  no  organ  long  in  connected  action 
unless  it  is  powerfully  excited. 

One  having  concent,  moderate  or  small,  with  adhes.  large, 
thinks  of  his  friends  for  the  time  being  with  vivid  and  intense 
emotion,  but  only  for  a short  time  at  once,  yet  is  not,  there- 
fore, inconstant  in  his  attachments:  with  combat,  and  des- 
truo’:.  large,  may  get  angry  quickly,  but,  unless  the  injury  is 
deep  and  intended,  cannot  retain  his  anger : with  the  intellec- 
tual organs  generally  large  or  very  large,  will  be  more  likely 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


n 

to  make  rather  a general , than  a critical,  scholar,  and  mora 
apt  to  have  a smattering  of  all  the  sciences,  than  a profound 
knowledge  of  any;  soon  gets  weary  of  one  book,  study,  &c 
takes  up  another,  and  then  returns  to  the  first,  thus  studying 
by  piecemeal ; prefers  short  pieces  upon  various  subjects  to 
long  ones  upon  any— a newspaper  to  a book,  &c.  : with  corn- 
par.  large  or  very  large,  may  have  bold  and  original  ideas 
upon  a variety  of  subjects,  yet  will  not,  without  great  effort, 
or  great  excitement,  have  a chain  of  connected  thoughts  upon 
any,  and  will  make  rather  a striking  and  immediate,  than  a 
.asting,  impression:  with  ideal.,  imitat.,  mirth.,  individ.,  event., 
lang.,  and  the  reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  will 
make  a better  extempore  speaker  than  writer,  may  give  vari- 
ety, but  will  never  give  copiousness,  to  conversation  and  dis- 
course ; will  lack  the  requisite  patience  to  prepare  his  ideas 
for  critical  reading,  and  yet  possess  great  versatility  of  talent. 
For  the  merchant,  accountant,  superintendent,  and  those  who 
art’  called  upon  to  attend  to  a great  many  different  persons  and 
things,  moderate  or  small  concent,  is  indispensable,  and  large 
or  very  large  concent.,  extremely  detrimental. 

Very  Small. — One  having  concent,  very  small,  has  so 
great  a thirst  for  variety,  and  change  of  occupation,  and  is 
so  restless  and  impatient,  that  he  cannot  continue  long  enough 
at  any  one  thing  to  effect  much,  and  will  experience,  only  in 
a still  greater  degree,  the  phenomena  described  under  the 
head  of  concent,  moderate  or  small. 

In  the  American  head  this  organ  is  generally  moderate  ox 
small,  which  perfectly  coincides  with  the  versatility  of  their  tal- 
ents, and  variety  of  their  occupations.  They  often  pursue  sev- 
eral kinds  of  business  at  once,  while  the  English  and  Ger- 
mans, in  whom  the  organ  is  generally  large,  experience  the 
greatest  difficulty  in  pursuing  any  other  calling  or  occupa- 
tion than  that  in  which  they  were  educated.  The  want  of 
this  organ  constitutes  a great  defect  in  the  American  charac- 
ter, which  is  still  farther  increased  by  the  variety  of  studies 
pressed  upon  the  attention  of  each  student  in  our  schools  and 
seminaries.  This,  indeed,  constitutes  one  of  the  greatest  de 
fects  in  the  present  system  of  education.  It  is  generally  full 
or  large  in  those  who  spend  their  lives  in  doing  a single 
thing,  such  as  factory  tenders:  and  this  furnishes  an  impor- 
tant hint  to  those  who  wish  to  cultivate  the  faculty.  It  la 
generally,  though  erroneously,  supposed,  that  a large  endow 
ment  of  this  faculty  is  necessary  to  great  power  of  mmdt 


V1TATIVENESS. 


73 


tsd  a transcendant  genius.  The  fact  is  far  otherwise. 
Franidin  evidently  possessed  but  a small  portion  of  it;  and 
perhaps  the  majority  of  eminent  men  whom  it  has  been  the 
fortune  of  the  author  to  examine,  have  possessed  bat  an  in- 
different endowment  of  this  faculty.  When  it  is  weak,  the 
mind  seizes  at  once  what  it  seizes  at  all,  and  acts  with  so 
muen  rapidity,  that  a second  subject  is  introduced  before  the 
first  is  completed,  or,  at  least,  before  these  operations  are 
Jully  presented  and  illustrated  ; so  that  such  persons  are  lia 
Lie  to  be  frequently  misunderstood  from  a want  of  sufficient 
explanation.  Concentration  of  thought,  style,  and  feeling, 
intensity  and  power  of  mind,  in  which  there  is  produced,  as 
it  were,  a focus  of  feeling  or  of  intellect,  is  the  result  not.  as  is 
generally  supposed,  of  concent,  large  or  very  *arge,  out,  ol 
concent,  moderate  or  small,  an  active  temperament,  and 
.large  or  very  large  intellectual  faculties.  Large  concent.,  as 
it  were,  dilutes  or  amplifies  the  mental  operations. 

The  difference  between  concent,  and  firm,  is  this ; con 
cent,  bears  upon  the  'particular  mental  operations  for  the 
time  being,  while  large  firm,  has  reference  to  the  general 
opinions,  plans,  &c.,  of  life.  For  example;  one  having  con- 
cent. small,  and  firm,  large  or  very  large,  will  naturally  pre- 
fer an  occupation  in  which  his  attention  would  be  rapidly  call- 
ed to  successive  things,  all  of  which  would  have  reference 
to  his  grand  object  of  pursuit,  and  from  which  he  could  not 
easily  be  diverted.  If  he  were  a merchant,  he  would  pursue 
his  mercantile  calling  with  perseverance,  yet  he  would  be 
able,  without  confusion,  to  wait  upon  many  different  custom- 
ers within  a short  time,  &c. 

Location. — This  organ  is  located  above  inhab.  andadhes., 
and  below  self-e.  When  it  is  large  or  very  large,  a genera, 
fulness  of  this  region  will  be  observable,  but  no  protuberance 
will  be  apparent ; but  when  it  is  moderate  or  small,  a pro- 
portionate. semicircular  depression  will  be  very  perceptible, 
in  part  encircling  adhes.  and  inhab.,  and  following  the  lamb- 
doidal  sutures.  When  inhab.  is  also  small,  the  depression  'S 
widened  at  the  union  of  these  sutures. 

t — VITATXVENESS. 
hove  of  life  as  such — unwillingness  to  die. 

it  is  evident  that  a desire  to  live,  disconnected  with  any  ol 
he  comforts  of  life  and,  also,  with  all  the  objects  to  be  seeur 
4 


74 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


ea  hy  living,  constitutes  a strong  passion,  not  only  in  man, 
b^t,  likewise,  in  some  classes  of  animals.  In  some,  this  in- 
stinctive love  of  life,  and  this  fearful  shrinking  from  death, 
amount  to  a passion,  and  nothing  is  regarded  with  more  ter 
rour  than  dying.  Hence  the  necessity  of  a faculty  whose 
office  it  is  to  perform  this  class  of  functions,  and,  also,  of  a 
pert  ion  of  the  brain,  by  means  of  which  it  can  manifest  these 
functions. 

The  author  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Gibson,  one  ol  # 
the  editors  of  the  Washington  Telegraph,  in  whom  the  or* 
gan  is  very  small,  and  who,  when  seemingly  at  the  point  of 
death,  in  consequence  of  a wound  he  had  received,  not  only 
felt  very  little  desire  to  live,  or  fear  of  death,  but  even  exer- 
cised his  mirth.,  which  is  large,  in  a high  degree,  although 
in  the  expectation  that  each  hour  would  be  his  last. 

Large.— One  having  vitat.  large , aside  from  the  enjoy • 
merit  of  life  and  the  fear  of  death,  will  look  upon  life  as  one 
of  the  most  desirable  of  all  objects,  ?nd  upon  death  as  “tht 
king  of  terrours.”  This  desire  to  live  will  also  be  increas- 
ed hy  the  desires  of  the  other  faculties.  One  having  vitat 
large,  with  the  domestick  faculties  strong,  will  desire  to  live 
not  only  because  he  looks  upon  his  existence  here  as  a mo& 
desirable  object,  but,  likewise,  on  account  of  his  family  and 
friends : with  acquis,  large  or  very  large,  for  the  purpose  o! 
amassing  wealth : with  the  intellectual  organs  large,  to  ac 
quire  knowledge:  with  approbat.  and  self-e.  large,  to  gratify 
his  ambition,  &c.  ; but,  when  these  organs  are  interrupted  01 
disappointed — when  adhes.,  for  example,  is  wounded  by  the 
loss  of  dear  friends,  acquis.,  by  the  loss  of  property,  appro- 
bat.,  by  disgrace,  &c.,  the  sufferings  thus  caused,  may  be  so 
much  greater  than  his  love  of  life,  that  the  individual  may 
wish  to  die,  and,  by  the  aid  of  destruct.,  seek  relief  in  self- 
destruction. 

Very  large. — To  one  with  this  faculty  very  large,  even 
die  thought  of  dying  will  be  dreadful,  and  he  will  most  te- 
naciously cling  to  life,  even  though  it  be  most  miserable. 
The  combinations  under  this  head,  except  in  degree,  aretho 
same  as  those  under  vitat.  large. 

Full. — One  having  vitat.  full,  with  other  organs  large  01 
very  large,  will  desire  to  live,  but  rather  as  a secondary,  than 
a primary,  object ; and  on  account  of  his  other  faculties, 
rather  than  on  account  of  his  vitat. 

Moderate  or  shall. — One  with  vitat.  m( derate  w 


COMBATIVE  NESS.  15 

mall , will  seldom  thmk  of  dying-,  and  wnen  he  does  will 
De  much  more  affected  by  the  consequences  of  death,  than 
by  a love  of  life ; be  less  careful  of  his  health,  and  those 
means  calculated  to  lengthen  life,  than  he  would  be  with  vital, 
large.  In  this  case,  death  will  be  preferred  to  trouble,  and 
life  desired  rather  as  a means , than  as  an  end,  and  for  the 
objects  sought  to  be  accomplished. 

Very  small. — When  vitat.  is  very  small,  a desire  to  live, 
and  a shrinking  from  death,  as  such,  and  per  sese,  will  never 
be  thought  of. 

Location. — Vitat.  is  located  nearly  beneath  the  mastoid 
process,  and  partly  between  amat.  and  destruct.  See  cuts. 

6.  COMBATIVENESS. 

# 

Propensity  to  defend,  resist,  and  oppose. 

The  influence  of  combat,  upon  the  other  faculties,  and, 
indeed,  upon  the  whole  character,  manifests  itself,  not  only 
in  physical,  but  also  in  moral  and  intellectual,  opposition. 
Its  action  is  necessary  whenever,  in  the  execution  of  a diffi- 
cult project,  any  thing  is  to  be  resisted  or  overcome.  It  acts 
upon  animate,  as  well  as  upon  inanimate,  objects,  and  imparts 
to  its  possessor  that  nerve  and  determination  which  induce 
him  to  grapple  with  all  his  undertakings,  as  though  he  could 
and  would  effect  his  purposes. 

The  direction  of  this  faculty,  and  the  character  of  its  man- 
ifestations, are  determined  chiefly  by  its  combinations,  and 
the  education  or  breeding  of  the  individual.  When  it  is 
under  the  control  of  the  higher  sentiments  and  of  reason, 
and  directed  to  its  proper  objects,  no  n anifestation  of  the 
mind  is  more  virtuous  or  more  praise-worthy  : but  when  not 
thus  controlled  and  directed,  its  manifestation  is  odious  and 
vicious  hi  the  extreme.  It  was  by  this  organ,  directed,  aided, 
and  stimulated  by  conscien.,  seif-e.,  the  domestick  faculties, 
reason,  &c.,  that  our  ancestors  achieved  our  ever-glorioua 
Independence ; and  yet,  from  this  organ  in  its  perverted 
manifestation,  originate  those  party  strifes,  family  and  village 
dissensions,  bickerings  and  quarrels,  mobs  and  physiea* 
combats  which  disgrace  humanity. 

Large. — One  having  combat,  large , with  self-e.  full,  and 
£rrn.  large,  will  be  eminently  qualified  to  meet  difficulties; 
overcome  obstacles  j brave  dangers  ; ^ndutre  hardships  ; co $ 


6 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


end  for  privileges ; maintain  and  advocate  opinions , resist 
ncroachments ; resent  injuries  and  insults,  &c.;  will  defend 
ns  rights  to  the  very  last;  suffer  no  imposition;  seize  upon 
whatever  he  undertakes  with  the  spirit  and  determination  re^ 
pjisite  to  carry  it  through  all  opposing  difficulties;  rather 
^lory  ir.  opposition  than  shrink  from  it ; be  always  ready,  if 
lot  gk.d,  to  act  upon  the  defensive,  if  not  upon  the  offensive; 
inclined  to  call  in  question,  and  oppose,  the  opinions  and  the 
proceedings  of  others,  and  partly  from  pure  love  of  opposi- 
tion ; will  often  urge  his  own  opinions ; generally  take 
sides  upon  every  contested  question;  and,  with  approbat.  also 
large,  will  seek  to  distinguish  himself : with  a full  or  large 
brain,  will  possess  energy  and  force  of  character  in  an  emi- 
nent degree ; and,  with  an  active  temperament,  unless  restrain, 
ed  by  large  benev.,  conscien.,  and  caus.,  will  be  naturally  too 
violent  and  too  hasty  in  his  temper,  and  subject  to  sudden 
ebullitions  of  passion. 

One  having  combat,  large,  with  large  destruct.,  will  unite 
harshness,  and  severity,  and  a kind  of  fierceness  with  his  re- 
sistance, and  frequently  show  quite  too  much  spirit,  and,  with 
an  active  temperament,  will  not  only  be  quick  tempered,  but, 
also,  very  severe  and  vindictive  when  roused ; but,  with  de- 
struct. moderate  or  small,  may  he  quick  to  resent  and  resist, 
and  cool  and  intrepid  in  the  onset,  yet  will  inflict  as  little  pain 
as  possible;  will  conquer , yet  spare  the  vanquished,  and  can 
never  punish  one  who  has  surrendered,  especially  if  conscien. 
and  benev.  are  large  or  very  large;  is  more  courageous  than 
cruel;  more  petulent  than  violent;  more  passionate  than 
harsh;  and,  when  anger  is  manifested,  will  not  add  to  it  that 
fierceness,  and  that  spirit  of  revenge,  which  give  it  a threat- 
ening  aspect,  and  make  it  dreadful  : with  very  large  sclf-e., 
large  destruct.,  and  the  selfish  propensities  stronger  than  the 
moral  and  reasoning  faculties,  will  protect  himself  and  his 
SU’D  exclusive  privileges  first  of  all;  seem  to  claim  the  ser- 
vices of  others  mere'y  upon  the  ground  of  his  own  superiori. 
*y,  and  without  thinking  of  returning  an  equivalent,  and, 
perhaps,  abuse  those  who  infringe  upon  his  rights,  and,  with 
conscien.  moderate  or  small,  those  also  who  do  not  render  him 
all  the  service  and  honour  he  claims;  will  seldom  evince 
gratitude  for  favours  received,  because  he  will  feel  that  they 
of  right  belong  to  him  ; will  be  naturally  selfish  and  jealous, 
and  apt  to  treat  his  fellow  men,  except  those  whom  he  con- 
descends to  make  his  particular  fiends,  with  a kind  of  con- 


UOMBATIVENE5S. 


71 


temp,  and  if  they  cross  ids  path,  with  scorn:  with  icuia 
large  or  very  large,  self-e.  large,  and  caus.  only  full  /ill  de 
fend  his  property;  stand  out  for  every  farthing  that  belong* 
to  him;  and  he  very  angry  at  those  through  whom  he  may 
have  sustained  any  pecuniary  loss  ; but,  with  acquis,  only 
moderate,  and  self-e.  or  approbat.  large  or  very  h rge,  wil» 
permit  the  injury  of  his  property  with  comparative  impunity, 
yet  boldly  sustain  his  injured  honour , and  preserve  his  char • 
o,cter  unsullied  to  the  last,  cost  him  what  it  nsay : with  self-e. 
only  moderate,  and  adhes.  large,  will  suffer  others  to  impose 
upon  himself,  ye't  will  take  the  part  of  a friend  with  a great 
deal  more  readiness  and  warmth  of  feeling  than  he  would 
his  own  part : with  amat.  large,  will  defend  the  other  sex 
sooner  than  himself  or  his  own  sex — the  character,  the  per- 
sonae., of  a lover,  sooner  than  of  himself,  &c.:  with  concent, 
and  destruct.  moderate  or  small,  and  an  active  temperament, 
wflte  subject  to  sudden  bursts  of  passion,  which  will  contin- 
ue but  for  a moment,  and  then  leave  him  as  calm  as  before, 
and,  perhaps,  vexed  with  himself  because  he  cannot  suppress 
his  anger : with  lang.  and  the  reasoning  organs  iarge,  is 
extremely  fond  of  debate;  very  much  inclined  to  start  objec- 
tions to  what  has  been  said  ; to  argue  on  the  opposite  side  ol 
the  question,  even  in  opposition  to  his  real  belief,  merely  from 
love  of  argument ; and,  with  large  firm.,  though  vanquished, 
will  argue  still. 

Very  Large. — The  manifestations  of  combat,  very  large f 
are  much  the  same  with  those  under  the  head  of  combat,  large* 
except  when  it  is  combined  with  large  or  very  large  self-e 
or  approbat.,  firm,  and  destruct.,  and  only  moderate  or  fuL 
conscien.,  secret.,  benev.,  ven.,  and  caus.,  in  which  case 
it  actuates  one  to  attack  and  provoke  others  without  suffi- 
cient cause;  to  dispute  and  quarrel  with  those  around  him; 
crowd  himself  forward  ; push  his  opinions  on  others;  create 
disturbance;  kindle  strife;  encourage  quarrels  and  engage 
in  them;  and  creates  a quarrelsome,  combative,  contentious 
spirit.  One  having  very  large  combat.,  with  large  destruct., 
is  terrible  and  desperate  in  the  onset ; and  fights  with  fierceness 
uid  determination  : with  large  amat.,  philopro.,  and  adhes., 
will  fight  for  his  family,  yet  quarrel  with  them  himself:  with 
^arge  acquis.,  will  quarrel  for  a penny:  with  large  or  very 
^i’ge  benev.,  conscien.,  and  reasoning  organs,  will  be  able 
o regulate  his  anger  only  by  turning  abruptly  from  his  op- 
ponent, and  by  avoiding  every  thing  calculated  to  excite  hig 


78 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


combative  spirit;  find  extreme  difficulty  in  governing  hit 
anger,  and,  when  really  roused,  be  desperate. 

Full. — One  having  combat,  full , is  always  ready,  when  t 
opposition  is  called  for,  to  engage  in  it,  and,  with  a nervous 
temperament,  soon  excited  to  resent  and  resist,  and  natural- 
ly quick-tempered ; will  possess  all  necessary  boldness  and 
efficiency  of  character,  and  rather  court  opposition  than  shun  it; 
yet  will  be  far  from  being  quarrelsome,  or  seeking  opposition 
for  its  own  sake.  One  having  combat,  full , with  conscien., 
firm.,  benev.,  and  caus.  large  or  very  large,  though  his  anger 
is  strong,  will  generally  govern  it;  will  be  mild,  kind,  well 
disposed,  and  peaceable;  avoid  quarrelling  and  contention, 
and  yet  possess  a large  share  of  moral  courage,  and  owe  the 
combative  spirit  he  may  manifest,  more  to  the  powerful  stimu- 
lus he  may  experience,  than  to  the  natural  activity  and 
power  of  the  passion  ; will  show  this  feeling  more  in  his 
business , and  in  moral  and  intellectual  resistance,  than  in 
quarrelsomeness  or  physical  combat ; and  seldom  employ 
physical  force,  except  when  powerfully  excited ; but,  with  a 
predominance  of  the  other  selfish  faculties,  will  possess  an 
unenviable  temper.  The  combinations  under  combat,  large, 
wi.l  apply,  except  in  degree,  to  combat,  full. 

Moderate. — One  having  combat,  moderate , will  contend 
no  more  than  the  case  really  demands,  and  sometimes  not  even 
as  much ; will  not  tamely  allow  himself  or  others  to  be  really 
abused  and  trampled  upon,  and  yet,  will  bear  long  before  he  will 
manifest  resistance,  and  be  quite  as  forbearing  as  manliness 
and  virtue  will  allow;  will  dislike  quarrelling  and  avoid  it 
as  long  as  possible ; may  be  irritable  from  the  irritability  ot 
his  temperament,  yet  is  by  no  means  contentious  : will  not  be, 
in  reality,  tame  and  cowardly,  nor  yet  very  efficient;  will 
exercise  but  little  indignation,  and  be  amiable,  peaceable, 
easy  with  all,  quiet,  and  inoffensive. 

One  having  combat,  moderate,  with  self-e.  moderate  oi 
email,  and  large  or  very  large  philopro.,  adhes..  acquis., 
benev.,  and  conscien.,  will  contend  for  children,  family 
friends,  the  oppressed,  his  religious  opinions,  moral  princi- 
ples, &i.,  writh  much  spirit,  and  yet,  suffer  personal  abuse 
with  impunity:  with  large  or  very  large  self-e.,  firm.,  con- 
scien., and  the  reasoning  organs,  will  maintain  his  opinions 
with  stability,  and  pursue  his  plans  with  firmness,  and  yet, 
do  it  in  a quiet,  but  firm  and  effectual,  manner ; seek  to  ac- 
complish whatever  he  undertakes  without  opposition;  aci 


COMBATXVENE3S. 


79 


chiefly  upon  .he  atfensive;  make  but  little  noise  or  bustle, 
yet  hold  on  and  persevere  till  his  purposes  and  plans  ara 
carried  through ; and,  with  cautious,  also  large,  will  take  the 
castle  rather  by  siege  than  by  storm ; accomplish  considera- 
ble, and  in  the  best  maimer,  but  must  take  his  own  time  for 
it ; and  will  be  distinguished  for  his  stability,  judgment 
and  success : with  large  or  very  large  caus.  and  compar., 
and  large  intellectual  organs  generally,  will  not  distinguish 
himself  in  argument  or  debate,  unless  when  powerfully  ex- 
cited, yet,  if  his  head  is  large,  will  then  be  original  and  logica., 
and  express  many  important  ideas ; be  characterized  more  by 
perspicuity,  and  force  of  reason,  than  by  passion  and  fervour 
of  feeling,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  combat,  small , will  be  unable  and 
unwilling  to  encounter  his  fellow  men  ; be  mild,  amiable,  in 
offensive,  and  rather  inefficient;  lack  spirit,  and  presence  of 
mind  in  time  of  danger ; quail  too  quick  under  opposition, 
and  shrink  from  it ; love  peace  and  seek  it,  even  at  a great 
personal  sacrifice;  avoid  quarrelling ; endeavour  to  reconcile 
the  contending ; surrender  rights  rather  than  contend  for 
them ; endure  oppression  rather  than  shake  it  off,  take 
abuse  in  good  part ; be  forbearing,  and  generally  beloved ; and, 
with  destruct.  moderate,  whatever  may  be  his  other  qualities, 
will  be  unable  to  effect  any  thing  of  importance,  or  cut  a figure 
in  the  world  ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  domestick,  moral, 
and  intellectual  organs,  will  seek  his  chief  gratification  in  re- 
tirement from  the  noise  and  bustle  of  active  and  publick  life,  in 
literary  and  scientifick  acquirements,  religious  exercises,  &c.J 
and,  though  he  may  have  a high  endowment  of  natural 
talent,  will  have  nothing  to  stimulate  and  bring  it  out ; and 
with  cautious,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  timid,  irresolute, 
cowardly,  and  easily  overcome  by  alarm. 

Very  Small. — One  having  combat,  very  small , with 
cautious,  very  large,  is  passive,  tame,  cowardly,  chicken- 
hearted,  weak,  destitute  of  spirit,  force  and  energy  of  charac* 
er,  and  may  be  abused  with  impunity;  is  excessively  timid ; 
ioes  not  stand  his  ground ; never  ventures ; will  never  mani- 
est  anger,  and  be  utterly  unable  to  withstand  opposition. 

When  the  author  was  in  the  town  of  Milton,  Pa.,  in  1836, 
one  of  the  editors  of  that  place,  who  was  a decided  opponent 
of  phrenology,  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  science,  brought 
forward  a lad  who  was  distinguished  for  his  talents,  hxa 
shrewdness,  high-toned,  manly  feeling,  and  for  his  apparent 


80  - PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 

boldness  and  daring  in  horsemanship.  To  ma^e  the  expen 
ment  the  more  satisfactory,  the  author  was  blindfolded.  The 
lad  was  described  as  possessed  of  extraordinary  talent,  and 
high  moral  feeling,  joined  with  some  cunning,  but  with  small' 
combat.,  and  so  extreme  a development  of  cautious,  as  to 
make  him  timid  and  cowardly — too  timid  to  run  any  risk,  oi 
venture  near  the  brink  of  danger.  All  present  allowed  that 
the  description,  throughout,  was  very  correct,  except  that  the 
most  marked  feature  of  his  character  had  been  reversed , 
He  was  considered  the  most  daring  and  reckless  youth  in 
the  whole  village.  Many  instances,  however,  were  soon 
cited,  of  his  unwillingness  to  mount  horses  with  \vhich  he 
was  not  fully  acquainted,  and  which  were  considered  frac- 
tious. His  brother  also  stated,  that  he  was  excessively  afraid 
in  the  dark;  and  only  a few  days  previous,  his  father  had  re- 
marked to  some  one  present,  that,  although  he  affected  great 
daring,  bravado,  and  willingness  to  fight,  &c.,  yet,  when 
brought  to  the  sticking  point,  he  always  contrived,  and  some- 
times very  ingeniously,  to  get  out  of  the  scrape  without  com- 
ing to  blows.  Still  the  youth  affected  to  be  as  courageous 
and  as  daring  as  ever,  until,  at  supper,  in  the  evening  after 
his  examination,  when  his  mother,  who  doubtless  knew  best 
his  real  character,  accosted  him  substantially  as  follows: 
“ My  son,  you  know  that  ypu  are  a coward:  why,  then,  do 
you  persist  in  denying  it?  You  know  that  I can  never 
make  you,  old  as  you  are,  go  to  bed  alone  ; and  that,  whenev- 
er you  are  left  alone  in  bed,  you  will  get  lip  and  come  down.” 
“I  know  it,  mother,”  replied  the  humbled  boy,  “but  I did  not 
wish  the  other  boys  to  find  out  that  I was  a coward,  because, 
when  they  do,  they  will  c ill  me  out  to  fight.” 

The  real  explanation  is  this.  His  very  large  self-e.  and 
iaro*e  approbat.  created  the  demand  for  apparent  bravery,  and 
his  very  large  intellect,  and  large  secret,  enabled  him  to 
devise  this  method  of  supplying  his  want,  of  native  courage 
with  this  counterfeit  bravery;  while  his  predominating  cau- 
tious., which  caused  his  excessive  fear,  kept  him  from  expos- 
ing’nimself  to  any  real  danger;  and  his  self-e.  gave  him  the 
self-confidence  necessary  to  carry  out  the  ingenious  expedient 
which  his  intellect  had  devised. 

The  following  anecdote  was  related  to  the  author.  A 
Mr.  v?.,  in  a certain  engagement,  with  the  Indians,  fought  des- 
perately, even  with  a bravery  which  greatly  a-ston  is  bed  those 
who  had  known  his  father , who  was  always  branded 


COMBATIVENESS. 


8) 


ridiculed  as  an  arrant  coward,  He  then  confessed,  that  hia 
fear  was  almost  insupportable,  and  that  he  fought  thus  brave- 
y only  to  wipe  out  the  disgrace  of  his  father. 

These  facts,  with  ten  thousand  others  which  might  easily 
be  cited,  clearly  show,  that  what  is  generally  considered  bra- 
very, is  more  frequently  produced  by  approbat.  or  self-e., 
than  by  combat.  Hence,  great  cowards  often  appear  to  be 
men  of  real  courage. 

The  way  is  thus  opened  for  the  remark,  that  the  amount 
of  combat,  manifested , depends,  in  no  small  degree,  upon  the 
stimulus  under  which  it  acts.  For  example;  suppose  two 
young  men,  possessed  of  an  equal  share  of  combat.,  and  alike 
in  every  respect,  except,  that  one  possessed  a very  large 
share  of  approbat.  and  very  small  adlies.,  and  the  other  only 
a small  degree  of  approbat.,  but  very  large  adhes.  Now, 
under  given  circumstances,  the  former  would  be  as  much 
more  indignant  at  an  insult  offered  to  him,  and  touching  his 
honour,  than  the  latter  would  be,  as  his  approbat.  was  larger 
than  that  of  the  latter ; whereas,  the  latter  would  take  up  the 
quarrel  of  a friend  as  much  quicker  than  the  former,  and 
fight  as  much  harder,  as  his  adhes.  excelled  that  of  the  form- 
er. This  illustration  presents  a general  principle , which 
applies  with  equal  force  to  the  combinations  of  any  of  the 
other  faculties  with  that  of  conibat.,  and  to  all  the  combina- 
tions of  the  organs. 

The  application  of  this  principle,  will  most  satisfactorily 
explain,  how  a man  may  be  perfectly  honest  in  some  things, 
and  quite  dishonest  in  others,  as  well  as  ten  thousand  other 
interesting  phenomena  of  the  human  mind.  It  will  explain 
to  us,  how  the  timid  and  delicate  mother,  in  rescuing  her 
darling  child  from  imminent  danger,  can  assume  the  boldness 
of  the  hero,  nay,  the  fierceness  of  the  tiger. 

In  this  last  caLV,  the  phenomenon  is  explained  thus : Very 
large  philopro.,  very  powerfully  excites  what  combat,  there 
is,  hut  for  which  excitement,  timidity  would  take  the  place  of 
boldness,  and  cowardice,  that  of  courage. 

Location. — In  a common  sized  head,  combat,  is  located 
shout  an  inch  and  a half  behind  the  top  of  the  ear,  and  ex 
tends  itself  in  a perpendicular  direction.  When  it  is  verj 
large,  and  the  surrounding  organs  large,  it  will  cause  * 
thickness  of  this  part  of  the  head,  which  may  be  the  more 
easily  observed  by  placing  the  thumb  upon  the  organ  on  om 
side,  and  the  fingers  on  the  opnosite  side ; hut  wh^ri  it  ia 
4*  ' 


PHRENOLOGY  ILI  USTRATED. 


82 

moderate  or  small,  there  will  be  little  protuberance  or  breadtb 
tn  this  region. 

T.  DESTRUCTIVENESS. 

Propensity  to  destroy , exterminate , and  inflict  f aiu. 

In  the  economy  cf  human  society,  many  things  are  to  be 
destroyed  to  make  life  even  tolerable.  Death  and  destruc- 
tion enter  largely  into  the  great  law  of  nature.  Hence,  the 
necessity  of  some  faculty  to  exercise  this  propensity  to  de- 
stroy. We  often  see  it  in  the  child,  which,  long  before  it 
“ knows  how  to  choose  the  good  and  refuse  the  evil,”  mani- 
fests an  innate  and  strong  propensity  to  tear  in  pieces,  break, 
and  destroy  whatever  comes  in  its  way.  As  it  advances 
in  life,  it  even  makes  a pastime  of  tormenting  and  killing 
flies,  and  all  such  animals  as  fall  into  its  power.  When  a 
little  older,  it  delights  in  hunting,  and  indulges  feelings  of 
hatred  and  revenge. 

We,  moreover,  see  that  this  same  characteristiek  of  de- 
struction, enters  into  every  department  of  organized  matter, 
and  forms  no  unimportant  feature,  as  well  of  the  moral , afj 
of  the  natural , government  of  God.  The  exercise  of  this 
function,  must  therefore  be  both  right  and  necessary,  else, 
why  should  it  be  exercised  by  the  Creator?  And  there  evi 
dently  exists,  not  only  no  reason  why  this  class  of  functions 
should  not  be  performed  by  a distinct  mental  faculty,  but 
there  certainly  exists  every  reason  for  supposing  that  this  is 
the  case.  It  is  homogeneous  in  its  kind,  and  unlike  any 
other  in  its  character ; and,  consequently,  demands  a distinct 
faculty  for  its  exercise,  and  upon  the  same  ground  with  any 
other  class  of  functions. 

Large — One  having  destruct.  large , with  large  combat., 
firm.,  and  self-e.,  possesses  that  sternness  and  severity  of  char- 
acter, which  make  others  fear  to  provoke  him,  and  that  force 
of  character  which  enables  him  to  prostrate  and  surmount 
whatever  obstacles  oppose  his  progress;  accompanies  his 
TLandate  with  a threat,  either  implied  or  expressed ; is  point- 
ed and  sarcastick,  if  not  bitter,  in  his  replies ; feels  strong 
indignation  towards  those  that  displease  or  injure  him,  and 
is  disposed  to  persecute  them  by  injuring  their  feelings,  repu 
tation,  or  interests,  or  by  treating  them  with  entire  contempt 
and  neglect ; experiences  a feeling  of  revenge  and  bitterness 


DESTRUCTIVENESS. 


83 


which,  unless  restrained  by  secret.,  conscien.,  benev.,  &c.,  he 
does  not  fail  to  show. 

One  having  destruct.  large,  with  large  adhes.,  loves  ins 
friends  dearly,  yet  often  injures  their  feelings  by  saying  bit- 
ter things  to  them,  which,  with  conscien.  large,  he  often 
afteiwards  regrets  : with  combat,  moderate,  is  slow  to  wrath, 
but  bitter  and  vindictive  when  once  roused,  and  will  have 
satisfaction  before  he  can  be  appeased : with  secret,  large, 
and  conscien.  moderate  or  small,  watches  his  opportunity  to 
take  vengeance,  and  strikes  in  the  dark ; but  with  secret, 
small,  warns  before  he  strikes : with  benev.  large  or  very 
large,  may  be  sometimes  harsh  in  his  efforts  to  do  good,  and 
thus  often  cause  needless  pain,  but  will  do  this  more  by  his 
manner  than  from  any  cruel  design ; will  be  kind,  and  sym- 
pathetick,  and  sensitive  to  the  sufferings  of  others,  and  yet, 
very  harsh  and  severe  when  provoked ; and  generally  exer- 
cise this  faculty  upon  inanimate,  rather  than  upon  animate, 
objects:  with  conscien.  and  combat,  large,  and  secret,  small, 
is  apt  to  find  considerable  fault,  and  that  in  a very  harsh  man- 
ner: with  large  or  very  large  compar.,  applies  disgusting 
epithets  to  his  enemies,  and  compares  them  to  some  most  odi- 
ous or  disgusting  object;  is  pre-eminent  for  his  sarcastick 
comparisons,  which  always  fit  the  one  for  whom  they  are 
made,*  &c.  ( 

Very  large. — One  having  destruct.  very  large , with 
large  or  very  large  benev.,  conscien.,  and  caus.,  may  be  en- 
abled so  to  govern  and  restrain  his  indignation,  that  it  will 
seldom  carry  him  beyond  the  bounds  of  reason  and  justice, 
or  break  out  into  ungoverned  rage  and  violence,  yet  when 
roused,  will  be  dangerous,  and  like  a chafed  linn,  and  be 
obliged  to  avoid  the  causes  of  excitement ; will  be  fond  of 
;easing,  and  also  of  hunting,  and  the  warlike  array  of  a gen- 
sral  muster,  &c. ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  combat., 
self-e.,  approbat.,  firm.,  and  hope,  will  excel  as  a soldier,  &c. 
For  other  combinations,  see  destruct.  large. 

Full. — One  having  destruct.  full,  with  large  firm.,  and 
full  combat,  and  self-e.,  has  sufficient  harshness  and  severity 
of  character  to  keep  off  and  punish  those  who  would  other- 
wise injure  him ; to  take  the  rough  and  tumble  of  life,  and 
push  his  own  way  through  it;  and  to  destroy  or  subdue 
whatever  is  prejudicial  to  his  happiness,  yet  is  neither  mo- 


* John  Randolph. 


<54 


PHRENOLOGY  ILL  :*STRATZ1>. 


rose  nor  cruel;  when  driven  to  it,  cun  witness  and  infLd 
pain,  but  does  it  reluctantly,  and  causes  as  little  suffering-  as 
he  consistently  can ; when  his  ang-er  is  not  highly  e;ci-. 
ted,  is  mild  in  his  disposition  ; and,  excepting  occasional 
flurries  of  passion,  which  are  produced  by  irritability  o! 
temperament,  seldom  shows  strong  indignation. 

One  having  destruct.  full,  with  large  benev..  conscien., 
ideal.,  and  adhes.,  will  possess  uncommon  sympathy  and  ten* 
derness  of  feeling,  mingled  with  little  sternness  and  harsh- 
ness ; will  secure  obedience,  and  accomplish  his  wishes  by 
kindness  and  persuasion,  more  than  by  threats  and  passion, 
and  be  beloved  more  than  feared : with  large  or  very  large 
benev.,  cannot  bear  to  see  pain  or  punishment  inflicted,  ex* 
cent  when  he  is  angry,  and  then  may  inflict  it  with  delight ; 
yet,  with  large  combat,  and  mirth.,  delights  to  tease  and  tan- 
talize others  ; will  not  be  wanton  and  cruel  in  the  infliction 

pain,  yet  will  seldom  allow  his  indignation  to  slumber 
when  his  own  interests,  or  those  of  his  friends,  or  the  cause 
of  justice  or  humanity,  demand  it;  in  ordinary  circumstan- 
ces, will  inflict  but  little  pain,  yet  will  manifest  strong  dis- 
pleasure towards  his  enemies,  and,  when  his  indignation  is 
fully  kindled,  show  even  more  severity  and  bitterness  than 
Jie  occasion  demands  ' wilUvnot  readily  forget  the  objects  of 
his  displeasure,  and  will  be/ far  from  possessing  a tame  and 
insipid  character. 

Moderate. — One  having  destruct.  moderate , will  mani: 
fest  only  a moderate  share  of  indignation  and  severity  of 
character;  often  spare  what  should  be  destroyed  or  punish- 
ed ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  benev.,  will  be  unable  to 
witness  suffering  and  death,  much  less  to  cause  them ; and  will 
not  possess  sufficient  force  of  mind  or  fierceness  of  character  to 
drive  through  important  undertakings : with  benev.  and  the 
moral  organs  generally  large  or  very  large,  will  be  beloved 
more  than  feared ; will  possess  an  extraordinary  share  oi 
sympathy,  so  much  so  as  sometimes  to  overcome  him,  and 
amount  to  a weakness;  and  will  secure  his  wishes  more  by 
persuasion  and  mild  measures,  than  by  threats  or  harshness. 

Small. — One  having  destruct.  small,  manifests  his  ange? 
in  so  feeble  a manner,  that  it  effects  but  little,  and  provokes 
a smile,  rather  than  fear:  wi'h  benev.  very  large,  possesses 
too  little  hardness  of  heart  to  inhabit  a world  of  suffering 
and  endure  its  cruelties  and  hardships,  and  cannot  himsell 
endure  physical  suffering. 


DESTRUCTIVENESS. 


85 


In  its  perverted  exercise,  this  faculty  creates  a vindictive, 
Litter,  revengeful,  over-bearing  spirit;  delights  in  tantalizing 
and  tormentir  g ; produces  cruelty  towards  beasts,  and  those 
in  its  power ; gives  a relish  for  hunting,  killing,  destroying, 
witnessing  pub.ick  executions,  and  such  amusements  as  the 
lighting  of  men,  dogs,  and  fowls,  in  bull-bating,  bear-bating 
&c. ; produces  a propensity  for  war,  murder,  violence,  blood 
shed,  &c. ; instigates  children  and  others  to  stone,  catch,  tor 
ment,  and  destroy  birds,  insects,  and  such  animals  as  bill  in 
iheir  way,  and  also  to  stamp,  strike,  tear  in  pieces,  and  ex- 
hibit other  signs  of  rage,  violence,  &c.  ; and,  with  approbate 
and  self  e.  very  large,  to  engage  in  duelling,  &c.,  and  pur- 
sue enemies  till  revenge  is  fully  satisfied. 

That  the  class  of  functions  here  described,  constitutes  a 
very  extensive  and  a very  influential  portion  of  the  mental 
operations,  no  attentive  observer  of  human  nature  can  enter- 
tain a douht.  Every  page  of  the  history  of  man,  from  that 
which  records  the  murder  of  Abel  by  his  own  brother,  to 
that  which  closes  with  the  wars  of  Florida  and  Texas,  is 
written  in  characters  of  violence  and  blood.  Even  the  most 
favourite  amusements  of  men  have  always  been  sanguinary: 
a specimen  of  which  are  the  theatrical  representations  and 
gladiatorial  shows  which  have  always  delighted  mankind. 
Every  publick  execution  is  crowded  with  eager  spectators  ot 
all  classes  and  ages,  and  of  both  sexes,  who  attend  mainly  to 
gratify  their  destruci.  by  witnessing  the  violent  death  of  a 
fellow  mortal.  Almost  every  newspaper  is  stained  with  the 
horrid  details  of  some  cold-blooded  murder,  duel,  or  suicide, 
or  some  other  act  of  violence  or  destruction  in  some  of  the 
unnumbered  forms  it  assumes.  If  phrenology  did  not  make 
provision  for  this  class  of  functions,  this  omission  would  be 
prima  facie  evidence  of  its  destitution  of  truth,  and  inconsis- 
tency with  nature. 

Its  exercise  is  either  virtuous  or  vicious,  according  to  the 
circumstances  in  which,  and  the  objects  upon  which,  it  is 
exercised.  Perhaps  no  organ  is  more  name  to  be  abused 
than  this,  or  productive  of  more  misery;  and  yet,  this  is  by 
no  means  owing  to  the  nature  and  the  original  character  of 
the  faculty,  but  solely  to  its  perversion.  Hence  the  import 
ance  of  ns  proper  education. 

Location. — This  organ  is  locate!  beneath  the  temporal 
bone,  and,  when  large,  extends  from  three  to  six  eighths  of 
%n  inch  above  the  top  of  the  ear.  When  it  is  very  large,  \ 


86 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


thickens  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  head,  and  makes  the 
ears  stand  out  from  the  head.  When  it  is  large  or  very' 
large,  and  secret,  is  small,  it  produces  a horizontal  ridge 
which  extends  about  half  an  inch  above  the  top  of  the  ears 

8.  ALIMENTIVENESS. 

Appetite  for  sustenance — desire  for  nutrition. 

This  faculty  creates  a relish  for  food,  drink,  &c. ; renders 
important  assistance  in  selecting  the  kinds  of  food  best 
calculated  to  nourish  the  bocly ; when  the  system  needs  a 
'urther  supply  of  food  and  drink,  produces  hunger  and 
thirst,  and,  when  it  is  unperverted,  and  the  stomach  is  in  a 
healthy  state,  is  a sure  directory  as  to  the  quantity  and  the 
quality  of  food  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  nutrition  and 
health. 

Large. — One  having  aliment,  large , is  very  fond  of  the 
good  things  of  this  life,  and  frequently  eats  more  than  health 
and  comfort  require;  partakes  of  food  with  a very  keen  rel- 
ish; sets  a very  high  value  upon  the  luxuries  of  the  palate; 
and,  according  to  his  means,  is  a good  liver. 

One  having  aliment,  lar^e,  with  acquis,  also  large,  will  in- 
dulge his  appetite,  when  he  can  do  so  without  too  great  ex- 
pense ; but,  when  good  eating  is  costly,  will  sometimes  suffer 
hunger  rather  than  pay  a high  price  to  appease  it,  except 
where  he  is  ashamed  not  to  eat ; will  expend  money  reluctantly 
for  sweetmeats,  &c.,  unless  his  aliment,  is  stimulated  by  a 
favourite  dish,  or,  to  him,  favourite  sweetmeats,  but  will,  nev- 
ertheless, find  it  hard  to  keep  from  eating  whatever  delicacies 
may  be  in  his  way : with  acquis,  moderate  or  small,  will 
spend  his  time  and  money  freely  for  rich  viands  and  rare 
liquors;  and,  if  large  or  very  large  ad  lies,  be  added  to  this 
combination,  will  not  only  take  the  greatest  delight  at  the 
convivial  board  and  the  social  meal,  but  will  spend  money 
even  more  lavishly"  than  is  necessary  to  entertain  his  friends, 
with  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  will  feel  g-uilty  whenever 
he  over-indulges  his  appetite,  and  will  endeavour  to  regulate 
his  eating  according  to  his  ideas  of  duty,  yet  will  be  obliged 
to  struggle  hard  against  this  as  “ an  easily  besetting  sin,”  by 
which  he  will,  never  heless,  be  often  overtaken:  with  con- 
scien  and  ven.  lar£  " * ~ very  large,  will  ue  thankful  for  his 


ALIMENT  I VENESS. 


87 


food  a?  a bountiful  gift  from  the  hand  of  his  Maker  ;*  with 
lang.,  mirth.,  and  adhes.  large  or  very  large,  and  secret  only 
moderate,  will  be  conversational,  social,  and  humorous  at  the 
festal  board:  with  the  intellectual  organs  generally  Jsrge, 
will  prefer  conversation  upon  rational  and  scientifick  sub- 
jects: with  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  must  have  his  food 
prepared  in  the  nicest  manner,  and  in  elegant  and  fashion- 
able dishes;  but,  with  ideal,  moderate,  thinks  more  of  the 
food  and  of  the  cookery , than  of  the  ceremonies  or  the  style, 
of  the  table;  with  self:e.  large,  and  acquis,  only  moderate  or 
full,  will  be  satisfied  only  with  the  first  and  the  best  table, 
even  if  he  is  obliged  to  pay  a high  price  for  it:  with  large 
approbat.  and  ideal.,  will  be  very  ceremonious  at  table;  but 
with  ideal,  only  moderate,  and  self-e.  and  caus.  large,  will 
despise  ceremony,  yet,  with  large  or  very  large  benev.,  will 
provide  bountifully,  and  show  great  hospitality  at  table,  with- 
out much  splendour  or  ceremony,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  aliment,  very  large , will  be  too 
much  gwen  to  the  indulgence  of  a voracious  appetite ; too  ready 
to  ask  “ what  he  shall  eat  and  drink ;”  will  think  as  much 
of  his  meals  as  of  almost  any  thing  else,  and  be  strongly  in- 
clined to  act  the  epicure  or  the  gormand.  The  combinations 
of  aliment,  very  large,  are  anajogous  to  those  produced  by 
aliment,  large,  except  that  its  manifestations  will  be  greater  in 
degree,  which  the  judgment  of  the  reader  will  readily  supply 

Full. — One  having  aliment,  full , partakes  of  food  with 
a good  relish,  yet  is  nc  i gormandizer,  nor  very  particular 
in  regard  to  what  he  eats  and  drinks;  can  endure  a poor 
diet,  yet  is  very  partial  to  a variety  of  rich  dishes,  and  some* 
times  overloads  his  stomach.  The  combinations  of  aliment, 
full,  resemble  those  of  aliment,  large,  except  in  an  inferiour 
degree. 

Moderate. — One  having  aliment,  moderate , is  by  no 
means  destitute  of  a relish  for  food,  yet,  when  in  health,  is 
not  particular  as  to  what  he  eats  ; prefers  a plain,  simple  diet 
to  that  which  is  highly  seasoned  and  very  rich,  &c. 

One  having  aliment,  moderate,  with  acquis,  large,  will 
grudge  the  money  he  pays  for  his  meals,  and  frequently  suf 
fer  hunger  rather  than  pay  the  customary  price  for  them; 
will  prefer  to  take  up  with  a poorer  meal  or  a cold  bite  at  a 
lower  price,  than  to  pay  well  for  the  best : with  conscier- 

* He  lire,  tli.  _ustom  of  “asking  a blessing”  upon  food,  and  of c returning  thanks* 


88 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE©. 


large  or  very  large,  finds  little  difficulty  in  governing  hia 
appetite,  because  he  has  so  little  to  govern,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  aliment,  small,  will  have  but  an  in- 
different or  a poor  appetite ; will  care  little  about  what  he 
eats,  or  when  he  eats  ; and,  with  acquis,  large,  go  long  with- 
out f)od,  and  live  very  poorly,  rather  than  part  with  his 
money  to  pay  for  food. 

Gluttony,  gormandizing,  luxurious  living,  intemperance  in 
ail  its  forms,  and  the  unnatural  cravings  of  the  stomach,  are 
the  perverted  exercises  of  this  faculty.  To  see  the  pains 
taken,  and  the  preparations  made,  and  the  time  and  money 
worse  than  wasted,  merely  in  gratifying  this  propensity,  is 
most  astonishing:  and,  above  all,  to  see  the  monstrous  per- 
versions of  it  which  everywhere  abound,  to  the  reflect- 
ing, sober  mind,  is  humiliating  in  the  extreme.  That  man, 
made  in  the  image  of  his  God,  and  endowed  by  nature  with 
such  transcendent  powers  of  thought  and  feeling,  that  man 
should  thus  “ make  a god  of  his  belly,”  and,  for  the  mere 
purpose  of  indulging  to  excess  this  animal  passion,  thus  de- 
mean and  degrade  himself  so  far  below  the  brute  creation — 
thus  clog  the  wheels  of  this  wonderful  machine  which  we 
call  mind,  exhibits,  in  a most  mortifying  light,  the  depravity 
into  which  human  nature  is  capable  of  being  led.  Yet  such 
is  the  deplorable  fact,  and  such  is  likely  to  be  the  character 
and  condition  of  man,  so  long  as  he  “lives  to  eat,”  instead  of 
“eating  to  live,”  and  thus  continues  to  indulge  his  animal 
propensities  at  the  expense  of  his  moral  and  intellectual  fac- 
ulties. 

The  experience  of  all  mankind  shows  that  there  exists  a 
reciprocal  and  most  intimate  connexion  between  the  faculty 
of  aliment,  and  the  state  of  the  stomach,  and,  also,  between  the 
state  of  the  stomach  and  the  conditions  of  the  brain;  and  still 
further,  between  the  state  of  the  brain  and  the  mental  opera- 
tions, or,  between  the  state  of  the  stomach  and  the  operations 
of  the  mind.  But  this  subject  will  be  enlarged  upon  in  a 
subsequent  chapter  upon  physiology. 

Location. — Aliment,  is  located  just  before,  ana  a little 
below,  destruct.,  in  front  of  the  top  part  or  the  ears,  above  the 
back  part  of  the  zigomatick  process,  ana  beneath  the  anteri- 
or portion  of  the  temporal  bone.  It  may  be  distinguished 
from  destruct.,  by  its  being  situated  farther  forward  than  de- 
struct., and  a little  below  it.  It  is  generally  large  or  very 
large  in  children. 


ACQUISITIVENESS. 


89 


9.  ACQUISITIVENESS. 

Propensity  to  acquire  substance , and  to  appropriate  it  it 
9 ns’s  self- — love  of  property — desire  to  amass  wtalih,  lay  up, 
own,  possess,  keep,  cfc. 

This  faculty  loves  money  as  an  end , and  not  as  a means; 
money  for  its  own  sake,  and  not  for  what  it  will  purchase ; 
gives  ideas  of  exclusive  right,  and  personal  ownership  and 
possession  ; creates  that  feeling  of  meumet  iuum , or  that  im- 
pression that  certain  things  are  our  own,  and  that  othei 
things  belong  to  others,  which  is  so  universally  manifested 
among  men,  and  upon  which  the  law,  and,  indeed,  all  our 
claims  to  property,  are  founded,  &c. 

This  faculty,  in  its  operation,  brings  within  our  read]  most 
of  the  necessities,  and  all  the  comforts  and  luxuries,  of  life  ; is 
the  great  nerve  of  commerce,  manufactuies,  inventions,  and 
business  in  all  its  multifarious  forms;  and  is  the  great  mov- 
ing cause  of  husbandry,  trade,  the  arts,  and  the  improve- 
ments with  which  mankind  are  blessed.  We  little  realize 
how  much  we  owe  to  this  faculty.  The  making  of  books, 
and  apparel,  and  houses,  the  cultivation  of  farms,  the 
building  of  villages,  and  cities^  and  stores,  and  canals,  and 
the  possession  of  nearly  all  that  prevents  life  from  being  one 
dreary  waste,  may  be  traced,  through  the  helps  afforded  by 
the  other  faculties,  directly  to  the  influence  of  this  love  c I 
money.  Without  this  faculty,  man,  like  those  beasts  which 
are  destitute  of  it,  when  he  had  satiated  his  hunger,  and 
slaked  his  thirst,  would  wander  on  till  again  overtaken  by 
these  cravings  of  his  nature;  would  not  provide,  in  health 
and  the  vigour  of  life,  for  sickness  and  old  age,  but,  like  the 
savage  of  our  western  wilderness,  in  whom  it  is  generally 
small,  would  live  “ from  hand  to  mouth,”  providing  nothing 
for  a rainy  day,  and  idling  away  his  life. 

That  this  feeling  exists,  and  even  manifests  itself  in  bold 
relief  in  the  human  character,  every  observer  of  human  nature 
will  at  once  admit;  and  that,  while,  in  some,  it  amounts  to  a 
ruling  passion , in  others,  it  is  scarcely  perceptible.  Hero, 
then,  we  have  a distinct,  a sui  generis , and  a homogeneous 
class  of  functions;  and  we  must  hence  conclude,  that  there 
exists  a distinct  power  of  the  mind  which  performs  it. 

Large — One  having  acquis,  large , is  stimulated  by  his 


90 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


love  of  money,  to  use  arduous  and  self-denying  efforts  in 
order  o acquire  wealth  ; takes  delight  in  accumulating  prop- 
erty of  every  description ; spends  his  money  reluctantly  for 
things  to  be  consumed  ; cannot  endure  to  see  waste ; enters 
upon  his  money-making  plans  in  good  earnest,  or,  perhaps, 
makes  them  his  main  object  of  pursuit ; unless  he  is  accus- 
tomed to  handling  large  sums  of  money,  has  a watchful  and 
eager  eye  upon  the  small  change,  both  in  making  and  in  spend- 
ing money;  thinks  much  of  becoming  rich;  seems  to  place 
his  heart  upon  what  property  he  may  possess ; and  seeks 
with  avidity,  to  obtain  all  that  belongs  to  him. 

One  having  acquis,  large,  with  self-e.  only  moderate,  and 
conscien.  and  caus.  only  full,  will  occasionally  discover  a 
penuriousness,  littleness,  and  closeness  in  his  dealings,  and 
also  banter  for  trifles,  if  not  for  the  half-cent : with  hope  large 
or  very  large,  not  only  has  strong  desires  to  accumulate  prop- 
erty, but  also  views  every  project  of  acquiring  it,  through  the 
magnifying  medium  of  hope,  and  thus  exaggerates  every  pros- 
pect for  making  money;  and,  with  firm,  and  self-e.  also  large 
or  very  large,  is  eminently  enterprising;  devises  bold 
schemes  fcr  acquiring  property,  and  enters  upon  them  with 
great  determination  and  energy,  cheered  on  by  seemingly 
bright  prospects  of  success:  with  the  perceptive  organs  also 
large  or  very  large,  is  a first  rate  judge  of  property ; prone 
to  trade  and  speculate;  and,  with  secret,  also  large,  will  ex- 
cel in  negotiating,  and  in  conducting  a trade ; is  seldom  taken 
in,  and  generally  gets  the  best  of  the  bargain : with  hope 
very  large,  cautious,  only  moderate,  and  concent,  small,  will 
be  disposed  to  enter  so  largely  into  business  as  to  endanger 
an  entire  failure:  to  venture  beyond  his  means  and  capabili* 
ties ; to  speculate  too  largely ; to  acquire  his  money  by  traffick, 
or  by  investing  it,  expecting  thereby  greatly  to  increase 
it;  and,  with  large  combat,  and  desiruct.  in  addition, 
will  be  likely  to  prosecute  his  money-making  operations 
with  great  vigour  and  energy;  and  writh  firm,  also  large  or 
very  large,  to  drive  them  through  all  opposing  difficulties, 
end  either  to  “make  or  break;”  will  be  subject  to  reverses 
©f  fortune,  and  sometimes  lose  by  imprudence  what  he  has 
gained  by  enterprise ; but,  with  combat.,  cautious.,  self-e., 
hope,  and  the  reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  and  the 
perceptive  at  least  full,  will  combine  uncommon  energy T 
with  uncommon  prudence  ; may  enter  largely  into  business, 
yet  will  be  so  careful  and  judicious  as  generally  to  secure 


ACQUISITIVENESS. 


9> 

fcimself  against  losses  and  accidents ; will  generally  have  for 
dine  upon  his  side;  and,  with  a large  and  active  brain,  un* 
less  prevented  by  his  friendship,  his  benev.,  or  his  conscien., 
or  Dy  accidents  against  which  no  carefulness  or  sagacity  could 
provide,  will  doubtless  become  rich ; but  with  hope  mode- 
rate, and  cautious,  large  or  very  large,  will  desire  to  enter 
largely  into  business,  yet  fear  to  do  so;  frequently  be  “a 
day  after  the  fair  and  deliberate  so  long  before  he  decides 
what  to  do,  as  to  lose  the  most  favourable  time  for  action ; 
yet  will  sustain  fewer  losses,  and,  in  what  he  does  undertake, 
will  be  more  sure  of  success ; will  not  invest  his  money  un- 
less he  can  foresee  the  necessary  result  of  the  undertaking ; to 
acquire  property,  saves  rather  than  speculates  ; and  prefers  an 
income  that  is  more  sure , though  it  may  be  more  slow , to  one 
that  is  more  promising,  yet  more  precarious ; takes  all  availa- 
ble security  against  losses  by  fire,  by  accidents,  by  dishon- 
esty, or  in  any  other  way  ; makes  everything  as  safe  as  pos- 
sible ; and  is  over-careful  in  all  his  pecuniary  transactions, 
&c. : with  hope  very  large,  concent,  small,  and  firm,  only 
full,  will  be  likely  frequently  to  change  his  plan  of  operation, 
or,  it  may  be,  his  business,  hoping  thereby  to  get  rich  the 
sooner ; will  never  Le  satisfied  to  “let  well  enough  alone; ” 
nor  to  pursue  one  steady  occupation  long  enough  to  reap 
much  profit;  but,  with  firm,  large  or  very  large,  and  hope 
less  than  firm.,  will  be  likely  to  pursue  one  steady  bm.ness 
and  plan  of  operation  through  life,  unless  literally  compelled 
to  change  it  by  duty,  or  judgment,  or  friendship,  or  some  oth- 
er powerful  motive  : with  cautious,  very  large,  through  fear 
of  consequences,  may  waver  in  business,  and  will  labour  un- 
der the  greatest  anxiety  about  his  property ; and,  with  hope 
small,  in  the  midst  of  wealth,  friends  plenty,  and  the  fairest 
prospects,  may  really  apprehend  poverty  and  even  starvation : 
with  compar.  and  caus.  large  or  very  large,  intuitively  per- 
ceives what  means  or  causes  put  in  operation,  are  naturally 
calculated  to  effect  certain  ends  ; what  property  will  be  likely 
to  increase  in  value ; lays  judicious  plans  ; makes  shrewd  cal- 
culations as  to  what  will  be  ; and,  with  cautious,  also  large,  so 
calculates  as  generally  to  succeed,  &c. : with  ccnscien.  large 
or  very  la*rge,  tnough  he  may  be  very  eager  in  his  desire  for 
money,  and  tax  all  his  powers  to  accumulate  prcperty,  yet 
will  acquire  it  only  by  honest  means;  despise  the  “tricks 
ox  trade,”  and  can  be  safely  relied  upon : with  large 
sr  very  large  intellectual  organs,  will  prefer  to  make 


02 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE® 


money  by  some  intellectual,  scientifick,  01  iterary  puy 
suit,  &c. 

Acquis,  merely  desires  property,  but  the  kind  of  property  se- 
lected for  acquisition,  is  determined  by  the  wants  and  the  tastes 
of  the  other  faculties.  One  having  acquis,  large,  for  example, 
with  philopro.  also  large,  will  desire  property  both  for  its  own 
sake,  and,  also,  on  account  of  children,  or,  with  all  the  domes 
tick  faculties  energetick,  for  his  family,  and  will  spend  it  freely 
for  their  sake:  with  approbat.  large  or  very  large,  will  seek 
money  both  to  lay  up,  and  also  to  obtain  approbation  by  dress, 
equipage,  elegant  furniture,  &c.,  and  expend  it  freely  foi 
these  purposes,  yet  may  show  penuriousness  in  other  respects  . 
with  benev.  very  large,  will  love  money,  yet  give  it  freely  to 
relieve  suffering,  and  also  to  do  good  to  his  fellow  men: 
with  large  or  very  large  moral  and  religious  organs,  will  be 
likely  to  “be  diligent  in  his  business,”  economical  and, per- 
haps, close  in  money  matters,  yet  will  give  freely  to  benevo- 
lent, missionary,  and  religious  objects,  and  for  the  purpose 
of  converting  men  to  Christianity:  with  ideal,  and  ven.  very 
large,  will  be  likely  to  lay  up  ancient  coins,  paintings,  books, 
&c.,  and  be  an  antiquarian:  with  the  selfish  faculties  strong 
and  vigorous,  will  lay  up  such  things  as  will  gratify  his  va- 
rious selfish  passions:  with  the  intellectual  organs  large, 
books,  philosophical  apparatus,  and  other  assistants  to  intel- 
lectual pursuits ; and,  with  ideal,  also  very  large,  books 
that  are  elegantly  bound  and  embossed,  minerals,  curious 
specimens  of  nature  and  art,  &c. : with  several  of  these  or- 
gans large  or  very  large,  will  desire  money  for  its  own 
sake,  for  the  sake  of  family,  for  purposes  of  personal  aggran- 
dizement, for  benevolent  and  literary  objects,  &c.,  all  com- 
bined. Hence,  this  universal  scrambling  for  the  “ root  of  all 
evil,”  which  is  the  bane  of  human  happiness  and  moral  virtue. 

This  analysis  of  “the  love  of  money”  is  certainly  most 
beautiful.  Phrenology  shows  us  not  only  how  strong  the 
love  of  money  is  in  every  man,  but,  also,  the  character 
of  this  love,  and  the  ultimate  ends  sought  to  be  reached  by  it. 

Very  Large. — One  having  acquis,  very  large , makes 
money  his  idol ; taxes,  to  the  utmost,  all  his  powers  to  amass 
wealth;  makes  every  sacrifice,  and  endure*  every  hardship 
to  secure  this  object,  and  allows  nothing  to  diveit  him  from 
it;  spends  money  grudgingly,  and  is  so  penurious  and  close- 
fisted  as  to  deprive  himself  of  many  of  the  comforts,  and  of 
fell  the  1 i.xuries.  of  life  ; is  covetous  and  miserly,  unless  bene* 


acquisitiveness. 


93 


and  conseien.  are  equally  large,  and  can  ".ever  be  satisfied 
with  adding  field  to  field,  house  to  house,  &c.* 

One  having  acquis,  very  large,  with  combat,  and  destruci. 
also  large,  and  benev.  and  conscien.  only  moderate  or  full, 
will  “grind  the  face  of  the  poor;”  practice  extortion;  take 
every  advantage  of  his  fellow  men;  make  all  the  money  he 
can,  both  by  fair  and  foul  means;  and  is  light  fingered. 
The  combinations  under  this  head  will  coincide  with  those 
under  the  head  of  acquis,  large,  with  the  modification  pro- 
duced by  the  mere  increase  of  acquis. 

Full. — One  having  acquis,  full,  will  be  likely  to  be  in- 
dustrious, frugal,  anxious  to  acquire  possessions,  both  from 
love  of  money,  and  also  to  secure  the  comforts  of  life;  will 
be  zealous,  if  not  quite  eager,  in  all  bis  money-makkig  pur- 
suits; and  unwilling  to  spend  his  money  except  when  bis 
stronger  faculties  demand  it  for  their  gratification  ; will  be  nei- 
ther prodigal  nor  penurious,  unless  made  so  by  circumstances; 
will  be  likely  to  save  enough  to  live  comfortably,  but  live 
well  upon  what  he  has,  yet,  as  a general  thing,  wil 1 find  it 
very  difficult  to  keep  money  by  him,  and  seem  to  be  extravagant. 

So  far  as  the  making  of  money  and  the  class  of  substan- 
ces selected  for  acquisition  are  concerned,  the  selections 
under  acquis,  large , will  apply  to  acquis,  full ; yet,  in 
the  spending  of  money,  there  may  be  a difference.  One 
having  acquis,  full,  with  approbat.,  and  ideal.,  &c.,  large  or 
very  large,  will  be  industrious  in  making  money,  and  quite 
anxious  to  become  rich,  yet  will  spend  it  too  freely  for  fash- 
ionable and  ornamental  articles  of  convenience,  dress,  equi- 
page, &c.,  or  to  make  a show ; with  ideal,  and  local,  very 
large,  in  travelling;  with  adhes.  and  benev.  large  or  very 
large,  lor  the  purpose  of  assisting  his  friends;  with  the  reli- 
gious organs  very  large,  in  promoting  the  cause  of  religion 
and  advancing  the  benevolent  objects  of  the  day,  and  will 
take  much  more  delight  in  spending  his  money  in  this  way, 
than  in  laying  it  up ; with  large  or  very  large  intellectual 
oigans,  in  such  things  as  will  gratify  these  faculties;  with 
several  organs  large,  in  such  a manner  as  to  gratify  the 
greatest  number  of  them;  with  amat.  and  adhes.  large  or 
very  large,  in  supplying  the  wants,  and  augmenting  the 
pleasures,  of  the  other  sex.  &c. 

This  same  princip.e  of  spending  money,  applies  to  acquis. 

A Stephen  Gerard,  oi  Philadelphia,  whose  picture  shows  a very  large 

tlt/pmentOi  acquis. 


94 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


large , whenever  the  larger  organs  require  it,  at  whose  mandats 
acquis,  will  unlock  her  treasures,  and  may  even  permit  extrava* 
ganee.  The  additional  combinations  of  acquis,  full  with  the 
other  organs,  will  be  found  to  be  intermediate  between  those 
under  acquis,  large , and  acquis,  vioderate. 

Moderate. — One  having  acquis,  moderate , desires  mo- 
ney more  as  a means  than  as  an  end , more  for  its  uses  than  to 
lay  up ; will  pay  too  little  attention  to  small  sums,  spend  his 
money  too  freely,  so  that  he  can  hardly  account  for  the 
amount  spent;  does  not  grudge  what  he  spends,  or  gives,  oi 
sees  given ; though  he  may  be  industrious,  will  not  be  suffi- 
ciently economical ; will  as  soon  purchase  things  to  consume 
as  to  keep  ; and  prefers  to  take  the  good  of  his  money  as  he 
goes  along,  instead  of  laying  it  up. 

One  having  acquis,  moderate,  with  the  domestick  organs 
very  large,  will  be  likely  to  spend  his  money  for  the  present , 
rather  than  reserve  it  for  the  future,  wants  of  his  family 
with  the  selfish  faculties  strong,  and  the  moral  and  reasoning 
deficient,  will  spend  his  money  upon  the  gratification  of  his 
passions,  and  seldom  accumulate  property : with  approbat 
and  ideal,  very  large,  and  caus.  only  full,  will  be  extrava. 
gant ; likely  to  run  into  debt  for  the  purpose  of  dashing  out  ; 
and  will  be  foppish:  with  combat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  and  firm, 
large  or  very  large,  will  almost  throw'  away  money  to  gratify 
his  will : with  ideal,  and  self-e.  large  or  very  large,  never 
purchases  a poor  article,  and  pleases  his  fancy,  compara- 
tively regardless  of  its  cost ; and,  with  hope  also  large 
or  very  large,  will  be  too  apt  to  run  into  debt;  spend 
money  in  anticipation  of  future  income;  and  be  too  prodi- 
gal. One  having  acquis,  moderate,  may  have  a very 
strong  desire  to  make  money,  but  not  upon  its  own  account: 
with  the  domestick  organs  large,  when  he  comes  to  have  a 
family  of  his  own,  will  love  money  much  more  than  before, 
on  their  account : with  the  intellectual  organs  generally  large, 
will  desire  it  to  facilitate  his  literary  pursuits,  &c.  Hence, 
the  amount  of  one’s  acquis,  can  seldom  be  determined,  either 
by  the  eagerness  with  which  he  seeks  it,  or  the  manner  * i 
his  spending  it; and  hence,  also,  some  appear  to  be  spen  * 
thrifts  at  one  period  of  their  lives,  and  misers  at  another.* 

♦ The  author  is  acquainted  with  a Mr.  H.  who,  until  within  five  yeartr, 
was  accustomed  to  spend  an  annual  income  of  several  thousand  dollar^ 
laying  up  nothing;  but  who,  since  that  time,  has  acted  up  to  a determina- 
tion to  make,  and  save,  all  the  money  he  can,  not  because  he  love3  mo- 
ney, per  sesc,  any  better  now  than  he  did  then,  but  from  other  motives 
His  fchow  citizens  call  him  penurious. 


VISE  as. 


9 5 


S'  30  C,  1 1 cJTI 

8m  all  — One  having  acquis,  small , holds  money  loose.y; 
spends  it  without  sufficient  consideration,  and  often  without 
receiving  its  full  value  ; is  thoughtless  howr  his  money  goes, 
and,  with  hope  very  large,  will  live  on,  enjoying  the  present, 
thinking  that  the  future  will  provide  for  itself ; will  spend 
his  last  dollar  as  freelv  as  his  first;  is  wasteful,  or  at  lcas£, 
does  not  save  the  fragments;  and,  with  approbat.  and  ideal, 
very  large,  and  caus.  only  full,  will  be  a spendthrift;  lay  out 
his  money  to  very  little  advantage  ; run  into  debt  without 
making  a provision  for  payment,  &c.  For  additional  com* 
binations, see  those  under  acquis,  moderate. 

Very  Small. — One  having  acquis,  very  small , neither 
knows  or  considers  the  value  of  money ; cares  not  how  it  goes, 
nor  how  expensive  things  are,  provided  they  take  his  fancy  ; 
will  have  no  idea  of  laying  up  property  and,  with  ideal,  and 
approbat.  very  large,  will  spend  all  he  can  command  ; every 
thing  pertaining  to  money  being  determined  by  his  other 
faculties. 

In  females,  this  faculty  is  generally  weaker  than  in  males, 
while  ideal,  and  approbat.  are  generally  much  larger,  which 
accounts  for  the  fact,  that  they  spend  money  so  much  more 
freely  than  men,  especially,  for  ornamental  purposes. 

The  author  has  observed,  that  the  sons  of  rich  parent® 
generally  possess  the  organ  (as  they  do  the  faculty)  develop- 
ed  in  an  inferiour  degree.  This  is  doubtless  owing  to  the  fact, 
that,  having  an  abundance  of  money  at  command,  they  have 
had  nothing  to  stimulate,  and  thus  increase,  this  faculty,  so 
that,  from  mere  want  of  exercise,  it  becomes  weak  and 
feeble.  This  likewise  accounts  for  the  fact, that  the  children 
of  men  who  have  made  themselves  rich,  generally  make  a 
very  poor  use  of  their  fathers’  earnings,  and  often  fall  into 
dissipated  habits.  A deficiency  of  this  faculty  is  one  cause 
of  their  idleness,  and  this,  the  cause  of  their  dissipation, 
and  this,  frequently,  the  cause  of  their  ruin. 

Thus  it  is,  that  full  acquis,  is  an  important  inducement  to 
industry,  and,  therefore,  highly  promotive  of  virtue  and 
moral  Avorth ; whilst  a deficiency  of  this  faculty  leaves  open 
the  floodgates  of  temptation  and  dissipation.  If  this  is  so, 
the  lesson  thus  taught  mankind,  by  phrenology,  is  invalua- 
ble. We  are  thus  taught  the  importance  of  a proper  cultiva* 
tion  of  acquis.,  and,  also,  what  that  proper  education  is.  We 
are  farther  taught,  that  the  exercise  of  acquis,  is  virtuous  or 
vicious,  riot  in  itself  nor  in  its  medium  exercise,  bis! 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


in  its  ezi r ernes  of  manifestation.  This  faculty  c 2rtain*y  needs 
to  be  educated  no  less  than  caus.,  event.,  calcu.,  or  any  othe? 
faculty  of  the  mind. 

The  perverted  manifestations  of  acquis,  are,  theft,  cheating, 
extortion  ; with  construct,  and  imitat.  large,  forgery,  counter- 
feiting, burglary; penuriousness,  meanness,  a miserly,  sordid, 
money-loving,  covetous  feeling,  &c. 

Location.— This  organ  is  located  just  before  secret,  and 
above  aliment.  ; or,  upon  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  a little 
farther  forward  than  the  fore  part  of  the  ears ; or,  in  the  mid- 
die  of  a line  connecting  the  organs  of  cautious,  and  calcu. 
It  seldom  causes  a protuberance,  but,  when  it  is  large,  the 
thickness  of  the  head  just  in  front,  and  a little  above  the  tops 
uf  the  ears,  will  be  conspicuous,  even  to  the  eye. 

10.  SECRETIVENESS. 

Propensity  and  ability  to  secrete , to  conceal , and  to  sup 
fress  the  expression  of  the  other  mental  operations. 

We  often  think  and  feel  what  it  would  be  very  impropei 
& us  to  express.  Hence,  the  necessity  of  some  faculty,  the 
office  of  which  is  to  suppress  the  open  manifestation  of  the 
various  mental  operations,  until  the  reasoning  faculties, 
conscien.,  benev.,  &c.,  have  decided  upon  the  propriety  and 
the  utility  of  their  expression.  The  legitimate  office  of  this 
organ  is  not,  as  has  generally  been  supposed,  to  keep  the 
Secrets  intrusted  to  the  individual,  but  to  enable  him  success- 
fully to  keep  his  own  secrets,  and  conceal  his  own  plans  from 
general  observation.  It  is  even  unfavourable  to  keeping  the 
secrets  of  others;  because,  inasmuch  as  it  has  to  do  with 
secrets,  it  creates  an  anxiety,  not  only  to  ascertain  the  secrets 
of  others,  but  also  to  reveal  them  as  secrets,  but  with  the  in- 
junction of  secrecy. 

A good  endowment  of  this  organ  is  essential  to  prudence 
of  character,  particularly  in  speaking  of,  and  exposing,  one’s 
business,  &c.,  and  also  to  etiquette  and  modern  politeness.  It 
removes  the  blunt,  unpolished  edge  from  the  manner  df  ex- 
pression, appearance,  &c.;  assists  in  covering  many  weak 
points  of  character ; and  prevents  exposures>not  to  physical 
dangers,  (for  this  is  the  office  of  cautious.,)  but  to  the  maehina 
dons  of  the  designing  and  the  envious,  to  the  impositions  oi 
the  crafty,  and  the  false  constructions  of  all. 

Large. — One  having  secret,  large , will  generally  keep 


SECRETIVE  NESS. 


9? 


his  thoughts,  feelings,  business,  plans,  opinions,  &c.  chiefly 
to  himself,  except  when  they  are  drawn  from  him  ; will 
effect  his  purposes  indirectly,  and  without  detection;  wil' 
govern  his  feelings,  and  restrain  the  open  manifestation  o£ 
anger,  joy,  grief  &c.;  can  banish  from  his  countenance  and 
appearance  the  indications  of  his  real  feelings,  and,  with 
irnitat.  large,  seem  to  feel  as  he  does  net : with  firm.,  and 
tfdf-e.,  and  destruct.  also  large,  will  suffer  pain  and  sickness 
without  showing  or  complaining  much  of  it;  is  prudent 
about  speaking ; careful  in  what  he  says ; reserved ; slow  to 
communicate,  form  attachments,  make  acquaintances,  &c.; 
does  not  make  the  first  advances  to  strangers ; is  not  free  in 
expressing  his  feelings,  but  does  it  equivocally,  and  by  piece* 
meal ; with  conscien.  moderate,  is  suspicious  of  the  intentions 
of  others;  wary,  and  always  on  the  alert;  generally  answers 
questions,  expresses  opinions,  &c.,  in  an  ambiguous,  equivocal, 
evasive,  or  indefinite  manner,  which  will  bear  different  interpre- 
tations, so  that  he  seldom  commits  himself;  hesitates,  and  re- 
commences  his  sentences  as  though  afraid  to  speak  out  plainly 
just  what  he  thinks;  can  employ  cunning,  art,  management, 
and  manoeuvre,  and  act  the  double  part;  says  but  little,  yet 
thinks  the  more;  pries  into  the  secrets  of  others,  yet  keeps 
his  own  to  himself,  or,  at  least,  sounds  others  closely ; gen- 
erally judges  correctly  of  character,  especially  it  individ., 
caus.,and  com  par.  are  large  or  very  large,  and  sc  success- 
fully conceals  his  own  character  and  purposes,  shat  but  little 
is  generally  known  of  him  except  by  a long  and  {.intimate 
acquaintance. 

One  having  secret,  large,  with  adhes.  large  or  very  large, 
may  sometimes  communicate  his  feelings  freely  to  his  nearest 
friends,  yet  will  seldom  do  this,  and  exercise  more  attach- 
ment than  he  expresses,  with  amat.  also  large,  may  love 
strongly,  but  will  express  his  love  in  a somewhat  doubtful 
and  equivocal  manner:  with  combat,  and  destruct.  large, 
unless  the  excitement  is  very  sudden,  and  his  temperament 
very  irritable,  may  restrain,  for  a long  time,  the  expression 
of  anger,  and  cover  up  the  fire  which  is  burning  in  his  bo* 
som,  vet,  when  he  does  give  vent  to  it,  will  blaze  forth  in 
good  earnest:  with  seif.e.,  or  approbat.,  or  both,  large  or 
very  large,  cans,  only  fuL,  and  conscien.  moderate  or  small, 
will  be  inclined  to  employ  cunning  and  deception  in  advan- 
cing his  reputation  ; operate  indirectly,  and  through  the  agen- 
cy ©f  others  ; be  given  to  eye-service,  and  will  do  many  things 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


merely  for  effect  and  “to  be  seen  of  men:”  vv  th  cautious, 
large  or  very  large,  will  be  very  careful,  not  only  about 
what  he  says,  but  also  about  what  he  does;  and,  with  the 
reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  be  pre-eminently  dis- 
creet and  judicious,  and  never  venture  an  opinion,  unless  he 
is  very  certain  that  it  is  perfectly  correct,  and  then  generally 
with  a but,  an  if,  or  a perhaps ; and  will  drop  no  word,  and 
give  no  clew,  by  means  of  which  he  can  be  detected:  with 
conscien.  only  moderate  or  small,  and  self-e.  and  caus.  only 
full,  and  approbat.  large  or  very  large,  will  be  deceitful,  and 
inclined  to  employ  cunning  and  artifice  in  accomplishing  his 
plans  ; contrive  to  throw  the  ignominy  of  his  evil  deeds  upon 
others;  be  very  apt  to  say  one  thing  in  your  presence,  and  quite 
another  in  your  absence;  cannot  be  confided  in  as  a friend; 
and,  with  adhes.  only  full,  and  imitat.  large  or  very  large,  can 
carry  on  his  malicious  designs  under  the  garb  of  friendship  : 
with  combat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  and  approbat.  large,  benev., 
firm.,  and  caus.  only  full,  and  conscien.  only  moderate  or 
small,  will  be  obsequious  to  superiours,  and  domineering  to 
inferiours  : with  acquis,  large  or  very  large,  and  conscien. 
only  moderate  cr  full,  will  practise  the  “ tricks  of  trade  and 
make  a good  bargain  whenever  he  can,  even  though  he  is 
obliged  to  use  some  misrepresentations  : with  destruct.,  self-e., 
and  firm,  large  or  very  large,  will  possess  great  fortitude, 
and  endure  severe,  corporeal  suffering  without  flinching  or 
complaining:  with  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  may  some- 
times equivocate  and  employ  deception  in  cases  in  which  he  is 
under  no  moral  obligation  to  communicate  the  facts,  and,  also, 
in  which  his  interest  demands  secrecy,  but  will  never  know- 
ingly deceive  others  to  their  injury,  especially  if  his  duty  re- 
quires him  to  tell  the  whole  truth  : with  adhes.,  benev.,  and 
conscien.  large  or  very  large,  and  self-e.  full,  will  be  frank 
and  candid  in  telling  a friend  his  faults,  yet  will  never  re- 
prove. unless  his  sense  of  duty  compels  him  to  do  so  : with 
firm,  and  self-e.  very  large,  will  seem  to  yield,  yet  will  do  sa 
only  in  appearance  ; will  say  but  little,  and  make  very  little 
ado  about  the  matter,  yet,  in  acting , will  be  immoveable 
and  inflexible,  &c. 

Very  Large. — One  having  secret,  very  large , will  be 
very  apt  to  keep  every  thing  pertaining  to  himself  wrapped 
up  in  profound  secrecy,  and  disclose  his  feelings  to  no  one ; 
be  generally  dark,  secret,  and  mysterious  in  his  movements  ; 
eeldoxn  accomplish  his  purposes,  except  in  an  indirect  and  in* 


SECRETIVENESS. 


Inguing  manner ; ani  be  so  crafty,  reserved,  arid  mysterious, 
that  no  one  will  know  much  of  his  real  chaiacter  ; and,  with 
combat.,  destruct.,  and  the  selfish  faculties  generally  large, 
the  moral  and  reflective  only  full,  and  conscien.  only  mode- 
rate,  will  be  “a  snake  in  the  grass;77  practise  art,  cunning, 
and  deception,  &e.:  with  aliment,  large,  will  steal  pies,  cakes, 
and  sweatrneats : with  acquis,  large,  will  take  and  conceal 
money,  property,  clothing,  &c.:  with  approbat.  and  destruct. 
large,  and  conscien.  only  moderate,  will  lie  in  ambush,  plot 
and  execute  his  plans  of  injuring  his  rival, in  secret;  and 
yet,  appear  to  be  his  friend,  &c.  For  farther  combinations 
under  this  head,  see  those  under  secret,  large,  which  are 
equally  true  with  secret,  very  large,  except  in  degree,  and 
this  the  judgment  of  the  reader  will  enable  him  to  adapt  to 
secret,  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  secret,  full , will  be  able  to  keep  his 
thoughts,  feelings,  and  business  to  himself  when  occasion 
really  demands  it,  yet  will  commonly  express  them  without 
reserve  ; unless  somewhat  excited,  will  not  be  rash  or  blunt  in 
the  expression  of  his  feelings,  yet,  when  any  of  the  faculties 
that  are  more  energetick  than  secret.,  or  when  those  that  are 
not,  become  suddenly  or  considerably  excited,  will  give  a 
full,  and  frank,  and  strong  expression  to  them,  because,  al- 
though secret,  may  be  sufficiently  active  to  hold  even  the 
larger  organs  in  check  when  they  are  but  little  excited,  it 
will  not  be  powerful  enough  to  do  so  when  they  are  roused  to 
more  energetick  action,  so  that  he  will  fail  to  preserve  an  equa- 
nimity of  feeling  and  conduct ; is  generally  free  in  conversa- 
tion and  discourse,  yet  seldom  commits  himself ; is  not  hypo- 
critical, nor  yet  remarkable  for  saying  ail  he  thinks ; and 
will  generally  govern  his  feelings,  except  when  excited,  but 
will  then  throw  them  out  freely  and  fully;  is  somewhat  re- 
served and  suspicious,  especially  upon  a first  acquaintance, 
and  3~et,  will  generally  be  found  to  be  sincere,  unless  strong* 
iy  tempted  by  interest  to  act  a double  part,  and  even  then, 
will  not  be  really  dishonest,  especially  if  conscien.  be  large 
or  very  large ; will  know  well  how  to  keep  dark  upon  points 
which  he  may  wish  to  conceal,  and  also  know  how  to  ascer- 
tain the  intentions  and  the  secrets  of  others ; and  will  be  re- 
served to  strangers  and  partial  acquaintances,  yet  frank  and 
open  among  his  intimate  friends. 

One  having  secret,  full,  with  conscien.  large,  will  never 
knowingly  practise  deception  to  the  injury  of  another, 


100 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


may  practise  * it  in  self-preservation,  and  in  doing  business, 
especially  when  u.'ged  to  it  by  other  selfish  faculties,  and 
when  it  is  unrestrained  by  the  moral  and  intellectual  facul- 
ties: with  acquis,  large  or  very  large,  and  conscien.  mode 
rate  or  small,  will  bear,  and  even  need,  to  be  watched; 
sometimes  give  a false  colouring  to  things  in  order  to  makea 
good  bargain  ; and  occasionally  take  the  advantage,  &c. 
The  additional  combinations  under  secret,  full,  will  be  inter- 
mediate between  secret,  large,  and  secret  moderate. 

Moderate. — One  having  secret,  moderate , is  generally 
frank,  candid,  and  openhearted  in  his  disposition  and  inter- 
course with  men,  and  so  ingenuous  and  undisguised  as  often 
to  expose  himself  to  imposition  and  deception;  chooses  a 
plain,  direct,  and  unequivocal  manner  of  expressing  his 
thoughts  and  feelings;  has  few  secrets  of  his  own  which  he 
wishes  to  keep,  and  cares  little  about  learning  the  secrets  oi 
others,  an  1,  when  things  are  told  him  with  the  injunction 
“not  to  tell,”  he  scarcely  thinks  of  them  again;  and  gener- 
ally despises  secrecy  wherever  he  finds  it. 

One  having  secret,  moderate  or  small,  with  combat,  and 
destruet.  large  or  very  large,  tells  others  just  what  he  thinks 
of  them  ; expresses  his  hatred  and  his  love  freely ; is  often  un- 
derstood as  saying  more  than  he  really  intended  to  say;  and 
frequently  expresses  his  anger  in  a harsh,  blunt,  and  offensive 
manner;  but,  with  conscien.  equally  large,  and  concent, 
moderate  or  small,  soon  recovers  his  wonted  serenity  of  tem- 
per, and,  if  he  is  conscious  that  he  has  said  or  done  any 
thing  wrong,  is  soon  very  sorry  for  it,  and  ready,  if  not  glad, 
to  make  any  reasonable  acknowledgment  or  reparation  de 
mancied  : with  conscien , at  least, full,  firm.,  self-e.,  benev.,  and 
cans,  large  or  very  large,  will  take  an  open,  fair,  honest,  hon- 
ourable, dignified,  ana  high-minded  course,  and  heartily  de- 
spise every  thing  like  low  cunning  or  management ; employ 
none  but  fair  means ; and  do  nothing  behind  the  curtain  : with 
self-e.  only  moderate,  or  full,  benev.,  ven.,  and  adhes.  large  cr 
very  laige,  is  naturally  upright  and  honest  himself  ana  open 
and  fair  in  his  dealings,  and  thinks  others  equally  so ; is  toe 
ready  to  trust  others,  and  especially  those  who  call  him  their 
friend  ; presumes  too  much  upon  the  integrity  and  honesty 
of  others,  and  relies  too  impiicity  upon  their  word,  so  that 
he  is  extremely  liable  to  be  deceived  and  imposed  upon: 
with  self-e.  or  approbat.,  or  both,  and  hope  very  large,  of 
even  large,  is  given  to  egotism ; apt  to  talk  too  much  of  him 


SECRETIVENESS. 


101 


seif;  becomes  enthusiastick  in  telling  what  he  has  done  oi 
can  do  ; is  cftcm  the  hero  of  his  own  ta  e;  and  too  forward  to 
display  himself:  with  cautious,  large  or  very  large,  manifests 
great  care  and  deliberation  in  his  business,  yet  is  very  incau- 
tious in  his  manner  of  speaking;  is  judicious  in  laying  hi& 
plans,  and  providing  against  a time  of  need,  and  very  de- 
liberate and  prudent  in  making  all  bis  arrangements,  yet  Ls 
very  imprudent  in  the  expression  of  his  feelings. 

Small. — One  having  secret,  small , acts  just  as  he  feels; 
Bpeaks  just  what  he  thinks;  is  so  blunt  and  direct  in  his 
manner  of  expression  as  often  to  give  needless  offence ; speaks 
out  his  whole  mind  without  due  regard  to  time,  circumstan- 
ces, or  manner;  communicates  his  ideas  in  plain  and  un 
equivocal  language,  and  prefers  natural  and  forcible,  tc 
elegant,  expressions;  is  natural  and  open  in  his  manners, 
and,  with  king,  full  or  large,  generally  ready  to  enter  into 
conversation  with  his  friends,  and  even  with  strangers,  and 
to  communicate  to  them  his  business,  history,  opinions,  feel- 
ings, concerns,  &c.  ; and  can  deceive  only  by  means  of  his 
reasoning  faculties,  or  by  taking  those  steps  which  are  cal- 
culated to  cause  deception. 

One  having  secret,  small,  with  conscien.,  benev.,  and  the 
reasoning  organs  large  or  very  large,  will  be  incapable  of 
deception  ; abominate  and  censure  hypocrisy,  concealment, 
and  mere  outside-show  in  all  those  ten  thousand  forms  in 
which  they  are  practised  in  society;  keeps  nothing  back ; 
gives  away  almost  entirely  to  his  feelings  unless  they  are 
checked  by  his  other  faculties;  and  has  a window  in  his 
breast,  through  which  all  that  is  passing  in  his  heart,  can  he 
plainly  seen.  Additional  combinations  will  be  found  under 
secret,  moderate. 

Very  small. — One  in  whom  this  organ  is  very  small , is 
n total  stranger  to  the  function  and  the  influence  of  this  fee- 

nlty. 

A deficiency  of  this  faculty,  by  exposing  at  once  whatever 
excesses  or  defects  of  character  one  may  possess,  is  apt  to 
eave,  a';  first,  a very  unfavourable  impression  of  a person  up 
on  the  minds  of  others,  yet,  if  it  exposes  the  more  disagreea- 
ble traits  of  character,  it  equally  reveals  the  virtues  ; sc  that, 
if  the  agreeable  traits  of  character  greatly  predominate  over 
the  more  disagreeable,  the  individual  Will  appear  still  mora 
amiable  in  consequence  of  this  deficiency  ; and,  vice  verm. 

This  faculty,  in  its  perverted  exercise,  produces  lying  do 


102 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


ceit,  hypocrisy,  and  those  ten  thousand  artifices  in  dress,  fur 
niture,  equipage,  &c.,  the  chief  object  of  which  is  to  create 
false  appearances,  and, also,  the  innumerable  arts  and  make-be- 
lieves which  enter  into  the  very  frame-work  of  society  as  it  now 
is.  From  this  faculty,  also,  with  large  or  very  large  appro- 
bat.,  seif-e.,  destruct.,  and  combat.,  unrestrained  by  the  moral 
or  intellectual  organs,  arises  that  tattling,  backbiting,  scan- 
dalizing disposition  which  is  by  no  means  uncommon,  and 
which  does  such  immense  mischief. 

In  the  New  England  head,  this  organ  is  generally  large; 
hence,  that  reserve  in  communicating  things  about  them- 
selves, and  that  tact  in  prying  into  the  affairs  of  others,  for 
which  they  are  so  noted ; but,  in  the  Southern  head,  it  is 
small,  which  produces  that  frankness  and  openness  which 
characterize  Southern  gentlemen. 

Location. — Secret,  is  located  just  above  the  organ  of  de- 
struct., and  runs  nearly  parallel  with  it,  the  centre  of  it  being 
about  an  inch  above  the  top  of  the  ears.  Or  thus:  let  a 
person,  standing  behind  one  that  is  seated,  place  the  third  fin- 
ger horizontally  upon  the  head,  so  that  the  lower  side  of  it 
will  just  touch  the  tip  of  the  ear,  and  it  will  rest  upon  de- 
struct.; then  let  the  second  or  middle  finger  be  separated  from 
it  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch,  and  it  will  rest  upon  secret.; 
or,  if  the  organ  be  small,  fall  into  a depression : then  let  the 
first  finger  be  separated  from  the  second  about  five-eighths  of 
an  inch,  and  it  will  rest  upon  cautious.,  which,  however,  will 
be  a little  farther  back  than  secret.  When  it  is  large  or  very 
large,  with  cautious,  and  destruct.  also  equally  large,  there 
will  be  no  prominence,  but  all  of  the  side-head  above  the  ear 
will  be  full,  rounded,  and  thick. 

GENUS  II. — Moral,  Religious,  and  Human  Sen- 
timents. 

The  character  of  the  sentiments  is  much  higher,  more 
elevated,  and  more  humanizing  than  that  of  the  propensities, 
and,  when  not  under  the  dominion  of  the  propensities,  is 
more  vi/tuous  and  more  praiseworthy  than  perhaps  any  eth- 
er class  }f  the  mental  functions.  A very  correct  idea  of 
the  nature  and  character  of  these  sentiments,  may  he  derived 
from  a comparison  of  civilized  man  with  savages  and  barba- 
rians, or  of  man  with  the  brute  creation. 

Dr.  Spurzheim,  George  Combe,  and  phrenologists  gene?- 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 


103 


ally,  define  the  sentiments  as  distinguishable  from  the  pro* 
pensities.  by  their  uniting  a propensity  to  act  with  an  emo 
tion  ; but  the  author  is  unable  to  discover  the  reason  why  the 
passion  of  love,  for  example,  is  not  as  much  “an  emotion 
joined  with  a certain  propensity  to  act,”  as  the  function  ascri- 
bed to  benev.  Nor  does  the  distinction  that  the  propensities 
3 common  to  men  and  animals,”  designate  them  with  suffi- 
cient accuracy,  because  benev.,  approbat.,  imitat.,  and  soma 
©f  the  other  sentiments,  are  found  to  belong  to  some  animals 
of  the  brute  creation,  as  well  as  to  man. 

SPECIES  I. — Selfish  Sentiments. 

These  seem  to  be  intermediate  between  the  propensities 
and  the  moral  sentiments,  partake,  in  part,  of  the  na- 
ture of  both,  taking  their  direction,  and  the  character  of 
their  manifestation,  from  the  propensities  when  they  pre- 
dominate, and  from  the  moral  sentiments,  in  case  they  are 
the  more  energetick.  Like  the  propensities,  they  greatly  in- 
crease the  propelling  power,  and  the  efficiency  of  the  charac- 
ter ; yet  they  terminate  upon  self,  being  blind  impulses  de- 
signed to  secure  selfish  interests. 

H.  CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Solicitude  about  consequences — apprehension  of  danger- 
instinct  of  fear — care — anxiety. 

So  numerous  and  so  great  are  the  dangers  with  which 
man  is  surrounded,  so  many  evils  beset  his  path,  and 
so  many  things  are  to  be  provided  against,  that,  unless  there 
were  implanted  in  the  human  breast  bv  the  hand  of  nature. 
some  faculty  which,  upon  the  least  intimation  of  danger 
should  sound  the  tocsin  of  alarm,  and  thus  save  him  from 
accident,  and,  also,  which  should  give  him  consideration  and 
forethought,  he  would  be  liable  to  be  frequently  overtaken  by 
impending  dangers,  and,  also,  would  make,  comparatively, 
little  preparation  for  future  wants.  Of  the  necessity  of  the 
faculty,  then,  there  can  be  no  question  ; nor  that  the  function 
of  solicitude  constitutes  a very  large  class  of  the  intellectual 
functions.  Hence,  the  inevitable  conclusion  is,  that  there  exists 
a faculty  which  exercises  this  class  of  the  mental  operations. 
But  when  we  find  that  the  strength  and  activity  of  this  facul- 
ty, when  compared  with  the  other  feelings,  are  proportionate 


,04 


PH RE NOLOG V ILLUSTRATED. 


to  the  size  of  a given  portion  of  the  brain,  reason  and  philos 
°phy  join  in  admitting  cautiousness  to  be  a separate  faculty  oj 
.he  mind.  Its  office  is,  to  provide  against  present  danger,  to 
cast  up  a bulwark  of  defence  against  danger  in  the  dis- 
tance, to  watch  over  the  interests  of  the  individual,  and  to  ex- 
cite, repress,  and  direct  the  operations  of  the  other  faculties. 

Large. — One  having  cautious,  large , looks  at  every  plan 
end  project  with  a careful,  anxious  eye  before  he  concludes 
upon  the  course  to  be  pursued,  and  hesitates  long  before  he 
finally  decides  ; turns  the  whole  matter  over  and  over  again 
in  his  mind;  is  very  often  in  suspense,  and  remains  toe  long 
undecided;  fully  considers  every  chance  against  him;  takes 
all  necessary,  and,  often,  even  unnecessary,  precaution  : too 
often  reconsiders,  and  manifests  a pains-taking,  careful,  anx 
ious,  provident  disposition  in  all  he  does. 

One  having  cautious,  large,  with  combat,  and  destruct. 
also  large,  is  slow  in  commencing,  yet  when  once  interested 
in  any  project,  pushes  it  with  great  spirit ; may  be  timid  and 
fearful  till  his  courage  is  once  excited,  but  will  then  be  bold 
and  fearless ; may  be  nearly  overcome  with  fear  before  he 
commences  acting  or  speaking,  and  where  effort  is  unavail 
mg,  yet  is  full  of  courage,  and  spirit,  and  determination 
when  he  has  once  commenced,  and  where  effort  is  required  ; 
combines  discretion  with  valour;  intrepidity  with  carefulness; 
prudence  with  determination,  &c.;  in  cases  of  danger,  will  be 
perfectly  self-possessed,  and  yet  have  forethought  enough  to 
do  just  what  the  occasion  demands;  cannot  be  soon  worked 
up  to  the  sticking  point,  but  is  determined,  if  not  desperate 
when  once  kindled;  may  drive  forward  with  some  fury,  but 
will  steer  clear  of  every  thing  that  can  upset  his  vehicle  or 
obstruct  his  progress  ; and,  with  hope  also  large,  will  enter 
so  largely  into  business,  and  push  his  projects  with  so  much 
energy  and  zeai,  as  to  seem  to  he  very  rash,  and  nearly  des- 
titute of  caution,  yet  come  out  about  right  in  the  end;  with 
compar.  and  cans,  large  in  addition,  will  very  seldom  entire- 
ly fail  in  his  projects,  though  he  may  be  sometimes  obliged 
to  retrace  his  steps;  will  present  seemingly  contradictory 
points  of  character,  sometimes  appearing  to  be  rash,  and  at 
others  fearful ; and,  with  a nervous  temperament,  will  be 
either  “ in  the  garret  or  in  the  cellar  ;”  when  circumstances 
are  favourable,  or  excite  his  hopes,  and  quiet  his  fears,  will  be 
in  high  hopes  and  spirits,  and  promise  himself  too  much  ; but 
when  bis  fears  are  awakened,  and  nothing  excites  his  hopes. 


cautiousness. 


IOS 


De  cast  Gown,  uiscoorageu,  and  exceedingly  anxious,  mil  sub* 
feet  to  extremes  01  hope  and  fear  : with  very  large  compar 
cno  caus.,  and  large  perceptive  organs,  will  generally  come 
to  a correct  cocision,  yet  take  his  own  time  for  it;  will  act 
understandmgly,  and  make  every  effort  tell  directly  on  the 
object  m view;  take  hold  of  things  judiciously  and  in  the 
right  place  ; seldom  retrace  his  steps,  change  his  decisions, or 
undo  what  he  has  done ; in  general,  will  be  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  seldom  subject  to  accidents  or  disappointments ; 
consider  well  the  pros  and  cons  on  both  sides  of  all  questions, 
and  investigate  the  whole  matter  in  hand  thoroughly  be* 
fore  decision  or  action. 

Very  Large. — One  having  cautious,  very  large , is  so 
doubtful,  fearful,  uncertain,  and  apprehensive,  so  irresolute 
and  inefficient,  that  he  is  disqualified  for  prompt,  enterprising, 
vigorous  effort,  and  wastes  the  day  of  action  in  fruitless  de 
liberation;  indulges  groundless  and  unfounded  apprehensions; 
anticipates  danger  when  there  is  little  or  no  cause ; is  unwill- 
ing to  run  any  risk,  and  much  more  alarmed  by  sickness 
and  trouble  than  the  occasion  really  demands,  &c. 

One  having  cautious,  very  large,  with  combat.,  seif-e.,  and 
hope  moderate,  will  be  irresolute;  easily  discouraged ; un- 
willing to  engage  in  any  important  undertaking  for  fear  of 
experiencing  a failure;  is  timid,  easily  frightened,  destitute 
of  decision  and  energy,  and  unable  to  effect  any  thing  im- 
portant ; but  if  hope,  firm,  and  seif-e.  are  also  very  large, 
and  combat,  is  large,  cautmus.  will  not  prevent  action  and 
effort,  but  will  simply  take  care,  that  every  thing  is  provided 
for,  arranged,  and  seen  to : with  hope,  caus.,  and  compar. 
very  large,  and  the  perceptive  organs  large,  may  take  some 
seemingly  bold  measures,  but  they  will  be  dictated  by  a cor- 
rect judgment,  rendered  the  more  acute  by  the  strong  ex- 
citement caused  by  cautious.:  with  hope  and  combat,  mode- 
late  or  small,  looks  always  on  the  dark  side  of  prospects: 
borrows  a world  of  trouble,  even  in  prosperity ; apprehends 
the  worst  rather  than  the  best;  indulges  gloomy,  aisrnal, 
melancholy  feelings,  and  often  suffers  intolerably  from  them  ; 
pores  constantly  over  misfortunes ; magnifies  every  difficulty  : 
diminishes  advantages ; fears  much  more  than  hopes;  does 
not  venture,  or  run  any  risk  ; shrinks  from  difficulty,  and, 
by  his  terrour  and  alarm,  is  easily  overcome,  so  that  he  cannot 
act  on  occasions  of  danger. 

Full — One  having  cautious,  full,  will  possess  a suffi 
5* 


106 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


eifciit  degree  of  this  faculty  to  secure  success,  and  provide 
against  accidents  in  ordinary  cases,  yet  will  frequently  seem 
to  be  very  imprudent ; does  not  act  without  care  and  fore- 
thought,  yet  loes  not  consider  so  long  as  to  let  pass  the  day 
for  action;  and  cannot  be  called  rash  or  careless,  except 
when  rendered  so  by  his  other  faculties. 

Ono  having  cautious,  full,  with  hope  And  ccmfe&t.  large  oj 
very  large,  will  not  possess  sufficient  circumspection  to  regu- 
late and  prevent  the  precipitate  actiomof  these  faculties,  and 
thus  be  hurried  headlong  by  them  into  projects  without  suffi- 
cient caution  or  forethought,  and  will  seein  to  be  much  les# 
cautious  than  he  really  is. 

When  full,  large,  or  very  large,  cautious,  acts  with  ^ 
vigour  reciprocally  proportionate  to  the  power  of  this  faculty 
and  the  strength  of  the  desires  of  the  other  faculties.  For 
example ; one  having  cautious,  full,  large,  or  very  large,  with 
philopro.  very  large,  and  acquis,  small,  will  experience  btv 
little  solicitude  concerning  his  property,  but  feel  the  greatest 
anxiety  concerning  his  children ; but,  with  the  same  degree 
of  cautious.,  and  acquis,  very  large,  and  philopro.  small,  will 
expend  his  anxiety  upon  his  property , and  feel  little  for  his 
children : with  approbat.  very  large,  will  be  over-anxious 
about  his  character  and  his  standing:  with  conscien.  very 
large,  upon  every  point  of  duty , &c.  This  accounts  for  the 
phenomena,  so  frequently  occurring,  of  an  extreme  anxiety 
concerning  some  things,  and  a want  of  it  in  other  things — *a 
class  of  phenomena  which  no  other  system  of  mental  phi- 
•osophy  has  ever  accounted  for,  or  can  ever  explain. 

Moderate. — One  having  cautious,  moderate,  will  discov- 
er a wTant  of  forethought  and  discretion,  yet  the  extent  of  this 
deficiency  will  be  greater  or  less  according  as  his  other  facul- 
ties do, or  do  not, expose  him  to  danger.  One  having  cautious, 
moderate,  for  example,  with  hope  and  combat,  also  moderate, 
will  need  but  little  cautious,  to  restrain  the  excesses  produced 
by  these  faculties  ; with  combat,  and  hope  large  or  very  large, 
will  be  hasty,  inconsiderate,  and  improvident;  with  caus.  and 
co-npar.  very  large,  when  not  blinded  by  passion  or  preju 
dice,  may  be  judicious, and  lay  good  plans;  with  acquis,  very 
large,  will  take  good  care  of  his  property,  yet  be  careless  in 
other  respects,  &c.  The  remaining  combinations  of  cautious, 
moderate,  will  be  intermediate  between  those  under  cautious, 
full,  and  cautious  small. 

Small  --—One  having  cautious,  small , will  decide  and  act 


APPROB ATI VEN  ESs 


107 


.athout  due  deliberation  ; be  careless,  precipitate,  imprudent, 

I ad,  consequently,  often  unlucky,  and  subject  to  frequent  acci- 
dents; will  foil  to  perfect  his  plans,  and  therefore,  often  b© 
>bliged  to  undo  what  he  has  done:  proceed  without  fore- 
iiought  or  care,  and  thus  labour  to  the  greatest  disadvantage; 
vill  sustain  repeated  and  heavy  misfortunes  ; and,  with  com 
fat.  and  destruct.  large,  will  drive  forward  in  a furious,  reck- 
pss  manner;  so  as  often  to  defeat  his  plans,  and  frequently 
ye  in  hot  water ; will  -know  nothing  about  fear ; but,  with 
large  or  very  large  reasoning  organs,  may  proceed  so  habit- 
ually rnder  the  influence  of  reason  as  to  sustain  few  losses, 
yet  v .11  lack  solicitude,  &c. 

V ry  Small. — One  with  cautious,  very  small , will  be 
dest  ate  of  fear,  of  forethought,  of  discretion,  &c.,  and,  con* 
seq  jntly,  rash,  heedless,  headlong,  regardless  of  consequen- 
ces unfortunate,  and  governed  by  his  other  faculties. 

..his  faculty  is  generally  much  more  active,  and  the  organ 
much  stronger,  in  females  tnan  in  males;  while  combat, 
and  destruct.  are  much  smaller.  Hence,  the  irresolution, 
fear,  terrour,  groundless  alarms,  and  uncalled  for  anxiety 
which  they  so  often  manifest : and  also  the  superiour  discreet- 
ness and  propriety  they  generally  possess  over  the  other  sex. 
In  children,  too,  this  organ  is  much  larger  than  in  adults, 
doubtless  because  their  dangers  being  greater,  the  protection 
demanded  is  proportionally  greater. 

Lor*  txon. — This  organ  is  located  just  above,  and  partly 
behind,  *-cret.  Or  thus:  when  the  head  is  erect,  cautious, 
will  be  f >nd  upon  the  sides  of  the  head,  just  back  of  a per- 
pendicula  ine  passing  through  the  opening  of  the  ears 


12.  APPROBATIVENESS. 


hove  of  the  approbation  of  men — sense  of  character- 
desire  for  the  favourable  estimation , and  the  good  opinion , 
of  others — ambition  for  distinction  and  popularity — love 
&f  fame , <ffc. 

Certain  actions  are  considered  praiseworthy,  while  others 
sie  considered  disgraceful,  which  proves  that  the  mind  is  so 
constituted  as  to  approve  of  some  things,  and  disapprove  of 
others.  Hence,  we  infer  the  existence  of  a distinct  faculty 
wnich  exercises  this  class  of  functions,  and  the  facts  that  the 
strength  of  this  class  of  functions  is  various,  being  energetick 
\n  some,  and  weak  in  others — that  it  is  manifested  in  proper* 


fciou  to  the  development  of  a certain  portion  of  the  brainy 
and  that  it  is  an  instinctive  and  intuitive,  and  not  secondary 
exercise  of  the  mind,  and  that  it  is  unique  and  homogeneoij 
in  its  character,  establish  the  conclusion,  that  it  is  the  prc 
duct  of  a distinct  faculty  of  the  mind. 

This  faculty  does  not  decide  what  actions  are  praisewoi 
thy  and  what  are  not,  but  only  arraigns  the  actions  befor 
such  a standard  as  may  have  been  settled  upon  by  custom,  b 
the  dictates  of  the  other  faculties,  by  the  passions,  &c.,  ami 
praises  or  blames,  according  as  they  do,  or  do  not,  conform  to 
this  standard.  This  standard  has  more  or  less  reference  to 
the  moral  qualities  of  actions,  and,  doubtless,  if  left  to  act  in 
conjunction  with  a full  and  equal  development  of  the  other 
faculties,  particularly  of  conscien.,  and  if  it  were  not  warped 
by  education,  or  the  customs  of  society,  would  approve  those 
actions  which  are  moral,  and  frown  upon  those  that  an 
immoral.  Yet  such  is  the  influence  of  custom  and  of  “the 
fashions”  in  this  matter,  that  the  decisions  of  this  faculty  are 
not,  in  the  least,  to  be  relied  upon  as  a standard  of  virtue. 
Properly  trained,  it  would  promote  decency  and  propriety  of 
appearance  and  manners ; yet,  as  now  manifested,  it  oftenei 
produces  the  most  disagreeable,  not  to  say,  sinful,  actions, 
under  the  sanction  o t fashion.  Its  influence,  however,  in 
promoting  morality  and  refinement,  and  in  preventing  vice 
by  censuring  it,  is  very  great. 

Large. — One  having  approbat.  large,  is  extremely  sensitive 
upon  every  point  connected  with  his  honour , his  character 
his  reputation,  &c.,  and,  in  all  he  does,  will  have  an  eye  to 
the  approbation  and  the  disapprobation  of  his  fellow  men ; 
frequently  asks  himself,  if  not  others,  what  do,  or  what  will, 
people  think  of  this  or  that  performance,  course  of  conduct, 
&c ; is  very  desirous  of  being  thought  and  spoken  well  of, 
of  being  noticed  and  commended,  esteemed,  praised,  and  ad- 
mired ; instinctively  shrinks  from  whatever  is  considered 
disgraceful;  will  be  affable,  courteous,  polite,  and  mindful  off 
appearances,  and  frequently  experience,  in  a very  high  de- 
gree, the  feelings  of  mortification  and  shame. 

One  having  approbat.  large,  with  adhes.  large  or  very 
large,  will  he  extremely  sensitive  to  the  approbation  and  tha 
disapprobation,  particularly  of  his  friends ; and  with  self  e. 
moderate,  and  firm,  only  full,  will  be  disposed  to  act  in  con- 
formity with  their  wishes,  lest  he  should  incur  their  censure 
or  ridicule,  whfch  have  a withering  effect  upon  him;  ana 


APPHOBATXVENESS 


109 


with  combat,  and  destruct.  large  in  addition,  will  be  too 
quickly  ofTended  by  any  coldness  or  apparent  neglect,  and 
too  ready  to  construe  any  want  of  attention  into  dislike  ; wijl 
avenge  his  injured  honour,  and  never  allow  any  disgrace  to 
Oe  attached  to  his  character:  with  self-e.  only  full,  benev.,  at 
east,  large,  combat.,  destruct.,  and  secret,  only  full,  individ , 
event.,  lang.,  imitat.,  ideal.,  and  compar.  large  or  very  large, 
will  be  a perfect  gentleman : with  secret,  large,  and  conscien,, 
moderate  or  small,  will  do  things  in  secret  which  he  woulc 
not,  for  the  world,  have  divulged ; be  governed  far  more 
by  the  voice  of  publick  opinion,  than  by  the  dictates  of  jus- 
tice and  conscience,  and  make  the  former,  rather  than  the 
latter,  his  code  of  morals;  but  with  conscien.  larger  than  ap- 
probate will  fall  in  with  publick  opinion  so  far  as  he  con- 
siders it  right,  but  no  farther,  and,  with  combat,  also  large, 
will  not  only  breast  publick  opinion  with  boldness,  but  will 
glory  in  facing  the  frown  of  men  while  engaged  in  what  he 
considers  a righteous  cause:  with  benev.  large,  will  add  to 
his  strong  desire  to  please  those  around  him,  a strong  desire 
to  make  them  happy,  which  together  will  make  him  doubly 
obliging  and  attentive  to  the  wants  of  others:  with  cautious.r 
secret.,  ven.,  and  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  and  self-e, 
small,  will  have  a very  strong  desire  to  please,  and,  also, 
great  anxiety  lest  he  should  not  succeed  in  pleasing;  feel  a 
great  deference,  especially  for  superiours  in  age,  talents,  &c.; 
possess  a feeling  of  his  own  unworthiness  and  inferiority ; 
and  also  of  reserve,  which  together  produce  extreme  diffi- 
dence and  backwardness ; a natural  shrinking  from  exposure ; 
and  a bashful  feeling,  from  which,  when  he  is  among  stran- 
gers, he  will  suffer  intolerably  : with  combat.,  destruct.,  self-e. 
ffim.,  ideal.,  individ.,  event.,  and  lang.  large,  and  compar. 
and  caus.  very  large,  will  possess,  not  only  a high  order  of 
talenc,  but,  also,  that  restless  ambition  for  distinction  ar;d  fame 
which  will  spur  him  on  to  use  his  utmost  efforts  to  attain  pre- 
eminence, and  thus  enable  him  to  distinguish  himself.  nar« 
ticularly  for  his  intellectual  qualities:  with  cautious,  and 
conscien.  very  large,  secret,  full,  and  the  intellectual  organa 
large,  will  fear  to  he  noticed,  lest  he  should  be  reproached; 
appear  before  the  publick  with  extreme  reluctance;  shrink 
from  the  popular  gaze;  sometimes  feel  almost  compelled  t n 
abandon  any  undertaking  in  which  he  may  he  er** 
gaged,  and  shrink  fromthethought  of  publick  responsibility, 
with  self-e.  full  or  large,  hope  very  large,  combat,  ideal.,  m« 


110 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


divid  , lang.,  and  compar.  large,  and  conscien.,  ven.,  and  caua 
only  full,  will  take  the  other  extreme;  be  likely  to  put  him- 
self forward  in  conversation,  debate,  publick  meetings,  socie- 
ties, parties,  &c.,  be  officious,  vain,  and  conceited,  and  too  apt 
to  meddle  in  affairs  which  belong  to  others:  with  ideal,  very 
large,  cans,  only  fuff,  and  a smaller  sized  brain,  will  be  a fash- 
ionable dandy,  who  win  devote  himself  chiefly  to  dress,  eti- 
quette, and  tea-table  talk,  which  will  be  without  sense  or  point, 
and,  though  he  may  pass  well  in  fashionable  society,  will 
be  unable  to  think  or  reason  upon  subjects,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  approbat.  very  large , will  re- 
gard his  character  as  the  apple  of  his  eye , and  the  approba- 
tion of  his  fellow  men  as  the  idol  of  his  heart;  will  be  with- 
ered by  the  finger  of  scorn  or  the  breath  of  slander;  unable 
to  bear  up  under  ridicule,  and  be  ever  goaded  by  a morbid 
sensibility  to  shame  and  reproach.  One  having  approbat. 
very  large,  with  self-e.  large,  caus.  only  full,  and  a brain  of 
only  ordinary  size,  will  be  both  proud  and  vain  ; inclined  to  be 
very  ceremonious,  merely  for  effect,  and  for  the  sake  of  appear- 
ances ; affected  fn  his  manners ; excessively  eager  for  fame, 
and  ever  fishing  for  popularity,  yet  destitute  of  the  talents  re- 
quisite to  obtain  his  desires ; and,  with  ideal,  very  large,  will 
be  a gay,  dressy,  showy,  affected,  ceremonious  fop  or  belle, 
floating  upon  the  surface,  or  following  the  wake,  of  popular 
applause  and  fashion,  and  a perfect  index  of  both,  shifting, 
like  the  weather-cock,  with  every  changing  breeze  of  pub- 
lick  opinion,  &c.  Under  approbat.  large,  will  be  found  ad- 
ditional descriptions  and  combinations,  which  will  apply  to 
approbat.  very  large,  except  that  they  are  not  sufficiently  in- 
tense. 

Full. — One  having  approbat.  full,  will  place  a hign  esti- 
mate upon  his  character,  and  be  by  no  means  indifferent  as  to 
what  may  be  thought  and  said  of  him,  yet  will  sacrifice  his 
honour  upon  the  altar  of  his  stronger  passions;  will  possess 
sufficient  approbat.  to  create  ambition,  and  a high  sense  o* 
honour,  if  not  a strong  desire  to  gain  popularity,  and  yet,  from 
this  motive  alone,  will  not  materially  injure  himself,  nor  will 
he  turn  aside  from  the  object  he  may  be  pursuing  to  pluck 
the  wreaths  of  popular  applause;  may  seek  distinction,  and, 
indeed,  manifest  a strong  desire  or  make  great  sacrifices  to 
obtain  it,  yet  he  will  seek  it,  not  chiefly  as  an  end,  but  partly 
as  ar  end,  and  partly  as  a means;  will  not  be  governed  by 
the  voice  of  publick  opinion,  yet  will  not,  by  any  means*  be 


APPROB  ATIVENES8. 


ill 


macnsible  to  its  dictates;  and  will  so  conduct  as  to  secure  iha 
good  will  of  all,  at  least,  as  far  as  he  can  do  so  consistently 
with  the  gratification  and  the  demands  of  his  other  faculties, 
yet  no  farther. 

One  having  approbat.  full,  with  adhes.  large,  will  seek  to 
please  his  friends,  and,  to  escape  their  displeasure,  in  doing 
this,  will  sometimes  even  go  farther  than  he  ought:  with 
large  or  very  large  firm.,  self.e.,  and  conscien.,  and  full  com- 
bat., will  first  please  himself,  faithfully  discharge  his  duty, 
and  seek  honour  as  a secondary  object;  will  be  sufficiently 
condescending  and  affable  to  please  all,  and  yet  be  too  firm 
and  independent  ever  to  be  enticed  from  the  path  of  rectitude 
by  the  syren  voice  of  popularity,  or  driven  from  it  by  the 
lowering  frown  of  popular  proscription,  or  by  the  hoarse 
voice  of  publick  censure  ; will  not  eagerly  adopt  all  the  ridic- 
ulous whims  of  “ fashion,”  because  “ everybody  else  does  so,” 
nor  yet  be  so  inattentive  to  what  is  generally  approved  as  to  be 
singular,  and,  without  cause,  to  incur  the  displeasure  of  any 
one : with  combat.,  destruct.,  amat.,  self  e.,  and  ven.  full,  benev., 
ccnscien.,  ideal.,  adhes.,  mirth.,  imitat.,  lang.,  and  the  rea- 
soning organs  large  or  very  large,  will  be  a favourite,  go 
where  he  will : will  please  all,  and  yet  command  respect  from 
all;  be  neither  stubborn  nor  obsequious  ; will  be  pleasing,  dig- 
nified, and  populai  in  his  manners,  and  reasonably  condescend- 
ing, yet  sufficiently  independent ; and,  without  attempting  to 
do  so,  will  readily  enlist  the  good  will  and  the  affections  of 
all,  and  especially  of  the  other  sex.  The  combinations  under 
approbat.  large , modified  by  a diminution  of  the  influence  of 
approbat.,  will  apply  to  approbat.  full.  They  will  be  inter- 
mediate between  those  under  approbat.  large,  and  approbat 
moderate. 

The  direction  taken  by  approbat.  full,  large,  or  very  large, 
and  the  objects  upon  which  it  fastens,  are  determined  by  its 
combinations,  and,  also,  by  the  circumstances  in  which  the 
individual  has  been  educated.  For  example;  approbat.  full, 
large,  or  very  large,  combined  with  large  or  very  large  com- 
bat. and  destruct.,  and  educated  in  a warlike  community, 
would  fasten,  for  its  object,  upon  warlike  exploits,  upon  intre- 
pidity, bravery,  and,  perhaps,  even  upon  acts  of  bloodshed, 
or  create  in  its  possessor,  a desire  to  he  considered  the  best 
noxer,  pugilist,  wrestler,  &c. : with  aliment,  very  large,  to  be 
noted  for  the  quantity  he  can  eat  or  drink : with  large  con- 
struct, ideal  cmd  imitat.,  to  be  considered  the  best  mechan* 


112 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


»ck,  or  create  a mechanical  ambition : with  large  or  *ery 
large  moral  organs,  will  create  a moral  ambition,  and  desire 
to  be  distinguished  for  morality , for  piety,  for  honesty, 
and  for  a correct,  if  not  religious,  walk  and  conversation: 
with  ideal,  moderate,  and  conscien.  and  ven.  large  or  very 
^arge,  will  create  no  desire  to  obtain  the  kind  of  distinction 
and  approbation  awarded  to  fine  clothes,  splendour  of  equi- 
page; the  pomp  of  riches,  &c.,  yet  will  place  the  highest  es- 
timate upon  the  approbation  awarded  to  a moral,  virtuous, 
and  religious  life:  with  very  large  ideal.,  mirth.,  compar 
and  caus.,  the  perceptive  organs  generally  large,  and  ths 
propensities  only  full,  will  seek  distinction  as  a wit,  a poet, 
an  orator,  a scholar,  a writer,  or  for  his  intellectuaj,  rather 
than  his  physical  or  animal,  qualities,  &c. 

Moderate. — One  having  approbat.  moderate , will  not  be 
materially  influenced  by  what  others  may  think  of  him  or 
his  actions;  will  not  be  particularly  emulous  nor  ambitious, 
nor  care  much  for  reproach  and  ridicule,  &c.  One  having 
approbat.  moderate,  with  firm,  and  self-e.  large  or  very  large, 
and  ven.  moderate,  will  be  too  austere  and  too  independent 
to  give  general  satisfaction,  and  lack  the  condescension  requi- 
site to  become  popular  and  be  generally  beloved,  and,  even  il 
his  talents  are  such  as  to  place  him  in  stations  of  trust  and 
publick  observation,  he  will  have  many  enemies,  and,  when- 
ever duty,  or  judgment,  or  interest  demands  it,  will  do  just 
what  he  chooses  to  do,  whether  his  conduct  be  approved  or 
censured,  even  though  he  knows  it  will  bring  down  publick 
odium  upon  his  head. 

Small. — One  having  approbat.  small , will  experience  but 
little  shame;  be  comparatively  insensible  to  ridicule  and  re- 
proach; and  indifferent  whether  his  conduct,  appearance,  ex- 
pressions, &c.,  please  o-r  displease.  One  having  approbat. 
small,  with  large  intellectual  and  simi-intellectual  organs, 
may  possess  commanding  talents,  yet  will  have  too  little  ambi- 
tion, and  too  little  love  of  fame,  to  exert  and  apply  his  powers, 
&c.  The  combinations  under  approbat.  small,  will  be  the 
reverse  of  those  under  approbat.  full,  large,  or  very  large,  so 
far  as  these  phenomena  are  the  product  of  these  several  states 
of  its  development. 

Perhaps  no  faculty  is  more  frequently  perverted,  or  mors 
injurious  in  its  operation,  esyecially  upon  the  virtuous  poor , 
than  approbat.  The  rich,  in  order  to  gratify  Ulis  passion 
* have  sought  out  many  inventions”  by  which  to  distinguish 


SELF-ESTEEM. 


m 

themselves  from  the  poor,  and  attract  attention  ; and  the  poo? 
exhaust  all  their  powers  to  follow  in  the  /outsteps  of  the 
rich,  and  in  doing  this,  they  even  take  their  bread  out  of  their 
mouths.  The  rich,  finding  themselves  partially  imitated, 
change  the  fashion,  and  are  again  followed  by  the  poor. 
Thus  it  is  that  a vast  amoui  t of  time,  and  labour,  and  com- 
fort, and,  it  might  be  safely  added,  of  virtue,  too,  is  worse 
than  wasted.  This  evil  is  daily  augmenting,  and  the  pros- 
pect of  a reform  daily  diminishing.  I holds  an  equal  sway 
in  the  church  and  in  the  state,  polluting  the  ho.y  garments 
of  the  one,  and  destroying  the  liberty  and  the  virtue  of  the 
other.  The  tyranny  with  which  it  rides  over  the  necks  of 
men,  is  a hundred  fold  more  despotick  than  ever  tyrant  sway- 
ed overhis  subjects;  and  nowhere  does  it  hold  so  cruel  a des- 
potism, and  rule  with  such  an  iron  sceptre,  as  in  this  our  boast 
ed  land  of  freedom  and  equal  rights.  Here,  one  must  not 
speak  out  boldly  his  honest  sentiments — must  not  do  this,  and 
must  do  that,  because,  forsooth,  to  do  otherwise  will  be  un- 
popular,  and  whatever  is  unpopular,  is  proscribed,  and  visited 
with  a frown  as  deadly  and  as  withering  in  its  effects  as  the 
samiel  winds  of  the  Arabian  desert.  But,  so  long  as  men 
will  follow,  and  submit  to,  so  fickle  and  so  tyrannical  a dame 
as  fashion , they  need  not  complain  of  “ hard  times, n and  of 
the  ten  thousand  miseries  which  she  heaps  upon  the  devoted 
heads  of  her  subjects. 

Location.- — Approbat.  is  located  between  cautious,  and 
self-e.  See  location  of  self-e. 

13.  SELF-ESTEEM. 

Self-respect  — self- confidence  - — self-complacency  and  sal 
isf action — high-mindedness — independence — nobleness — lorn 
of  liberty  and  freedom . 

The  proper  office  of  this  faculty  is  to  create,  in  the  bosom 
of  its  possessor,  a good  opinion  of  himself;  of  bis  own  char* 
fceter  and  opinions,  and  of  whatever  belongs  to,  or  proceeds 
from,  fimself;  to  baget  an  esteem  and  respect  for  himself; 
to  feel  satisfied  with  himself,  and  unwilling  to  change  his 
identity  and  mental  qualities  for  those  of  another;  to  give  n 
manly  tone  to  the  character  and  turn  to  the  conduct,  and  a 
dignified,  erect  attitude  and  bearing  to  the  person,  and  thus, 
to  exert  an  important  influence  in  elevating  and  ennobling  the 
character  of  man.  And  wh*\t  is  st’Jl  more  important,  it  gives 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE©. 


that  innate  love  of  personal  liberty  and  independence,  and  ol 
religious  freedom,  so  deeply  seated  in  the  nature  of  man,  and 
so  conducive  to  his  virtue  and  happiness,  which  constitutes 
the  sole  foundation  of  his  free  institutions,  civil  rights,  and 
religious  privileges,  and  inspires  him  with  an  aversion  to 
every  thing  connected  with  arbitrary  authority,  despotick 
rule,  or  religious  intolerance,  and  gives  him  that  spirit  of  re- 
sistance to  su*h  things,  which  no  despotism  can  destroy,  no 
arbitrary  authority  crush  or  long  subdue. 

The  proof  of  the  existence  of  this  faculty,  as  a separate 
and  primary  mental  power,  is  derived  from  the  same  data 
which  establishes  the  existence  of  the  other  faculties. 

Large. —One  having  self-e.  large,  will  be  independent, 
and  place  a high  value  upon  himself;  feel  that  whatever  he 
thinks  or  does,  is  well  thought  and  done;  throw  himself  back 
upon  his  own  unaided  resources,  and  rely  upon  his  own  judg 
ment  and  strength  ; will  never  knowingly  degrade  or  demean 
himself;  aspire  at  something  commanding ; never  be  content 
to  be  dependent  or  to  serve,  but  rather  aspire  to  be  himself  a 
leader  and  commander  of  others;  will  despise  and  detest 
meanness,  and  shrink  from  it : and  assume  an  appearance  of 
dignity  and  manliness,  calculated  to  command  respect. 

The  manifestations  of  self-e.  take  their  character  chiefly 
from  the  combinations  of  this  faculty  with  the  other  facul- 
ties For  example  ; combined  with  large  or  very  large  com- 
oat,?  Jestruct.,  and  firm.,  and  with  only  moderate  or  full  con- 
scien.,  yen.,  benev.,  and  reasoning  faculties,  it  makes  one 
haughty,  domineering,  overbearing,  dogmatical,  arbitrary, 
egotistical,  arrogant,  authoritative,  conceited,  and  extremely 
selfish,  while  the  same  amount  of  self-e.,  combined  with  only 
full  combat,  and  destruct,  and  with  very  large  benev.  and 
reasoning  organs,  large  conscien.,  ideal.,  ven.,  and  perceptive 
faculties,  and  a large  brain,  will  impact  to  the  character  a 
commanding  dignity",  a nobleness,  a high  toned  sense  of  hon- 
our, an  elevation,  and  authority  which  cannot  but  command 
universal  respect  and  admiration ; which  scorn  a vulgar, 
common,  or  trifling  act  or  expression ; and  impart  an  air  of 
greatness  and  magnanimity  to  the  wrhole  man. 

One  having  self-e.  large,  with  amat.  and  adhes.  large,  may 
love  strongly  and  tenderly,  especially  w-hen  his  love  is  in 
harmony  with  his  ideas  of  propriety,  yet  will  never  sacrifice 
his  independence  to  his  love,  nor  break  down  under  the  pre«s 
®ure  of  blighted  affections:  with  the domestick organs  geae 


SELF-ESTEEM. 


115 


rahj  large,  will  ]ov3  his  family,  yet  make  them  obey  him: 
with  acquis,  full  or  large,  will  place  a high  estimate  upon 
what  he  possesses,  upon  his  horse,  his  farm,  his  etcet/:  with 
combat,  large,  and  firm,  large  or  very  large,  will  pursue  hia 
own  straightforward  course,  and  will  not  be  dictated  to ; is 
disposed  to  lead,  and  to  push  himself  forward : feels  that 
he  is  as  good  and  as  worthy  as  anybody  else:  with  cautious 
large,  in  order  to  form  his  own  judgment,  may  sometimes 
ask  advice,  and  then  follow  it  or  not,  according  as  it  does,  or 
does  not,  coincide  with  his  own  views  ; and  will  be  so  solicit- 
ous about  every  thing  which  is  likely  to  affect  him,  and  so 
fearful  lest,  in  some  way,  he  should  lower  himself  down, 
that  he  may,  at  times,  be  disconcerted,  and  diffident,  and  ap- 
pear awkward  and  unbending  in  his  manners:  with  combat, 
and  destruct.  large,  and  conscien.  only  full,  will  experience 
strong  ind,’gnation  at  every  word  or  deed  calculated  to  throw 
him  into  the  shade,  or  derogatory  to  his  character ; and  will 
guard,  with  a jealous  eye,  his  liberty,  his  personal  preroga- 
tives, and  whatever  belongs  to  him,  &c. : with  compar.  and 
cans,  only  full,  will  make  greater  pretensions  to  knowledge 
and  talent  than  he  is  in  reality  able  to  sustain  and  fulfil;  and, 
with  only  a middling-sized  brain,  thinks  and  talks  much 
more  of  himself  than  others  do  of  him  ; pushes  himself  for- 
ward where  he  is  not  wanted ; and  is  proud,  egotistical,  and 
self-important:  with  combat,  and  destruct.  full,  benev.,  hope, 
ideal.,  individ.,  event.,  and  lang.  large,  and  compar.  and  cans, 
very  large,  accompanied  with  a large  and  an  active  brain, 
will  not  only  possess  talents  of  a high  order,  but  will  so  em- 
ploy them  as  to  cut  a bold  and  commanding  figure  wherever 
he  moves,  and  add  to  it  that  weight  and  force  of  character, 
that  dignity,  and  magnanimity  ef  feeling,  which  will  com- 
mand an  extensive  influence  in  the  world;  advance  him  to 
some  commanding  station,  and  enable  him  to  sustain  himself 
m it  with  great  ability  and  dignity ; will  place  such  unbound- 
ed confidence  in  himself,  and  also  have  such  towering  ambi- 
tion, that  he  will  attempt  great  things,  and  also  have  the  tal- 
ent requisite  to  carry  them  through  ; will  not  be  satisfied  with 
ordinary  attainments,  but  will  grasp  at  some  gnat  some  ini' 
poring  object,  and  aspire  to  pre-eminence;  will  aim  high; 
never  trifle  with  himself,  nor  allow  others  to  trifle  with  him; 
and  be  emphatically  magnanimous,  yet  not  manifest  pride  or 
haughtiness,  merely  because  he  has  too  much  good  sense  Co 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


116 

do  so  The  same  combination  of  other  organs,  with  sei&e 
very  large,  will  produce  the  same  result. 

Very  large.— One  having  self-e.  very  large , willingly 
assumes  the  responsibility,  will  think  too  much  of  himself, 
of  his  opinions,  plans,  judgment,  fix.;  and,  with  combat, 
large,  and  caus.  and  conscien.  only  moderate,  will  be  likely 
to  be  regardless  of  the  frown  and  of  the  favour  of  men ; 
deaf  to  reproof ; liable  to  have  many  enemies ; intractable 
bold,  proud,  haughty,  domineering,  forward,  conceited,  jeal 
ous,  austere*  and  repulsive;  to  be  blind  to  his  faults,  and  un- 
able to  see  his  errours,  be  they  ever  so  glaring,  because  he 
will  feel  that  he  is  well  nigh  infallible;  will  look  down  with 
a kind  of  contempt  upon  the  great  mass  of  his  fellow  men, 
and  treat  even  his  equals  as  though  they  were  his  inferiours; 
will  be  extremely  ambitious  to  obtain  power,  and  also  arbi- 
trary in  its  exercise  ; insensible  to  the  shafts  of  ridicule, 
thinking  that  surely  he  cannot  be  intended;  by  his  manner 
and  expression,  will  give  an  air  of  consequence  and  import- 
ance to  what  he  says;  with  approbat.  moderate  or  small,  and 
firm,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  perfectly  independent ; will 
go  straight  forward  in  his  own  way,  follow  his  own  judg- 
ment, and  defy  the  consequences,  &c.  Man\\of  the  combi- 
nations under  self-e.  large,  will  apply  to  self-e.  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  self-e.  full,  will  think  well  of  him- 
self, yet,  when  benev.,  conscien.,  and  caus.  are  large  or  very 
large,  his  self-e.  will  manifest  itself  in  creating  a manly,  no- 
ble, self-respectful  feeling,  which  will  prevent  him  from  do- 
ing any  thing  beneath  himself ; will  be  sufficiently  conde- 
scending, yet  not  servile,  and  enabled  and  disposed  to  pay  a 
due  respect,  not  only  to  himself,  but  also  to  his  fellow-men 
will  possess  sufficient  force  and  weight  of  character  to  do  a 
good  business  and  sustain  himself;  to  mingle  dignity  with 
condescension  and  talent,  and  so  conduct  himself  as  to  be 
generally  respected;  will  neither  assume  too  much  to  him- 
self, nor  yield  too  much  to  others;  and  will  maintain  his 
rights  and  his  self-respect,  so  that  others  can  have  no  face  to 
trifle  with  or  trample  upon  him,  and  yet,  will  not  be  haughty 
or  conceited. 

Moderate. — One  having  self-e.  moderate , places  too  low 
an  estimate  upon  himself,  upon  his  own  judgment,  and  is  too 
ready  to  give  in  to  the  judgment  cf  others;  will  lack  the  re- 
quisite independence,  manliness,  high-mindedness,  and  self 
confidence  to  beat  his  own  way  though  life,  and  will  sufTei 


* SELF-ESTEEM. 


in 

from  a feeling  of  umvorthiness ; will  fear  to  trespass  upon 
the  attention  of  others,  and  not  possess  an  influence  equal  to 
his  character  and  talents,  merely  because  he  does  not  as 
surne  enough  to  himself.  One  having  self-e.  moderate,  with 
combat.,  firm.,  and  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  will  possess 
genuine  firmness  of  character,  and  much  moral  courage,  yet 
will  seldom  manifest  them  ;n  hold  relief,  except  when  under 
excitement,  or  in  the  defen c of  moral  principle,  or  the  cause 
of  virtue,  or  in  doing:  what  he  considers  to  be  his  duty:  with 
firm,  only  full,  may  oe  too  easily  led  away,  and  too  ready  to 
ask  and  to  follow  advice,  and  too  obsequious,  especially  if 
cautious,  is  large  or  very  large:  with  large  intellectual 
faculties,  may  possess  talents  of  a high  order,  yet,  from  want 
of  self-confidence  and  boldness  to  pretend  to  considerable,  and 
in  consequence  of  occasionally  letting  himself  down  in  his 
expressions  and  appearance,  and  trifling  with  himself  and 
with  others,  will  have  much  less  influence  than  he  might 
have  if  possessed  of  more  self-e.,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  self-e.  small , will  sink  into  compar- 
ative insignificance  in  his  own  estimation,  and  be  tormented 
with  a feeling  of  unworthiness  and  inferiority;  will  feel  too 
humble  and  submissive,  and  too  dependant  and  diminutive, 
which  will  still  be  increased  by  large  ven.  and  conscien. : 
will  underrate  himself,  his  judgment,  his  talents,  &c.,  and5 
therefore,  be  undervalued  by  others;  will  make  himself  too 
common  and  familiar,  and  associate  so  much  with  inferiours5 
that  he  will  fail  to  command  general  respect  and  confidence; 
will  be  too  trifling  in  his  manners  and  expressions  ; more  apt 
to  follow  than  to  lead ; and  too  modest  and  backward  to  ap- 
pear well;  and  will  not  be  likely  to  advance  himself  to  some 
bold  and  commanding  position,  and  maintain  himself  in  it, 
even  though,  with  large  ideal,  and  intellectual  organs,  and  a 
large  brain,  his  talents  may  be  abundantly  sufficient  for  that 
purpose;  yet, with  firm,  very  large,  will  nevertheless  be  de 
termined,  persevering,  &c. 

Very  Small. — One  having  self-e.  very  small,  with  con- 
*iien.  and  cautious,  very  large,  will  be  always  dissatisfied 
with,  and  have  a rniseral  'e  opinion  of,  himself,  and  all  he 
does ; and,  with  hope  only  moderate,  fear  to  attempt  any 
thing  which  involves  responsibility,  lest;  he  shou  d fail  to  do 
all  that  may  be  required  of  him  ; will  feel  ashamed  to  hold 
up  h;s  head,  or  look  his  fellow-men  in  the  face;  and  be 
ways  condemning  himself. 


118 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATES). 


Location. ~Self-e.  is  located  on  the  mesial  line  of  ths 
head,  about  half  an  inch  above  the  union  of  the  iambdoidaJ 
sutures,  and  directly  back  of  firm.;  or,  in  the  middle  of  the 
superiour-inferiour  portion  of  the  head,  at  ? n angle  of  about 
forty-five  degrees  with  the  plane  of  the  base  of  the  skull. 
Approbat.  is  located  on  the  two  external  sides  of  it,  and  cau- 
toius.  beyond  approbat.,  in  the  same  range. 

Tile  existence  of  this  faculty  demonstrates  the  position,  that 
the  feeling  or  principle  of  liberty  and  of  equal  rights,  is  in- 
alienable, and  inherent  in  the  very  nature  and  constitution  of 
man ; that,  therefore,  it  can  no  more  be  destroyed  than  hunger, 
or  love ; that  a purely  republican  and  democratick  form  of 
government  is  the  only  one  adapted  to  the  nature  of  man,  and 
the  only  one  calculated  to  secure  universal  satisfaction  and 
happiness ; and  that  the  subjugation  of  man  by  his  fellow-man, 
is  an  open  violation  of  the  principles  of  human  nature.  If 
our  rulers  only  understood  this  principle  of  our  nature,  and 
if  all  the  landmarks  and  all  the  regulations  of  government 
only  proceeded  upon  it,  subjection  and  servitude,  in  all  those 
Jen  thousand  forms  which  they  assume  in  society,  would  be 
at  once  abolished.  By  creating  every  man  free  to  choose  oi 
refuse  the  evil  or  the  good,  God  allows  every  man  to  govern 
himself;  and,  surely,  then,  men  ought  to  allow  one  another  to 
govern  themselves,  subject,  however,  in  the  latter  case,  as  they 
are  in  the  former,  to  those  regulations  which  are  necessary 
to  the  general  good,  and,  also,  to  be  “ rewarded  according  to 
their  deeds.” 

There  is  no  danger  that  this  feeling  will  ever  be  extin- 
guished ; but,  in  case  the  subjugation  and  servitude  of  man,  in 
any  form,  should  be  carried  to  a very  great  length,  there 
is  danger,  ay,  a moral  certainty , of  a revolution , and  a rev 
olution,  too,  attended  with  a violence  proportionate  to  the 
pressure  laid  upon  it.  In  this  country,  there  is  no  likelihood, 
nor  scarcely  a possibility,  of  a despotick  form  of  government, 
but  there  is  danger  of  a moneyed  despotism — of  aristocratick 
monopolies,  and  of  the  powerful’s  tyrannizing  over  the  weak, 
and  because  they  are  poor  or  friendless.  This  same  love 
of  being  free  ourselves,  and  of  iuling  ourselves,  reaches  still 
ferther,  and  desires  to  govern  others.  Slowly  but  surely,  as 
ft  were,  in  the  insinuating,  yet  resistless,  folds  of  the  Boa 
Constrictor,  is  this  serpentine  aristocracy  subduing  and  sub- 
agating.  by  piece-meal,  particularly  the  virtuous  and  thi 
talented  pocr  of  our  country;  and,  should  things  progress 


FIRMNESS. 


IIS 


for  si x?y  years  to  come,  as  they  have  done  since  the  Revolu- 
i ion,  in  Is  nation,  the  birthplace  and  the  cradle  of  liberty, 
will  be  ruled  by  an  aristocracy,  not  of  government,  but  of 
monopoly,  of  wealth,  &c.,  far  more  tyrannical  than  any  na- 
tion under  heaven.  But,  thanks  to  the  great  Author  of  our 
Doing,  roams  nature  is  unalterable;  the  spirit  of  Seventy-six, 
and  the  love  of  liberty,  will  live  and  will  increase,  and  wo  be 
to  those  that  ride  over  it.  The  great  doctrine  of  human 
rights — of  liberty — of  free  government — of  “ IN  DEPEND- 
ENCZ2”  will  iive  and  spread,  and  root  up,  and  trample 
iowa,  every  vestige  of  tyranny , of  aristocracy , and  of  ser 
vitude. 

14.  FIRMNESS. 

Sta  Juily — decision  of  character — fixedness  of  purpose — 
iesire  to  continue — aversion  to  change. 

The  necessity  of  some  faculty,  to  which  to  refer  that  stead- 
fostness,  perseverance,  and  unwillingness  to  relinquish  what 
has  been  undertaken,  which  are  so  indispensable  to  success, 
and  so  common  phenomena  of  the  human  mind,  is  too  ob- 
vious to  need  comment ; and  the  frequent  instances  of  down- 
right obstinacy,  and  of  blind  adherence  to  what  has  been 
adopted,  and  solely  because  it  has  been  adopted,  afford  con- 
clusive evidence  of  the  existence  of  firm,  as  a primary  faculty 
of  the  human  mind. 

Large. — One  having  firm,  large , will  be  so  stable,  de- 
cided, determined,  &c.,  that  he  may  be  relied  upon ; and 
be  very  unwilling  to  change  his  plans,  opinions,  purposes, 
course  of  conduct,  or  whatever  he  undertakes  or  adopts.  One 
having  firm,  large,  with  combat.,  destruct.,  and  self-e.  full 
or  large,  will  add  perseverance  to  stability,  and  not  only  hold 
on  to  his  plans  to  the  last,  but,  also,  drive  them  forward  with 
great  determination  through  opposing  difficulties  : with  self-e. 
large  or  very  large,  is  so  sure  and  certain  that  he  is  right, 
that  there  will  be  the  greatest  difficulty  in  convincing  him 
that  he  is  wrong,  or  in  turning  him  from  his  purposes ; yet, 
if  the  reasoning  organs  are  very  large,  he  may  listen  to 
strong  and  conclusive  arguments:  with  cautious,  large,  may 
seem  to  waver,  and  to  lack  decision  of  purpose,  but  this  will 
be  the  case  only  before  he  has  fully  decided,  and  openly  com- 
mitted himself,  and  when  his  fear  is  so  active  as  to  overcoma 
Ms  firmness : with  hope  very  large,  md  cautious,  only  mod#* 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


rate,  may  start  on  foot  so  many  new  projects  as  to  appe&; 
fickhs,  yet  the  phenomena  will  proceed  rather  from  an  excess 
of  hope,  than  from  a deficiency  of  firm. : with  adhes.  and 
benev.  very  large,  may  be  easily  persuaded , or  led,  espe- 
cially by  friends , yet  cannot  be  driven  the  least : with  com* 
bat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  hope,  and  cans,  large  or  very  large,  not 
only  holds  on  to  his  own  opinions  and  plans  with  great  tena- 
city, but  also  drives  forward  whatever  he  undertakes  with 
great  energy,  and  can  be  turned  aside  or  driven  from  his  pur- 
poses only  by  compulsion  or  impossibilities ; is  pre-eminently 
persevering,  if  not  really  obstinate,  and  is  well  qualified  to 
complete  what  he  undertakes  : with  the  perceptive  organs,  ai 
least,  full,  the  reasoning  organs  very  large,  and  cautious, 
large,  will  lay' his  plans  for  a long  time  to  come,  and  pursue 
a preconcerted,  systematick  course  of  action,  and  thus  effect 
important  objects;  may  take  some  time  to  make  up  his  mind, 
yet  will  seldom  change  it;  will  be  slow  in  undertaking,  but 
unchanging  in  executing;  and  may  always  be  relied  upon . 
with  combat,  and  self-e.  large,  ven.  moderate,  and  the  reasoning 
organs  only  full,  will  not  be  open  to  conviction,  nor  feel  the 
force  of  reasons  urged  against  him,  but  will  blindly  and  tena- 
ciously adhere  to  his  opinions  and  determinations,  and  seem 
to  be  much  more  firm  than  he  really  is,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  firm,  very  large , will  be 
likely  to  be  obstinate,  if  not  really  stubborn  ; -and,  with  self-e. 
targe,  will  be  unbending,  and  yield  only  to  dire  necessity  or 
compulsion ; and,  when  he  has  once  committed  himself,  will 
turn  comparatively  a deaf  ear  to  the  voice  of  entreaty,  of 
threatening,  of  reason,  and  even  of  interest,  and  all  for  no 
other  reason  than  because  h e will  or  will  not;  with  hope 
and  combat,  also  large,  will  boldly  encounter  the  greatest 
difficulties ; “ hope  against  hope ;”  and  possess  the  greatest 
fortitude,  and  the  most  unbending  determination : with  self-^. 
large,  cautious,  moderate,  and  caus.  only  full,  wifi  make  up 
his  mind  at  once,  and  upon  a partial  view  of  the  subject, 
and  then  absolutely  refuse  to  change  it;  will  think  himself 
willing  to  see  his  errours  and  listen  to  reasonable  advice,  while 
the  doors  of  his  mind  will  be  barred  and  bolted  against  every 
thing  designed  or  calculated  to  convince  or  turn  him ; and 
may  be  called  blindly  obstinate  and  mulish : with  the  reason- 
ing organs  large,  will  be  loath,  and  even  sometimes  refuse,  to 
change,  when  his  reason  tells  him  that  he  ought  to  do  so,  yet 
may  be  influenced  by  very  strong  motives,  and  very  urgent 


FIRMNESS. 


m 


reasons:  but, if  the  moral  and  reasoning  faculties  predomi” 
nate  over  the  selfish,  firm,  will  seldom  manifest  itself  m 
downright  obstinacy.  The  combinations  under  firm,  large., 
modified  by  an  increase  of  the  influence  of  firm.,  will  apply 
to  firm,  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  firm,  full , will  possess,  except  in  a 
ess  energetick  and  apparent  degree,  those  qualities  ascribed 
to  firm,  large,  with  this  important  exception,  that  he  will  be 
much  more  liable  to  abandon  his  purposes,  and  appear  to  ba 
changeable,  not  because  firm,  is  absolutely  deficient,  but  be- 
cause the  other  more  powerful  faculties  cause  it  to  yield  ta 
their  demands.  When,  therefore,  his  other  faculties  which 
are  large  or  very  large,  act  in  conjunction  with  his  firm., 
he  will  be  so  firm  as  to  be  thought  obstinate,  but,  when  his 
larger  faculties  act  in  opposition  to  firm.,  he  will  manifest 
fickleness.  For  example;  one  having  firm,  full,  aided  by 
large  combat,  and  self-e.,  (which  add  self-confidence  and  re- 
sistance to  firmness,)  and,  also,  by  bright  hopes  of  success,  will 
show  a great  amount  of  decision  and  perseverance,  especially 
when  his  feeling  of  resistance  is  awakened ; but,  when  hope 
is  very  large,  he  will  be  likely  to  become  dissatisfied  with 
his  present  situation  and  success,  and  to  grasp  eagerly  at  any 
new  object  to  which  his  hope  may  allure  him : with  cau- 
tious. very  large,  and  combat,  only  moderate,  will  often  fear 
to  proceed,  and  be  irresolute,  because  he  fancies  there  is 
‘‘some  lion  in  the  way:”  with  self-e.  small,  will  have  so  lit  - 
tie  confidence  in  himself,  that  he  will  he  unwilling  to  trust* 
his  own  judgment,  and  thus  too  often  listen  to  advice:  with 
approbat.  very  large,  may  frequently  vary  his  course  in  order 
to  adapt  himself  to  publick  opinion  : with  cautious,  large,  anl 
caus.  and  compar.  very  large,  will  generally  decide  and  pro 
ceed  so  judiciously  as  seldom  to  need  to  change ; yet,  in  almost 
any  combination,  the  individual  will  maintain  his  opinions , 
however  he  may  change  his  plans  and  course  of  conduct. 

Firm,  full,  large,  or  very  large,  acts  witn  the  greatest 
vigour  in  combination  with  the  other  faculties  that  are  most 
energetick.  For  example;  one  having  firm,  of  a given  size, 
with  adhes.  very  large,  and  acquis,  small,  will  be  more  con- 
stant in  his  adherence  to  friends  than  to  money-making  pur- 
suits in  proportion  as  his  adhes.  is  more  vigorous  than  his 
acquis.:  with  combat,  large  and  philopro.  small,  will  have 
very  little  patience  or  perseverance  with  regard  to  children^ 
vet  will  manifest  great  determination,  and  even  obstinacy 
6 


122 


phrenology  illustrated. 


when  his  spirit  of  resistance  is  kindled:  with  the  intellect?! a, 
organs  large  and  self-e.  small,  will  persevere  in  his  literary 
pursuits,  yet  will  be  too  easily  made  to  believe  that  he  is 
wrong,  and  too  easily  led,  &'c. 

Moderate. — One  having  firm,  moderate , will  be  likely  to 
be  inconstant  changeable,  and  fluctuating  in  his  character;  to 
be  doing  one  thing  to-day,  and  another  to-morrow,  and  can 
not  be  depended  upon.  One  having  firm,  moderate,  with  ad- 
hes,  large  or  very  large,  will  love  his  friends  ardently  for  the 
time  being,  yet  frequently  change  friends  for  slight  causes, 
loving  those  who  a re  last  and  untried, the  best : with  combat,  and 
destruct.  large,  in  the  prosecution  of  his  plans,  may  drive  all 
before  him  for  awhile,  yet  will  soon  change  his  course ; may 
be  bold  and  courageous  in  the  onset,  yet  will  fail  to  carry  the 
matter  out,  or  execute  his  threats:  with  approbat.  large,  and 
self-e.  only  moderate,  will  do  much  as  he  is  told  to  do  ; follow 
the  advice  of  every  one ; and  be  always  shifting  to  adapt  him- 
self to  circumstances:  with  cautious,  large  or  very  large,  will 
be  always  “ halting  between  two  opinions,”  and  always  unde- 
termined as  to  his  plan  of  operation:  with  the  intellectual 
organs  generally  large,  may  be  a rapid,  but  will  not  be  a 
persevering , scholar ; will  have  a thorough  and  profound 
knowledge  of  no  branch  of  science ; and  allow  trifles  to  di- 
vert him  from  his  purposes. 

Small. — One  having  Arm.  small , will  begin  many  things, 
yet  complete  very  few ; cannot  be  depended  upon;  will  bo 
‘ fickle,  unstable,  inconstant  in  every  thing,  &c.;  may  sow 
much,  yet  will  not  remain  to  reap  the  fruits  of  his  labours, 
and  thus  bring  to  pass  very  little.  The  combinations  under 
firm,  moderate,  modified  by  a still  farther  reduction  cf  the 
influence  of  firm.,  will  apply  to  firm,  small. 

Very  small. — When  firm,  is  very  small,  the  subject  will 
be  the  sport  of  the  other  faculties. 

Location. — Firm,  is  located  m the  back  part  of  the  top 
of  the  head.  When  the  head  is  erect,  a perpendicular  line* 
drawn  from  the  external  opening  of  the  ear  to  the  top  of 
the  head,  will  pass  through  the  anterior  portion  of  the  organ. 
It  is  usually  the  highest  portion  of  the  American  and  the 
English  head.  In  the  cut  of  the  head  of  Aurelia  Chase,  if 
k ^ery  large. 


MORAL  AND  RELIGIOUS  FACULTIES. 


123 


SPECIES  II.— Moral  and  Religious  Faculties. 

Mao  nas  always  been  considered  “a  religious  animal/5 
It  will  hardly  be  denied  that,  aside  from  his  “ love  of  money,” 
and  the  means  employed  to  obtain  it,  religion  of  some  kind, 
and  religion  in  some  form,  have  constituted,  and  still  const!* 
tute,  one  of  the  leading,  not  to  say,  all-absorbing,  objects  of 
human  contemplation  and  pursuit.  Scarcely  a single  nation 
or  tribe  of  men  has  ever  been  known  to  exist,  whose  religion 
did  na.  enter  into,  if  not  even  constitute , the  very  texture  of 
all  the  habits  and  the  character  of  that  nation  or  tribe.  Take 
away  the  religion  of  the  Hindoo,  of  the  Asiatick  nations,  of 
the  Ethiopian  race,  of  the  tawny  sons  of  our  western  wilds, 
of  the  European  nations  or  of  their  descendants  in  America, 
or,  indeed,  of  any  other  “nation,  or  kindred,  or  tongue  under 
heaven,”  and,  with  Micah,  they  would  at  once  exclaim,  “Ye 
have  taken  away  my  gods:  what  have  [ more?”  And,  so 
long  as  the  nature  of  man  remains  unchanged,  there  is  no 
possibility  of  his  being  less  religious  than  he  always  has  been. 
We  have  to  fear  only  that  b»s  religious  doctrines  will  be  er- 
roneous, and  his  religious  life  and  practices  therefore  incor- 
rect; or,  in  other  words,  that  his  moral  faculties  will  make 
him  immoral.  To  avoid  this  evil,  and  to  secure  one  of  the 
greatest  of  blessings,  namely,  a correct  religious  belief  and 
practice,  let  him  fully  analyze  his  religious  faculties , and 
adopt  those  practices  which  they  clearly  point  out. 

Now,  reason  teaches  us,  that  the  nature  of  man  must  neces- 
sarily be  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  moral  government  of 
God,  and  with  the  moral  constitution  of  the  universe ; and,  ii 
phrenology  is  true,  the  moral  *ty  it  inculcates,  must  necessarily 
be  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  nature  of  man : so  that,  upon 
the  principle  that  any  two  things  which  are  each  like  a third, 
are,  therefore,  like  each  other,  it  follows,  that  the  moral  prin- 
ciples of  phrenology  must  be  in  perfect  harmony  with  the 
moral  principles  and  constitution  of  the  universe;  because 
each  is  in  harmony  w ith  the  nature  of  man.  And,  as  the 
moral  government  of  God  must  be  in  harmony  with  both  the 
moral  character  and  attributes  of  the  Deity,  and,  also,  with 
his  natural  kingdom,  it  follows,  that  phrenology,  if  true, 
must  be  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  natural  and  the  moral 
governmen.  and  attributes  of  the  great  Creator  and  Governoul 
of  the  universe.  And  if  revelation  is  also  true,  its  doctrines 
»md  precepts  must  be  in  harmony  with  those  taught  by  phro 


124 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


nology  I r„  other  words;  if  revelation  and  phreno.ogy  are 

Doth  true,  th  3ie  must  be  a perfect  harmonv  and  coincidence 
between  the  theology  of  phrenology,  and  the  theology  of 
~evelation.  In  this  case,  each  would  assist  to  explain  and  in- 
terpret the  other,  and  both  together,  would  give  a far  more 
perfect  view  of  theology  and  religion,  than  either  can  do 
separately.  And  if,  through  prejudice,  or  blindness,  or  wick- 
edness, any  one  should  pervert  either,  he  may  readily  be 
corrected  by  the  other. 

The  authors  are  free  to  acknowledge, that  they  have  more 
hope  that  their  fellow  men  will  be  brought  to  a correct 
knowledge  of  the  only  true  religion,  and,  also,  to  a right  un- 
derstanding and  a proper  application  of  revelation,  through 
the  instrumentality  of  phrenology,  than  by  any,  if  not  every, 
other  means  now  in  operation.  The  grounds  of  this  hope 
will  be  more  fully  presented  in  a subsequent  work,  in 
which  the  theology  of  phrenology  will  be  compared  with 
that  of  revelation,  the  phrenological  answer  given  to  the 
question,  “ In  what  does  true  religion  consist?”  and  the  moral 
and  religious  bearings  of  phrenology  will  be  considered  and 
presented. 

15.  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Moral  principle — sense  of  justice — regard  for  duty — 
feeling  of  moral  accountability , incumbency , and  obliga- 
tion— perception  of  the  right  and  the  wrong  of  feelings 
and  conduct. 

The  proposition  that  man  is  a moral  and  accountable 
agent — that  he  is  governed  by  moral  laws,  and  is  capable  of 
taking  cognizance  of  the  morality , or  the  right  and  the 
wrong , of  feelings  and  conduct,  and  of  performing  actions  and 
exercising  feelings  which  are  virtuous  and  vicious,  and,  as 
such,  reward  able  and  punishable,  is  susceptible  of  demonstra- 
tion by  an  appeal  to  the  moral  feelings  of  almost  every  in- 
dividual of  the  human  race.  How  often  do  men,  when  they 
are  conscious  of  having  done  wrong,  feel  guilty  and  con- 
demned,, and  deserving  of  punishment?  This  cannot  be  the 
result  of  education , nor  of  circumstances,  for,  without  a fac- 
ulty for  exercising  this  class  of  functions,  men  could  no  more 
be  taught  to  feel  guilty  than  they  could  be  taught  to  see 
without  eyes,  or  to  breathe  without  lungs.  And,  since  thia 
ehss  of  functions  is  entirely  distinct  from  every  other  class. 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


125 


is  homogeneous  in  its  character,  and  has  for  its  end  a very 
important  object,  and,  above  all,  since  it  is  always  found  ta 
be  manifested  in  proportion  to  the  development  of  a given 
portion  of  the  brain,  it  follows,  that  it  is  performed  by  a dis- 
linct  faculty  of  the  mind,  or  by  a mental  power  which  is  in- 
nate, and  which  foims  a constituent  part  of  the  human  mind. 

This  being  the  case,  it  follows,  that  warns  mind  is  consti- 
uted  with  a direct  reference  to  certain  abstract  and  first 
principles  of  right  and  justice.  This  is  rendered  evident 
from  the  fact,  that  every  portion  of  the  universe  of  God,  is  in 
perfect  harmony  with,  and  also  adapted  to,  every  other  por- 
tion of  it.  Now,  since  the  mind  of  man  forms  a part  of  this 
universe,  and  is,  therefore,  in  perfect  harmony  and  consist- 
ency with  every  other  part  of  it,  and  since  this  same  mind  is 
likewise  moulded  and  constituted  with  direct  reference  to,  and 
proceeds  upon,  certain  first  principles  of  right  and  justice,  it 
follows,  that  the  whole  system  of  things,  or  the  whole  uni 
verse  of  God,  is  also  constituted  with  direct  reference  to,  and 
proceeds  upon,  these  same  principles  of  right  and  justice 
upon  which  the  human  mind  proceeds,  or,  in  other  words, 
that  the  universe  is  a moral  universe — that  God’s  govern- 
ment recognises  the  morality  and  the  immorality  of  feelings 
and  conduct,  and  that  its  Governour  rewards  the  one,  and 
punishes  the  other. 

If  there  were  no  such  thing  as  right  and  wrong,  as  \irtue 
and  vice,  as  morality  and  immorality,  why  should  the  great 
Author  of  nature  tell  us  that  some  things  are  right,  and 
others  wrong,  by  implanting  in  our  very  nature  this  moral 
tribunal  of  right  and  wrong,  and  thus  knowingly  and  egre- 
giously  deceive  us?  If  there  exist  no  first  principles  ol 
right  and  wrong,  why  should  the  mind  of  man  be  so  formed 
as  to  receive  any  such  impressions?  or  why  should  the  hu- 
man mind  be  adapted  to  that  which  does  not  exist? 

Thus,  by  physical  demonstration,  and  the  language  of 
facts,  we  are  inevitably  brought  to  the  conclusion,  that  God’s 
government  is  a moral  government — that,  consequently,  its 
Governour  is  a moral  Governour,  and  that  mankind  are  his 
moral  subjects.  These  are  great  and  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  morality  and  of  ethicks,  and,  farthermore,  principles 
which  have  never  before  been,  fully  established,  unless,  in- 
deed, it  should  be  maintained  that  a revelation  winch  is 
known,  comparatively,  to  only  a few,  and  believed  in  bv  lo»ei 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


. 2€ 

utill,  has  established  it  bv  assuming  it,  and  making*  it 
article  of  faith. 

La  rge. — One  having  a nscien.  large , will  have  a clear  and 
an  acute  moral  eve,  and  a ready  perception  of  what  is  right 
and  what  is  wrong,  both  in  himself  and  in  others,  and  will 
frequently,  if  not  generally,  direct  his  attention  to  this  quality 
of  actions  and  feelings ; will  consult  duty  rather  than  expe 
diency,  and  pursue  the  course  which  he  considers  right , even 
though  it  may  be  in  opposhion  to  his  interest ; will  endeavour 
to  be  honest  and  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  his  supposed  ob- 
ligations; will  often  feel  guilty,  and  unworthy;  be  ready  to 
acknowledge  his  faults,  and  condemn  himself  for  them  ; will 
strive  to  lead  a moral,  virtuous,  and  upright  life;  and  possess 
a thankful,  and  grateful  heart. 

One  having  conscien.  large,  with  firm,  also  large,  wil 
manifest  firmness  upon  all  occasions,  but  be  particularly  de- 
cided and  determined  in  every  case  of  duty , or  justice , or 
right ; will  take  a firm  stand  upon  the  side  of  duty  and 
moral  principle,  and  maintain  it,  even  to  extremity;  and, with 
combat,  also  large,  will  possess  great  moral  courage,  great 
boldness  to  go  forward  in  advocating  and  urging  on  the 
cause  of  virtue  or  morality,  and  will  also  resolutely  oppose 
whatever  he  considers  to  be  wrong  or  unjust;  with  large  de- 
Btruct.  and  self-e.  added  to  this  combination,  will  not  only 
quickly  notice,  but  be  inclined  severely  to  censure,  whatever 
he  considers  wrong;  and, with  self-e.  very  large,  will  be  cen- 
sorious, and  severe  in  his  reflections  upon  others : with  firm., 
caus.,  and  compar.  large,  will  regard  the  claims  of  duty  and 
justice  as  of  primary  importance,  and  discharge  them  at  al- 
most any  hazard;  can  be  induced  only  with  the  greatest  dif- 
ficulty, and  by  the  strongest  temptations,  knowingly  and  wil- 
fully to  violate  them;  will  make  strenuous  efforts  to  restrain 
his  immoral,  and  excite  his  moral,  feelings;  though  he  may 
sometimes  be  overcome  by  his  still  stronger  faculties,  and  led 
into  sin  by  them,  yet  will  generally  maintain  the  ascendency, 
and  experience  deep  remorse  and  repentance  when  he  is  sen- 
sible of  having  swerved  from  the  path  of  duty;  and,  unless 
self-e.  is  very  large,  will  readily  acknowledge  his  faults:  with 
adhes.  and  benev.  large  or  very  large,  secret,  only  moderate, 
and  destruct.  and  combat,  only  full,  will  mildly,  yet  faithfully, 
reprove  his  friends;  tell  them  their  faults  in  a plain  and  can- 
did, yet  in  a mild  and  feeling,  manner,  so  as  to  do  them  iha 
greatest  amount  of  good,  and  yet  injure  their  feelings  as  1 k* 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


m 

fcie  cs  possible  ; closely  watch  over  their  moral  conduct,  have 
their  good  at  heart,  and,  therefore,  affectionately  reprove 
them;  but,  with  combat.,  destruct.,  and  self-e.  large,  will  ha 
lather  harsh  and  censorious  in  his  manner  of  administering 
reproof;  and,  with  secret,  moderate  or  small,  will  find  fault 
with  others  when  they  do  not  conform  to  his  own  standard  of 
duty;  and,  if  firm,  and  self-e.  are  very  large,  and  caus.  and 
benev.  only  full,  will  set  up  himself  or  his  doctrines  as  the 
only  correct  standard  of  truth  and  rectitude ; pronounce  judg- 
ment upon  the  character  of  others ; be  censorious  and  rigid 
in  his  moral  and  religious  views  and  practices,  &c. : with  be- 
nev. large,  and  combat.,  caus.,  compar.,  hope,  and  self-e.,  at 
least,  full,  will  possess  great  moral  courage;  will  never  tem- 
porize upon  questions  of  duty,  but  will  stand  up  boldly  and 
resolutely  in  defence  of  morality  and  truth : and,  let  conse- 
quences be  what  they  may,  will  never  abandon  them;  and 
never  fly  from  persecution  in  the  cause  of  virtue  and  benev- 
olence, but  will  boldly  meet  and  face  all  opposition ; will  not 
forsake  his  ground ; will  drive  forward  moral,  and  religious, 
and  benevolent  enterprises  with  great  energy  ; go  all  lengths, 
and  make  any  sacrifices,-  in  defence  of  moral  principle,  and 
m securing  or  maintaining  what  he  considers  right,  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  'principle  involved  in  the  matter,  even 
though  the  thing  itself  may  be  unimportant , and,  if  compar. 
and  cans,  are  very  large,  will  be  admirably  qualified  to  distin- 
guish himself  as  a moral  and  religious  leader:  to  fill  stations 
of  responsibility  and  trust,  where  judgment  and  talents  are 
required  to  be  combined  with  integrity  and  energy  of  mind 
and  character:  with  large  or  very  large  selfish  propensities, 
and  only  moderate  cr  full  firm.  and  reasoning  organs,  wil. 
struggle  hard  against  his  “ easily  besetting  sins,”  yet  be  often 
overcome  by  them ; will  do  many  things  of  which  he  will 
utterly  repent ; will  resolve  on  amendment,  but  again  yield 
<o  temptation  ; and  alternate  between  sinning  and  repenting: 
with  very  large  cautious.,  in  every  case  where  he  is  not  certain 
what  his  duty  is,  will  be  so  fearful  of  doing  wrong  as  often 
not  to  act  at  all,  and  thus  fail  to  do  right ; will  frequently 
tremble  for  fear  of  apprehended  punishment;  and,  with  large 
or  very  large  ven.  in  addition,  will  have  high  ideas  of  the 
majesty,  and  holiness,  and  justice  of  the  Deity  ; be  filled  with 
dread  and  awe  while  contemplating  his  character  and  works; 
have  great  fear  of  incurring  his  displeasure,  and  of  being 
visited  with  his  judgment;  and,  with  hope  moderate  or  small. 


128 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLU3TK A1 £D. 


little  expectation  of  pardon,  or,  at  lea.^t,  many  “doubts  and 
fears”  concerning-  his  salvation  and  future  condition  ; be  given 
to  religious  melancholy ; and  have  but  feeble  faith ; but,  with 
hope  large,  will  look  upon  his  Maker,  not  only  as  a sin -punr 
ishing , lot  also  as  a sin  -forgiving  God;  generally  have 
strong  Christian  faith,  and  be  solaced  by  hopes  of  pardon 
through  a Redeemer,  j/et  experience  occasional  doubts : with 
philopro.  large,  will  love  his  children,  yet  their  moral  char- 
acter and  conduct  will  be  the  chief  objects  of  his  regard  and 
anxiety ; and,  if  benev.  is  large,  and  destruct.  full,  will 
faithfully  reprove,  if  not  chastise,  them  for  their  faults:  with 
large  cans,  and  compar.,  will  first  investigate  subjects  with  ref- 
erence to  their  moral  character  and  bearings  ; will  take  great 
delight  in  tracing  out  the  connexion  between  moral  causes 
and  their  effects — in  reasoning  upon  the  relations  of  man  to  his 
Maker,  of  man  to  his  fellow-man,  and  of  man  in  all  his  rela- 
tions as  a moral  and  accountable  being,  &c.;  in  investigating 
the  attributes  and  the  character  of  the  Deity,  especially  as  ex* 
hibited  in  his  works ; in  inquiring  into  the  moral  relations  of 
things,  &c.;  and  will  appreciate  the  full  force  of  moral  infer- 
ences: with  compar.  and  cans,  very  large,  will  be  a profound 
and  acute  theologian,  and  with  large  concent.,  will  take  orig- 
inal views  of  subjects,  and  be  unable  to  leave  any  subject  of 
moral  inquiry  or  research  until  he  has  run  it  out  in  all  its  bear- 
ings; will  be  exceedingly  interested  in  moral  philosophy,  in 
metaphysical  and  theological  studies,  &c. : with  large  or  very 
large  combat.,  compar.,  and  caus.,  will  delight  in  discussing 
religious  and  moral  questions,  &c. : with  large  self-e.,  and 
very  large  firm.,  will  reluctantly  open  his  eyes  upon  his 
faults,  yet  will  then  freely  acknowledge  them,  and  endeavour 
to  reform:  with  only  full  secret,  and  acquis.,  and  large  firm., 
self-e.,  benev.,  and  caus.,  and  a large  and  active  brain,  will 
never  be  guilty  of  either  a mean. , or  a dishonest  action  ; will 
be  just,  obliging,  and  faithful  to  his  word,  and  possess  true 
moral  worth  in  a high  degree;  snd,  with  only  full  combat, 
and  destruct.,  will  be  amiable:  with  approbat.  very  large 
will  experience  a morbid  sensibil  ity  to  shame,  and,  with  large 
vcn.,  and  only  moderate  self-e.,  will  often  suffer  intolerably 
from  mingled  feelings  of  guilt,  unworthiness,  and  shame,  and 
be  unable  to  look  his  fellow  men  in  the  face:  with  large  or 
very  large  benev.  and  adhes.,  and  only  full  self  e.,  will  bo 
very  grateful  for  favours  received,  and  glad  of  an  oppor 
tunity  to  return  them;  will  fcei  strong  attachment  towani* 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


129 


his  benefactors,  and  think  of  them  only  with  lively  emotions 
of  gratitude  and  love;  will  be  thankful  to  those  who  will 
point  out  his  faults  to  him ; be  forgiving  in  his  disposition, 
especially  wThen  forgiveness  is  asked ; sincerely  repent  of 
his  sins,  both  of  omission  and  of  commission,  wreep  over  them, 
£nd  strive  against  committing  more  sin,  &c. 

The  functions  of  the  other  faculties  are  often  mistaken  for 
those  of  conscien.,  yet  a close  analysis  will  point  out  a radi- 
cal difference  between  them ; and,  since  those  who  have  the 
least  conscien.,  are  the  least  sensible  of  their  deficiency,  and, 
also,  ol  the  functions  ascribed  to  it,  they  will  be  likely  to  give 
themselves  credit  for  much  more  conscien.  than  they  actually 
possess. 

Very  large. — One  having  conscien.  very  large , will 
make  morality  and  duty  the  pole-star  of  his  life,  and  the 
only  guide  of  his  conduct:  will  not,  for  the  world,  knowing- 
ly do  wrong  or  injure  another  ; will  rn&ke  almost  any  sacri- 
fice sooner  than  incur  guilt ; is  tormented  with  the  mere  sus- 
picion of  having  done  wrong  or  injured  another ; frequently 
experiences  the  feeling  of  remorse  for  things  that  are  even 
right;  bitterly  repents  and  loathes  himself  when  he  is  appre- 
hensive that  duty  has  been  violated  or  neglected,  and  feels 
miserable  until  he  is  sure  that  all  is  right  again  ; is  even 
scrupulously  and  unnecessarily  exact  in  all  his  dealings; 
is  constantly  tormented  and  harassed  by  the  goadings  of  n 
guilty  conscience ; slid,  when  he  has  failed  to  fulfil  any  prom- 
ises, feels  condemned  and  unhappy,  even  though  to  have  ful- 
filled them  was  impossible. 

One  having  conscien.  very  large,  with  benev.  and  ven 
large  or  very  large,  will  experience  the  liveliest  emotions  oi 
gratitude  to  his  bountiful  Creator  for  favours  received,  and, 
with  adhes.  large,  to  his  fellow-men  for  acts  of  kindness, 
and  feel  strong  attachment  to  his  benefactors:  with  approbate 
acquis.,  &c.,  only  full,  will  sacrifice  ease,  property,  happiness 
and  friendship,  if  not  every  thing  else,  sooner  than  violate 
his  conscience:  with  large  combat.,  will  do  what  he  ecnsid 
ers  right,  regardless  of  consequences;  will  he  as  bold  and  at 
fearless  as  a lion  in  every  case  of  duty,  and  in  defending  any 
moral  principle;  and  will  make  every  thing  in  which  he  is 
concerned,  bend  to  his  ideas  of  duty,  and  to  those  mora. 
principles  by  which  he  himself  is  governed:  with  moderate 
or  small  self-e.,  shrinks  from  publick  responsibility : with 
ven.  and  cautious  very  large,  and  hope  and  self-*!,  very  small 
6* 


.so 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


contemplates  the  character  of  the  Deity  with  the  most  pro 
found  awe,  mingled  with  dread  and  terrour,  and  himself  as 
unful  and  unworthy  in  the  extreme;  will  tremble  in  view  of 
the  punishment  he  believes  to  await  him  ; have  few  and  feeble 
hopes  of  pardon,  and  be  driven  to  actual  despair  and  religious 
melancholy  or  mania,  &c. 

The  combinations  under  conscien.  large,  modified  by  an 
increase  of  the  influence  of  ccnscien,,  will  apply  to  conscien. 
very  large.  It  might  also  be  added,  that  words  cannot  do 
full  justice  to  the  character  if  this  faculty,  or  to  its  influence 
upon  the  moral  conduct  and  feelings  of  its  possessor. 

Full. — One  having  conscien.  full , will  desire  and  en- 
deavour to  do  right,  and  feel  condemned  when  convinced  of 
having  done  wrong ; will  recognise  the  claims  of  duty ; feel 
his  moral  obligations,  both  to  God  and  man;  and,  unless  his 
temptations,  or,  in  other  words,  the  solicitations  of  his  strong- 
er faculties,  overcome  the  remonstrances  of  conscien.,  will  be 
honest  and  faithful,  and  live  a virtuous,  moral  life,  yet  his 
conscien.  will  have  a great  deal  to  struggle  with,  and  some- 
times lose  the  ascendency. 

The  manifestations  of  conscien.  full,  are  governed  by  the 
following  general  principle,  namety,  that  one  having  con- 
scien. full,  with  such  an  organization  as  wrould  be  favourable 
to  virtue  and  morality,  or  with  the  selfish  faculties  under  the 
control  of  the  moral  and  reasoning  faculties,  especially  if 
placed  in  circumstances  calculated  to  promote  virtue,  will  be 
likely  to  possess  a high  standard  of  virtue,  and  of  moral  feeling 
and  principle;  but,  with  the  selfish  faculties  generally  larger 
than  conscien.  and  the  other  moral  and  the  reasoning  faculties, 
especially  if  placed  in  circumstances  calculated  to  urge  him 
into  excesses,  or  to  create  defects,  will  possess  conscien.  too 
feeble  to  turn  the  current  of  his  stronger  passions  into  a vir- 
tuous channel,  or  to  supply  his  defects.  Thus,  one  having 
ronscien.  full,  with  large  combat.,  and  only  moderate  secret., 
will  be  subject  to  ebullitions  of  passion,  yet,  as  soon  as  the 
excitement  of  combat,  has  subsided,  conscien.  will  create  pun- 
gent remorse  and  contrition  : with  large  combat,  anddestruct., 
and  only  moderate  acquis.,  may  be  often  led  into  sin  by  his 
anger,  yet  will  be  perfectly  honest  in  all  his  pecuniary  trans- 
actions: with  large  or  very  large  acquis.,  adhes.,  and  secret., 
and  only  full  caus.  and  self-e.,  may  frequently  take  the  ad- 
vantage of  strangers , and  be  even  dishonest  in  his  pecuniary 
transactions  with  mere  acquaintances , yet  will  never  wrong 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


134 


a friend,  and  will  be  likely  to  be  honest  in  all  his  ti’ansac* 
lions  where  love  of  gain  does  not  entice  him  astray:  with 
only  modsrate  acquis.,  and  large  or  very  large  destruct , 
combat.,  approbat.,  and  secret.,  may  defame  his  rivals  with- 
out a strict  regard  to  truth,  yet  possess  a moral  character  un- 
exceptionable in  other  respects,  &c.  Accordingly,  we  find 
many  persons  to  be  perfectly  moral  in  their  general  charac- 
ter, yet  addicted  to  some  grossly  immoral,  if  not  even  vicious, 
propensity — some  “easily  besetting  sin:”  and  this  one  fault 
is  too  often  allowed  to  throw  into  the  shade  all  their  virtuous 
qualities. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  conscien.  large, 
modified  by  a diminution  of  the  influence  of  conscien.,  will 
apply  to  conscien.  full. 

Moderate. — One  having  conscien.  moderate , will  expe- 
rience fewer  and  feebler  compunctions  of  conscience,  and  juc' 
tify  himself  more  than  one  with  larger  conscien.;  will  con- 
sider the  moral  qualities  of  actions  far  less  than  he  will  their 
effects  upon  himself ; will  frequently  indulge  his  other  facul- 
ties to  excess,  and,  also,  fail  to  do  his  duty,  and  will  not  be 
very  particular  to  govern  his  feelings  and  his  conduct  by 
any  fixed  standard  of  moral  principle ; will  consult  expedi- 
ency rather  than  duty ; and  be  less  sensible  of  his  faults,  Jess 
open  to  conviction,  less  clear  in  his  discernment  between 
right  and  wrong,  less  correct  in  his  reasoning  upon  religious 
subjects,  the  character  of  God,  and  the  moral  relations  of 
man  to  man,  and  of  man  to  his  Maker,  and  will  appreciate 
moral  inferences  less,  than  one  with  larger  conscien. 

One  having  conscien.  moderate,  with  very  large  self-e., 
and  large  selfish  organs  generally,  will  be  likely  to  make 
such  demands  upon  others  as  his  interest  may  dictate,  without 
sufficient  regard  to  what  really  belongs  to  him;  and  will  not 
experience  lively  emotions  of  gratitude  for  favours  received, 
because  the  feeling  will  be  implanted  in  his  mind  that  others 
are  under  a kind  of  obligation  to  do  whatever  he  may  choose 
to  require  of  them  : with  large  or  very  large  self-e.,  adhes.,  and 
benev.,  and  only  moderate  secret  , may  be  perfectly  honest 
and  unexceptionable  in  his  moral  conduct,  yet  will  be  so  from 
feelings  of  kindness  or  friendship,  or  because  it  will  be  mean 
and  degrading  to  do  wrong ; will  govern  his  conduct  by  prin- 
ciples of  nobleness , and  do  the  honourable  and  the  manly  thing, 
yet  will  seldom  feel  guilty , or  do  right  from  conscientious 
fcruples:  with  Urge  or  verv  large  approbat.,  will  do  light 


132 


PHRENOLOGY  1LLUS  TK  A T&T>. 


when  to  do  wrong,  would  injure  his  reputation , or  tarnish 
nis  honour , yet,  will  do  that  which  is  wrong,  and  which  largQ 
conscien.  would  forbid,  when  such  tilings  are  generally 
approved;  and  do  what  is  popular,  without  thinking  or  ca- 
sing whether  it  is  right  or  not:  with  very  large  adhes.,  and 
henev , may  be  very  kind,  very  affectionate,  very  willing  to 
do  favours  &c.;  feel  a great  deal  of  sympathy  for  distress, 
and  show  much  tenderness  of  feeling,  which  are  liable  to  be 
mistaken  for  conscien.,  yet  these  feelings  will  not  be  ac 
companied  with  a deep  sense  of  duty , of  obligation , of  grail 
tude , of  moral  principle,  &c. : with  large  or  very  large 
veil,  and  a religious  education,  may  be  devout,  religiously 
inclined,  and,  with  cautious,  large,  fear  to  offend  his  Maker 
and,  with  the  selfish  faculties  only  full,  may  live  a blame- 
less, Christian  life,  yet  will  lack  those  nice  moral  qualities 
imparted  by  conscien.  ; hut.,  with  small  marvel.,  and  with 
out  a strict,  religious  education,  will  be  likely  to  be  irrelt 
gious,  if  not  skeptical : with  large  or  very  large  secret,  and 
approbat.,  will  be  likely  to  do  wrong  in  secret , and  whep 
there  is  little  risk  of  detection  ; and,  with  only  moderate  self-e.. 
will  be  deceitful,  if  not  hypocritical,  yet,  with  ven.  large, 
may  even  profess  religion,  but  will  be  a Pharisee:  with  large 
or  very  large  reasoning  organs,  may  govern  his  conduct  br 
the  dictates  of  reason,  feel  the  full  force  of  philosophical  con- 
clusions, and  reason  clearly  and  forcibly  upon  all  subjects 
disconnected  with  morality  and  duty,  yet  will  not  appreciate 
the  force  of  moral  truths,  &c. 

Small — One  having  conscien.  small , will  have  but  lit- 
tle idea  of  right  and  wrong  in  the  abstract ; even  when  guilty, 
will  be  comparatively  a stranger  to  the  feelings  of  peni- 
tence, and  to  the  compunctions  of  conscience ; will  have  but 
little  regard  for  moral  principle,  and  little  concern  whether 
his  character  conforms  to  its  requisitions  or  not ; or  care 
whether  he  is  moral  or  immoral  as  such;  will  have  few  com 
scientious  scruples,  and,  perhaps,  ridicule  those  who  havej 
will  lack  that  regard  for  pure  justice,  that  desire  to  do 
right,  and  that  tenderness  of  conscience,  which  this  faculty 
ulone  can  impart,  and  be  nearly  destitute  of  moral  acunier 
and  discrimination. 

The  combinations  under  conscien.  moderate,  modified  by 
a reduction  of  the  influence  of  conscien.,  will  app.y  to  con* 
scien.  small.  Other  combinations,  deduced  from  the  princi 
f>!e$  there  illustrated,  may  be  added  by  the  leader. 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


133 


Verv  s >1  all — One  having  conscien.  very  small , will 
neither  know  nor  feel  the  difference  between  right  and  wrong 
in  themselves,  nor  have  any  moral  discernment;  will  have 
no  conscientious  scruples;  deny  the  doctrine  of  rewards  and 
punishments,  and  the  whole  system  of  moral  accountability; 
be  a stranger  to  the  feelings  of  responsibility  and  repentance; 
and,  being  unrestrained  by  the  influence  cf  conscien.,  do  just 
what  his  other  faculties  dictate. 

The  faculty  of  conscien.  does  not  decide  as  to  what  is  right 
or  wrong,  nor  create  that  moral  standard  or  tribunal  by 
which  the  feelings  and  the  conduct  are  tried,  but  merely  ar- 
raigns them  before  such  a tribunal  as  may  have  been  settled 
by  the  combined  influence  of  the  other  faculties,  of  educa 
tion,  of  circumstances,  &c.  Suppose,  for  example,  that  two 
individuals,  A.  and  B.  possessed  an  equal  share  of  conscien., 
while  A.  possessed  very  large  acquis.,  and  B.  only  small  ac- 
quis. Let  both  be  placed  in  given  circumstances,  and  the 
conscien.  of  A.  will  allow  him  to  take  an  unjustifiable 
amount  of  money,  and  even  to  demand  it;  while  the  same 
degree  of  conscien.  in  B.,  would  not  allow  him  to  take  the 
same  amount,  even  in  case  it  should  be  offered  to  him  ; yet, 
should  A.  possess  a large  endowment  of  ven.,  and  B.  but 
small  ven.,  although  the  conscien.  of  A.,  might  allow  him 
to  take  more  money  than  belonged  to  him,  this  same  con- 
scien. might  even  compel  him,  out  of  a sense  of  duty,  to  attend 
upon  certain  religious  observances,  go  to  meeting,  &c.,  more 
strictly  than  the  same  amount  of  conscien.  would  require  of  B. 
If  the  reasoning  organs  of  B.  were  much  larger  than  those  of 
A.,  his  views  of  right  and  wrong  would  he  much  more  cor- 
rect and  reasonable  than  those  of  A.  The  conscien.  of  the 
Indian  doubtless  urges  him  on  even  to  commit  deeds  of  cru- 
elty and  vengeance  upon  that  race  which,  he  conceives,  has 
wronged  him.  The  conscience  of  the  Catholick  might  re- 
quire him  always  to  attend  mass,  and  torment  him  for  tasting 
meat  on  certain  days,  or  for  visiting  a Protestant  place  of  wor- 
ship., while  that  of  a Protestant,  might  condemn  a visit  to  a 
Catholick  church  as  a heinous  sin. 

This  illustration  will  furnish  a perfect  and  most  beautiful 
volution  of  the  otherwise  inexplicable  phenomena,  that  the  di- 
venity  of  opinion  as  to  what  is  right  and  what  is  wrong,  and 
as  to  what  constitutes  the  test  and  standard  of  virtue  and  of  vice* 
is  well  nigh  infinite,  or,  at  least,  receives  a different  modifica- 
tion fsom  almost  every  individual — that  some  approve  as  virt 


£34 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


nous,  what  others  condemn  as  wicked,  and  what  others 
regard  as  neither — that  almost  every  vice  has  been  considered 
a virtue,  and  practised  as  such,  and  many  forms  of  virtue  con- 
demned as  sinful — that  a very  conscientious  man  may  be  a 
very  wicked  man,  and  be  even  made  the  more  wicked  by  his 
perverted  or  “ seared”  conscience,  and  that  a man  with  but 
feeble  conscien.,  may  be  comparatively  virtuous,  &c. 

The  decisions  of  conscien.  alone,  then,  form  no  criterion 
as  to  what  is  right  or  wrong;  yet,  in  conjunction  with  the 
full  development  and  unperverted  exercise  of  all  the  oixer 
faculties,  it  constitutes  a great  moral  formula  by  which  every 
feeling  of  the  heart,  and  every  action  in  life,  may  be  tried, 
and  its  moral  character  determined.  So  that  phrenology,  in 
fact,  teaches  us,  “ what  most  we  need  to  know,”  what  is 
right  and  what  is  wrong.  By  a reference  to  a subse- 
quent chapter,  the  reader  will  see  this  point  fully  illustrated 
and  applied. 

The  diversity  of  opinion  just  alluded  to,  as  to  what  is  con 
sidered  right  and  what  wrong,  does  not,  in  the  least,  afiect  any 
of  the  arguments  under  this  head,  because  they  are  predicated 
merely  upon  the  existence  of  some  standard  of  right — upon 
some  code  of  morality,  which  standard  and  code  actually  ex- 
ist, though  modified  in  their  application. 

The  influence  of  conscien.  upon  the  conduct  and  the  char- 
acter, is  so  great  and  so  peculiar,  as,  in  a measure,  to  baffle 
description.  A person  with  little  conscien.,  may  be  as  honest 
a man,  as  kind  a neighbour,  as  warm  a friend,  as  trusty  and  as 
honourable  in  his  dealings,  &c.,  as  another  is  who  has  large 
conscien.,  but  from  very  different  motives  ; yet  a deficiency  of 
conscien.  constitutes  a palpable  and  a radical  defect  of  charac- 
ter, a defect  which  is  more  observable  in  a want  of  moral  feel- 
ing, and  in  a comparative  destitution  of  moral  principle,  than 
m the  mere  conduct  and  dealings  of  the  individual. 

The  larger  this  organ,  the  more  guilty  will  the  individua. 
feel.  The  reason  of  this  is,  that  large  or  very  large  con- 
scien.  being  always  awake,  arraigns  all  the  actions,  and 
feelings,  and  motives  before  this  moral  tribunal,  and  brings 
them  to  a much  more  heart-searching  trial,  and  thus  creates 
a much  greater  sense  of  guilt  and  sinfulness  than  would  be 
done  by  weaker  conscien.,  even  though  the  conduct , feelings, 
and  motives,  from  which  this  feeling  of  guilt  is  derived,  should* 
in  both  cases,  be  alike. 

This  faculty,  tl  en,  > mie  it  actually  prevents  the  truly  cos* 


CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


i35 

gcientious  man  from  committing  as  much  sm  as  he  would 
probably  commit  with  but  feeble  conscien.,  makes  him  feel 
the  more  guhty,  and  allows  those  who  have  but  little  con- 
scien., and  are  therefore  the  less  restrained  from  commit- 
ting sin,  tc  live  on,  comparatively  insensible  to  their  faults, 
dead  to  the  reproach  of  a guilty  conscience,  and  justified  in 
their  own  eyes. 

This  fact  refutes  the  doctrine  that  the  goadings  of  a guilty 
conscience  in  this  life,  constitute  the  only  punishment  foi 
sin : for  it  is  a plain  dictate  of  reason  and  of  conscience,  that 
the  punishment  of  sin  must  always  be  proportionate  to  the  in- 
iquity committed.  Yet  we  here  see  that  the  punishment  in* 
flicted  by  conscien.,  is  lightest  upon  those  who  sin  the  most,  and 
most  severe  upon  those  who  are  least  deserving  of  it,  and  that 
it  is  often  inflicted  when  the  actions  punished  are  even  virtu- 
ous. (See  conscien.  very  large.)  Conscien.  has  been  shown 
o be  merely  the  judge  of  sinfulness,  and  not  its  executioner . 

Now,  by  proving  that  the  principle  of  accountability, 
which  necessarily  implies  accompanying  rewards  and  pun- 
ishments, enters  into  the  very  nature  and  constitution  of  man — 
that  men  are  punishable  for  their  sins,  and  punishable  in 
proportion  to  their  guilt, — and,  that  conscien.  inflicts  the 
lightest  punishment  upon  those  who  are  the  most  guilty,  phre- 
nology proves  that  there  is  some  other  punishment  for  sin 
than  the  goadings  of  a guilty  conscience,  which,  taken  in 
conjunction  with  the  fact,  that  those  who  sin  most,  often  suffer 
[east  in  other  respects,  and  that  the  righteous  are  often  se- 
verely afflicted  in  this  life,  brings  us  to  the  inevitable  conclu- 
sion, that  these  rewards  and  punishments,  which  must  be  in- 
flicted somewhere , are  reserved  for  administration  in  another 
state  of  existence. 

Not  that  rewards  and  punishments,  as  such,  are  not  ad- 
ministered in  this  life;  for  we  know,  indeed,  that  obedience 
to  the  laws  of  our  corporeal  organization,  produces  health, 
and  with  it,  a great  degree  of  happiness,  and  that  the  viola- 
tion of  these  laws,  produces  severe  punishment,  examples 
of  which  are  to  be  found  in  those  pains  caused  by  cut- 
ting, bruising,  burning,  poisoning,  or  otherwise  injuring  our 
bodies:  but  that  the  'present  state  is  not  the  only  state  of 
retribution.  And  since  the  administration  of  rewards  and 
punishments  in  the  present  state  of  existence,  is  not  only  noi 
incompatible  with  the  benevolence  and  the  government  of 
the  Deity,  but  is  even  demanded  by  both,  why  should  not  the 


136 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


same  administration  of  rewards  and  punishments  in  another 
state  ,:f  existence,  not  only  not  be  incompatible  with  the  same 
character  and  government  of  the  same  unchangeable  Being, 
out  be  even  demanded  in  another  world,  in  like  manner  a? 
it  is  in  this?  All  sectarian  prejudices  aside,  are  not  these 
fair  inferences  from  phrenological  principles? 

In  children  and  in  females , this  organ  is  generally  found  to 
be  much  larger  (as  the  faculty  is  much  stronger)  than  in  males. 
Indeed,  in  children  below  ten  years  of  age,  it  is  almost  invari- 
ably large  or  very  large,  while  in  men,  especially  in  some 
sections  of  our  country,  the  deficiency  is  quite  common.  We 
may  hence  conclude,  that  it  constitutes  a leading  feature  of 
the  human  character,  and  that  its  deficiency  is  mainly  owing 
to  a want  of  culture.  A deficiency  of  conscien.,  then,  implies 
a neglect  of  its  cultivation;  and  this  want  of  cultivation  im- 
plies the  guilt  consequent  upon  burying  so  important  a talent 
in  the  earth. 

Location. — Conscien.  is  located  upon  the  two  sides  of 
the  posteriour  portion  of  firm.  Its  protuberances  are  at  right 
angles  with  those  of  firm.,  and  parallel  to  those  of  hope.  I ta 
development  can  generally  be  determined  without  difficulty, 
yet,  as  hope  is  located  by  its  side,  it  is  sometimes  difficult 
to  determine  with  certainty  to  which  a given  protuberance 
belongs. 


16.  HOPE. 

Expectation — anticipation — tendency  of  v*ind  tc  contem- 
plate the  future  with  bright  expectations  oj  happiness  and 
success. 

This  faculty  expects  to  obtain  and  enjoy  what  the  othei 
faculties  desire.  This  it  does  without  basing  this  expectation 
upon  any  other  grounds  than  the  mere  impression  that  things 
will  happen  as  the  individual  desires  that  they  should  hap- 
pen. By  promising  the  continuance,  and  even  the  increase, 
of  present  enjoyments,  by  diminishing  the  quantity  and  the 
bitterness  of  present  sufferings,  and  by  predicting  that  the 
burden  will  be  lightened,  or  that  sorrows  will  be  turned 
into  joys,  it  adds  greatly  to  the  sweetness  and  the  fullness  of 
die  cup  of  human  happiness;  and  by  representing  things 
as  much  more  desirable,  and  more  easily  obtained,  than 
they  really  are,  it  contributes  greatly  to  enterprise  and  ef- 
fort. How  many  things  do  the  fair  promises  of  hope  indue* 


fSOPfi. 


««  to  undertake,  and  firmness,  to  carry  through,  when,  with 
out  hope.,  the  undertaking  would  be  scouted,  and,  without 
firmness,  abandoned. 

This  faculty  not  only  embraces  within  its  range,  the  present 
state  of  existence,  but,  leaping  the  dark  chasm  of  death,  il 
revels  in  the  prospect  of  bliss  beyond  the  shores  of  time,  a i 
those  in  whom  it  is  large,  generally  believe  in  a future  state 
of  existence. 

Its  function  is,  expectalio?i  in  general — a vivid  and  intense 
glow  of  delight  in  the  mere  anticipation  of  future  happiness 
and  success : and  the  beauty  of  its  manifestation  is,  that  the 
individual  places  almost  as  much  confidence  in  the  promises  and 
allurements  of  this  faculty,  as  he  does  in  the  conclusions  ol 
reason  or  experience. 

Large. — One  having  hope  large , will  contemplate  the 
future  with  high  expectations  of  happiness,  and  dwell  upon 
his  projects  and  his  prospects  with  sanguine  anticipations  ct 
success;  will  magnify  advantages,  and  diminish  obstacles 
will  dwell  upon  the  fairer  side  of  prospects,  and  take  only  a 
slight  glance  at  discouraging  circumstances;  will  be  likely 
to  promise  himself  ar.d  others  much  more  than  is  reasonable; 
will  be  cheerful,  li ve^and  sanguine;  will  feast  upon  the  prom 
isesof  hope;  will  overlook  past  and  present  disappointments 
and  troubles,  in  the  brighter  visions  of  the  future  ; and,  though 
subject  to  frequent  discouragements,  will  still  indulge  his 
hope,  forgetting  the  past,  and  pressing  onward  to  the  future. 

One  having  hope  large,  with  only  full  cautious.,  will  hope 
much  more  than  fear,  yet,  with  caus.  large,  will  seldom  al- 
low his  hopes  to  hurry  him  into  imprudent  measures;  but, 
with  the  addition  of  large  or  very  large  combat.,  firm.,  self  e., 
and  ideal.,  will  seem  to  be  imprudent,  especially  when  in 
pursuit  of  some  most  desirable  object,  yet  his  forethought 
ar.d  judgment  will  not  only  guard  against  misfortune,  but 
secure  success,  even  though  he  will  seem  to  be  very  impru- 
dent, and  when  hope  is  excited,  even  hazardous:  with  only 
moderate  caus.  and  cautious.,  may  sometimes  attempt  impos- 
sibilities, and,  with  only  full  caus.  and  cautious.,  improbabili- 
ties with  very  large  cautious.,  will  never  expose  himself 
to  any  of  those  dangers  or  losses  which  can  be  fore  seen  or 
provided  against,  even  though  he  might  thereby  gain  the 
more;  will  keep  upon  the  safe  side  of  things,  and  risk  lut 
little,  yet  will  anticipate  and  attempt  considerable : with  firm. 
And  ?cb-e.  large  or  very  lar<?e  will  rise  above  trouble  and 


.38 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


adversity,  confidently  expecting  that  the  scale  will  soon  tur* 
in  his  favour;  will  lay  many  new  plans ; form  many  new  pro 
jects ; and  be  prone  to  try  experiments;  yet,  if  concent,  is  small 
will  frequently  change  or  vary  them:  with  stif-e.  large  or 
very  large,  and  only  full  caus.,  will  feel  himself  capable  of 
attempting  and  effecting  great  things;  think  that  he  can  sue 
ceed  much  better  than  others ; and  thus  often  attempt  wha 
he  cannot  accomplish ; yet  will  not  learn,  even  by  repeated 
disappointments,  that  he  can  do  no  more  than  others;  but 
with  very  large  caus.  and  compar.,  and  large  intellectual  or- 
gans generally,  will  hope  for  great  things,  yet  hope  within 
the  bounds  of  reason ; like  De  Witt  Clinton,  will  be  capable 
of  projecting  some  stupendous  work,  and,  also,  of  devising 
the  means  for  accomplishing  it;  and  will  seldom  or  never 
fail  in  his  projects,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  hope  very  large , will  literally 
revel  in  the  bright  anticipations  of  those  enjoyments  which 
he  fancies  are  before  him  ; and  view  the  future  with  so  high 
expectations  as  to  be  dissatisfied  with  the  present,  be  it  ever 
so  satisfactory ; will  always  live  in  the  future,  and  long  for 
its  arrival ; and  thus  often  misimprove  the  present. 

One  having  hope  very  large,  with  cautious,  and  caus.  only 
full,  will  be  always  in  chase  of  some  new  and  desirable 
object  in  prospect;  will  have  too  many  irons  in  the  lire  at 
once;  attempt  too  much,  and  things  which  are  even  chi- 
merical; will  look  upon  even  difficult  attainments  as  very 
easy  ; be  subject  to  frequent  disappointments,  yet  neither  disap- 
pointments nor  misfortunes  will  damp  the  ardour  of  his  hope ; 
will  be  always  upon  tiptoe  of  expectation — always  sanguine, 
cheerful,  and  lively,  and,  with  large  mirth.,  merry  ; be  con- 
stantly building  castles  in  the  air;  and  hazardous  in  his  un- 
dertakings: with  large  self-e.,  will  think  himself  adequate  to 
almost  any  undertaking : with  'large  or  very  large  benev.,  will 
promise  much  more  than  he  can  fulfil,  yet,  with  large  conscicn., 
and  only  moderate  secret,  will  make  his  promises  with  the  best 
intentions,  and  feel  sorry  that  he  cannot  fulfil  them:  with 
very  large  cautious.,  will  be  tantalized  with  hopes  and  fears, 
and  nave  the  highest  anticipations,  accompanied  with  suffi- 
cient solicitude  to  cause  him  to  proceed  with  great  care  and 
deliberation,  yet,  with  large  combat.,  will  combine  discretion 
with  energy:  with  only  moderate  acquis.,  and  only  full  cau- 
tious., will  live  on,  enjoying  the  present,  and  think  that  ths 
future  will  take  ample  care  of  itself;  and  that  plans  wili 


HOPE. 


m 


succeed  Vo  hit  utmost  desire,  even  with  veiy  little  effort,  sc 
that  he  will  be  predisposed  to  a life  of  case,  anl  idleness,  and 
pleasure ; and,  with  very  large  ideal.,  amai .,  and  adhes.  added 
to  this  combination,  will  be  disposed  to  revelry  and  profli 
gacy,  and  will  be  a spendthrift. 

The  combinations  under  hope  large,  modified  by  an  in- 
lease of  the  influence  of  hope,  will  be  found  applicable  to 
nope  very  large.  In  this  case,  as  in  many  other  similar 
ones,  the  reader  is  requested  to  exercise  his  own  organ  of 
comparison. 

Full. — One  having  hope  full , will  be  reasonable  in  his 
expectations,  and  yet  be  spurred  on  by  them  to  attempt  import- 
ant undertakings;  will  be  cheerful,  yet  seldom  elated  with 
hope,  &c.  One  having  hope  full,  with  large  or  very  large  cau- 
tious., will  forebode  more  evil  than  good,  and  endure  pre 
sent  troubles  well,  yet  live  in  dread  of  apprehended  misfor- 
tunes; but,  with  the  addition  of  large  or  very  large  caus.  and 
compar.,  will  be  pre-eminently  judicious;  calculate  with  accu- 
racy ; realize  about  what  he  expects ; seldom  be  led  astray 
by  favourable  prospects;  rely  more  upon  the  dictates  of  rea- 
son than  the  promises  of  hope;  and,  in  the  long  run,  succeed 
far  beyond  his  expectations,  and  accomplish  more  than  most 
others : with  large  or  very  large  acquis.,  may  make  great 
calculations  upon  amassing  wealth,  because  his  love  of  riches 
■will  be  so  great;  and  so  of  the  other  faculties  that  are  large. 

The  additional  manifestations  of  hope  full,  will  be  inter- 
mediate between  hope  large,  and  hope  moderate,  and  the  op 
posite  of  hope  small.  See  combinations  under  hope  large 
modified  by  a diminution  of  hope. 

Moderate. — One  having  hope  moderate , will  expect  toe 
little  rather  than  too  much ; make  few  promises,  either  to 
himself  or  to  others;  will  not  be  sanguine,  nor  have  a high 
flow  of  animal  spirits,  &c.  One  having  hope  moderate 
with  large  or  very  large  cautious.,  will  anticipate  the  wors. 
rather  than  the  best;  fear  much  more  than  hope;  generally 
realize  more  than  he  calculates  upon  ; dwell  more  upon  the  dis 
couraging  features  of  the  case,  than  upon  its  encouraging  pros 
poets:  with  large  or  very  large  conscien.,  ven.,  and  cautious., 
if  a professing  Christian,  will  have  many  doubts  and  fears 
as  to  his  future  condition,  and  lack  Christian  faith : with  the 
propensities  cnly  moderate,  will  not  be  likely  unaided,  to  un- 
dertake and  prosecute  with  vigour,  every  important  pro- 
ject, yet,  with  large  firm.,  may  hold  on  and  persevere  whess 


140 


PI1RSKOUGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


ne  is  once  finally  embarked,  and  is  fully  committed  with 
large  or  very  large  cans,  and  compar.,  may  be  sure  of  ot 
taining  his  ends,  but  will  be  so  because  he  sees  ly  what 
means  they  are  to  be  brought  about, 

Small. — One  having  hope  small , in  addition  to  the  man- 
ifestations described  under  hope  moderate,  will  be  hardly 
capable  of  having  his  hopes  raised  by  the  brightest  prospects, 
and  take  little  delight  in  contemplating  the  future:  with 
large  or  very  large  cautious.,  and  only  moderate  or  full  com- 
bat. and  self-e.,  will  be  easily  discouraged ; generally  fancy 
that  he  sees  some  lion  in  the  way;  dwell  chiefly  upon  the 
darker  shades  of  the  picture;  brood  over  misfortune;  borrow 
a great  deal  of  trouble,  even  in  prosperity;  fear  to  undertake 
or  risk  much,  lest  he  should  fail ; lack  enterprise,  and  elas- 
ticity and  buoyancy  of  spirits;  indulge,  and  even  delight  to 
indulge,  melancholy  feelings,  &c. : with  only  moderate  mirth, 
and  large  ven.  and  conscien.,  will  be  sober,  sedate,  and  often 
cast  down,  if  not  ascetick : with  large  or  very  large  combat., 
firm.,  self-e.,  and  caus.,  may  manifest  a high  degree  of  sta 
bility  and  energy  of  character  when  once  fully  embarked  in 
an  undertaking;  yet,  unless  actually  obliged  to  undertake 
important  operations,  will  shrink  from  them  : with  very  large 
cautious.,  conscien.,  and  ven.,  and  only  full  self-e.,  will  look 
upon  the  Deity  with  the  strongest  impressions  of  his  justice, 
and  holiness,  and  majesty,  and  be  in  great  fear  of  offend- 
ing him,  accompanied  with  little  hope  of  the  pardon  of  hia 
sins,  and  with  the  most  pungent  feelings  of  remorse,  and  the 
most  dismal  forebodings,  and  fearful  apprehensions,  of  future 
punishment,  if  not  with  actual  despair.  Thus  we  perceive, 
that  they  who  have  the  most  to  fear  in  this  matter,  actually 
fear  the  least,  and  that  they  who  have  the  least  to  fear,  feai 
the  most.  The  additional  manifestations  and  combinations  of 
hope  small,  will  be  found  under  hope  moderate,  and  others 
may  be  ascertained  by  reversing  the  description  of  hope  large. 

Very  small. — When  this  organ  is  very  small , its  func- 
tions are  too  weak  and  too  feeble  to  have  very  perceptible  influ- 
ence upon  the  character,  or  to  bfc  experienced  by  the  subject. 

The  objects  upon  which  hope  fastens,  will  be  determined 
by  its  combinations.  One  having  full,  large,  or  very  large 
hope,  for  example,  with  small  acquis.,  and  large  or  very  large 
philopro.,  will  indulge  the  highest  expectations  concerning  his 
children , yet  exercise  very  little  about  property  as  such : with 
large  approbat.,  and  only  moderate  or  small  religious  organs, 


marvellousness 


141 


mil  hope  for  distinction  and  fame;  yet  his  hopes  will  be  con- 
fined chiefly  to  this  life,  and  he  will  bi  skeptical  concerning 
another  state  c f existence,  &c.  Thus  it  is,  that  hope  acts  with 
;he  greatest  vigour  upon  those  things  which  are  the  objects 
of  the  desires  of  the  other  faculties.  Hence,  some  individuals 
are  very  sanguine  about  some  things,  while  their  hopes  flag 
m relation  to  other  things. 

Location. — Hope  is  located  upon  the  two  sides  of  the 
anteriour  portion  of  firm.,  in  front  of  conscien.,  and  behind 
marvel.,  being  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  ears. 

17.  MARVELLOUSNESS. 

Wonder — credulity — disposition  to  believe  what  is  not 
proved , or  what  are  considered  supernatural  manifestations , 
6pc. — to  regard  with  wonder  and  astonishment  that  which  is 
somewhat  strange  or  singular. 

There  are  things,  the  evidence  of  which  the  human  mind 
;s  incapable  of  grasping,  and  which  must  therefore  be  taken 
jpon  trust,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  which  must  be  the  ob- 
jects of  credulity.  Hence  the  necessity  of  some  faculty, 
through  the  door  of  which  such  truths  as  are  beyond  the 
reach  of  reason  or  of  observation,  can  be  admitted  to  the 
mind. 

It  cannot  be  denied,  that  there  exists  a tendency  in  the  hu- 
man mind  to  view  things,  as  it  were,  through  the  medium  of 
extravagance  and  wonder;  to  magnify  uncommon  phenome- 
na, or  to  regard  them  as  supernatural ; to  believe  the  mere 
declarations  of  others,  even  though  they  may  be  strangers, 
&c.  This  tendency  of  mind  is  more  apparent  in  chil- 
dren than  in  adults.  They  listen  with  delightful  astonish- 
ment to  tales  of  wonder,  and  implicitly  believe  what  is  told 
them,  even  after  they  have  been  repeatedly  deceived.  With- 
out this  faculty,  they  could  be  instructed  no  farther  than  their 
extremely  limited  observation,  or  their  still  feebler  reasoning 
faculties,  could  demonstrate  the  truths  presented  to  their 
minds. 

It  is  by  no  means  certain  hat  this  faculty  is  not  adapted, 
among  other  things,  to  a belief  in  those  portions  of  Revela- 
tion wnich  are  attributed  to  a supernatural  agency,  and  that 
it  is  calculated  to  increase  religious  zeal  and  fervour  At 
least,  it  prepares  the  mind  for  a reception  of  some  of  those 
joctrines  taught  in  the  Bible,  which  reason  does  not  ter.ck 


142 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Decause  it  cannot  comprehend,  and  which  can  be  believed 
only  “by  faith.”  By  creating-  a love  of  the  wonderful  and 
the  novel,  marvel,  is  calculated  to  lead  the  way  to  many 
valuable  improvements. 

Large. — One  having  large  marvel.,  with  large  veil.,  will 
readily  believe  in  special  providences,  the  interposition  of  di 
vine  agency,  &c.,  and  regard  many  things  as  providential 
which  can  be  readily  accounted  for  upon  other  principles: 
with  full  or  large  ideal.,  will  gaze  with  surprise  upon  mag- 
nificent objects,  and  possess  a wondering  frame  of  mind: 
with  large  event,  and  ideal.,  will  be  passionately  fond  of 
hearing  or  perusing  marvellous  accounts,  hair-breadth 
escapes,  and  such  mysterious  relations  as  are  contained  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott’s  writings,  and  in  works  of  fiction  gene- 
rally and  be  liable  to  be  greatly  injured  by  this  kind  of  read- 
ing: with  large  or  very  large  ven.  and  conscien.,  will  be 
naturally  inclined  to  believe  in  supernatural  manifestations, 
in  dreams,  signs,  lucky  and  unlucky  days,  &c. ; place  impli 
:;t  confidence  in  every  part  of  Revelation,  and  in  what  is  told 
him  by  his  religious  teachers;  will  contemplate  the  charac- 
ter and  the  works  of  the  Creator  with  mingled  emotions  of 
awe  and  astonishment;  be  zealous  and  enthusiastick  in  his 
religious  belief  and  practice,  if  he  is  not  bordering  upon  re- 
iigious  enthusiasm  and  extravagance  ; and,  with  the  addition 
of  large  cautious.,  wiil  be  afraid  of  ghosts,  of  staying  in 
houses  said  to  be  haunted,  &c. ; may  even  fancy  that  he  has 
seen  supernatural  appearances,  and,  with  only  moderate  se- 
cret. added,  can  be  easily  hoaxed  and  imposed  upon  by  stories 
about  witchcraft,  &c. : with  large  or  very  large  approbat., 
lang.,  event.,  and  imitat.,  will  be  even  enthusiastick  in  re- 
lating wonderful  anecdotes  concerning  himself  and  his  rela 
lives ; in  narrating  hail  -breadth  escapes,  astonishing  feats  of 
dexterity,  &c.,  &c. ; and  will  describe  even  common  occurren- 
ces as  very  extraordinary : with  large  or  very  large  conscien. 
and  benev.,  and  only  moderate  secret.,  will  place  perfect  con- 
fidence in  what  is  told  him,  even  though  it  be  extravagant; 
pin  his  faith  upon  the  sleeve  of  others ; seldom  doubt  the 
word  of  others;  and  take  things  for  granted  without  exam 
ining  them  for  himself:  with  large  or  very  large  conscien. 
ideal.,  compar.,  and  ven.,  will  be  likely  to  fancy  that  he  dis- 
covers a striking  resemblance  between  the  prophecies  of 
Scripture  and  particular  events,  and  also  between  spiritual 
and  temporal  things;  wik  imagine  that  he  sees  the  special 


MAKVELLOUSN^SS. 


143 


hand  of  divine  Providence  in  almost  evcjy  event  of  his  life; 
believe  that  God  often  manifests  his  will  in  a miraculous 
manner  ; be  likely  to  experience  what  seems  to  him  a re- 
markable. religious  conversion,  attended  vith  many  subse- 
quent religious  impressions  which  are  extraordinary;  and  will 
have  wonderful  and  ecstatick  views  of  the  character  and  the 
works  of  the  Deity,  &c. ; and,  with  large  cans,  added  to  this 
combination,  Like  Swedenburgh,  will  adduce  wonderful  theo- 
ries to  account  for  curious  natural  phenomena,  and  reason  in  o 
very  extravagant  manner:  with  large  or  very  large  cautious, 
and  individ.,  will  be  likely  to  experience  optical  illusions, 
fancying  that  he  sees  ghosts,  spectres,  hideous  shapes,  &c., 
when  the  appearance  may  be  caused  by  an  indistinct  vision 
f some  natural  object:  with  large  or  very  large  hope,  ideal., 
»mitat.,  lang.,  event.,  and  compar.,  will  delight  and  excel  in 
relating  marvellous  stories,  wonderful  tales,  “fish-stories,” 
&c.,  which  he  will  generally  augment,  and  always  adapt  to 
the  occasion. 

V ery  large.— —One  having  very  large  marvel.,  with  onl* 
moderate  secret.,  will  take  for  granted  whatever  is  told  him 
however  inconsistent  it  may  be ; seem  greatly  astonished  a! 
almost  every  thing  which  is  a little  uncommon,  as  though 
something  mysterious  had  happened  ; wrill  religiously  believe 
in  supernatural  agents  and  interpositions,  the  doctrine  of 
ghosts,  witchcraft,  and  in  signs,  the  fulfilment  of  dreams,  &c 
Additional  descriptions  and  combinations  of  very  large  mar 
vel.,  will  be  found  under  large  marvel.,  especially  when  they 
have  been  modified  by  an  increase  of  the  influence  of  marvel. 

In  Sir  Walter  Scott,  this  organ  was  large,  accompanied 
with  a very  large  and  an  active  brain,  very  large  imitat.,  lang., 
compar.,  and  local.,  and  large  or  very  large  intellectual,  mo 
ral,  and  domestick  organs  generally,  which  gave  him  those 
unequalled  powers  of  conception  and  description  which  he 
possessed,  and  thus  furnishes  an  additional  proof  of  the  truth 
of  phrenology,  whilst  his  writings  afford  one  of  the  very  best 
illustrations  of  such  a combination  of  faculties  anywhere  to 
be  found. 

Full. — One  having  full  marvel.,  will  have  a mind  open 
to  conviction,  and  possess  sufficient  credubty  in  what  is  pre- 
sented to  his  mind,  to  give  it  an  examination,  yet  cannot  be 
satisfied  without  considerable  proof;  will  require  a good  de- 
gree of  evidence  in  order  to  produce  entire  conviction,  yet 
will  rest  satisfied  with  less  evidence,  both  m degree  and 


,44 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


«mount,  than  he  would  if  possessed  of  smaller  lTmrvei.,  and 
will  not  so  thoroughly  canvass  the  evidence  presented  to  his 
mind  ; with  only  full  caus.,  will  frequently  advance  insufii 
cient  reasons  for  his  belief,  and  believe  without  fully  undei- 
Standing  the  grounds  of  his  belief:  with  the  religious  organa 
generally  full,  large,  or  very  large,  may  possess  much  relig- 
ious faith,  and  unhesitatingly  believe  in  the  truth  of  Reve- 
lation, in  special,  divine  providences,  &c.,  and  also  be  quite 
zealous  as  a Christian:*  with  large^  or  very  large  caus.  and 
com  par.,  on  the  first  presentation  of  a subject,  may  believe 
upon  insufficient  data,  yet  will  afterwards  more  closely  exam- 
ine why  and  icherefore  he  believes  as  he  does,  investigate  the 
proof  upon. which  his.  belief  is  founded,  and  reject  that  which 
will  not  stand  the  test  of  clpse  investigation:  with  large  or 
very  large  ideal.,  will  feast  his  fancy,  and  revel  in  such  fairy 
tales  as  the  Arabian  Nights1  Entertainments,  in  the  novels 
of  Sir  V/alter  Scott,  and  in  fictitious  works  generally ; find  it 
difficult  to  divest  himself  of  a partial  belied  in  them,  and  be 
liable  to  be  injured,  not  only  by  perusing  works  of  this  class, 
but,  also,  in  tire  revellings  of  his  own  fancy. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  la-rge  marvel., 
with  a reduction  of  the  influence  of  marvel.,  will  apply  to 
full  marvel.,  as  will  also  those  under  moderate  marvel,  when 
they  are  reversed. 

Moderate. — -One  having  moderate  marvel.,  cannot  yield 
a full  assent  to  things  which  are  a little  extraordinary  or  un- 
accountable, unless  they  are  supported  by  evidence  which  is 
quite  satisfactory,  both  in  kind  and  amount,  and  will  have 
many  doubts  as  to  the  truth  of  what  he  hears.  One  having 
moderate  marvel.,  with  large  or  very  large  caus.  and  corn- 
par.,  will  be  hard  to  be  convinced  of  the  truth  of  that  for 
which  a satisfactory  reason,  or  full  explanation,  cannot  be 
rendered ; can  be  readily  convinced  by  appeals  made  to  his 
understanding ; and,  with  only  moderate  perceptive  facul- 
ties, may  even  question  the  evidence  of  his  own  senses,  or, 
st  least,  attempt  to  account  for  uncommon  phenomena  upon 
such  principles  as  are  already  admitted  ; and,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  large  or  very  large  firm,  and  se"f-e.,  can  be  convinced 
oniy  with  extreme  difficulty;  will,  in  a measure,  close  the 
doors  of  his  mind  against  the  admission  of  new  facts  or 
truths,  and,  with  only  moderate  ven.  added  to  this  combina- 
tion, will  not  be  likely  to  believe  in  the  authority  of  great 
Raines,  nor  admit  the  correctness  of  opinions  or  customs 


Bf  ARVELLO  USNESS. 


145 


upon  the  ground  that  they  have  been  long  est£  bushed ; hot 
make  ''ipse  dixits ” a part  of  his  creed:  with  large  or  very 
large  conscien.,  ven.,  and  hope,  may  believe  in  the  existence 
of  a God,  in  the  forewarnings,  and  interposition,  and  guidance 
of  a special,  divine  providence,  in  a future  state  of  existence, 
in  Revelation,  and  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  because  his 
r&orcd  feelings  will  harmonize  with  these  views;  and,  with 
the  addition  of  large  or  very  large  compar.  and  caus.,  may 
believe  in  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  because  they  seem 
consistent  and  reasonable , yet  not  because  he  has  been  told 
that  the  one  or  the  other  doctrine  is  true;  upon  religious 
subjects,  will  have  views  of  his  own,  and  think  for  himself; 
in  common  matters,  which  are  disconnected  with  religion, 
will  believe  no  farther  than  can  be  consistently  explained,  but 
may  believe  in  the  doctrines  taught  by  religion,  as  articles  of 
faith  merely:  but,  with  only  moderate  conscien.  and  ven.,  will 
no  sooner  believe  the  doctrines  of  religion,  farther  than  he  can 
see  them  proved,  than  he  will  any  other  doctrines ; be  natu- 
rally skeptical,  if  not  infidel,  as  to  bisreligioUs  creed;  trou- 
ble himself  little  about  matters  of  this  kind;  and  consider  zea- 
in  religion  as  fanaticism,  &c. : with  only  moderate  secret.,  and 
large  or  very  large  adhes.,  benev.,  and  conscien.,  will  implicit- 
ly believe  what  is  told  him  by  a tried  friend,  and  place  quite 
too  mucn  confidence  in  the  integrity  and  honesty  of  his  fel 
low  men,  yt t not  believe  reports  of  common  fame,  nor  those 
new  doctrines  or  statements  which  seem  to  him  improbable: 
will  put  no  confidence  in  signs,  dreams,  or  supernatural  ap- 
pearances, and  will  even  ridicule  those  who  do  ; thus  seeming 
to  himself,  and  to  others,  as  both  credulous  am  inc  redu'ous . 
with  large  or  very  large  ideal.,  in  livid.,  and  event.,  may  be 
extremely  Iona  of  reading  wo  ks  of  fiction,  yet  will  not  be- 
lieve them,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  small  marvel.,  will  reject  as  untrue, 
whatever  things  are  presented  to  his  mind  unsupported  by 
demonstration , or,  at  least,  by  an  abundance  of  the  strongest 
kind  of  proof;  will  be  very  incredulous  in  regard  to  almost 
every  thing  new  or  uncommon ; and  will  receive  facts  and 
truths  into  his  mind  chiefly  through  the  door  of  his  other 
faculties.  One  having  small  marvel.,  with  large  or  very 
large  caus.,  must  know  upon  what  principles  of  reason,  or 
of  cause  and  effect , those  things  are  to  be  explained,  of  the 
truth  of  which  he  is  to  be  convinced;  will  scrutinize  closely 
every  point  of  the  argument,  and  be  convinced  enly  oy  an 


146 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


overwhelming  ma,ss  of  evidence;  and  even  then,  for  a ionj 
tune,  his  mind  will  refuse  its  full  assent:  with  large  or  ver^ 
large  individ.,  will  wish  to  possess  some  tangible  evidence 
upon  which  to  rest  his  belief;  and,  with  the  perceptive  facul 
ties  strong,  to  see  before  he  can  believe : with  large  or  very 
large  self-e.,  and  moral  and  reasoning  organs,  if  religiously 
educated,  may,  perhaps,  believe  in  Revelation,  and  the  funda 
mental  doctrines  of  Christianity,  yet  will  often  have  his 
doubts  as  to  the  truth  of  these  matters ; will  have  religious 
views  peculiar  to  himself;  put  no  more  confidence  in  what 
lie  is  taught  by  religious  instructers,  than  he  dees  in  what 
he  is  taught  by  other  men  ; and  have  a religious  creed  of  his 
own,  especially  in  its  details:  with  only  moderate  or  small 
conscien.  and  ven.,  will  have  no  door  to  his  mind  for  the  re- 
ception of  moral  and  religious  truths;  doubt  the  truth  of 
Revelation;  reject  the  doctrines  of  Christianity;  and  be  natu 
rally  inclined  to  skepticism,  fatalism,  and  deism,  if  not  athe- 
ism, &c. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  marvel,  mode- 
rate, will  generally  apply  to  marvel,  small,  especially  after 
a diminution  of  the  influence  of  marvel.  The  descriptions 
and  combinations  under  marvel,  large,  reversed , will  also 
apply  to  marvel,  small.  The  same  principle  holds  good  in 
reference  to  all  the  other  organs. 

Very  small. — One  having  marvel,  very  small , will 
doubt  almost  every  thing,  and  fully  believe  scarcely  any 
thing ; will  even  doubt  the  evidence  of  his  own  senses,  and 
be  almost  unwilling  to  say  that  he  positively  knows  any 
thing,  and  much  less  any  thing  pertaining  to  religion,  &c. 

Location. — Marvel,  is  located  on  the  two  sides  of  ven., 
between  imitat.  and  hope.  It  runs  lengthwise  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  coronal  sutures , and  lies  nearly  under  them. 
Very  large  imitat.,  throws  it  as  far  back  as  the  middle  of  the 
head. 

The  authors  have  seen  many  interesting  examples  of  ex 
treme  developments,  and  of  extreme  deficiencies,  of  this  organ, 
some  of  which  will  be  presented  in  a subsequent  portion  of 
the  work.  In  the  American  head,  it  is  generally  moderate  or 
email,  while  in  the  English  head,  it  is  frequently  large.  In 
many  very  zealous  preachers,  they  have  found  it  large.  In 
Methodists,  this  organ,  and  ven.,  and  adhes.,  are  generally  lull, 
large,  or  very  large,  while  in  Campoeiites  all  these  organs 
are  generally  only  moderate  or  smaf.,  In  the  so-cdled  new 


VENERATION. 


W 


measure  Pi  asbyter'ans,  it  is  general]}  small,  while  coDscisn 
and  benev.  are  generally  large  or  very  large.  In  Ilomap 
Cathclicks,  marvel,  and  ven.,  are  generally  ]arge  or  very 
Urge. 

17.  VENERATION. 

Sentiment  of  adoration  and  worship  for  the  Supreme  Br- 
ing— reverence  for  what  is  co?isidered  above  us — respect  for 
superiority , $pc. 

That  there  exists  in  the  human  mind  a disposition  to  “ \vor« 
ship  God,”  and  that  this  disposition  constitutes  one  of  the 
stiongest  of  the  human  passions,  are  matters  of  universal  his- 
tory and  observation.  Strike  from  the  page  of  history,  and 
from  the  customs  of  society,  every  thing  pertainin  g to  religion, 
or,  rather,  every  thing  connected  with  the  worship  of  deified 
beings,  and  the  unity,  and  even  identity,  of  the  whole  would 
be  destroyed.  In  producing  this  religious  feeling  and  wor- 
ship, education,  doubtless,  has  its  influence ; but  still  they  must 
be  the  exercise  of  some  faculty  of  the  mind.  Education  evi- 
dently cannot  create  this  feeling.  As  well  might  we  attempt 
to  educate  a man  to  speak  who  possessed  no  organs  of  speech, 
or  to  see  without  eyes — as  well  try  to  teach  the  brute  crea- 
tion to  worship  God,  c-3  to  attempt  to  teach  man  to  worship 
when  destitute  of  a faculty  by  which  to  exercise  this  feeling 
or  even  to  conceive  what  it  means. 

This  class  of  functions  is  distinct  and  homogeneous ; one 
if  the  mental  economy  requires  a separate  faculty  for  the 
exercise  of  any  distinct  class  of  functions,  analogy  shows- 
us  that  this  class,  equally  with  any  and  every  other  class, 
must  also  be  exercised  by  a distinct  faculty.  The  history 
and  the  manifestations  of  this  faculty,  prove  that  the  functions 
ascribed  to  it,  are  always  reciprocally  proportionate  to  the 
developments  of  a given  portion  of  the  brain.  If,  therefore, 
there  is  any  truth  in  phrenology,  the  sentiment  of  worship 
for  a Supreme  Being,  must  be  admitted  to  be  the  exercise  of  a 
distinct  mental  faculty — a faculty  which  is  innate , and  which, 
therefore,  forms  a constituent  portion  of  the  human  mind. 
That  the  worship  of  a Supreme  Being  constitutes  the  pri 
uiary,  the  legitimate,  and  the  chief  object  of  this  faculty,  h 
Ten  iered  abundantly  evident  by  a reference  to  its  nature,  its 
discovery,  its  history,  and  the  whole  tenour  of  its  manifesta 
lions;  and  that  a reverence  for  those  who  are  considered  su 


143 


PHRENOLOGY  LLUSTRATED. 


p?riours,  such  as  parents,  the  aged,  the  talented,  the  titleo  &e., 
® only  an  incidental  manifestation  of  ven.,  is  rendered  equal- 
ly evident  by  a similar  reference. 

This  faculty  also  throws  the  mind  into  a deferential  frame 
tnd  creates  a feeling  of  respect  for  all. 

Large. — One  having  large  ven.,  will  think  of  the  Deity 
only  with  feelings  of  awe,  if  not  of  devotion;  has  a strong 
religious  tendency  of  mind,  and,  indeed,  can  hardly  be  con- 
tented without  some  kind  of  religion  ; pays  great  respect  to 
the  religious  opinions  of  others ; always  treats  those  whom 
he  considers  his  superiours  in  age,  standing,  talents,  &c.. 
with  deference,  and  his  equals  with  respect;  and  will  never 
make  light  of  what  he  considers  true  religion,  nor  of  ths 
Supreme  Being. 

One  having  large  ven.,  with  large  or  very  large  adhes 
and  conscien.,  will  experience  a high  degree  of  enjoyment  in 
social  meetings  for  religious  worship  and  exercises;  will  ear- 
nestly desire  the  conversion  and  salvation  of  his  friends,  and, 
with  large  philopro.  added,  of  his  children,  and  will  pray 
earnestly  for  these  objects;  and,  with  the  addition  of  mode- 
rate or  small  concent.,  will  be  exceedingly  annoyed  in  his 
devotions,  by  the  intrusion  of  wandering  thoughts,  against 
which  he  will  strive,  and  for  which  his  conscien.  will  con- 
demn him  ; will  find  it  exceedingly  difficult  to  keep  his  mind 
fixed  upon  the  prayer  or  sermon ; greatly  prefer  short  pray- 
ers and  sermons,  and  greatly  dislike  those  that  are  prolix; 
and  will  give  variety  to  his  religious  exercises,  and  detest 
those  that  are  monotonous  or  tedious:  with  large  combat., 
will  defend  his  religious  opinions  with  great  warmth  and 
spirit,  and  contend  earnestly  for  their  advancement;  and,  with 
destruct.  also  large,  will  be  liable  to  employ  considera- 
ble severity  and  harshness  of  expression ; with  the  addition 
of  large  or  very  large  firm,  and  self-e.,  and  of  only  full  be- 
nev.,  will  be  much  set,  and  somewhat  bigoted,  in  his  religious 
opinions  and  practices ; esteem  his  own  sect,  creed,  and  forms 
of  worship,  far  more  than  he  does  any  other,  and  even  blindly 
and  tenaciously  adhere  to  them,  and  denounce  those  who 
differ  from  him:  with  only  moderate  firm.,  large  ideal,  and 
hope,  and  full  or  large  marvel.,  will  be  apt  frequently  to 
change  his  religious  opinions  and  connexions,  yet  will  be 
zealous  as  a Christian  : with  large  secret.,  acquis.,  and  appro 
bat.,  and  only  moderate  conscien.,  if  he  pay  any  regard  at 
til  to  religion  vill  be  likely  to  make  great  pretensions  t a 


VENERATION. 


149 

piety;  put  on  a fair  outside  show  of  religion:  ami  conned 
himself  with  some  popular  religious  denomh  ation,  yet  will 
possess  very  little  practical  piety  and  every  day  religion ; 
will  have  the  “ form  of  godliness  without  its  power  ;v  will 
neglect  duty,  disregard  justice,  violate  moral  principle,  and 
take  shelter  under  the  cloak  of  his  religious  pretensions ; 
will  be  a worldling  all  the  week,  yet  a very  strict  Christian 
on  the  Sabbath,  &c. : w ith  moderate  conscien.  and  small  mar- 
vel., will  not  be  likely  to  experience  much  religious  venera- 
tion; and  may  be  even  infidel  in  his  religious  creed;  but  his 
ven.  will  he  directed  towards  his  parents,  the  aged,  the  tal- 
ented, the  patriotick,  or,  it  may  be,  his  superiours  in  rank, 
office,  and  station:  with  large  or  very  large  conscien.,  benev., 
caus.,  and  compar.,  will  delight  to  study  the  character  and 
the  works,  and  contemplate  the  perfections,  of  the  Deity ; 
will  be  a consistent , every-day  Christian  ; rejoice  to  see  the 
advancement  of  true  religion,  and  labour  zealously  and  ju- 
diciously to  effect  it:  impart  an  uncommon  degree  of  fer- 
vour and  warmth  of  feeling  to  his  religious  exercises,  and 
take  great  delight  in  them ; adopt  consistent  religious  opin- 
ions and  practices,  and  be  an  honour  to  the  Christian  name, 
both  in  life  and  doctrine,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  very  large  ven.,  with  con 
scien.  large  or  very  large,  will  make  everything  subservient 
to  his  religious  views  and  feelings;  will  experience  great 
awe  upon  the  contemplation  of  God,  and  manifest  great  fer- 
vour and  intense  feeling  while  engaged  in  religious  worship 
and  exercises,  and  take  his  chief  delight  in  them  ; be  pre- 
eminent for  piety  and  religious  fervour;  will  make  the  wor- 
ship and  the  service  of  his  Creator  the  paramount  object  ol 
his  life,  and  be  liable  to  become  over-zealous,  if  not  enthusi- 
ast ick,  in  his  religious  feelings  and  views. 

The  combinations  under  large  ven.,  modified  by  an  in 
crease  of  the  influence  of  ven.,  will  apply  to  very  large  ven. ; 
and  the  combinations  and  descriptions  under  moderate  oi 
email  ven.  r ever  sea 1,  will  also  apply  to  it. 

Full. — One  having  full  ven.,  will  pay  a suitable  respec* 
fc>  religion,  and  will  worship  his  Creator  with  sincere  devo 
tion,  yet  will  not  te  particularly  devout.  One  having  f vA\ 
ven.,  with  large  or  very  large  conscien.  and  benev.,  will  be 
pve-eminently  religious,  and,  perhaps,  make  religion  ths 
great  object  of  his  life,  yet  his  religion  will  be  chcractei  ize3 
by  a r:g ard  for  moral  principle,  a desire  to  do  good, 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


*50 

more  than  by  a regard  for  religious  worship,  creeds,  and 
ceremonies  * will  place  a much  higher  estimate  upon  /.he  du- 
lies  and  the  first  principles  of  religion,  than  he  will  upon 
any  external  observances:  with  conscien.  and  marvel,  only 
moderate  or  small,  will  not  be  likely  to  pay  much  regard  to 
religion  of  any  kind,  or,  if  he  does,  will  be  satisfied  with  the 
name  and  the  forms  of  religious  worship,  &c. 

The  additional  manifestations  and  combinations  c^f  full  ven., 
may  be  inferred  from  those  under  large  veil.,  by  diminishing 
the  influence  of  ven. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  ven.,  will  not  be  par- 
ticularly religious,  nor  very  zealous  in  his  religious  observ- 
ance; will  not  manifest  a great  deal  of  deference  towards 
superiours,  nor  impart  a great  degree  of  warmth  or  fervour 
to  his  devotional  performances.  One  having  moderate  ven., 
with  large  or  very  large  conscien.  and  benev.,  if  religiously 
educated,  will  maintain  a consistent,  religious  walk,  and  “ do 
works  meet  for  repentance,”  yet  will  pay  comparatively 
little  regard  to  religious  creeds  and  observances ; will  be 
likely  to  be  very  zealous  in  reforming  the  world,  and  in 
“converting  men  from  the  errour  of  their  ways,”  yet  will 
despise  sectarianism,  and  regard  only  the  “ weightier  matters 
af  the  law;”  will  make  great  sacrifices  in  order  to  do  good , 
promote  pure  morality,  and  prevent  sin,  yet  will  not  be  par- 
ticularly devout;  will  make  the  chief  burden  of  his  petitions 
to  the  throne  of  grace,  consist  in  confessions  of  sin,  and  suppli- 
cations for  his  fellow  men,  rather  than  in  adoration  and  wor- 
ship; will  follow  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience,  even 
though  they  oblige  him  to  forsake  “the  good  old  way/1 
and  adopt  new  measures ; will  think  more  of  doing  good 
than  of  attending  religious  meetings ; will  live  an  upright, 
and  consistent,  Christian  life,  and  perform  all  the  essentials 
of  religion,  yet  will  pay  little  or  no  attention  to  meats  and 
drinks,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  small  ven.,  will  experience  but  lit 
tie  feeling  of  devotion,  or  love  of  religious  worship,  as  such; 
will  manifest  little  feeling  of  deference  or  respect  for  pa- 
rents, teachers,  or  superiours;  and  be  deficient  in  the  heart , 
raid  soul , and  fervour , of  devotion;  will  not  be  very  pious, 
nor  at  all  particular  in  observing  religious  ceremonies,  nor 
particularly  impressed  with  a feeling  of  solemnity  and  awe, 
while  engaged  in  religious  exercises,  &c. 

One  having  small  ven.  with  moderate  or  small  conscien 


VENERATION. 


151 


and  marvel , will  have  very  little  regard  for  religion  ; seldom, 
if  ever,  attend  religious  meetings;  and  when  he  does  attend 
them,  will  go  from  other  than  devotional  feelings  ; will  be 
very  little  affected  by  solemn  or  religious  exercises,  or  by  ap- 
peals to  his  conscience,  or  to  his  fear  of  offending  God  : be  in- 
fluenced but  little  by  the  restraints  of  religion  ; doubt  almost 
every  thing  connected  with  religious  belief ; be  irreverent, 
irreligious,  unprincipled,  and  skeptical ; and,  with  large  mirth, 
and  imitat.  added,  inclined  to  ridicule  religious  people  and  re- 
ligious services  by  imitating  or  mocking  them ; and,  with 
large  combat.,  destruct.,  and  self-e.  also  added,  will  oppose 
every  thing  pertaining  to  religion ; denounce  it  either  as  a 
delusion,  or  as  a humbug,  by  which  designing  men  impose 
upon  the  simple  and  the  unsuspecting. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  moderate  ven., 
after  due  allowance  has  been  made  for  the  diminished  influ- 
ence of  ven.,  will  apply  to  ven.  small. 

The  office  of  ven.  is  simply  to  reverence  and  worship  that 
which  the  other  faculties  select  as  the  proper  objects  of  its 
exercise. 

It  has  been  already  remarked,  that  its  primary  and  legiti 
mate  object  is,  the  worship  of  a Supreme  Being,  yet,  as  in 
the  case  of  conscien.,  the  other  faculties,  education,  &c.,  modify 
the  notions  entertained  of  the  character  of  the  being  to  be  wor- 
shipped. For  example;  one  having  full,  large,  or  very  large 
ven.,  with  a deficiency  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  will  be 
likely  to  regard  the  Deity  as  exercising  the  various  human 
passions,  and  swayed  by  human  prejudices,  and  to  worship 
him  accordingly : with  large  or  very  large  self-e.  and  firm., 
as  an  omnipotent  Sovereign,  clothed  with  authority,  immuta- 
ble and  unchangeable,  and  ruling  his  creatures  “according 
to  his  own  will with  full  or  large  destruct.,  firm.,  and  self-e., 
and  large  or  very  large  conscien.,  benev.,  and  adhes.,  will  re- 
gard him  as  “a  God,  merciful  and  gracious,  long-suffering, 
tnd  abundant  in  goodness  and  truth,  and  who  will  by  no 
means  clear  the  guilty;”  as  perfectly  holy  himself,  and,  also* 
«3  requiring  holiness  of  all  his  creatures;  as  creating  and 
governing  his  moral  subjects  with  j special  reference  to  their 
greatest  ultimate  good,  and,  in  doing  this,  as  rewarding  those 
who  obey  his  commands,  and  punishing  such  as  disobey;  as 
blending  mercy  with  justice ; or,  rather,  as  infinitely  benev- 
olent, yet  as  a God  who  will  “ not  let  the  wicked  go  unpun- 
ished :,J  wi;h  veiy  large  benev.,  only  modera'e  or  full  con* 


152 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED* 


scien.,  combat.,  and  clestrnct.,  will  consider  the  Deity  too 
benevolent  and  too  merciful  to  punish  the  wicked:  with  large 
ideal.,  will  fancy  that  he  sees  him  clothed  with  splendour, 
and,  while  contemplating  the  beautiful,  the  perfect,  or  thn 
sublime  in  the  works  of  nature,  will  worship  him  with  a l*  ' 
vid  glow  of  devotion  : with  large  or  very  large  indivia.,  fora^ 
size,  and  local . will  contemplate  the  Deity  as  possessed  of 
form  and  size,  a local  habitation,  &c. : with  large  or  very 
large  caus.  and  compar.,  will  view  God  as  the  great  first-cause 
of  all  things,  and  as  effecting  his  purposes  by  means  of  causes 
and  effects ; and,  with  the  intellectual  faculties  generally 
large,  as  possessed  of  all  possible  wisdom  and  intelligence, 
and  as  governing  his  universe  in  accordance  with  the  great 
principles  of  reason:  with  very  large  adhes.  and  benev.,  as  a 
God  of  great  sympathy  and  love ; and,  with  very  large  phi* 
lopro.  added,  as  acting  the  part  of  a tender  parents  o his  crea- 
tures, and  as  entering,  with  a feeling  of  tenderness,  into  all 
their  little  joys  and  sorrows:  with  very  large  destruct.  and 
combat.,  and  educated  in  uncivilized  society,  as  capable  of 
being  propitiated  by  the  sacrifice  of  human  or  animal  vie 
tims,  &c. 

According  to  this  principle  of  phrenology,  (which  is  con 
sidered  as  established,)  one  with  the  moral  and  the  intellectu- 
al organs  large  or  very  large,  and  the  propensities  full,  and 
all  unperverted  in  their  education  and  exercise,  will  form  cor- 
rect views  of  the  character,  attributes,  and  government  ol 
God,  and  worship  him  with  pure  and  acceptable  worship. 
This  is  rendered  the  more  evident  from  the  fact,  that  the  views 
entertained  of  God  by  different  na/ions  and  different  individ- 
uals, with  the  exception  of  the  influence  of  association  and 
education,  generally  correspond  with  their  phrenological  or- 
ganizations. Consequently,  if  an  individual  possesses  a 
well-balanced,  and  a perfectly  developed,  phrenological  organ- 
ization, his  views  of  the  character,  the  attributes,  and  the  gov- 
ernment of  God,  must  therefore  be  proportionally  the  more 
consistent  and  correct. 

This  same  conclusion  is  also  strengthened  by  the  principle 
of  adaptation  already  alluded  to.  The  mind  of  man  must  ba 
constructed  in  perfect  accordance  with  those  great  principles 
which  reguiat.e  the  structure  of  the  whole  universe,  and  the 
moral  faculties  of  man’s  mind;  in  accordance  with  the  moral 
constitution  and  relations  of  things.  Consequently,  the  mind 

man  must  be  so  formed  as  naturally  to  view  his  Creatoj 


BENEVOLENCE. 


53 


through  the  medium  of  truth,  and  to  form  oniy  correct  no 
lions  of  him. 

This  harmonizes  perfectly  with  the  doctrine  taught  by  the 
great  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  when  he  says,  that  “the  Gen- 
tiles, who  have  not  the  law,”  that  is,  who  are  destitute  of  Rev- 
elation,  “are  a law  unto  themselves,”  and  “show  the  works 
of  the  law  written  in  their  hearts,  their  conscience  also  bear- 
ing them  witness  ” Not  that  a divine  revelation  is  unneces- 
sary, but,  that  phrenology  opens  up  to  our  view  another  rev- 
elation, to  wit,  a revelation  of  natural  theology,  which  per 
fectly  harmonizes  with  that  which  is  given  by  inspiration — 
a volume  which  every  man  carries,  or  should  carry,  within 
his  own  breast,  and  which  “ he  that  runs  may  read.” 

Location. — Yen.  is  located  anteriour  to  firm.,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  top  of  the  head,  and  nearly  beneath  the  union  of 
the  coronal  sutures. 

19.  BENEVOLENCE. 

Desire  for  the  happiness  of  others — sympathy , compassion- ^ 
kindness , fellow-feeling , benignity. 

By  creating  in  the  breast  of  man,  an  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  his  fellow-men,  this  faculty  prompts  its  possessor  to  per- 
form those  innumerable  acts  of  kindness  and  generosity 
which,  by  gratifying  his  benev.,  greatly  increase  the  happi- 
ness of  the  giver,  and,  by  adding  new  comforts  to  those  al- 
ready possessed,  proportionally  enlarge  the  enjoyments  of  the 
receiver.  Though  it  is  blessed  to  receive,  it  is  still  “more 
blessed  to  give  than  to  receive.” 

Let  us  suppose,  for  a moment,  that  every  vestige  of  this 
feeling  were  blotted  out  from  among  men — let  us  suppose  the 
human  breast  to  be  callous  to  the  cries  of  suffering  innocence, 
steeled  against  the  wants  and  miseries  of  the  world,  and  per 
fectly  insensible  to  the  happiness  or  unhappiness  of  all  e:<> 
ated  beings,  and  what  a picture  of  moral  desolation — what 
frigid  region  of  suffering  and  sorrow,  should  we  have  p 
rented  to  our  view  ! Wrapped  in  his  cold  cloak  of  self » ft 
Eess,  man  might,  perhaps,  endure  existence,  but  an  exist? 
to  which  annihilation  would  be  preferable.  Never  to  gT 
3T  receive,  a favour,  to  say  nothing  of  the  mutual  ad  van 
accruing  to  mankind  from  the  principle  of  Helping  oneanjin* 
er,  he  would,  of  course,  be  a perfect  stranger  to  the  delighifu, 
and  thrill/ng  emotion  of  grattude  either  to  God  or  man. 

7* 


t§4 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE©. 


Let  us  suppose,  in  addition,  that  none  of  this  feeling  h&S 
entered  into  the  Divine  Mind,  and  that,  in  the  construction 
of  our  bodies,  and  in  the  arrangement  of  the  physica.  a*, 
the  intellectual  world,  he  had  made  no  reference  to,  and 
stituted  no  adaptation  of,  any  thing  that  concerns  the  hap 
ness  either  of  man  or  of  the  brute  creation,  and  existent 
must  have  been  the  greatest  of  curses.  But,  on  the  contra* 
ry,  we  perceive  that  every  possible  arrangement  and  adapta- 
tion which  could  be  devised  by  infinite  wisdom  and  skill, 
prompted  by  infinite  benevolence,  and  aided  by  infinite  pow 
er,  have  been  contrived  by  that  adorable  Being  whose  benef- 
icence knows  no  bounds.  Every  work  of  God  is  a perfectly 
benevolent  work,  planned  and  executed  evidently  with  a view 
to  secure  the  greatest  amount  of  happiness  to  his  creatures : 
and  this  fact  incontestably  proves,  that  the  feeling  of  benev- 
olence enters  largely  into  the  Divine  Mind.  Even  those 
pains  which  follow  the  burning,  bruising,  or  otherwise  in- 
juring of  the  body,  whilst  they  are  so  many  instances  of  di- 
vine punishment  for  sin,  are,  at  the  same  time,  a most  benev- 
olent ordination,  evidently  designed  and  calculated  to  prevent 
those  injuries  and  mutilations  which  would  otherwise  mar 
the  beauty,  and  destroy  the  utility,  of  our  corporeal  frame : 
and  if  these  punishments  are  a benevolent  ordination,  anal- 
ogy sanctions  the  inference,  that  all  punishments  are  equally 
benevolent ; and,  if  even  punishments  are  benevolently  de- 
signed, surely  every  other  institution  throughout  the  uni- 
verse, must  be  formed  for  benevolent  ends.  This  brings  us 
to  the  important  conclusion,  that  all  the  miseries  which  man- 
kind endure,  are  brought  ly  themselves  (collectively)  upon 
themselves,  or,  that  they  “give  themselves  the  pains  they 
feel.” 

Since,  then,  this  principle  of  benevolence  thus  enters  into 
the  character  and  the  works  of  God,  and,  also,  into  the  whole 
constitution  of  things,  it  is  evident,  both  a priori , and  upon 
the  principle  that  the  human  mind  is  adapted  to  that  universe 
of  which  it  forms  a part,  that  the  human  mind  must  be  so 
constituted  as  to  appreciate  and  exercise  the  function  of  be- 
nevolence, or,  in  ether  words,  that  there  must  be  some  innate 
faculty  of  the  mind  adapted  to  the  exercise  of  this  class  of 
feelings.  That  same  train  of  argument  which  has  been 
previously  employed  to  show  that  other  classes  of  functions 
tie  exorcised  by  distinct  faculties,  proves  that  this  class  of 


BENEV@LENC£. 


m 


functions  is  likewise  exercised  by  a separate,  primary  facili- 
ty, created  expressly  and  solely  for  this  purpose. 

Of  all  the  moral  organs,  this  occupies  the  most  prominen 
portion  of  the  head,  and  has  allotted  to  it  the  greatest  surface, 
thus  apparently  implying,  that  its  function  is  designed  to  be 
one  of  the  cardinal , human  virtues,  and  that  to  do  good  to 
♦hose  around  us,  is  both  our  privilege  and  our  duty.  Yet 
jvv  frequently  is  the  soothing  voice  of  benevolence  drown- 
ed  in  the  din  of  business,  of  pleasure,  and  of  fashion  ! In- 
deed, to  learn  to  live  in,  and  become  a part  of,  society  as  it 
now  exists,  is  to  leam  to  be  supremely  selfish;  and  to  “ ac- 
quire a knowledge  of  the  world,”  is  to  become  acquainted 
with  the  maxims  and  the  practices  dictated  by  selfishness. 
In  the  little  child,  we  sometimes  see  the  feeling  of  benev. 
manifested  in  its  pure  state ; but,  in  adults,  how  seldom  do 
we  behold  it  unadulterated  by  the  selfish  passions,  or  un- 
skilled by  their  hoarse  clamours!  Every  thing  can  be  had, 
and  every  thing  done,  for  money ; but  he  who  is  dependent 
for  support  or  for  happiness  solely  upon  the  benevolence  of 
mankind,  runs  but  a poor  chance  of  enjoying  even  the  ne- 
cessaries of  life. 

This  faculty  originates  that  feeling  of  sympathy  which 
manifests  itself  in  an  obliging  disposition,  and  in  reciprocal 
interchanges  of  kind  offices,  and,  also,  that  feeling  of  hu- 
manity which  willingly  makes  a sacrifice  of  personal  hap- 
piness in  order  to  relieve  the  miseries,  and  promote  the 
enjoyment,  of  others. 

Large.— One  having  benev.  large , in  the  expression  of 
his  countenance,  in  his  manners,  and  in  all  his  intercourse 
with  his  fellow-men,  will  manifest  a warm  and  glowing  feel- 
ing of  kindness  and  good-will;  enter  into  the  interests  of 
others,  and  do  much  to  advance  them ; “ rejoice  with  those 
that  do  rejoice,  and  weep  with  those  that  weep;”  and  expe- 
rience that  strong  desire  to  witness  and  promote  the  enjoy- 
ment of  his  fellow-men  which  will  make  him  willing,  and 
even  glad,  to  sacrifice  his  own  ease  and  interests  in  order  tr 
alleviate  the  sufferings,  or  to  augment  the  comforts,  of  his 
fillow-men,  and  even  of  the  brute  creation. 

One  having  benev.  large,  with  large  or  very  large  adhes., 
will  manifest  this  feeling  to  all,  and  be  'particularly  kind  ami 
obliging  to  his  friends;  wall  sympathize  deeply  in  their  dis- 
tresses or  misfortunes,  and,  with ucquis.  only  moderate,  add  lib» 
waiky  to  friendship;  be  pre-eminentl)  hospitable;  willing  t 


50 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTR AT&2L 


do  and  sacrifice  much  for  those  he  loves,  in  sei  ving  whom 
will  often  injure  hirnself ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  philo 
pro.  added,  will  be  extremely  kind  to  children,  to  the  infirm, 
the  aged,  and  the  destitute,  and  ready  to  perform  those  acts  o» 
kindness  which  they  require,  and  which  sympathy,  mingle 
with  affection,  alone  can  prompt:  with  moderate  acquis.,  on>^ 
full  approbat.  and  self-e.,  and  large  or  very  large  secret., 
ideal.,  and  conscien.,  will  proffer  his  favours  in  a manner  pe 
culiarly  modest  and  delicate:  with  very  large  approbat.,  and 
only  full  conscien.  and  cans.,  will  do  and  give  partly  on  ac 
count  of  the  approbation  awarded  to  benevolent  actions:  with 
large  or  very  large  approbat.,  conscien.,  and  adhes.,  will  give 
partly  to  please  others,  and  partly  to  make  them  happy, 
which  union  of  motives  will  greatly  increase  the  manifests 
tions  of  benev. : with  large  acquis.,  will  be  more  kind  than  lib 
eral ; unless  a ease  of  distress  strongly  excite  his  benev.,  wih 
give  sparingly  and  grudgingly,  yet  freely  bestow  his  time, 
services,  and  whatever  does  not  draw  directly  upon  his  acquis.; 
in  his  sympathy  and  kind  feeling,  (which,  after  all,  are  the 
better  manifestations  of  this  faculty,)  will  show  a large  share 
of  pure  benevolent  feeling,  yet  will  generally  be  considered 
very  far  from  being  benevolent ; but,  with  large  or  very  large 
adhes.,  and  only  moderate  or  small  acquis.,  will  be  ready  to 
help  his  fellow-men,  and  particularly  his  friends,  with  both 
his  services  and  his  substance,  and  be  quite  too  generous  for 
his  own  good:  with  full  or  large  acquis.,  and  large  or  very 
large  ven.  and  conscien.,  may  give  freely  to  religious  and 
philanthropic^  societies;  to  the  advancement  of  missionary 
enterprises ; and  in  cases  of  real  distress ; but  not  upon 
other  occasions  : with  only  moderate  destruct.,  cannot  endure 
to  witness  suffering  or  death,  nor  see  pain  inflicted  without 
experiencing  a pang  himself:  with  large  combat,  and  de- 
struct., and  an  active  temperament,  will  manifest  a gcneial 
spirit  of  mildness  and  kindness,  and,  when  these  organs  are 
Aoi  excited,  will  be  much  moved  at  the  sight  of  pain,  yet, 
when  his  anger  is  thoroughly  roused,  will  even  inflict  pain 
with  delight;  except  in  a fit  of  passion,  will  not  cause  corpo- 
real suffering,  yet  will  be  extremely  bitter  and  sarcastick  in 
u;s  expressions,  and  manifest  strong  indignation  and  resist- 
ance towards  his  enemies,  and  those  whom  he  thinks  would 
impose  upon  him:  with  large  or  very  large  cautious.,  full 
secret.,  and  only  moderate  or  full  destruct.,  will  be  careful 
no  to  do  or  say  any  thing  designed  or  calculated  to  wound 


BENEVOLENCE 


151 


the  .eelings  of  others;  yet,  with  only  moderate  se:ret.,  wil, 
often  speak  before  he  reflects,  and  speak  in  such  a mannei 
as  to  injure  the  feelings  even  of  his  best  friends,  but  will 
Boon  be  sorry  for  it : with  large  or  very  large  adhes.  and 
firm , when  he  undertakes  to  help  a friend  out  of  trouble, 
will  help  him  effectually ; but,  with  only  moderate  or  full 
firm  , will  espouse  the  cause  ol  a friend  with  great  warmth 
of  feeling,  which,  however,  will  soon  become  cool,  and  leave 
him  in  a worse  predicament  than  he  would  have  been  in 
without  his  help : with  large  or  very  large  conscicn.  and 
caus.,  will  be  actuated  to  do  good  both  by  feelings  of  genu- 
ine benev.,  and,  also,  by  a sense  of  duty;  endeavour  to  make 
men  happy  by  first  reforming  them  and  making  them  virtu- 
ous ; and,  with  large  ideal.,  and  only  full  self-e.  added,  will 
manifest  his  benev.  in  so  refined  and  delicate  a manner  as 
not  to  oppress  the  recipient  with  a sense  of  obligation  : with 
large  or  very  large  mirth.,  will  endeavour  to  augment  the 
enjoyment  of  all  around  him  by  his  mirthful  effusions,  and, 
except  when  provoked  to  it,  will  not  be  sarcastick : with 
large  or  very  large  self-e.,  and  only  moderate  or  full  consci- 
en.,  will  show  favours  to  those  who  acknowledge  their  obli- 
gations to  him,  and  render  him  all  the  tribute  of  respect  he 
may  claim,  yet  will  bestow  but  few  favours  upon  those  who 
wound  his  pride:  with  large  or  very  large  cans.,  compar., 
and  indiviii,  will  lay  judicious  plans,  and  employ  the  best 
means  for  doing  good  and  relieving  distress : take  hold  of 
benevolent  enterprises  in  the  right  way,  &c. 

Yery  large. — One  having  benev.  very  large,  with  large 
or  very  large  conscien.,  will  possess,  as  it  were,  a deep  and 
an  overflowing  fountain  of  kind  and  tender  feeling,  and  have 
a heart  full  of  sympathy  and  goodness ; cause  trouble  to 
those  around  him  with  great  reluctance ; grieve  over  the 
miseries  of  mankind,  and  sacrifice  almost  any  personal  com- 
fort and  interest  upon  the  altar  of  his  benev.  ; be  pre-eminent 
for  his  philanthropy  and  his  real  goodness  of  heart,  and  ail 
from  feelings  of  disinterested  benev. ; and,  with  large  ven. 
added,  will  gladly  devote  himself  and  spend  his  all  in  pro- 
moting the  salvation  of  his  fellow-men,  and  in  advancing  the 
cause  of  humanity  and  religion:  with  large  or  very  largo 
adhes.,  will  be  likely  to  ruin  himself  bv  assisting  his  friends, 
and  will  ask  what  they  want,  rather  than  what  he  can  afford 
to  give;  and,  with  large  or  very  large  philopro.  and  consci 
*n.,  will  be  pre-eminently  qualified  to  endure  the  fatigues  of 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


ibi 

attei  .ing  opon  the  sick;  watch,  with  the  utmost  anxiety, 
over  • sick  h’jierid,  and  perform  ten  thousand  acts  of  kindness 
whic.t  nothing  but  the  strongest  feelings  of  benev.,  increased 
by  tliv  tendered  feelings  of  friendship,  could  suggest  or  sup- 
port h,m  undei ; with  only  moderate  or  full  destruct.  added, 
will  bj  neaiiy  overcome  by  the  sight  of  suffering  or  death, 
&e. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  benev.  large, 
modified  by  an  increase  of  its  influence,  will  apply  to  benev. 
very  lai  ge. 

Full.— One  having  benev.  full , will  experience,  in  a good 
degree,  the  phenomena  described  under  large  benev.,  yet 
will  manifest  less  active  benev. ; not  be  very  willing  to  make 
personal  sacrifices,  or  waive  his  own  interests,  in  order  to 
oblige  others,  yet  will  experience  considerable  benevolent 
feeling ; and  will  be  more  apt  to  give  from  selfish  motives 
than  one  with  large  benev.  For  example;  one  having  be 
nev.  full,  with  several  of  the  selfish  faculties  large  or  very 
large,  and  conscien.  only  full,  in  general,  will  first  gratify 
these  larger  organs,  even  though  he  must  do  so  at  the  ex- 
pense of  his  benev. ; will  be  habitually  more  selfish  than  be- 
nevolent, and  seek  his  own  interest,  though  he  thereby  in- 
fringe even  upon  the  rights  uf  others:  with  other  large  or 
very  large  organs  acting  in  conjunction  with  benev.,  may 
manifest  a large  share  of  generosity  and  liberality;  yet,  wflth 
these  same,  or  any  other,  organs,  acting  in  opposition  to  his 
benev.,  will  appear  to  be  comparatively  destitute  of  these 
qualities:  with  approbat.  very  large,  and  conscien.  only  full, 
may  give  “ to  be  seen  of  menf  and  take  some  Dains  to  show 
others  what  he  has  done:  with  approbat.  or  seif-e.,  or  both, 
large  or  very  large,  may  give  even  lavishly,  but  it  will  be 
from  selfish  or  mercenary  motives . with  large  or  very  large 
combat.,  destruct.,  firm.,  and  self-e.,  or  approbat.,  to  gain  his 
will,  may  assist  in  building  churches,  and  in  advancing  good 
objects,  yet  the  feeling  of  pure  benev.  will  be  only  secon- 
dary. 

Moderate. — One  having  benev.  moderate , will,  perhaps 
uo  favours  which  cost  him  little  or  no  self-denial,  yet  will 
exercise  but  little  sympathy  for  his  suffering  fellow-men,  and 
aeidom  step  aside  from  his  own  selfish  pursuits  in  order  to 
relieve  their  distresses,  or  increase  their  enjoymen];  and  ex- 
perience but  few  benevolent  remonstrances  or  promptings. 

The  manifestations  and  the  combinations  described  undei 


SEMI  INTELLECTUAL  SENTIMENTS. 


R9 

benev.  large,  reversed , will  apply  to  benev.  moderate,  and, 
also,  to  benev.  small;  and  those  under  benev.  small,  due  al 
iowance  being  made  for  the  increase  of  benev.,  will  also  ap 
p.y  to  benev.  moderate. 

Small. — One  having  benev.  small , will  seldom  disoblige 
himself  in  order  to  oblige  others ; seldom  think  or  care  how 
much  loss  or  inconvenience  he  subjects  others  to;  and,  with 
any  or  all  of  the  selfish  organs  large  or  very  large,  be  selfish 
in  the  extreme  ; and  seek,  exclusively,  the  gratification  of  his 
own  selfish  passions,  regardless  of  the  consequences  to  oth- 
ers : with  large  or  very  large  combat,  and  destruct.,  will  not 
only,  not  be  moved  to  pity  by  the  sight  of  suffering  and 
death,  but  even  take  delight  in  witnessing  and  cam  mg 
them : with  large  or  very  large  adhes.,  may  love  ardently, 
yet  will  never  add  kindness  to  affection,  &c. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  benev.  large  cr 
very  large,  reversed , will  apply  to  benev.  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  benev.  very  small , will  never 
feel  his  heart  beat  w *h  the  emotion  of  pity;  never  heed  the 
most  heart-rending  ciles  of  distress;  and,  with  the  selfish 
organs  large  or  very  large,  and  the  reflective  only  moderate 
or  full,  will  be  literally  a fiend  incarnate. 

This  faculty  is  generally  much  stronger  in  females  than 
in  males,  a-nd  creates,  in  the  former,  a much  greater  mani- 
festation of  sympathy,  of  tenderness,  of  “ the  milk  of  human 
kindness^”  of  benignity,  of  pure  sensibility  for  suffering  and 
desire  to  relieve  it,  than  is  manifested  by  the  other  sex.  From 
this  fountain  spring  those  innumerable  acts  of  kindness,  and 
those  ten  thousand  attentions  to  the  wants  and  woes  of  oth- 
ers, for  which  woman  is  so  pre-eminent. 

Location. — Benev.  is  located  in  the  anterior  superiouT 
portion  of  the  head,  just  forward  of  ven.,  and  of  the  union 
of  tbr  coronal  sutures,  and  beneath  the  posterior  superiors! 
portion  of  the  frontal  bone.  (See  cut  of  the  female  head, 
9.nd  contrast  it  with  the  scull  of  Aurelia  Chase.) 


SPECIES  III. — Semi-intellectual  Sentiments. 

Improvement  seems  tube  the  watchword  of  our  Taesr. 
and  its  spirit  is  manifested  in  those  almost  innumerable  in- 
ventions and  contrivances  which  so  greatly  augment  on* 


160 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


comforts,  multiply  our  conveniences,  and  give  new  charm* 
to  our  existence.  These  improvements  result  from  a class 
of  faculties  which  partake  of  the  nature  and  qualities  of 
both  the  sentiments  and  the  intellectual  faculties,  constituting 
as  it  were,  a stepping-stone  between  them. 

20.  CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Mechanical  ingenuity  and  talent— ability  to  make , builds 
construct , and  manufacture . 

Well  has  the  philosophick  Franklin  observed,  that  “man 
is  a tool-making  animal  and  with  equal  propriety  he  might 
have  added,  “ and  the  only  tool-making  and  tool-using  ani- 
mal, because  the  only  animal  which  unites  constructivenes? 
with  causality.”  Unquestionably  man  is  calculated  for  liv- 
ing in  houses,  wearing  apparel,  and,  by  the  aid  of  machinery, 
effecting  objects  which  are  even  necessary  to  his  well-being. 

Mechanical  principles,  by  the  application  of  which  vas* 
additions  can  be  made  to  the  sum  total  of  human  happiness 
and  human  improvement,  are  also  found  to  exist,  and, 
likewise,  to  pervade  the  physical  world.  Now,  since  man 
forms  a part  of  this  physical  world,  and  is,  in  part,  under 
the  dominion  of  these  laws,  there  exists  an  absolute  necessi- 
ty for  him  to  possess  some  innate  and  primary  faculty,  the 
office  of  which  is  to  take  cognizance  of  these  principles, 
and,  also,  to  exercise  this  class  of  the  mental  functions.  In- 
deed, 4 without  such  a faculty,  man  would  not  be  adapted  to 
that  physical  state  of  existence  in  which  he  is  placed,  but 
would  be  imperfect,  and  perish.  This  faculty  is  found  in 
construct. 

Men  are  not  made  skilful  mechanicks  and  artisans  sole- 
ly, nor  even  chiefly , by  instruction  ; for,  if  they  were,  (other 
conditions  being  equal,)  their  skill  and  dexterity  would  always 
be  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  instruction  received.  But 
such  is  by  no  means  the  case ; for  we  frequently  observe 
that  some  who  have  every  advantage  of  instruction,  make  but 
indifferent  workmen,  whilst  others  seem  intuitively  to  un- 
derstand the  art  of  manufacturing.  Proper  instruction  may, 
indeed,  improve  the  natural  talents  even  of  the  latter,  and 
greatly  facilitate  their  operations,  yet  they  possess  a natural 
capability  of  being  taught  to  make — a docility  which  often 
manifests  itself  very  early  in  life,  and  of  wh;ch  others  are 
comparatively  destitute.  Who  taught  Michae-  &ngek  ho^r 


COK  STRUCT  I VEN  ESS. 


16 


to  build,  or  Canova  how  to  use  the  chisel,  or  Benjamin  Wesi 
how  to  paint  wh i > yet  not  nine  years  old.  and  entire\y  i g 
norant  of  the  an  of  painting?  Nature,  mainly.  Theil 
powers  were  innate , or,  in  other  words,  they  possessed  ex 
iraordinarv  construct.,  aided  by  other  faculties. 

Developments  of  this  faculty,  and,  also,  a want  of  it,  exist 
in  combination  with  almost  every  conceivable  variety  of 
character  and  talents.  Men  of  feeble  intellects  often  possess 
it  in  a remarkable  degree,  whilst  others  who  have  gigantick 
minds,  are  sometimes  almost  entirely  destitute  of  it.  The 
conclusion,  therefore,  is  inevitable,  that  a talent  for  making 
and  building , must  depend  upon  a distinct  and  primary 
mental  power. 

Large. — One  having  construct,  large , will  possess  a high 
degree  of  natural  skill  in  making,  building,  contriving,  re- 
pairing, &c.  ; be  prone  to  whittle  and  scribble;  be  delighted 
with  mechanical  operations ; and,  with  large  irnitat.,  aided 
by  some  practice,  can  become  an  excellent  mechanick. 

In  effecting  mechanical  operations,  other  organs  contribute 
as  largely  as  construct.  For  example;  one  having  large 
construct.,  with  large  or  very  large  irnitat.,  will  be  uncom- 
monly dexterous  in  making  after  a i 'pattern , and  can  readily 
learn  to  do  with  tools  what  he  sees  others  do ; with  large  or 
very  large  form  and  ideal,  added,  will  give  a peculiar  finish 
and  neatness  to  his  work,  and  succeed  in  making  fine  and  fancy 
articles,  such  as  combine  utility  with  richness  and  elegance; 
but,  with  ideal,  only  moderate,  will  succeed  only  in  making 
common  and  useful  things:  with  large  firm,  and  self-e  , large  or 
very  large  form,  size,  ideal.,  cans.,  and  compar.,  and  only  mod- 
erate irnitat.,  will  excel  in  superintending  mechanical  opera- 
tions; in  directing  others  what  to  do  and  how  to  do  it,  and 
in  judging  of  the  qualities  of  work,  and  will  be  a first-rate 
foreman , yet  will  not  himself  excel  as  an  operative  mechan 
ick ; can  plan  and  oversee  much  better  than  execute;  but. 
whh  large  or  very  large  irnitat.  added,  will  excel  in  both: 
be  a natural  mechanick  or  artist  of  a very  high  order;  be 
capable  of  turning  his  hand  readily  to  almost  any  blanch  of 
mechanical  business  ; and  frequently  contrive  new  methods  of 
aceomp  ishing  his  work;  with  large  or  very  large  conscien. 
added,  will  never  slight  his  work  ; with  large  weightand  indi* 
vid.  added,  be  highly  delighted  with  the  operations  of  machine- 
ry ; able  to  comprehend  it  and  judge  of  its  adaptation;  and 
possess  an  extraordinary  talent  for  drawing,  draughting. 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


modelling,  planning,  and  probably  for  inventing  ; be  remark- 
ably  ingenious,  and  very  successful,  in  every  branch  of  me* 
chanicks  which  he.  may  undertake:  with  large  or  very  large 
concent.,  wil  dwei.  patiently  upon  any  piece  of  work  until 
it  is  entirely  completed,  and  rendered  as  perfect  as  possible ; 
and  will  be  ible  to  engage  in  only  ooe  kind  of  labour  at  a 
time;  but,  with  moderate  or  small  concent.,  will  leave  much 
of  his  work  unfinished ; generally  have  on  hand  several 
pieces  of  work  at  a time,  and  feel  a desire  frequently  to 
change  from  one  to  the  other ; be  rather  “ a jack  at  all  trades” 
than  perfect  in  any,  &c. : with  large  or  very  large  combat, 
and  destruct.,  and  only  full  conscien.,  when  his  work  doe3 
not  please  him,  will  become  angry  with  it,  and  feel  like 
breaking  or  tearing  it  in  pieces  : with  very  large  self-e..  hope, 
and  ideal.,  will  be  induced  to  try  many  mechanical  experi- 
ments ; to  engage  largely  in  heavy  operations,  and  even 
speculations  ; and  be  likely  to  spend  much  time  in  endeavour- 
ing to  invent : with  very  large  ideal.,  imitat.,  mirth.,  form,  size, 
colour,  local.,  and  compar.,  can  design  and  execute  ludicrous 
pictures  or  drawings,  burlesque  representations,  caricatures, 
&c. ; copy  hand-writings;  draw  after  a pattern;  recollect, 
for  a long  time,  the  shape  of  faces,  landscapes,  machines, 
&c.,  which  he  has  seen,  and  make  their  fac  similes , or  draw 
and  make  from  memory;  and,  with  large  or  very  large  caus. 
and  compar.  added  to  this  combination,  can  readily  adapt 
mechanical  principles  to  the  accomplishment  of  desired  me- 
chanical objects;  readily  detect  the  faults  in  machinery  and 
remedy  them  ; invent  and  improve  machinery,  &c. . with 
large  or  very  large  imitat.,  individ.,  form,  size,  weight,  order, 
and  calcu.,  and  full  or  large  compar.  and  caus.,  will  make  a 
first-rate  engineer,  surveyor,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  construct,  very  large  with 
very  large  ideal.,  imitat.,  individ.,  form,  size,  colour,  and 
compar.,  will  literally  possess  a passion  for  the  pursuit  of 
the  fine  arts;  be  able  to  perform  almost  any  operation  be- 
longing to  mechanicks  or  the  arts  with  wonderful  and  mini 
five  skill,  and  with  extraordinary  facility  and  success;  to 
make  almost  any  thing  within  the  attainment  of  human  in* 
genuity ; to  become  an  artist  or  mechanick  of  the  very  frst 
order ; and  will  be  likely  to  break  away  from  all  hin deranees, 
and  to  surmount  every  obstacle, in  order  to  indulge  this  pas- 
sion ; will  be  able  to  impart  a peculiar  beauty  and  a richness 
to  a 1 his  woiks,  and  combine  perfect  accuracy  with  taste. 


CONSTRUCTIVE  NESS. 


163 


will  excel  m every  undertaking  of  the  kind,  even  though 
obliged  to  use  indifferent  tools. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  large  construct., 
due  allowance  being  made  for  the  increase  of  the  construc- 
tive power,  will  apply  to  construct,  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  full  construct.,  with  large  imitat.,  will 
possess  a respectable  share  of  mechanical  ingenuity ; ana, 
with  the  addition  of  large  or  very  large  form  and  size,  and 
full  individ.,  have  all  the  natural  talent  requisite  for  becom- 
ing an  excellent  mechanick,  especially  in  those  branches 
which  require  but  little  more  than  making  after  a 'pattern  ; 
can  learn  to  use  tools  with  tolerable  dexterity,  yet  will  re- 
quire considerable  practice,  but  with  it,  will  become  quite  suc- 
cessful ; can  repair  articles  that  break,  and  “ fix  up7’  such 
things  as  he  may  have  occasion  to  use  in  his  family  and  his 
business;  yet  his  success  will  depend  as  much  upon  art  as 
nature:  with  imitat.  only  full,  will  seem  to  possess  this  fac- 
ulty only  in  an  inferiour  degree,  especially  if  circumstances 
do  not  imperiously  urge  its  exercise,  and  will  be  dependant, 
in  some  degree,  for  any  mechanical  skill  or  success  which  ha, 
may  manifest,  upon  his  other  faculties,  such  as  form,  size, 
local.,  ideal.,  compar.,  caus.,  &c. 

The  additional  descriptions  and  combinations  under  con- 
struct. full,  will  be  found  under  construct,  large,  after  due 
allowance  has  been  made  for  the  diminution  of  construct. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  construct.,  with  only 
moderate  imitat.,  may  learn,  with  considerable  effort,  some 
of  the  less  difficult  “trades,”  yet  will  never  be  eminent  for 
his  skill  in  may,  perhaps,  learn  to  construct  those  plain 
articles  which  are  often  called  for  in  the  family  and  in  busi- 
ness, yet  will  show  but  little  skill  and  dexterity  in  such  op- 
erations, and  prefer  to  pay  a mechanick  for  executing  them  ; 
will  dislike  to  use  tools,  and  choose  some  occupation  which 
is  not  mechanical : with  imitat.  and  form  large  or  very  large, 
may  succeed  weli  in  making  after  a pattern;  manifest  con- 
siderable skill  in  copying,  and  easily  learn  to  do  what  he 
sees  done  by  others,  yet  will  owe  his  success  mainly  to  these 
last-named  faculties ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  compar. 
and  caus.  added,  may,  perhaps,  direct  others,  and  improve  theif 
inventions,  and  even  invent,  yet  will  not  possess  much  inde- 
pendent, mechanical  talent,  &c. 

Small. — One  having  small  construct.,  with  only  moderate 
imitat.,  will  b?  ab.e  to  learn  to  perform  even  simp  e mechan* 


m 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


ical  operations  only  with  great  difficulty,  and  then  u 
as  an  automaton  ; will  manifest  but  little  skill  or  dexterity  in 
the  use  of  tools  or  the  pen  ; dislike  a mechanical  occupation 
more  than  almost  any  other ; do  every  thing  in  which  the 
exercise  of  this  faculty  is  requisite  only  by  main  strength , 
and  without  contrivance  or  ingenuity  ; and  be  a mere  bungler 
in  almost  every  thing  of  the  kind  which  he  undertakes. 

The  additional  combinations  and  descriptions  of  small 
construct.,  will  be  found  under  moderate  construct.,  the  influ- 
ence of  construct,  being  diminished. 

Very  small.— One  having  very  small  construct.,  will  be 
apparently  destitute  of  all  mechanical  ingenuity  and  incli 
nation. 

in  the  sculls  and  casts  of  several  North  American  Indi- 
ans, in  the  scull  of  a New  Zealander  and  of  a Charib  Indi- 
an, examined  by  the  authors,  this  organ  is  either  small  or 
very  small,  which  harmonizes  perfectly  with  the  fact,  that  in 
every  mechanical  art  and  effort,  these  tribes  are  quite  inferiour 
to  many  races  of  men. 

Location. — Construct,  is  located  just  above  the  middle 
of  a line  connecting  the  top  of  the  ear  and  the  external  cor- 
ner of  the  eye  ; or,  just  below  ideal.,  and  a little  forward 
of  it.* 

When  both  organs  are  large  or  very  large,  they  form  an 
obtuse  angle,  ideal,  extending  in  a nearly  horizontal  direc- 
tion, and  construct,  uniting  with  it  in  nearly  a perpendicular 
direction.  When  the  intellectual  organs  are  large  and  long , 
it  spreads  itself  upon  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  thus  presents 
but  little  prominence.  This,  together  with  the  temporal 
muscle,  which  passes  over  it,  and  varies  in  thickness,  causes, 
except  in  the  case  of  children,  an  occasional  mistake.  It 
may  likewise  be  added,  that  many  individuals  who  possess, 
by  nature,  no  small  share  of  the  constructive  power,  think 
they  have  but  little,  because  they  have  never  been  so  situated 
as  to  call  it  forth,  and,  also,  because  they  suppose  that  con- 
struct. applies  exclusively  to  the  use  of  tools  as  employed  by 
a professed  mechanick,  yet,  when  occasion  requires,  they  are 
found  quite  skilful  in  executing  repairs,  and  have  a whittling 
and  tinkering  propensity. 


* It  may  be  proper  here  to  remark,  that,  In  the  Is^ge  cut,  a'.quis.  and 
te  kvcaied  too  fa  if '"ward  md  alimen:..  too  hu>. 


IMALITY. 


165 


21  IDEALITY. 

Imagination— fancy — )ve  of  the  exquisite , the  beautifkU 
the  splendid , the  tasnful,  and  the  polished — that  impas- 
sioned zr. stacy  and  rapture  of  feeling  which  give  inspi- 
ration to  poetry  and  oratory , ana l a conception  of  the  sub- 
lime. 

That  there  exists  in  the  human  mind  some  faculty,  the 
function  of  which  is  to  inspire  man  with  a love  of  the  beau 
tiful  and  the  exquisite — a fondness  for  the  sublime,  me  ele- 
gant, and  the  tasteful,  will  appear  evident  when  we  compare 
man  with  the  lower  order  of  animals,  or  civilized  man  with 
the  savage,  or  the  refined  inhabitants  of  a city  with  the  com- 
mon population  of  the  country.  Were  it  not  for  the  influ- 
ence of  this  faculty,  these  things  would  be  held  in  no  higher 
estimation  by  man  than  by  the  brute,  or  by  one  man  than  by 
another.  Were  it  not  for  its  influence,  mankind  would  have 
no  higher  relish  for  the  exquisite,  the  tasteful,  the  beautiful, 
and  the  sublime,  than  for  the  insipid,  the  dull,  the  homely, 
and  the  vulgar.  Were  it  not  for  this  faculty,  we  should  no 
more  highly  prize  the  bold  images,  the  glowing  flights  of 
fancy,  the  daring  thoughts,  and  the  impassioned  bursts  of 
eloquence  which  characterize  the  productions  of  Homer,  of 
Shakspeare,  of  Milton,  of  Byron,  of  Addison,  of  Irving,  of 
Chalmers,  of  Patrick  Henry,  and  of  Daniel  Webster,  than 
we  do  the  plainer  and  dryer  style  of  Locke,  Dean  Swift, 
William  Cobbett,  and  many  other  still  more  homely  writers. 
Without  ideality,  the  splendid  productions  of  a Raphael,  a 
Corregio,  a Canova,  a Phidias,  and  a Praxiteles,  would  find 
no  more  favour  in  our  eyes  than  the  rudest  paintings,  and 
the  roughest  carvings,  of  the  most  uncivilized  nations. 

Although  poetry  is  one  form  in  which  this  faculty  man: 
Tests  itself,  yet  it  is  by  no  means  exclusively  confined  to  a 
relish  for  the  inspirations  of  the  muses.  Though  essential 
to  the  poet,  it  takes  a wider  range.  It  adds  to  the  delight 
wc  take  in  viewing  an  elegant  statue,  an  exquisite  painting, 
a splendid  temple,  or  any  other  finished  production  of  art 
It  causes  and  increases  the  glow  and  rapture  experienced  in 
beholding  the  beautiful  landscape,  the  rugged  cliff  the  bold 
promontory,  and  the  lofty  mountain.  It  now  loves  to  sea 
the  “wilderness  and  the  solitary  place”  made  glad,  and  “ the 
desert  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose anu  u at  the  peep  ef 


166 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


dawn,”  when  fair  Aurora  “sprinkles  with  rosy  light  hs 
dewy  lawn,”  it  delights  to  see  “ old  ocean  smile and  then 
“to  ride  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind;”  and  then  “upon the 
circle  of  the  heavens and  then,  again,  to  see  the  untied 
winds 


“ rJ  ike  the  ruffian  billows  by  the  top, 

Curling  their  monstrous  heads,  and  hanging  them 
With  deaf ’ning  clamours  in  the  slipp’ry  clouds.” 

ideality  gives  elevation,  and  fervour,  and  polish,  to  tha 
mind  ; inspires  man  with  a love  of  improvement  and  refine- 
ment, and  assists  him  in  forming  and  realizing  splendid  con- 
ceptions and  undertakings.  With  approbativeness  large,  it 
often  manifests  itself  in  a fondness  for  splendour  in  apparel, 
equipage,  houses,  and  pleasure-grounds,  and  is  an  important 
element  in  gayety,  fashion,  and  elegance  of  manners. 

Large. — One  having  ideal,  large , will  possess  refinement 
and  exquisiteness  of  taste  and  feeling,  a lively  imagina- 
tion, and  a brilliant  fancy  ; an  admiration  of  the  elegant,  the 
beautiful,  the  gorgeous,  the  ornamental,  the  perfect,  and  the 
sublime ; of  the  fine  arts  and  polite  literature ; of  poetry  if 
of  a high  order,  and  of  eloquence ; and  will  relish  every 
thing  fanciful  and  exquisite  wherever  it  is  to  be  found. 

One  having  ideal,  large,  with  colour,  form,  and  size  large, 
will  gaze,  with  intense  delight,  upon  a splendid  and  well- 
proportioned  painting,  and  be  able  to  appreciate  its  merits  ; 
and,  with  form  and  local,  large  or  very  large,  upon  a beau- 
tiful landscape,  cascade,  flower,  &c. : with  lang.  and  compar. 
large  or  very  large,  will  employ  many  metaphors,  hyper- 
boles, and  other  figures  of  speech ; will  express  himself  in 
a glowing  and  elevated  style , and,  with  a full-sized  and  an 
active  brain,  have  the  natural  talents  for  becoming  quite  elo- 
quent in  the  expression  of  his  thoughts  and  feelings:  with 
hope  large  or  very  large,  will  have  high  flights  of  fancy, 
delight  to  indulge  in  the  revellings  of  his  imagination,  and 
be  enraptured  with  his  own  contemplations ; yet,  if  concent, 
is  only  moderate,  his  flights  will  be  vivid  and  intense,  but 
not  long-sustained,  and  he  must  dash  them  off  at  the  mo- 
ment, or  they  will  vanish : with  self-e.  and  compar.  large, 
will  not  often  allow  an  uncouth  or  a low  expression  to  escape 
his  lips,  but  will  be  disgusted  with  vulgarity:  with  only  a 
moderate 'sized  head,  and  only  full  caus.  and  compar.,  will 
manifest  more  of  refinement  than  solidity ; of  sound  than 


IDEALITY 


16? 


sense ; of  rhetorick  than  logick ; of  sicky  delicacy  than 
vigorous  intellect ; of  finely  turned  periods  than  important 
ideas ; and  overload  his  style  with  figurative  expressions : 
with  combat,  and  destruct.  large  or  very  large,  throw  invec- 
tive into  the  form  of  poetry : with  large  or  very  large  mdi 
vid.,  event.,  and  lang.,  may  make  a good  speaker  and  writer, 
and  a popular  lecturer,  yet  will  be  indebted  for  these  quali- 
ties more  to  his  manner  than  to  his  matter- — to  his  style  Jhan 
to  his  ideas ; may  please  the  fancy,  and  communicate  many 
facts,  yet  will  not  reason  closely  or  clearly : with  amat.  and 
adhes.  large  or  very  large,  will  take  a special  interest  in  sen 
timental  poetry  which  breathes  much  of  the  passion  of  love 
and  fires  the  fancy,  and  in  romantick  and  dramatick  compo- 
sition: with  mirth,  large,  will  relish  humourous  poet 

ry,  such  as  John  Gilpin,  the  Dunciad,  Beppo,  &c. : with 
ven.  and  conscien.  large,  devotional  and  religious  poetry, 
with  the  reflective  faculties  large  or  very  large,  will  despise 
light  and  trashy  poetry,  or  even  that  which,  though  beautiful 
in  expression,  is  deficient  in  power  of  thought;  will  relish 
only  that  which,  while  it  flows  in  smooth  and  equal  num- 
bers, bears  upon  its  bosom  a rich  cargo  of  important  ideas, 
and  sound,  moral  sentiments;  and,  if  he  attempt  to  compose 
poetry,  will  imbue  it  with  much  sound,  practical  sense,  and, 
also,  prefer  those  authors,  both  in  poetry  and  prose,  who  em- 
ploy a glowing,  elevated  style,  but  pay  far  more  attention  to 
the  arrangement  and  the  argument  than  to  the  expression,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  ideal,  very  large , will  possess 
a rich  and  glowing  fancy,  and  experience  emotions  accompani- 
ed with  a kind  of  rapture  and  enthusiasm,  or,  rather,  ecstacy  \ 
be  disgusted  with  that  which  is  commonplace  or  imperfect; 
be  excessively  fond  of  poetry  and  fiction  ; an  enthusiastick 
admirer  of  the  fine  arts ; and  revel  with  ecstacy  in  the  re- 
gions of  fancy. 

One  having  very  large  ideal.,  with  very  large  adhes.  and 
compar.,  and  full  lang.,  can  make  poetry  of  a high  order, 
which  will  breathe  forth  the  tenderest  feelings  of  friendship; 
and  will  consider  the  common  standard  of  friendship  so  very 
low,  and  its  exercise  so  imperfect,  as  to  make  him  dissatisfied 
with  life,  because  he  will  be  able  to  find  few  minds  of  kin 
dred  sympathy  and  pathos  with  his  own ; will  long  for  a 
world  where  friendship  will  be  pure  and  perfect,  and  unmix- 
ed with  the  least  alloy;  and  mourn  deeply  over  the  imper 
f«c*ions  of  human  nature:  with  larg^  perceptive  organs 


PHRENOLOGY  XLLU3TRA1 FD 


m 

i^rge  or  very  large  reflective  organs,  and  full  or  large 
%i  organs,  accompanied  with  an  active  and  a full-sized  brain, 
will  be  possessed  of  a deep  fund  of  thought,  which  w il J flow 
m a style,  rich,  but  not  gaudy,  copious  and  powerful,  but  not 
low  or  commonplace,  splendid,  but  not  bombastick;  will  be 
admired  for  his  talents,  and  beloved  for  his  amiable  qualities  j 
will  produce  the  best  of  sentiments,  and  yet  manifest  the 
most  exquisite  feelings;  and  rise  far  above  his  fellow-men, 
both  in  genius  and  virtue;  be  devoted  to  belleslettre,  the  fine 
avts,  and  polite  literature,  and  also  to  the  more  substantial 
branches  of  learning;  and,  with  full  self-e.,  firm.,  and  com 
bat.,  will  be  qualified  to  become  a splendid  speaker ; will 
make  almost  any  sacrifice  in  order  to  listen  to  a splendid  or- 
atorical performance;  and  will  possess  the  feeling  and:  th< 
power  of  eloquence  and  poetry  in  the  highest  degree. 

The  manifestations  and  descriptions  under  ideal,  large, 
modified  by  an  increase  of  the  qualities  imparted  by  it,  will 
apply  to  ioeal.  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  ideal,  fall,  will  possess  considerable 
refinement  of  feeling,  and  some  poetick  fancy,  yet  they  will 
oe  exercised  only  in  a subordinate  degree ; will  be  fond  of 
poetry  and  the  fine  arts,  yet  not  by  any  means  devoted  to 
them;  may  relish  poetry  for  its  sentiment  or  its  argument, 
or  the  love  it  describes,  the  history  or  philosophy  it  imbodies, 
&c.,  more  than  for  its  glowing  imagination  or  vivid  fancy. 

One  having  ideal,  full,  with  large  or  very  large  perceptive 
and  reasoning  faculties,  will  confine  his  attention  chiefly  to 
matters  cf  fact,  and  to  the  investigation  of  first  principles 
without  reference  to  the  splendour  or  the  drapery  of  style  - 
express  his  thoughts  in  a straight-forward,plain,  and  forcible 
manner,  with  less  reterence  to  elegance  and  finish  of  style 
than  to  the  facts  and  arguments ; prefer  those  speakers  who 
do  the  same,  and  possess  much  more  of  the  eloquence  of 
ihowgkt  than  of  diction;  prefer  plainness  and  utility  to 
beauty  and  ornament ; and  seem,  at  times,  to  possess  less 
taste,  and  refinement,  and  delicacy  of  feeling,  than  is  com- 
menoable 

Moderate. — One  having  ideal,  mod*  ate,  will  seldom 
experience  the  glow  and  elevation  of  reeling  which  idea., 
imparts,  nor  manifest  a great  share  of  refinemer  t of  feeling, 
nor  express  himself  with  elegance  and  taste;  will  regard 
poetry,  belleslettres,  the  fine  arts,  polite  literate  re,  works  of 
imagination,  painting,  sculpture,  &c.,  with  less  enthusiasm 


IMITATION. 


and  prefer  plainness  to  ornament,  and  be  rafiier  plain  and 
awkward,  than  polished  and  refined,  in  his  manners,  dress, 
&c.,  and,  with  self-e.  moderate,  take  up  with  inferiour  arti- 
cles. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  idea . large,  re- 
versed, will  convey  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  a correct  idea 
of  the  additional  descriptions  and  combinations  of  moderate 
or  small  ideal. 

Small. — One  having  ideal,  small , will  be  coarse  and  vul- 
gar in  his  manner  of  expression ; have  but  poor  ideas  of 
taste,  of  propriety,  and  beauty,  and  little  relish  for  poetry  or 
oratory,  or  fine  writing,  and  be  but  a miserable  judge  of  any 
thing  of  the  kind  ; will  be  coarse  and  uncouth  in  his  man- 
ners, and  very  awkward,  plain,  and  commonplace  in  every 
thing  he  says  or  does. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  ideal,  full,  and, 
also,  those  under  ideal,  large  and  very  large,  reversed , will 
apply  to  ideal,  small. 

Very  small.— One  having  ideal,  very  small , will  be 
nearly  destitute  of  the  feelings  and  manifestations  described 
as  pertaining  to  this  faculty. 

Location. — Ideal,  is  located  upon  the  sides  of  the  head, 
about  the  spot  in  which  the  hair  begins  to  appear,  upwards 
and  backwards  of  construct.,  beneath  the  temporal  ridge, 
and  near  its  union  with  the  parietal  bone,  and  nearly  in  a 
line  with  compor.,  caus.,  and  mirth.  When  large  or  very 
large,  the  sides  of  the  head,  where  the  hair  makes  its  ap- 
pearance, are  widened  and  heightened,  hut  when  it  is  small, 
'hey  are  narrow  and  depressed. 

22.  IMITATION. 

Ability  to  represent , copy,  describe , and  do  what  we  see  done 
— the  power  of  imitation  and  copying  in  general . 

Man  is  emphatically  a creature  of  imitation.  In  perrorm- 
ng  nearly  all  the  actions  of  his  life,  the  power  of  imitation 
rB  more  or  less  important,  and  a want  of  it  exhibits  an  essen 
rial  deficiency  of  character.  In  learning  to  speak  or  write 
cither  o foreign  language,  or  our  vernacular  tongue,  the  fac- 
ulty of  language  furnishes  us  with  woris  ; b it  it  is  imitation 
alone  which  enables  us  so  to  enunciate  them  as  to  makeo&r 
selves  understood. 

8 


170 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUS  P'lA'l  ED. 


The.  skill  of  the  mechanick  depends,  in  a very  great  de- 
gree, noon  the  extent  of  his  imitative  powers ; and  the  ges* 
ticulations  of  the  orator,  by  means  of  which  he  oftei.  ex* 
presses  more  feeling,  and  makes  a stronger  impression,  than 
words  could  possibly  convey,  are  the  promptings  of  this  lac 
ulty.  So  vastly  diversified,  indeed,  are  the  feelings  and  the 
practices  of  men,  that,  without  some  faculty  to  direct  them 
into  even  the  common  usages  of  society,  different  individu- 
als would  hardly  be  recognised  as  belonging  to  the  same 
race  ; yet,  with  this  faculty  to  give  a degree  of  uniformity  to 
most  of  their  habits  and  practices,  and  thus  to  attract  them 
towards  a common  centre,  it  is  easy  to  determine,  not  only 
in  what  country,  but,  frequently,  in  what  section  of  the  coun- 
try,  the  manners  of  an  individual  have  been  formed.  Hence 
we  infer,  that  man  must  be  possessed  of  a primary  faculty, 
the  exclusive  function  of  which  is  imitation  in  general. 
The  experiments  of  the  authors  upon  this  organ,  have  been 
Doth  numerous  and  satisfactory. 

Large. — One  having  imitat.  large , will  find  it  easy  and 
natural  for  him  to  copy  and  represent,  and  possess  both  the 
ability  and  the  disposition  successfully  to  exercise  this  fac- 
ulty, either  in  his  gesticulation,  his  manner  of  description, 
his  talent  for  drawing  and  writing,  his  desire  to  adopt  the 
manners  of  others,  or  in  almost  any  thing  else  demanded 
by  his  circumstances  in  life,  and  his  other  faculties. 

One  having  imitat.  large,  with  construct,  and  the  per- 
ceptive organs  also  large  or  very  large,  will  manifest  hL 
imitative  power  in  making  after  a pattern,  in  drawing,  e r 
graving,  writing  a copy-hand,  &c. : with  secret.,  ideal.,  an 
lang.,  only  moderate,  cannot  mimick , nor  describe,  nor  ac 
out  any  thing  well ; but,  with  secret,  full  or  large,  and  idea), 
individ.,  event.,  lang.,  and  compar.  large  or  very  large,  hrr 
a happy  talent  for  description  ; can  relate  anecdotes  to  ad 
miration,  a fund  of  which  he  will  have  always  at  commane 
so  that  he  can  always  tell  one  story  to  match  another;  cat 
represent  things  which  he  wishes  to  describe,  in  so  clear  ? 
manner,  and  act  them  out  so  naturally,  that  the  hearer  will 
seem  to  see  just  what  the  speaker  wishes  to  convey ; by  the  ear- 
nestness of  his  manner,  his  attitudes,  gestures,  the  expression 
c:f  his  countenance,  the  apparent  p ithos  of  his  feelings,  &c . 
win  make  a far  deeper  impression  ..ban  language  alone  cou.d 
produce,  and  be  able  to  heighten  the  effect  by  the  addition 

elegant,  and  even  eloquent,  delivery  : with  form,  size,  cob 


IMITATION. 


171 


struct.,  and  ideal,  h rge,  will  be  capable  of  becon  ing  an  ex 
cellent  penman:  with  self-e.  full,  and  ideal.,  individ  , an4 
lang.  large,  can  readily  adopt  the  manners  and  customs  ci 
those  with  whom  he  associates ; talk  and  act  as  others  do 
and  make  himself  easy  ar.d  acceptable  in  almost  any  society 
in  which  he  may  be  placed,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  iinitat.  very  large , has  a r? 
markable  talent  for  imitating  almost  every  thing  he  under 
akes  to  imitate : with  large  secret.,  can  conceal  his  real  feel- 
ings, while  he  appears  to  feel  what  he  does  not : with  large 
mirth.,  and  moderate  or  small  ven.  and  conscien.,  will  have  a 
propensity  to  ridicule  religion  by  imitating  the  peculiarities 
of  its  professors  : with  large  adhes.,  can  assume  the  manners 
of  a friend : with  large  or  very  large  combat.,  destruct., 
self-e.,  and  ideal.,  can  mimick  and  portray  the  several  pas- 
sions of  haughtiness,  of  indignation,  of  revenge,  of  anger, 
contempt,  &c  : with  any  of  the  other  selfish  organs  large 
or  very  large,  can  imitate  the  several  passions  exercised  by 
those  faculties : with  large  or  very  large  event.,  will  notice 
all  the  actions  and  peculiarities  of  others,  and  be  able  to 
mimick  them  perfectly ; with  large  ideal,  added,  can  ima- 
gine and  represent  the  action  appropriate  to  any  given  senti- 
ment, and  express  it  to  admiration ; and,  with  large  or 
very  large  lang.  and  secret,  added,  can  carry  on  a dialogue 
m several  voices,  and  adapt  the  expression  of  his  countenance 
to  the  feelings  represented;  can  imitate  the  accents  and 
brogue  of  the  Englishman,  the  Scotchman,  the  Irishman, 
the  Frenchman,  &c.,  and  even  imitate  the  forms  of  expres 
sion  adopted  by  these  different  countrymen;  easily  learn 
both  to  read  and  Zo  speak  foreign  languages : with  large  or 
very  large  ideal.,  mirth.,  individ.,  event.,  lang.,  compar.,  and 
adhes.,  and  full  or  large  secret,  and  combat.,  is  capable  of  b& 
coming  a first-rate  mimick  and  play-actor,  and  will  have  a 
predominant  passion,  and  a remarkable  talent,  for  the  stage, 
and  find  it  extremely  difficult  to  avoid  imitating  the  actions, 
conversation,  sty.e,  &c.,  of  others. 

Full. — One  having  imitat.  full,  will  manifest  this  faculty 
only  in  a subordinate  degree,  which  will  seldom  amount  to 
mimickry;  still,  its  influence  upon  the  whole  character  wil 
be  considerable,  and  may  be  inferred  from  the  descriptions 
and  combinations  of  imitat.  large,  by  diminishing  the  infm* 
ence  of  imitat. 

Moderate. — One  having  imitat.  moderate  will  possess 


172 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


this  pt  iver  in  only  an  inferiour  .(egret,  and  experience  Sv>roe 
difficulty  in  copying  and  describing;  fail  to  impart  a natural 
expression  and  accuracy  to  his  attempts  at  copying,  and,  with 
self-e.,  caus.,  and  compar.,  large  or  very  large,  will  disdain 
to  copy  others;  prefer  tc  strike  out, and  pursue, a path  of  hia 
own  ; foil  to  adapt  himself  to  the  customs  of  the  society  with 
which  he  is  not  familiar ; and  will  be  original,  if  not  eccen- 
trick,  in  his  manner  of  thinking  and  acting : with  secret 
only  moderate  or  small,  can  never  seem  to  feel  otherwise 
than  he  really  does. 

Other  combinations  and  descriptions  may  be  inferred  from 
those  under  large  and  very  large  irnitat.  reversed. 

Small. — One  having  imitat.  small , will  have  but  little 
ability  to  imitate  or  copy,  and  none  to  mimick  ; foil  in  his 
attempts  to  describe  or  represent,  and  will  almost  spoil  a 
story  by  attempting,  in  relating  it,  to  act  out  the  several  parts ; 
will  not  be  at  all  natural  in  his  gestures,  and  be  a poor 
penman,  and  experience  great  inconvenience  from  the  defi- 
ciency of  this  faculty. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  imitat.  moderate, 
the  influence  of  imitat.  being  still  farther  diminished,  and 
also  the  descriptions  and  combinations  under  imitat.  large  or 
very  large,  reversed , or  negatived,  will  generally  apply  to 
imitat.  small. 

Very  small. — One  in  whom  irnitat.  is  very  small , will 
manifest  none  of  the  power  in  question,  and  be  utterly  unable 
to  imitate  or  copy. 

Location. — Imitat.  is  located  upon  the  two  sides  of  be- 
nev.  When  large,  it  extends  nearly  as  far  back  as  the  organ 
of  benev.,  and  the  coronal  sutures,  and  causes  a protuber- 
ance, especially  when  marvel,  is  small,  which  runs  down- 
ward from  benev.,  and  towards  ideal,  and  construct. 

23.  MIRTHFULNESS. 

That  faculty  of  the  mind  which  looks  at  things  through  a 
ludicrous  medium , and  thus  forms  humorous  ideas  and 
conceptions — a quick  and  lively  perception  of  the  ridicu* 
lous  and  the  absurd — facetiousness , pleasantry , humour , 
wit,  fun. 

That  certain  conceptions,  ideas,  opinions,  and  occurrences 
m life,  ara  in  themselves  absurd  and  ridiculous,  is  a position 
that  will  readily  be  admitted.  This  being  the  case,  it  natu 


3SIRTRFULN  ESS. 


in 

rally  follows,  that  the  mind  should  be  possessed  of  some  pri 
rnary  power  or  faculty,  the  office  of  which  is  to  detect  sue*.: 
absurdities,  and  expose  their  ridiculousness : and  this  oiiice 
is  performed  by  the  faculty  of  mirthfuluess.  its  legitimate 
function  seems  to  be  to  aid  caus.  and  compar.  in  determining 
whit  is  true,  by  intuitively  discerning  whatever  in  thought 
or  argument,  is  ridiculous  or  absurd:  and  the  fact,  that 
mirth,  is  located  by  the  side  of  caus.,  and  in  the  same  range 
with  compar.,  caus.,  and  ideal.,  appears  to  strengthen  the  pro- 
bability of  the  correctness  of  this  supposition. 

Unless  we  admit,  that  there  is  some  primary  faculty,  the 
proper  operation  of  which  is  to  detect  that  which  is  absurd 
and  ridiculous  per  se,  how  are  we  to  account  for  the  prone- 
ness of  mankind,  when  attempting  to  show  the  fallacy,  or 
expose  the  sophistry,  of  arguments,  to  endeavour  to  make 
them  appear  ridiculous  ? — how  account  for  the  very  common 
method  of  reasoning  by  the  reductio  ad  absurdism,  the  prin- 
cipal ingredient  of  which  is,  mirth.  ? The  fact  is,  the  mind 
rests  assured,  that  what  is  ridiculous,  cannot  be  true ; or, 
that  the  enlightened  operation  of  mirth,  is  always  in  harmo- 
ny with  the  principles  of  reason  and  analogy. 

The  existence  of  such  a faculty  as  mirth.,  is  rendered  still 
more  evident  from  a consideration  of  that  genera]  tendency 
of  the  human  mind  to  make  sport,  to  jest,  joke,  and  seek  for 
something  that  will  raise  a laugh  ; and,  also,  from  the  utility 
of  such  a faculty  ; which  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that 
indulgence  in  laughter,  merriment,  lively  conversation,  hi- 
larity, and  rational  amusements,  by  promoting  respiration, 
digestion,  appetite,  and  the  circulation  of  the  fluids,  contri- 
butes greatly  to  health  and  bodily  vigour,  and, likewise,  by 
imparting  buoyancy  and  elasticity  to  the  spirits,  greatly  aug- 
ments the  power  and  activity  of  the  mind.  The  old  adage, 
laugh  and  be  fat,”  though  quaint,  accords  both  with  the 
philosophy  of  human  nature,  and  the  experience  of  mankind, 
and,  moreover,  with  man’s  phrenological  develop!  lents.  If, 
then,  according  to  the  vulgar  notion,  “ every  sigh  drives  a 
nail  into  our  codin,”  this  argument  shows,  that  “ every  laugh 
should  draw  one  out.” 

Religionists  often  consider  the  exercise  of  this  faculty  as 
wrong,  nay,  as  wicked  ; but  the  mere  fact  of  its  existence, 
sanctions  its  exercise,  and  even  makes  its  proper  exercise  a 
virtue. 

Large. — One  having  mirth,  large , has  a quick  and  lively 


174 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


perception  of  the  ludicrous,  and  a strong  propensity  to  Urn 
singular  remarks  and  incidents  into  ridicule,  and  to  make 
sport  in  various  ways ; laughs  heartily  at  any  thing  humor- 
ous or  funny,  and  enjoys  it  with  a keen  relish. 

One  having  mirth,  large,  with  large  compar.,  destruct,,  am] 
combat.,  and  caus.  full  or  large,  will  mingle  the  sarcastick, 
the  pungent,  and  the  bitter,  with  the  purely  humorous  ; and, 
with  compar.  very  large,  hold  the  object  of  his  displeasure 
up  to  ridicule  by  comparing  him  to  some  most  disagreeable, 
or  even  loathsome,  object ; and  be  pre-eminent  for  his  dry, 
terse,  witty,  and  appropriate  comparisons,  which  will  be  al- 
ways in  point,  and  very  laughable,  and  sting  while  they 
tickle:  with  large  or  very  large  secret,  and  imitat.,  will 
have  a happy  faculty  of  saying  a witty  thing  in  a peculiarly 
witty  and  laughable  manner,  and, withjarge  lang.,  compar, 
and  event,  added,  can  work  up  the  feelings  of  the  hearer  by  a 
most  agreeable  suspense,  and  mingle  so  much  of  the  cunning 
and  the  sly  in  his  manner  of  expression,  that  his  humorou 
effusions  will  take  admirably,  and  create  a large  amount  of  real 
sport ; will  be  able  to  make  fun  of  others  without  their  seeing 
it,  and  to  keep  those  in  whose  company  he  is,  in  a roar  of 
laughter,  and  yet  appear  perfectly  sober  himself ; to  employ 
insinuatnns  and  the  double-entendre  with  effect;  to  hoax, 
and  quiz,  and  play  his  cunning  pranks  upon  those  around 
him  ; will  make  very  happy  allusions  to  ludicrous  incidents ; 
and  be  very  quick  and  opportune  in  his  mirthful  sallies : 
with  compar.  large,  approbat.  very  large,  and  caus.  only  full, 
may  say  witty  things,  but  will  generally  spoil  them  by  laugh  ‘ 
ing  at  them  himself : with  large  or  very  large  adhes.,  appro- 
bat.,  benev.,  hope.,  ideal.,  imitat.,  event.,  lang.,  and  compar., 
will  make  a social,  obliging,  cheerful,  companionable,  and 
pleasant  friend,  who  will  be  full  of  good  cheer,  humorous 
anecdote,  and  entertaining  conversation : -with  large  or  very 
large  ideal.,  will  express  his  mirthful  effusions  in  a pecu- 
liarly ref  ned  and  delicate  manner,  and, with  secret,  large, 
can  say  even  a vulgar  thing  without  giving  offence : with 
secret,  and  imitat.  moderate  or  small  will  have  a fund  of  lu- 
dicrous ideas,  and  a ready  conception  of  the  truly  ridiculous, 
but  will  generally  fail  to  give  them  so  ludicrous  an  expres 
sion  as  to  make  others  laugh ; will  relish  a joke,  yet  spoil 
his  own  jokes,  and  those  of  others  which  he  attempts  to  re- 
late, by  his  defective  manner  of  expressing  them ; but,  with 
imitat.  large  or  very  large,  even  though  secret,  is  only  mod 


MIRTHFULNESS. 


175 


wale,  will  be  able  to  express  himself  in  so  blunt,  and  aryt 
and  eccentrick,  and  even  comick  a manner,  as  to  cause  a 
burst  of  laughter  : with  lang.  large,  an  1 cornpar.  very  large, 
will  be  a ready  punster ; have  a happy  talent  of  reasoning 
by  the  reductio  ad  absurdum , or,  by  carrying  out,  and  apply- 
ing, the  arguments  of  his  opponents  in  such  a manner  as  to 
make  them  appear  supremely  ridiculous  : with  hope  large 
or  very  large,  will  be  both  cheerful  and  witty,  and  mingle  a 
high  flow  of  spirhs,  with  a happy  talent  for  humour ; but, 
with  hope  only  moderate  or  small,  even  when  borne  down 
with  melancholy,  may  say  many  witty  things:  with  appro- 
bat.  and  cautious,  very  large,  and  self-e.  small,  except  among 
his  familiar  acquaintances,  will  have  too  little  self-confidence 
to  venture  a joke,  or  will  show  so  much  fear  in  his  manner 
of  expressing  it  as  to  spoil  it:  with  ven.  and  conscien.  large 
or  very  large,  will  be  frequently  annoyed  by  the  intrusion 
of  ludicrous  thoughts,  even  upon  solemn  occasions ; feel 
guilty  upon  this  account,  and  endeavour  to  banish  them  from 
his  mind,  yet,  in  spite  of  all  his  efforts,  'hey  will  frequently 
arise : with  cornpar.  and  caus.  large  or  very  large,  like 
Franklin,  will  express  important  ide^s,  containing  a great 
amount  of  practical  sense,  in  a witty  manner,  and  imbody 
many  moral  lessons,  and  much  practical  philosophy,  in  his 
mirthful  effusions ; and,  whenever  he  attempts  to  joke,  will 
be  dry,  sententious,  pithy,  and  always  in  point,  &c.  “ Poor 

Richard’s  Almanack”  furnishes  an  admirable  illustration  of 
the  combined  manifestation  of  very  large  caus.,  cornpar.,  and 
mirth. ; which  combination  is  most  strikingly  exhibited  in 
all  the  busts  of  Dr.  Franklin. 

Very  large — One  having  very  large  mirth.,  will  look 
at  almost  every  thing,  as  it  were,  in  a ludicrous  light;  man- 
ufacture fun  out  of  almost  every  passing  incident ; find  it 
difficult  to  restrain  that  strong  current  of  humorous  emo- 
tions which  sweeps  through  his  mind,  and  which  will  be 
likely  to  burst  forth,  both  upon  proper  and  improper  occa 
sions;  and  be  unable  to  express  himself  without  a strong 
mixture  of  facetiousness  with  sober  thought,  and  often  car 
ry  his  jokes  too  far. 

The  descriptions  and  the  manifestations  of  mirth,  largti 
modified  by  an  increase  of  the  power  and  the  influence  of 
*nirth  , win  appiy  to  mirth,  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  mirth,  full , may  have  a good  shai«i 
of  humorous  feeling,  and  enjoy  the  mirthful  effusions  of 


176 


PHRENOLOGY  ILL OSTR ATE&. 


other?,  yet,  without  the  aid  of  other  faculties,  will  not  nun 
fielf  be  remarkably  quick  to  turn  a joke:  with  large  or  very 
large  destrict.,  combat.,  and  com  par.,  will  be  cogent  and  bp 
ling  in  his  attempts  at  wit,  yet  his  wit  will  sting  more  than 
it  will  tickle,  and  be  too  harsh,  and  severe,  and  personal  to 
please,  and,  consequently,  will  often  give  offence  ; will,  per- 
haps, frequently  indulge  his  teasing  and  pestering  propen 
sity,  yet  his  mirthful  effusion  will  not  be  characterized  so 
much  by  pure  humour,  as  by  satire  and  raillery;  may  be 
eminent  for  his  sarcastick  and  appropriate,  if  not  ironical 
comparisons , yet  the  whole  point  and  ludicrousness  of  hr* 
jokes  will  turn  upon  the  aptness  of  the  comparison  : with 
hope  very  large,  may  have  a large  share  of  glee  and  hilarity,  o 
cheerful,  lively  disposition,  and  a sprightly  mind  ; enjoy  a fine 
flow  of  spirits,  and  be  exceedingly  fond  of  amusements,  yet 
the  pure  “ attick  salt”  will  not  highly  season  his  mirthfuj 
effusions:  with  the  assistance  of  other  faculties,  particularly 
of  imitat.,  lang.,  secret.,  hope,  and  compar.,  may  express  what 
ludicrous  ideas  he  has  in  so  laughable  a manner,  act  them 
out  so  naturally,  and  accompany  them  with  so  much  quaint- 
ness,  as  to  create  a great  deal  of  sport,  and  pass  for  a real 
wit,  yet  he  will  owe  more  of  this  celebrity  to  his  manner  ol 
communicating  his  witticism,  than  to  the  witticisms  them 
selves,  or  to  the  faculty  of  mirth  ; but,  with  secret.,  self-e., 
iang.,  individ.,  and  event,  only  moderate  or  full,  will  be  un- 
able to  give  half  the  jest  to  his  mirthful  expressions  which 
is  contained  in  his  ideas , and  thus  be  generally  considered 
as  comparatively  destitute  of  the  faculty. 

Moderate. — One  having  mirth,  moderate,  will  generally 
look  at  things  through  the  sober  medium  of  fact;  seldom 
succeed  well  in  his  attempts  at  wit;  generally  think  of  his 
jokes  too  late  to  make  them;  and  be  more  sober  than  jovial. 
One  having  mirth,  moderate,  with  compar.,  combat.,  and  de- 
siruct.  large,  may  be  sarcastick,  yet  his  jests  will  be  too  un- 
kind and  harsh  to  please;  be  more  biting  than  humorous, 
and  often  give  offence : with  approbat.,  combat.,  and  destruct. 
large,  will  be  unable  to  take  a joke  in  good  part,  and,  when 
rallied,  frequently  become  angry:  with  self-e.  and  caus.  only 
moderate  or  full,  approbat.  large  or  very  large,  and  secret 
large,  will  frequently  labour  under  the  false  impression  thav 
he  :s  the  object  of  ridicule  when  he  is  not;  will  be  quite  tot 
jealous  upon  this  point,  and  easily  offended  by  jokesv 
c tally  if  they  bear  nnon  facts,  &c 


PERCEPTIVE  FACULTIES. 


17? 


Small — One  having  mirth,  small,  will  be  likely  to  com 
tider  wit  as  either  impertinent  or  silly  ; will  rather  lack 
sprightliness  and  vivacity  in  conversation  and  appearance; 
be  slow  to  take  a joke,  or  to  appreciate  a witticism,  and 
slower  still  to  make  or  turn  one  : with  ven.  and  conscien. 
large  or  very  large,  and  hope  only  moderate,  will  seldom 
smile,  and  probably  think  it  wicked  to  do  so : with  appro- 
bat.  and  adhes.  large  or  very  large,  will  be  extremely  alive 
to  the  lashes  of  ridicule,  and  the  finger  of  scorn,  and  greatly 
tormented  by  them ; and  be  completely  confused  and  routed, 
when  the  battery  of  this  organ  is  opened  upon  him. 

Very  small. — One  with  this  organ  very  small,  will  never, 
m any  perceptible  degree,  manifest  the  functions  exercised 
by  this  faculty. 

Location. — Mirth,  is  located  beneath  the  temporal  ridge, 
externally  from  caus.,  but  a little  lower,  and  nearly  in  the 
range  of  compar.,  caus.,  and  ideal. 


ORDER  II. — Intellectual  Faculties. 

These  faculties  constitute  what  is  commonly  termed  intei* 
lect,  as  contra-distinguished  from  feeling , or  emotion  ; and 
have  to  do  with  three  classes  of  things,  the  physical,  the 
metaphysical,  and  the  abstract ; or,  in  other  words,  with  the 
various  conditions,  relations,  and  qualities  of  things,  ana 
with  the  physical,  mental,  and  moral  phenomena  that  are 
produced  by  the  operation  of  those  first-principles  or  causes 
by  which  these  things  and  their  respective  phenomena  are 
regulated  and  governed,  as  well  as  with  the  principles  them- 
selves. 

They  consist  of  two  genera.  The  first  genus  embraces 
the  Perceptive  Faculties;  and  the  second,  the  Reasoning 
Faculties. 


GENUS  I. — Perceptive  Faculties. 

These  bring  us  into  communion  with  the  external  worL 
through  the  medium  of  the  senses;  perceive  natural  objects 
and  their  conditions,  physical  qualities,  and  phenomena,  and 
some  of  their  relations,  and  collect  facts  and  statistical  info? 
aiat?or<  for  the  use  of  the  other  faculties. 


178 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


SI  ECIES  I. — The  Faculties  of  the  Extern  ai 
Senses. 

SENSATION  OR  FEELING. 

Cognizance  of  the  impressions  made,  and  of  the  effects  pro 
ducedt,  upon  the  body  by  the  contact  of  physical  objects  with 
the  nerves  of  sensation. 

Without  a faculty  of  the  mind  whose  legitimate  office  it  ia 
Lo  perform  this  class  of  functions,  the  contact  of  physical  ob- 
jects with  the  body,  could  produce  no  sensation — without 
this  ever-watchful  sentinel  of  our  corporeal  frame — whose 
organ  (through  the  medium  of  the  nerves  of  sensation)  per 
vades  the  whole  external  surface  of  the  body,  including  the 
intestinal  canal — placed,  as  it  is,  to  guard  from  external  in- 
jury, this  delicate  machine — to  keep  in  tune  this  harp  of  a 
thousand  strings,  its  safety  would  be  put  in  constant  jeopar- 
dy, and  its  organization,  liable  soon  to  be  destroyed.  Negli- 
gence here,  even  fora  moment,  might  expose  the  body  to  ir- 
reparable injury,  and  render  this  citadel  of  life  liable  to  be 
taken  by  the  first  rude  hand  that  should  assail  it.  Her  ce 
we  infer  the  necessity  of  a distinct  faculty  whose  exckisr/e 
office  it  is  to  perform  the  function  of  sensation. 

The  principle,  that  such  a contact  of  physical  objects  with 
the  body  as  is  calculated  to  injure  it,  causes  pain,  which  pain 
warns  us  of  danger,  and  that  such  a contact  as  is  beneficial 
to  it,  produces  a pleasurable  sensation,  will  generally  hold 
good,  and  bear  the  scrutinizing  test  of  experiment.  Toman, 
then,  as  a corporeal  being,  this  faculty  is  indispensable.  It 
is,  in  short,  the  natural  instinct  in  him  which  intuitively 
comprehends  those  principles  that  regulate  the  preservation 
of  the  body  from  external  injury,  and  is  likewise  in  perfect 
harmony  with  those  principles. 

The  mediate  function  of  the  sense  of  feeling,  is  common- 
ly called  touch , of  which  the  sphere  of  activity  is  very  con- 
siderable and  important.  The  nerves  of  this  faculty  are 
closely  combined  with  those  of  voluntary  motion ; and  the 
two  kinds  together,  may  assist  the  functions  of  all  the  inter- 
nal faculties,  as  well  the  affective  as  the  intellectual.  Hence 
the  reason  why  the  nerves  of  feeling  and  the  nerves  of  mo* 
tiom  are  so  intimately  connected  with  the  organs  of  the  af 
feet  ve  and  the  int<  fiiectual  faculties. 


SIGHl . 


179 


This  faculty  is  much  more  active  in  some  animals  than  ia 
fibers ; and  we  find  that  the  nerves  of  sensation  are  much 
largei  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter.  In  combination  with 
large  cautiousness,  this  faculty  produces  that  dread  of  pain, 
which  is  often  worse  than  the  pain  itself,  and  that  instinctive 
shrinking  from  corporeal  suffering,  which  it  endeavours  to 
avoid. 

For  a more  extensive  analysis  of  this  faculty,  as  well  a* 
of  the  other  external  senses,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  ex- 
cellent remarks  upon  the  subject  in  Dr.  Spurzheim’s  work 
upon  Phrenology. 


SIGHT. 

Vision — power  of  taking  cognizance  of  the  appearance  of 
physical  objects  by  means  of  the  optical  organs. 

There  exist  in  nature  certain  optical  laws,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  furnish  animated  beings  with  a knowledge  of 
the  physical  world  by  means  of  the  eye  and  its  accompany- 
ing apparatus.  Mankind  intuitively  understand  and  apply 
these  laws  or  principles  of  vision,  and  see  just  as  well  with- 
out any  theoretical  or  scientifick  knowledge  of  them  as  with. 
Since,  then,  this  power  of  vision  is  possessed  intuitively,  and 
is  exercised  by  a given  portion  of  the  brain,  the  induction  is 
obvious,  that  men,  and,  indeed,  all  animals  that  see  at  all, 
possess  an  innate,  primary  power,  the  proper  function  of 
which  is  to  see. 

The  fact  that  new-born  infants  possess  the  power  of  vision 
but  imperfectly,  does  not  at  all  militate  against  the  foregoing 
conclusion,  for,  it  is  well  known,  that,  at  the  birth,  their  eyes 
are  in  an  imperfect  state,  and  are  not  able  to  receive,  modify, 
and  transmit  strong  impressions  of  light,  until  they  are 
about  six  weeks  old.  Hence,  it  is  only  by  degrees  that  the 
eye  of  a child  becomes  fit  to  perform  its  natural  function 
with  full  power  ; but,  as  soon  as  the  powers  of  this  organ 
are  fully  matured,  a child  can  see,  and  without  either  habit 
ct  education , ;ust  as  well  and  as  accurately  as  the  greatest 
philosopher.  The  same  argument  will  apply  to  all  animals 
whose  organs  of  vision  are  imperfect  at  the  birth. 

It  is,  moreover,  a singular  fact,  that  that  portfm  of  the 
brain  in  which  the  optick  nerve  terminates,  or.  in  phrenolog- 
ical language,  the  organ  of  seeing,  is  found,  in  different  an- 
imals, to  be  pi  oportionate  to  their  power  of  vision — is  foundl 


ISO 


PIIRFNOI  OGV  ILLUSTRA1ED. 


for  example,  many  times  larger  in  the  eagle  and  the  hawk, 
than  in  other  animals  of  a corresponding  size  in  which  the 
power  of  vision  is  much  weaker. 

Defects  in  noticing  and  recollecting  the  form  and  colour 
of  objects,  are  often  attributed  to  an  enfeebled  vision,  when, 
in  fact,  they  belong  exclusively  to  imperfections  in  the  facul- 
ties of  form  and  colour.  For  example ; one  whose  sight  is 
perfectly  good,  and  who  is  deficient  m the  faculty  of  form, 
but  possessed  of  a large  organ  of  colour,  often  finds  it  cx- 
tiemely  difficult  accurately  to  ascertain  by  the  eye,  and  to 
recollect,  the  configuration  of  an  object,  when,  at  the  same 
time,  he  gets  a distinct  idea  of  its  colour  j but,  with  form 
large,  and  colour  smail,  can  readily  judge  of  its  shape,  but 
not  cf  its  colour.  Many  eases  illustrative  of  these  points 
have  fallen  under  the  observation  of  the  authors,  some  of 
which  will  be  stated  in  another  part  of  this  work. 

Allusion  is  here  made  to  these  facts  as  clearly  showing 
the  necessity  of  the  mind’s  possessing  the  faculties  of  form 
and  colour , as  distinct  from  that  of  vision , in  order  perfectly 
to  perform  some  of  its  ordinary  functions. 

HEARING. 

Power  of  taking  cognizance  of  sounds  by  means  of  the  ao 
ditory  apparatus. 

It  cannot  be  denied,  that  the  principles  of  aeousticks  ex 
1st  in  nature,  nor  that  all  animals  possessed  of  an  auditory 
apparatus,  are  capable  of  perfectly  applying  these  principles 
unaided  by  habit  or  instruction : and  hence  it  follows,  tha* 
the  faculty  of  hearing  is  a primary  power  of  the  human 
mind. 

As  has  been  shown  in  regard  to  the  sense  ol  vision,  that 
seeing  is  its  sole  function,  so  can  it  be  proved  with  reference 
to  the  auditory  faculty,  that  hearing  is  its  only  function.  The 
common  and  prevailing  opinion,  that  an  individual  possesses 
the  faculty  of  tune  or  melody  of  sounds,  and  the  gift  of 
speech,  in  proportion  to  the  acuteness  and  perfection  of  his 
auditory  apparatus  and  the  excellence  of  his  v.iice,  can  easily 
be  shown  to  he  erroneous.  The  question  may  be  put  to  the 
most  superficial  observer,  whether  all  those  who  have  equal- 
ly goad  hearing  and  fine  voices , possess  an  equal  talent  for 
musick,  or  equal  fluency  of  speech.  Indeed;  the  authors  are 
prepared  D prove,  by  many  facts  that  they  have  witnessed 


HEARING. 


13i 


uiat  many  in dividual s venose  voices  and  healing  are  excel- 
lent, but  who  are  defective  in  the  organ  of  tune,  are  not  ca- 
pable of  distinguishing  one  tune,  or  one  note,  from  another. 
How  is  it,  that,  among  birds,  the  song  of  the  male  is  far  mors 
melodious  than  that  of  the  female?  Can  it  be,  that  the  au- 
ditory or  the  vocal  apparatus  of  the  one  is  less  perfect  than 
that  of  the  other  ? 

But,  that  the  sense  of  hearing  cannot  produce  musick,  is 
evident  from  the  fact,  that  the  auditory  apparatus  is  excited 
solely  by  sounds  from  without,  whereas,  musick  must  pro 
eeed  from  an  internal  impulse  given  by  a primary  faculty  of 
the  mind,  for  it  is  impossible  that  the  first  musician  could 
have  previously  heard  the  sounds  which  he  produced.  It  is 
well  known,  too,  that  musicians  who  have  lost  their  hearing, 
continue  to  compose.  Singing  birds,  also,  when  hatched  by 
strange  females,  instead  of  employing  the  notes  of  their  adopt- 
ed parents,  sing  naturally,  and  without  any  instruction,  the 
song  of  their  species. 

In  regard  to  the  faculty  of  speech,  we  know  that  the  nai * 
uaal  language  of  every  animal,  is  that  which  is  peculiar  to 
its  species,  and  that  its  perfection  does  not  particularly  de- 
pend upon  the  perfection  or  imperfection  of  its  faculty  of 
hearing.  A duckling  reared  by  a hen,  does  not  adopt  the 
language  of  the  hen ; nor  does  the  young  robin  hatched  by 
the  bluebird,  learn  the  chirp  of  the  bluebird.  A kitten  rais- 
ed with  a dog,  does  not  learn  to  bark ; nor  dees  a lamb  rais- 
ed among  cattle,  learn  to  low:  but  each  animal  naturally 
adopts  the  language  of  its  species. 

So,  in  artificial  language,  as  there  is  no  natural  connexion 
between  the  names  or  sounds  employed  to  denote  certain  ob- 
jects, and  the  things  signified,  it  is  evident,  that,  in  the  for- 
mation and  use  of  words,  some  other  faculties  of  the  mH 
are  more  intimately  concerned  than  the  sense  of  hearing. 
When  we  pronounce  the  word  book,  the  sound  suggests  to  the 
hearer  the  idea  of  the  thing  signified;  but  it  would  be  ab- 
surd to  suppose,  that  either  his  auditory  apparatus,  or  his 
organs  of  speech,  conceived  the  idea  of  a book.  Th°  con 
ception  was  formed  by  his  internal  faculties  alone.  The 
reason  why  the  monkey  cannot  talk,  is  not  because  it  i 
destitute  of  the  faculty  of  hearing,  or  of  the  proper  organa 
of  the  voice;  but  because  it  has  not  the  faculty  of  language, 
md  certain  other  internal  faculties,  which  are  necessary  to 


182 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


the  formation  of  words,  and  the  application  of  them  to  that 
various  conceptions  of  the  mind. 

Thus  it  is  obvious,  that  the  function  of  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing, is  confined  to  the  production  of  impressions  called  sounds 
and  that  the  production  of  melody  and  language,  depend  upon 
other  intellectual  faculties. 

TASTE. 

Gustatory  sensation  'produced  by  food , and , also , by  othti 
substances. 

This  faculty  differs  materially  in  its  function  from  that  of 
alimentiveness,  to  which  it  seems  to  be  but  the  handmaid. 
Alimentiveness  produces  hunger,  and  a relish  for  food,  and, 
without  the  assistance  of  taste,  would  be  but  a blind  instinct, 
producing  merely  the  desire  to  feed ; while  taste,  acting  as 
the  caterer  for  alimentiveness,  is  capable  of  being  exercised 
upon  substances  which  can,  and  which  cannot,  be  converted 
into  food,  and  of  selecting  the  one,  and  rejecting  the  other. 

That  this  faculty,  in  its  ordinary  state  in  civil  society,  does 
not,  under  all  circumstances,  inform  us  what  is,  and  what  is 
not,  adapted  to  the  nourishment  and  health  of  the  body*- will 
readily  be  admitted  ; but  that,  unpampered  by  luxury,  and 
unperverted  by  cookery,  it  would  be  capable  of  doing  so,  is 
highly  probable.  Among  the  lower  order  of  animals — in 
coasts,  birds,  and  fishes,  where  it  is  unperverted,  it  secures 
this  object  to  perfection,  abundant  evidences  ef  which  are 
furnished  by  natural  history.  Why,  then,  should  it  not,  in 
»ts  natural  state,  be  equally  perfect  and  serviceable  in  man? 
Analogy  would  certainly  give  an  affirmative  answer  to  this 
interrogatory. 


SMELL. 

Olfactory  sensation — cognizance  of  the  scent  or  odour  of 
objects. 

By  means  of  this  faculty,  the  material  world  acts  upon 
man  and  animals  from  a distance.  When  detached,  odor- 
ous particles  come  in  contact  with  the  olfactory  nerve,  they 
inform  us  of  the  existence,  and  some  of  the  qualities,  of  the 
bodies  from  which  they  are  separated.  Taste  has  been  do 
scribed  as  the  purveyor  of  alimentiveness;  and  smell  may 
be  denominated  the  pioneer  of  taste,  ana  assistant  handmaid 


INDIVIDUALITY. 


183 


of  alimentiveness ; for  it  often  acts  as  the  guide  to  taste  in 
selecting  food,  and  frequently  decides  upon  what  is  good, 
and  what  is  bad,  without  the  assistance  of  taste. 

But  the  office  of  smell  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  se- 
lecting of  food.  Its  function  decides  upon  the  agreeab  eness 
or  disagreeableness  of  the  sensation  produced  by  all  odours 
that  are  wafted  to  the  olfactory  nerve;  and  here  its  office  ceases. 
It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  pleasurable  or  opposite 
sensation  produced  by  an  odour,  depends  much  upon  the  habit 
of  the  individual,  or  the  training  of  the  faculty ; for  odours 
that  are  delightful  to  some  individuals,  are  unendurable  to 
others.  Some  persons  take  great  delight  in  scenting  them- 
selves and  their  clothes  with  musk,  burgamot,  cologne,  &c.; 
whilst  to  others,  these  smells  are  an  abomination. 

Some  of  the  lower  animals  excel  man  in  the  acuteness  of 
their  smell,  as  their  olfactory  apparatus  is  larger. 

Odours  act  powerfully  upon  the  brain.  Hence,  the  appli 
cation  of  stimuli  to  the  olfactory  nerves,  often  revives  sensi- 
bility in  cases  of  suspended  animation. 

MOTION. 

The  existence  of  a mental  faculty,  the  exclusive  office  ol 
which  is  to  superintend  and  direct  the  action  of  the  muscles, 
has  not  yet  been  demonstrated,  but  is  considered  as  quite 
probable. 

SPECIES  II. — Observing  and  Knowing  Faculties. 

Fora  description  of  these  faculties,  see  page  50 

24.  INDIVIDUALITY. 

Power  of  noticing  single  objects  as  separate  existences , and 
of  considering  each  as  a distinct  identity  and  individu - 
ality — desire  to  see  and  know , and  to  examine  objects - - 
curiosity  to  see  things — power  of  observation. 

The  material  world  is  composed  of  single  objects,  arranged 
and  combined  into  one  grand  whole;  but  without  a faculty 
whose  function  it  is  to  individualize  these  objects,  and  take 
cognizance  of  them  one  by  one  as  distinct  and  separate  ex^ 
istences  and  entities,  mankind  would  perceive  them  only  as 
a confused  and  indistinct  mass,  and  be  unable  to  distinguish 


154 


PHRENOLOGY  ILT  USTRa TED. 


one  single  thing  from  another.  It  is  doubtful,  indeed,  whethes, 
without  such  a faculty,  we  could  form  clear  notions,  or  dis* 
tinct  ideas,  upon  any  subject. 

This  faculty  gives  the  desire,  accompanied  with  the  ability, 
to  become  acquainted  with  objects  as  mere  existences,  without 
reference  to  their  qualities,  such  as  form,  size,  colour,  weight, 
&c.,  or  to  their  modes  of  action ; and,  inasmuch  as  it  leads 
to  observation,  it  becomes  an  important  element  in  a literary 
taste  and  talent. 

Large. — One  having  inaivid.  large , has  a great  curiosity 
to  see  and  examine  whatever  comes  within  the  range  of  his 
observation ; is  deeply  interested  in  the  mere  examination  of 
individual  objects,  aside  from  their  causes,  uses,  relations, 
and  conditions  ; is  quick  to  see  what  is  passing  around  him, 
and  allows  few  things  that  come  within  the  range  of  his  vision; 
to  escape  his  observation;  is  a close  and  practical  observer 
of  men  and  things ; and,  by  associating  his  thoughts  and 
arguments  with  some  visible  object,  and  by  thus  giving  them 
a distinct  identity  and  individuality,  imparts  to  them  a pecu 
liar  clearness  and  definiteness,  and  seeming  tangibility. 

One  having  individ.  large,  with  event,  also  large  or  very 
large,  will  not  only  be  quick  to  see  what  is  passing  around 
him,  but,  also,  have  an  excellent  memory  of  whai.  he  has 
seen  ; with  large  or  very  large  compar.  added,  will  not  only 
have  the  ability  of  comparing  things  together,  and  noting 
wherein  they  resemble,  or  wherein  they  differ  from,  each 
other,  but  will  also  take  great  delight  in  this  exercise;  with 
good  advantages,  will  possess  a rich  fund  of  general  and  partic* 
ular  knowledge ; a ready  command  of  facts,  and  a great  fond- 
ness for  reading  and  study,  and  have  the  requisite  talent  and 
disposition  to  become  a superiour  natural  scholar;  yet,  to 
become  a firdshed  scholar,  he  must  also  possess  form,  local, 
ideal.,  and  caus.  large  or  very  large : with  large  caus. 
will  first  notice  things  in  their  individual  capacity,  and  then 
investigate  their  relations  of  cause  and  effect,  their  design 
and  utility,  and  the  effects  they  are  capable  of  producing;  or 
in  other  words,  will  be  a close  ooserver  of  things,  and,  also, 
strongly  inclined  to  philosophize  upon  them;  and,  with  the  rea* 
eoningorgans  very  large, will  observe  closely,  yet  reason  more 
than  observe ; have  excellent  ideas,  and  also  impart  to  them 
a clearness  and  tangibility  that  will  render  them  easy  to  be 
understood,  and  thus  greatly  add  to  their  power ; and,  with 
the  addition  of  large  form,  will  be  an  enthusiastic k and  a 


INDIVIDUALITY. 


185 


successful  investigator  of  human  nature,  and  generally  form 
correct  opinions  of  the  character  and  talents  of  men  by  then 
physiognomy,  conversation,  deportment,  &c.,  and  can  sue 
cessfully  apply  himself  both  to  details  and  general  princi 
pies:  with  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  will  regard  objects 
as  clothed  with  peculiar  splendour,  natural  beauty,  high  per- 
fection, &c 

Very  large. — One  having  individ.  very  large , will  pos- 
sess an  unconquerable  desire  to  see,  see , see — whatever  it  is 
possible  for  him  to  see;  before  he  is  aware  of  it,  will  take 
up  things  and  look  at  them,  even  when  propriety  would  re- 
quire him  to  leave  them  untouched;  have  a prying  curiosity 
to  become  acquainted  with  things  as  mere  existences  ; can 
hardly  rest  satisfied  without  thoroughly  exploring  and  sur- 
veying every  thing  within  the  reach  of  his  observation  ; is 
a real  looker , and  even  given  to  gazing,  or,  perhaps,  to  sta- 
ring: with  caus.  only  full,  looks  much  more  than  thinks,  and 
is  so  much  devoted  to  the  examination  of  objects,  that  his 
power  of  abstract  thought  is  thereby  weakened,  or,  at  least, 
frequently  interrupted  by  the  operation  of  this  faculty ; finds 
it  difficult  to  confine  his  attention  to  abstract  contemplations, 
because  it  is  so  frequently  arrested  by  physical  objects;  will 
be  given  to  personification,  and,  with  compar.  large,  to  met- 
aphor, simile,  &c.,  and  be  apt  to  consider  mere  abstract  ideas 
nr  notions,  such  as  virtue,  vice,  justice,  reason,  &c.,  as  per- 
sonal identities  ; may  readily  learn  things , but  will  not  pos- 
sess an  unusual  share  of  depth  of  intellect,  &c. 

The  additional  manifestations  and  combinations  of  indi- 
vid. very  large,  may  be  inferred  from  those  described  under 
individ.  large,  the  compar.  of  the  reader  being  allowed  to 
supply  the  increased  influence  of  individ. 

Full. — One  having  individ.  full,  with  the  reasoning  or- 
gans large  or  very  large,  will  reason  much  more  than  ob- 
serve, think  more  than  look,  and  examine  objects  chiefly  as 
connected  with  their  causes,  relations,  effects,  qualities,  uses, 
&zc. : with  moderate  event.,  will  be  liable  to  forget  things, 
and  have  but  an  indifferent  memory  of  facts;  will  manifest 
gome  curiosity  to  examine  objects,  and  see  whatever  comes 
in  his  way,  yet  not  be  at  much  pains  merely  to  gratify  his 
looking  propensity,  and  will  not  be  distinguished,  either  fo? 
his  observing  powers,  or  for  the  want  of  them. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  individ.,  will  be  some- 
what deficient  in  his  powers  of  observation ; have  rather  indi# 


I§6  PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 

iinct  ideas  of  things,  and  describe  them  rather  in  a summary 
and  general,  than  in  a particular,  manner,  and,  with  the  rea- 
soning organs  large  or  very  large,  be  much  more  engioesed 
with  general  principles  than  with  their  details,  and  more  in- 
terested in  investigating  the  causes,  reasons , and  relations  of 
things,  than  with  their  physical  qualities. 

Small. — One  having  individ.  small , will  fail  to  observe 
what  is  passing  around  him;  take  little  interest  in  the  mere 
examination  of  objects;  have  little  of  that  prying  curiosity 
to  see  and  handle  things,  which  is  imparted  by  large  indi- 
vid. ; often  have  but  indistinct  notions  of  objects  which  he 
has  seen ; fail  to  identify  particular  things,  be  vague  in  his 
descriptions  of  them,  and  find  attention  to  details  and  the  mi- 
nutiae of  business,  unpleasant,  and  not  suited  to  the  character 
of  his  intellect. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  mentioned  under  indi- 
vid. large,  reversed , or  read  with  a negative  added  to  them, 
will  apply  to  individ.  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  very  small  individ.,  will  re- 
gard things,  as  it  were,  in  a mass  ; see  nothing  which  is  not 
forced  upon  his  attention ; seldom  regard  objects  in  their  in- 
dividual capacity,  and,  with  marvel,  small,  may  be  led  to 
doubt  even  his  own  personal  identity. 

Location. — Individ,  is  located  at  the  root  of  the  nose, 
and  when  large,  it  separates  the  eyebrows  from  each  other, 
and, causes  them,  as  they  approach  the  nose,  to  arch;  but, 
when  small,  the  eyebrows  nearly  meet,  and  are  nearly  hori- 
zontal. 

The  organ  of  individ.  is  generally  much  larger  in  children 
than  in  adults ; which  goes  far  to  show,  that  it  is  highly 
useful  in  the  process  of  forming  ideas:  indeed,  aided  by 
compar.,  whose  office  it  is  to  compare  things  together,  and  by 
event.,  which  remembers  what  is  observed  and  compared, 
(and  both  of  which  are  found  highly  developed  in  children,) 
it  constitutes  the  great  medium  of  intellectual  converse  wita 
the  material  world,  and  assists  us  in  treasuring  up  most  of 
the  knowledge  which  we  acquire. 

25.  FORM. 

That  mental  power  which  takes  cognizance  of  the  shape  or 
configuration  of  objects , and  recollects  them. 

A Mr.  Gibson,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  suggested  to  ons 
sf  the  authors,  the  idea  that  the  superfices,  or  shape,  of  oh 


FORM. 


18/ 


(eels,  consists  of  nothing  more  than  angles  connected  by 
straight  or  curved  lines,  and  that  these  constitute  the  form  of 
objects;  and,  moreover,  that  the  faculty  of  form  observes  and 
recollects  these  angles,  and  size,  the  length  of  the  lines  com 
necting  them.  This  view  of  the  subject,  is,  at  least,  ingen- 
ious, and  worthy  of  examination. 

Tnat  no  matjyia . object  can  exist  without  possessing  the 
property  of  form  or  shape,  is  a self-evident  proposition ; 
and  without  some  mental  power  the  function  of  which  is 
to  convey  to  the  individual  a distinct  idea  of  the  forms  of 
different  objects,  no  such  idea  could  possibly  enter  the  mind, 
any  more  than  could  the  idea  of  the  colour  of  an  object 
without  an  organ  of  vision  and  a faculty  of  colour,  or  that 
of  a savour  or  an  odour  without  the  faculty  of  taste  or  of 
smell.  To  the  perfection  of  the  human  mind,  then,  some 
faculty  whose  office  it  is  to  take  cognizance  of  the  various 
forms  of  objects,  becomes  absolutely  necessary. 

The  nature  and  operation  of  this  faculty,  may  be  inferred 
from  the  principle  which  proves  the  necessity  of  its  existence 

Large. — One  having  form  large,  finds  it  easy  to  observe 
and  retain  forms;  readily  catches  the  distinct  appearance  of 
things,  and  recollects  them  for  a longtime;  generally  at- 
tributes certain  shapes  to  particular  things  which  he  hears 
described,  and  even  to  immaterial  objects,  &c. 

One  having  form  large,  with  individ.  large,  both  notices, 
and  recollects , the  faces  and  countenances  of  those  whom  he 
sees,  and  thus  is  enabled  to  know  a great  many  persons : 
with  individ.  only  moderate,  does  not  notice  the  shape  or  the 
physiognomy  of  persons  with  sufficient  accuracy  to  obtain  a 
clear  idea  of  their  appearance,  but,  when  his  attention  is  once 
arrested  by  any  thing  special,  and  he  has  obtained  a distinct 
impression  of  its  looks,  he  seldom  forgets  it : with  individ. 
and  local,  large  or  very  large,  when  he  sees  a person  a second 
time,  will  generally  be  able  to  identify  and  locate  him,  though 
he  may  be  unable  to  call  his  name,  and,  with  event,  large, 
will  not  only  recollect  that  he  has  seen  him  before,  but 
often,  where  he  has  seen  him,  and  also  many  incidents  which 
transpired  at  the  time,  and  yet  may  feel  mortified  that  he 
cannot  call  him  by  name:  with  imitat.  very  large,  will  be 
able  to  copy  from  memory  : with  large  or  very  large  indi- 
vid., size,  local.,  order,  and  compar.,  will  have  all  the  talent  re- 
quisite for  becoming  a good  naturalist,  botanist,  ar  atomist,  and 
chymist,  and,  with  ideal,  also  large  or  very  .arge,  will  expe* 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


im 

rience  the  greatest  delight  in  the  pursuit  of  these  branches 
of  science : with  construct.,  size,  and  imitat.  large  or  very 
large,  will  be  able  to  give  the  proper  shape  to  the  articles  he 
may  make,  &c. : with  size  large,  can  read  writing  that  is  in- 
distinct, and,  with  individ.  also  large,  easily  learn  to  read  cor 
rectly,  and  seldom  miscal  a word. 

To  the  mechanick,  the  artist,  the  naturalist,  the  anatomist, 
the  botanist,  and  all  those  in  publick  life  who  have  to  trans- 
act business  with  many  individuals,  a large  development  of 
this  faculty,  is  not  only  of  the  greatest  utility,  but  even  indis- 
pensable to  success. 

Very  large. — One  having  form  very  large , obtains,  as 
it  were,  by  intuition,  a distinct  impression  of  the  form  of  the 
objects  he  sees;  will  very  seldom  forget  the  shape  or  the  ap- 
pearance of  things  he  has  once  seen  ; if  he  once  fairly  looks 
at  a person,  will  almost  always  know  him  when  he  meets 
him  again ; be  able  to  recognise  individuals  even  by  a par- 
tial view  of  their  face,  by  seeing  them  at  a distance,  &c.  • 
can  readily  discover  family  resemblances,  and  also  detect  dif- 
ferences in  the  looks  of  persons  and  things ; frequently  re 
collects  the  name  of  a person  by  remembering  its  appear- 
ance upon  paper ; can  readily  detect  typographical  errours, 
and,  with  lang.  large,  easily  learn  to  spell  correctly;  can  see 
things  that  are  very  minute  or  indistinct,  or  at  a great  dis- 
tance, and,  with  size  and  individ.  large  or  very  large,  can 
read  very  fast  and  very  correctly,  and  at  a distance  which 
would  enable  ordinary  form  and  individ.  hardly  to  perceive 
that  there  were  letters : with  large  or  very  large  local.,  will 
be  able  to  study  botany,  mineralogy,  geology,  anatomy,  and 
all  the  natural  sciences  with  remarkable  ease  and  success,  &e. 

The  additional  descriptions  and  combinations  under  form 
large,  modified  by  an  increase  of  the  quality  imparted  by 
form,  will  apply  to  form  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  form  full,  after  seeing  an  individual 
several  times,  and  becoming  somewhat  familiar  with  his 
looks,  will  be  able  to  recollect  his  physiognomy  and  appear- 
ance, yet  cannot  be  considered  as  remarkable  for  this  power; 
will  have  a respectable  memory  of  faces  and  countenances, 
yet  a mng  interval  will  weaken,  or,  perhaps,  nearly  obliter- 
ate, his  recollection  of  them,  especially  of  those  with  whom 
he  is  hut  partially  acquainted;  upon  meeting  those  whom  he 
has  before  seen,  will  have  an  indistinct  recollection  that  he 
has  seen  them,  but  will  be  less  certain  and  distinct  in  his  re* 


FORM.  189 

collection,  than  if  It  had  been  produced  by  large  or  very 
large  form. 

One  having  form  full,  with  individ.  large  or  very  large, 
will  have  a very  good  recollection  of  the  countenances,  form, 
and  gait  of  persons,  and  partly  because  he  is  so  great  an  oh 
server;  but,  with  individ.  only  moderate,  will  have  but  an 
indifferent  memory  of  such  things,  partly  because  he  will 
fail  to  notice  them  so  particularly  as  to  obtain  a clear  and 
fixed  impression  of  their  shape,  appearance,  and  partly 
because  his  memory  of  those  which  he  does  observe,  is  net 
remarkably  tenacious. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  form,  retains  only  an 
indistinct  and  confused  memory  of  persons,  animals,  and 
different  objects,  and  must  see  them  several  times  in  order  to 
know  them  again,  especially  after  a considerable  lapse  of 
time;  is  often  quite  uncertain  whether  he  has,  or  has  not, 
seen  individuals  whom  he  meets;  is  capable  of  making  but 
moderate  progress  in  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences  ; can- 
not clearly  distinguish  forms  at  a distance,  nor  certainly 
identify  a person  or  an  object  until  he  is  near  it,  or  has 
full  view  of  it;  will  make  many  mistakes  in  reading;  fin  a 
it  difficult  to  read  hand-writing,  especially  if  it  is  not  very 
plain,  &c. 

The  additional  manifestations  and  combinations  of  form 
moderate,  may  be  inferred  from  a negative  of  those  under 
form  large. 

Small,  or  very  small. — One  having  form  small  or  very 
small,  will  be  exceedingly  troubled  by  forgetfulness  of  per- 
sons; may  meet  an  individual  one  day,  and  even  converse 
with  him,  and  not  recognise  him  at  a subsequent  meeting, 
even  though  it  maybe  very  soon  after:  with  approbat.  large, 
will  feel  mortified  on  account  of  this  deficiency,  and  endeav- 
our to  notice  and  recollect  shapes,  yet  his  efforts  will  be  una- 
vailing; in  reading, will  miscal  many  words,  especially  if  the 
print  is  fine  or  indistinct,  and.  hardly  be  able  to  decipher 
hand-writings:  with  individ.  large,  will  see  those  Avhom  he 
chances  to  meet,  but  will  seldom  notice  the  expression  of 
their  countenance,  appearance,  (fee,,  and,  therefore,  not  often 
recollect  them  ; but,  with  individ.  small,  neither  sees  nor  no- 
tices hose  whom  he  meets ; so  that,  even  those  with  whom 
he  is  quite  intimate,  are  sometimes  not  recognised  by  him. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  form  moderate 
modified  by  a diminution  of  the  power  of  form,  and  also 


190 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE!? 


those  under  form  large  and  very  large,  reversed , wi  1 ap pij 
to  form  small  or  very  small. 

Location. — Form  is  located  upon  the  two  sides  of  the 
crista  galli , and,  when  large  or  very  large,  causes  great 
breadth  between  the  eyes,  and  sometimes  turns  them  out 
wards ; but,  when  small,  they  more  nearly  approach  eack 
other. 

26.  SIZE. 

That  mental  'power  which  takes  cognizance  of  magnitude 
and  proportion — ability  to  judge  of  length , breadth , 
height , depth , distance , fyc. 

Since  no  material  object  can  exist  without  occupying 
space , it  necessarily  follows,  that  magnitude  or  bulk  is  a nat- 
ural property  of  matter : and  hence  it  also  follows,  that  the 
human  mind  would  be  defective,  were  it  not  possessed  of  a 
distinct  faculty  the  proper  function  of  which  is  to  distinguish 
this  property  of  matter.  Without  such  a faculty,  man  could 
not  distinguish  the  difference  between  a mountain  and  a 
mole-hill,  a river  and  a rill,  an  ocean  and  a fountain. 

That  the  faculty  of  form  cannot  execute  the  function  at- 
tributed to  size,  is  clearly  shown  by  the  fact,  that  there  exists 
no  proportion  between  the  shape  of  an  object  and  its  magni- 
tude or  bulk.  The  configuration  of  certain  things,  may  be 
the  same,  but  their  size  widely  different.  Nature  would  be 
at  fault,  therefore,  did  she  not  endow  man  with  a separate* 
faculty  adapted  to  the  cognizance  of  each  of  these  properties 
of  matter. 

Again,  the  place,  position,  weight,  and  colour  of  objects 
are  conditions  or  properties  each  demanding  a separate  fac- 
ulty of  the  mind  to  judge  of  it. 

Large. — One  having  size  large , will  be  able  to  judge 
very  correctly  of  the  height,  length,  distance,  middle,  centre, 
magnitude,  &c.,  of  objects ; to  determine  with  considerable 
accuracy,  whether  given  points  are  on  a Avater  level ; to 
judge  very  nearly  of  the  weight  of  animals,  men,  and 
other  objects  by  their  size,  ascertained  merely  by  looking  at 
them  ; by  a cast  of  the  eye,  can  readily  determine  about  how 
much  is,  or  can  be,  enclosed  in  a certain  space;  whether  s 
given  thing  is  in  an  exact  perpendicular  or  horizontal  posi- 
tion, and  will,  in  this  \\ray,  always  measure  objects  with  a 
view  to  ascertain  these  and  similar  points;  will  judge  quite 


s iss.  IB 

accurately  m regard  to  the  centre  cf  a circle,  the  size  of  an 
angle,  and  proportion  generally,  &c. 

One  having  size  large,  with  form  and  construct,  large,  will 
have  a very  correct,  mechanical  eye,  by  which  he  will  bs 
often  guided  instead  of  by  measuring-instruments ; with  imitat. 
End  local,  added,  can  draw  by  the  eye  mathematical  and 
other  figures  with  great  accuracy  ; decide  correctly  upon  the 
qualities  of  proportion  and  magnitude,  and  impart  these 
qualities  to  his  diawings  and  mechanical  operations;  and, 
with  weight  added,  is  naturally  a first-rate  marksman,  and 
will  need  comparatively  but  little  practice  to  make  himself 
quite  expert  with  fire-arms,  &c.  In  Col.  Crocket,  these  or- 
gans were  all  developed  in  a remarkable  degree. 

Vf.ry  large. — One  having  size  very  large , will  possess 
the  powers  described  under  the  head  of  size  large,  in  an  ex- 
traordinary degree — be  able  to  form  his  judgment  of  the 
magnitude,  distance,  &c.  of  objects  with  surprising  accuracy, 
and,  as  it  were,  by  intuition ; seldom  need  to  employ  instru- 
ments to  measure  with,  because  he  will  be  able  to  measure 
so  accurately  by  the  eye,  and  calculate  size  correctly  where 
no  instrument  can  be  employed  ; seemingly  without  an  effort, 
will  be  able  to  detect  even  a slight  deviation  from  a hori- 
zontal, a perpendicular,  or  a rectangular  position,  and  be 
greatly  annoyed  by  it ; and  not  only  perform  all  those  func- 
tions described  under  size  large,  but  execute  them  with  as 
tonishing  accuracy  and  facility. 

The  combinations  under  size  large,  will  hold  good  when 
applied  to  size  very  large,  except  that  the  degree  of  the  pow- 
er of  the  organ,  must  be  much  increased. 

Full. — One  having  size  full , will  possess  a respectable 
share  of  the  power  described  under  size  large,  yet  will  not 
be  distinguished  for  this  talent;  will  manifest  a deficiency  of 
this  faculty  only  when  he  is  called  upon  to  measure  either 
long  distances,  or  short  ones  with  considerable  precision ; 
and  possess  a sufficient  share  of  this  power  for  all  ordinary, 
practical  purposes. 

Moderate.-- -One  having  moderate  size,  will  be  able,  by 
practice,  to  measure  short  distances  by  the  eye,  especially 
in  those  things  with  which  he  is  acquainted,  yet  wiil  not  be  at 
all  distinguished  for  his  accuracy  in  doing  it;  find  considerat  e 
difficulty  in  comparing  different  magnitudes,  and  wiil  havg 
but  an  indifferent,  mechanical  eye. 

Small. — One  having  size  small,  will  be  decisively  dei 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


*fif2 

dent  in  the  power  and  qualities  described  under  size  large 
be  very  inaccurate  in  his  judgment  of  distance  and  proper 
tionate  bulk ; and  entirely  fail  in  his  descriptions  and  com- 
parisons of  the  size  of  objects. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  size  large  and 
very  large,  when  reversed , or  read  with  a negative , will  ap- 
ply to  size  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  size  very  small , will  form  ex- 
tremely inadequate  ideas  of  proportionate  size,  and,  indeed, 
of  size  generally,  and  hardly  understand  the  meaning  of  the 
term. 

Location. — Size  is  located  at  the  internal  termination  of 
the  eyebrows,  and  develops  itself  on  the  two  sides  of  the  root 
of  the  nose.  When  it  is  large,  it  causes  the  internal  portion 
cf  the  eyebrow  to  project , or  shelve,  over  the  internal  portion 
of  the  eye  nearly  an  inch  ; but,  when  moderate  or  small,  it 
*s  nearly  perpendicular  from  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye  to 
hat  of  the  eyebrow.  By  inserting  the  thumb  into  the  angle 
formed  by  the  arch  of  the  eye  and  the  nose,  when  the  organ 
is  large  or  very  large,  and  weight  only  moderate,  a protu- 
berance will  easily  be  observed,  in  shape  somewhat  resem- 
bling a bean. 


27.  WEIGHT. 

Intuitive  perception  and  application  of  the  principles  oj 
specifick  gravity — ability  to  judge  of  the  force  and  resist- 
ance of  bodies , and  of  equilibrium — to  preserve  the  cen- 
tre of  gravity , Spc. 

The  whole  physical  world  (including  man,  of  course)  is 
under  the  influence  of  the  laws  of  attraction  or  gravitation. 
By  their  all -pervading  influence,  these  laws  bind  together 
the  whole  material  universe.  They  hold  the  sun,  the  moon, 
the  stars,  and  the  planets  in  their  orbits  as  they  perform  their 
respective  journeys  through  the  trackless  fields  of  space ; 
cause  the  winds  to  blow,  the  waters  to  flow,  the  seasons  tc 
return,  and  chain  to  the  earth  all  things  that  rest  upon  its 
surface.  They  also  bind  together  those  innumerable  parti- 
cles of  matter  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  all  the 
different  material  substances  that  exist ; and  but  for  their  op- 
eration, these  various  particles  of  matter  which  compose  the 
universe,  could  never  have  been  held  together  for  a moment, 


WEIGHT. 


193 


mil  must  have  been  promiscuously  scatterec  and  afloat 
throughout  the  illimitable  tracts  of  immensity.  But  for  the 
operation  of  these  laws,  the  earth  would  still  be  '*  without 
form  and  void,”  and  no  animate  or  inanimate  thing  would 
have  existence. 

By  some  philosophical  writers,  a distinction  has  been 
made  between  the  attraction  of  cohesion , and  the  attraction 
of  gravitation;  but,  unless  it  can  clearly  be  shown,  that, 
there  is  a difference  between  that  primary  power  which 
brings  the  particles  of  matter  together,  and  that  which  h^lds 
tnern  together,  this  distinction  between  the  two  kinds  of  at- 
traction, will  prove  a distinction  without  a difference,  and, 
consequently,  not  a proper  one.  Can  such  a difference  bo 
shown  ? or  can  it  be  shown,  that  the  principle  or  power 
which  brings  together  the  larger  masses  of  matter,  differs 
from  that  which  binds  together  the  particles  of  the  smaller 
masses  ? 

The  object  of  these  remarks,  however,  is  not  so  much  to 
prove,  or  disprove,  a difference  between  the  laws  of  cohesion 
and  the  laws  of  gravitation,  as  to  throw  out  the  general  idea, 
that  for  every  set  of  laws  in  nature,  and  their  accompanying 
phenomena,  with  which  man  has  to  do,  he  requires  a distinct 
faculty  of  the  mind,  adapting  him  to  these  laws  and  phenom- 
ena;  and  that,  therefore,  if  the  attraction  of  cohesion  is  gov- 
erned by  one  set  of  principles,  and  the  attraction  of  gravita- 
tion, by  another,  each  of  these  sets  requires  a separate  faculty 
of  the  mind. 

The  faculty  of  weight  has  to  do,  mainly,  with  those  prin- 
ciples which  relate  to  the  specifick  gravity  of  bodies,  in 
judging  of  the  consistency,  density,  softness,  hardness,  light- 
ness, and  heaviness  or  resistance  of  bodies — qualities  which 
cannot  be  decided  upon  by  the  mere  sense  of  feeling  or  touch. 

Large. — One  having  weight  large , will  seldom  lose  his 
balance,  even  in  difficult  positions,  and  the  instant  he  has 
k)jt  the  centre  of  gravity,  be  warned  by  this  faculty,  and  di- 
rected to  the  muscular  effort  requisite  to  regain  it;  seldom 
slip  or  fall,  readily  adapt  himself  to  the  laws  of  specifick 
gravity  generally,  and  apply  them  „o  the  accomplishment  of 
his  designs;  can  sling  a stone,  pitch  a quoit,  &c.,  very  near 
the  mark;  will  naturally  and  intuitively  understand  the  laws 
of  momentum,  staticks,  and  resistance;  if  much  accustomed 
tf  riding  m horseback,  can  be  thrown  offiy  with  great  diffi- 
.ally;  wi  ’1  easily  learn  to  skate,  and  take  great  delight  in 
9 


194 


P'JRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE!?. 


the  exeicise.  and  seldom  fall  upon  the  ice;  witn  grem 
ease,  can  balance  things  which  those  v ith  weight  small,  can 
not,  and  perforin  other  feats  of  a similar  nature  with  appa* 
rent  ease  and  intuition  ; will  walk  upon  a pole  or  a spa? 
stretched  across  a stream,  the  frame  of  a building,  a fence 
& c.,  without  failing,  or  fearing  to  fall,  especially  if  self-e.  is 
large  ; and,  with  construct.,  form,  and  cans,  large  or  very  large, 
will  intuitively  understand  the  power  and  the  principles  of 
machinery,  and  skilfully  apply  them  to  effect  mechanical  op- 
erations ; is  capable  of  becoming  a good  machinist,  and,  writh 
large  or  very  large  size,  individ.,  local.,  and  calcu.  added,  a 
first-ra.a  engineer,  or  superintendent  of  machinery;  can,  at 
once,  comprehend  and  apply  the  principles  of  hydraulicks, 
hydrostaticks,  pneumaticks,  &c.,  and  judge  of  powers  and 
projectile  forces  with  uncommon  facility  and  accuracy. 

Very  large. — One  having  very  large  weight,  will  pos- 
sess the  powers  described  under  weight  large,  but  in  a much 
higher  degree,  so  much  so  as  to  stand  out  alone,  and  excite 
the  astonishment  of  those  who  witness  his  skill : — and  all 
this  he  will  be  able  to  do  seemingly  by  intuition,  and  with- 
out effort. 

Full. — One  having  weight  full , will  apply  the  principles 
of  weight,  balancing,  equilibrium,  and  resistance,  with  sufR 
cient  facility  and  correctness  to  get  along  with  the  ordinary 
business  of  life,  but  will  not  be  remarkable  for  this  quality; 
aided  by  considerable  practice,  may  possess  those  powers 
described  under  the  head  of  weight  large,  yet  they  will  be 
the  result  of  practice  more  than  of  nature , &c. 

Moderate. — One  having  weight  moderate , where  only  a 
moderate  share  of  tnis  faculty  is  required,  as  in  the  case  of 
walking,  running,  &c.,  may  manifest  little,  if  any,  deficiency 
in  this  respect,  yet  will  not  possess  those  powers  described 
under  the  head  of  weight  large ; will  be  liable  occasionally 
to  lose  his  balance,  to  stumble,  and,  perhaps,  fall,  and  to  be 
thrown  from  a skittish  horse ; to  experience  dizziness,  espe- 
cially over  running  water,  or  from  heights  ; will  not  be 
able  to  throw  a quoit,  stone,  or  other  missile,  just  high  enough, 
or  low  enough,  just  far  enough  to  the  right  or  left,  and  with  ex- 
actly momentum  enough  to  hit  the  mark,  &c.  One  having 
weight  moderate,  with  large  or  very  large  imitat.,  form,  and 
construct.,  will  be  able  to  use  tools  with  great  skill,  yet  will  be 
no  machinist , and  will  not  readily  and  intuitively  understand 
the  operation  and  the  powers  of  machinery,  &c.  The  protabib 


jcloue. 


195 


fry  is,  that  shootit.g  running  or  flying  game,  depends  more 
upon  weight  than  upon  an}<  other  faculty. 

Small.— One  having  small  weight,  will  be  decisively  de- 
ficient in  those  qualities  described  under  weight  large  and 
very  large ; can  be  easily  thrown  from  his  balance,  or  from 
a horse ; frequently  stumbles,  and,  with  large  or  very  large 
cautious.,  will  fear  to  trust  himself  where  he  is  liable  to  fall, 
because  he  will  feel  unsafe,  &c. 

Very  small. — One  having  weight  very  small , will  bo 
extremely  deficient  in  all  those  functions  which  belong  to 
this  faculty,  and  be  liable  to  be  thrown  to  the  earth  by  slight 
causes. 

Location. — Weight  is  located  adjoining  to  size,  and  a 
little  internally  from  the  middle  of  the  arch  of  the  eye.  It 
is  generally  moderate  or  small  in  the  American  head. 

28.  COLOUR. 

Ability  to  perceive  and  recollect  the  various  colours  cf  oh • 

jects,  to  compare  them , and  judge  of  the  harmony  or  dis- 
cord of  their  dijferent  shades  when  mingled. 

In  speaking  of  vision,  it  was  remarked,  that  the  eye  could 
perceive  the  rays  of  light,  and  be  agreeably  or  disagreeably 
t fleeted  by  their  various  modifications  or  colours,  but,  that 
an  ability  to  conceive  the  relations  of  colours,  and  compare 
them,  to  judge  of  their  harmony  or  discord,  and  remember 
their  teints,  must  depend  upon  another  faculty  of  the  mind; 
otherwise,  all  painters  who  possess  equally  good  eyesight, 
and  who  have  had  the  same  amount  of  practice,  would  be 
equally  happy  in  colouring:  but  this  is  by  no  means  the 
case. 

The  organ  of  colour  is  larger  and  more  active  in  women 
than  in  men,  and  in  some  nations,  and  some  individuals,  than 
in  others.  Indeed,  the  authors  have  seen  many  persons  who 
were  possessed  of  excellent  powers  of  vision,  but  who  were 
utterly  incapable  of  distinguishing  (except  black  and  white) 
one  colour  from  another.  Many  other  similar  cases  are  a.so 
on  record — all  of  which  go  to  prove,  that  natu  e,  in  perfect- 
ing her  own  handiwork,  has  seen  fit  to  bestow  upon  the  hu- 
man mind,  a primary  faculty  whose  sole  function  it  is  to  per- 
ceive, and  judge  of,  colours. 

Large. — One  having  colour  large , will  readily  notice 
and  remember,  and  be  able  to  compare,  different  colours,  and 


i96 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


even  their  various  shades  and  teints ; will  often  notice  ihs 
coioi  r of  a person’s  eyes,  dress,  hair,  &c. , manifest  uncom- 
mon  taste  and  skill  ii?  selecting,  arranging,  comparing,  and 
mingling  colours,  and,  as  far  as  a natural  talent  for  applying 
them  is  concerned,  he  will  excel:  with  large  or  very  large 
ideal.,  will  be  highly  delighted  with  splendid  paintings  both 
as  regards  their  colours  and  the  composition,  or  imagination 
and  taste  displayed  in  them,  and,  with  large  form  and  imitat., 
can  easily  learn  to  paint,  and  that  with  uncommon  skill ; and, 
with  very  large  form,  size,  imitat.,  and  construct.,  aided  by 
practice,  may  be  an  excellent  portrait  or  miniature  paintei ; 
and,  in  examining  and  purchasing  articles  of  dress,  furniture, 
&c.  will  have  a particular  reference  to  their  colour . 

Very  large. — One  having  colour  very  large , notices  the 
colour  of  objects  as  soon  as  he  does  any  other  quality,  and 
recollects  it  as  long;  is  a natural  and  original  colourist,  and 
capable  of  painting  with  extraordinary  skill  and  facility* 
with  compar.  and  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  is  a first-rate 
judge  and  critick  of  colours,  and  has  a passionate  fondness  for 
employing  the  pencil  or  brush;  and  is  highly  delighted  with 
rich  and  lively  colours:  with  caus.  only  full,  and  approbat., 
individ.,  and  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  excessively 
fond  of  gayly  coloured  and  gaudy  articles  of  dress  and  furni- 
ture, and  even  run  into  extravagance  in  this  respect:  wi  ii 
very  large  form,  and  large  or  very  large  ideal,  construct., 
imitat.,  size,  order,  and  individ.,  is  capable  of  becoming  a 
portrait  painter  of  the  first  class,  and,  with  event,  and  com- 
par. also  large,  a historical  painter;  of  using  the  brush 
with  wonderful  effect;  and  of  transferring  to  canvass  both 
the  conceptions  of  his  imagination,  and  real  characters. 

Full. — One  having  colour  full,  by  considerable  practice, 
will  be  able  to  distinguish  colours  readily  and  accurately,  yel 
this  talent  will  be  the  product  of  art  more  than  of  nature,  or, 
rather,  of  nature  greatly  improved  by  culture;  will  notice 
colours  that  are  striking,  or  that  are  very  well  or  very  ili  ar- 
ranged, yet  will  seldom  pay  much  attention  to  those  that  are 
ordinary : with  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  may  display  much 
taste  and  good  judgment  in  mingling  and  arranging  colours, 
and,  with  imitat.  large,  be  able  to  learn  to  paint  well,  yet  the 
mere  colouring  will  form  a less  important  feature  in  his  pro- 
ductions; will  gaze  with  enthusiasm  upon  a splendid  paint- 
ing,  but  will  be  more  interested  in  the  imagination  and  taste 
displayed  in  it,  than  in  the  mere  colouring  ; but,  with  idesi 


COLOUR. 


197 


moderate,  will  not  be  at  al  partial  to  pictures  or  paintings 
and  only  an  indifferent  judge  of  colours. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  colour,  will  not  take 
much  interest  in  colours,  unless  something  special  calls  his 
attention  to  them,  and  will  seldom  notice  or  recollect  them ; 
can  seldom  describe  persons  by  the  colour  of  their  eyes, 
dress,  &c. ; and  can  learn  to  select  and  match  colours  only 
with  considerable  practice  and  effort:  with  ideal,  large  oi 
very  large,  though  he  maybe  highly  delighted  with  splendid 
paintings,  will  generally  be  more  gratified  with  some  of  their 
other  qualities  and  beauties,  than  with  the  mere  arrangement 
of  their  colours  ; may  distinguish  one  colour  from  another,  but 
will  not  be  able  to  distinguish  their  nicer  shades  and  teints. 

Small. — One  having  small  colour,  will  very  seldom  no- 
tice the  colour  of  people’s  eyes  or  hair,  or  of  any  article  of 
their  dress,  and  even  though  familiar  with  them,  will  be  unable 
to  describe  them  by  these  indications;  will  seldom  notice,  or 
take  any  interest  in,  colours,  regarding  them  all  as  amount- 
ing to  about  the  same  thing;  will  find  great  difficulty  in  dis- 
tinguishing their  different  shades,  and,  perhaps,  between  the 
different  primary  colours;  occasionally  mistake  one  for  an- 
other, and  be  comparatively  insensible  to  the  beauty  produced 
by  the  arrangement  and  blending  of  different  colours. 

The  additional  combinations  and  descriptions  of  colou) 
small,  may  be  inferred  from  those  under  colour  large  or  very 
'arge,  reversed , or  read  with  the  addition  of  a negative. 

Very  small. — One  having  colour  very  small , even 
though  his  eyesight  and  his  ability  to  distinguish  form  and 
other  qualities  of  objects,  may  be  excellent,  will  be  able  to 
form  little  or  no  idea  even  of  the  primary  colours,  and,  much 
less,  of  their  shades ; can  perceive  very  little,  if  any,  differ- 
ence between  the  colours  of  different  cloths,  or  even  those  of 
the  prism  or  rainbow,  as  an  indistinct,  whitish  appearance 
will  seem  to  him  to  characterize  the  whole ; and  can  distin- 
guish between  those  objects  only  that  are  black  or  white,  of 
bordering  upon  this  appearance. 

Location. — Colour  is  located  under  the  arch  of  the  eye- 
brow, a little  externally  from  the  middle,  and  between  tha 
organs  of  weight  and  order.  In  ascertaining  it,  there  is 
occasionally  some  difficulty  in  consequence  of  the  thickness 
ef  the  bone  that  covers  it. 


198 


PHRENOLOGY  LLUSTRATEB. 


29.  ORDER. 

Syst  :m  —si  nse  of  physical  arrangement — • desire  to 
things  in  their  places. 

“ Order  is  heaven’s  first  law.”  As  far  as  our  feeble  power* 
are  capable  of  ascertaining,  the  whole  universe  is  found  to 
be  a perfect  system  of  things.  Perfection  of  arrangement 
and  perfect  order  characterize  every  part  of  it,  the  most  mi* 
nute  details  not  excepted.  In  the  marshalling  of  “the  heav- 
enly hosts,”  and  appointing  to  each  its  time  and  place,  in 
limiting  the  growth  of  the  various  kinds  cf  vegetation  to  differ- 
ent portions  of  the  earth’s  surface,  in  the  arrangement  and 
structure  of  the  constituent  parts  of  even  a flower,  in  the 
formation  of  every  portion  of  the  human  body,  the  system- 
atick  order  displayed,  is  wonderful  and  perfect.  In  short, 
throughout  the  whole  kingdom  of  nature,  every  thing  has 
assigned  to  it  a particular  place , and  can  be  expelled  from 
that  place  only  by  doing  violence  to  the  system  of  nature. 

Can  we  suppose,  then,  that  the  infinitely  wise  Architect 
of  the  universe,  would,  institute  such  a harmonious  and 
beautiful  arrangement,  without  adapting  man  to  it  by  creating 
in  him  an  ability  both  to  appreciate  and  practise  it?  Indeed, 
vve  are  conscious  of  possessing,  to  a great  extent,  a delight 
in  order,  and  a desire  to  practise  it. 

This,  then,  brings  us  ic  ffie  inquiry,  whether  this  class  of 
functions  is  exercised  by  a faculty  devoted  exclusively  to 
this  office  or  not.  The  obvious  answer  is,  that,  inasmuch 
as  the  other  classes  of  the  mental  functions,  are  each  per- 
formed by  as  many  separate  and  innate  mental  powers,  this 
class  is  also  exercised  by  a distinct,  primary  faculty. 

This  faculty  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  logical  arrange- 
ment of  ideas , (if  we  except  the  physical  signs  employed  to 
express  them,)  the  structure  of  an  argument,  or  the  taste  dis- 
played in  expression ; nor  does  it  singly  produce  taste  in 
dress.  At  a recent,  publick  examination,  one  of  the  authors 
observed  of  an  individual,  that  he  was  remarkable  for  his 
order  and  arrangement,  but  defective  in  taste  and  niceness : 
and  this  proved  to  be  the  fact.  He  also  knows  a lady  who 
is  uncommonly  neat  and  tidy  in  her  dress,  and  one  of  the 
nicest  of  housekeepers,  and  yet  she  possesses  only  moderate 
order,  is  often  troubled  to  find  her  needle,  thread,  gloves,  &c. 
Such  instances  are  even  quite  common — the  first  kind  being 


ORDE£. 


199 


ftcct»*n pained  with  only  moderate  ideal,  and  the  last,  with 
this  organ  large  or  very  large. 

I iArge. — One  having  order  large , with  local  large  01 
very  large,  will  have  a particular  place  for  every  tiling,  and 
every  thing  in  its  pla:e;  instead  of  leaving  his  tools,  books, 
papers,  clothes,  and  whatever  he  has  occasion  to  use,  where 
it  happens,  he  will  return  them  to  their  respective  places; 
ean  readily  find  what  he  wishes,  provided  it  has  not  been 
disarranged  by  others ; will  be  systematic^  in  his  business  ; 
not  only  precise  himself  to  keep  things  in  place,  but  partic- 
ular to  have  those  under  him,  do  the  same ; and,  with  ideal 
also  large,  be  exceedingly  annoyed  by  disorder,  and  thus 
possess  an  indispensable  requisite  for  regularity,  correctness, 
and  despatch  in  whatever  he  undertakes. 

One  having  large  order,  with  large  combat,  and  destruct., 
will  be  rendered  as  impatient  Lid  as  angry  by  disorder,  as 
by  almost  any  thing  else,  and  thus  manifest  much  more  pee- 
vishness of  disposition,  and  appear  more  passionate  and 
harsh,  than  he  otherwise  would : with  ideal,  large,  will  be 
always  cleanly,  and  tidy,  and  very  nice  and  particular  abou 
his  person ; greatly  annoyed  by  a rent  in  his  garments,  or  a 
spot  upon  them,  or  by  their  being  soiled,  not  clean,  or  their  fit- 
ting badly ; by  a long  beard,  disordered  hair,  or  a dirty  or  disor 
dered  room ; or  by  any  thing  irregular,  contracted,  or  broken, 
even  though  it  may  have  been  repaired,  &c.,  and  will  often 
overdo  in  order  to  serve  this  faculty;  and,  with  ideal,  very 
large,  will  be  even  fastidious  in  these  respects,  and  take 
many  an  unnecessary  step  on  this  account;  but,  with  ideal, 
only  moderate,  though  he  maybe  systematick,and  have  a place 
for  every  thing,  and  every  thing  in  its  place,  and  always  able 
to  lay  his  hand  on  such  things  as  he  uses,  and  about  as  quick 
in  the  dark  as  in  the  light,  yet  will  be  neither  nice  nor  par- 
ticular in  his  personal  appearance ; will,  perhaps,  seem  to 
others  to  have  his  things  in  utter  confusion,  and  yet,  what 
wLl  appear  disorder  to  them,  will  be  order  to  him : with  time 
large,  will  fulfil  his  appointments  punctually,  and  have  a 
time,  as  well  as  a place,  for  every  thing. 

Very  large. — One  having  order  very  large , will  know 
just  where  to  lay  his  hand,  both  in  the  dark  and  in  the  light, 
upon  any  article  he  wishes  to  use,  provided  no  one  has  dis 
placed  it;  when  he  puts  off  his  clothes,  or  has  done  using  his 
things,  he  lays  them  away  in  the  particular  places  assigned 

&em  * in  a ! he  does,  is  perfectly  system aticli  and  precise 


200 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


and,  in  the  matter  of  order,  is  what  is  termed  “ old-maidish* 
instantly  notices  the  least  disarrangement,  and  is  annoyed  be« 
yond  measure,  if  not  rendered  perfectly  miserable,  by  com 
fusion,  disorder,  &c. 

3ne  having  order  very  large,  with  adhes.  large  or  very 
large,  will  love  the  company  of  his  friends  sincerely,  but  bs 
so  much  disturbed  by  one -thing  and  another  about  their  per- 
son, their  furniture,  house,  &c.,  and  by  the  disarrangement 
they  cause  him,  that  he  will  almost  dread  to  visit,  or  receive 
a visit  from,  them,  and,  on  this  account,  frequently  feel  vexed 
at  those  he  really  loves ; in  the  selection  of  his  friends,  will 
have  a special  reference  to  this  quality  in  them,  and  be  unable 
to  endure  the  company  of  the  slovenly  or  the  negligent: 
with  combat,  and  destruct.  large,  will  frequently  be  angry  at 
those  who  leave  things  out  of  their  places, and  severely  rep- 
rimand, and  even  scold,  iuj n,  though  they  may  be  his  best 
friends;  and.  with  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  so  extreme- 
ly fastidious  and  over  nice  as  to  cause  a great  deal  of  trouble 
to  those  around  him,  and  be  even  a trouble  to  himself  and  a 
slave  to  this  faculty;  and.  to  gratify  it,  will  frequently  do 
much  more  than  there  is  any  need  of  doing,  or  than  his 
strength  will  bear  * and,  if  a woman,  will  scrub  her  finger- 
nails off,  and  the  nail-heads  from  her  floors;  worry  her  ser- 
vants to  death  : scour  the  nzunt  off  the  ceilings  and  mould- 
ings, the  silver  off  the  door-knob  and  knocker,  the  brass  ofl 
the  andirons,  the  tin  from  her  pans  and  the  hoops  from  her 
churn;  arid  still  scrub  and  wash,  and  wash  and  scrub,  till 
she  scrubs  the  patience  out  o t her  husband,  and  washes  the 
threads  out  of  his  lwen. 

The  descriptions  and  combination?  which  apply  to  order 
large,  modified  by  an  increase  of  ord*s  will  apply  to  order 
very  large. 

Full. — One  having  order  full , will  be  pleased  with  ar 
rangement,  and,  if  brought  up  to  habits  '4  system  and  order, 
will  seem  to  possess  a high  endowment  of  the  oualities  de- 
scribed under  order  large,  yet  much  will  depend  upon  his 
education  and  his  ideal. ; will  possess  enough  of  this  faculty 
to  get  a.ong  well  in  business,  yet  not  enough  to  ni? hp.  him 
fastidious,  or  cause  him  to  make  any  great  sacrifice-*  upon 
this  account ; and  generally  preserve  order,  partlv  frrrn  an 
innate  love  of  it,  and  partly  from  the  necessity  and  W 'it* 
of  it 


GRSE2*. 


The  combinations  tinder  order  large,  modified  by  a div>* 
nuiion  of  the  power  of  order,  will  appl)  to  order  full. 

Moderate. — One  having  order  moderate , though,  per 
haps,  a little  disturbed  by  disorder,  and  rather  fond  of  seeing 
things  in  place,  will  not  possess  enough  of  this  faculty  to 
prompt  him  to  much  effort  in  order  to  keep  them  properly 
arranged,  will  generally  leave  his  things  at  loose  ends;  be 
less  systematick  in  his  business  than  would  be  to  hisadvan 
tage;  may  preserve  something  like  system  and  arrangement 
in  his  affairs,  but  will  do  so  more  from  the  necessity,  than 
the  love , of  them : with  ideal,  large  or  very  large,  though  he 
will  be  neat  and  nice  in  his  person,  dress,  &c.,  will  leave 
things  where  it  will  trouble  him  to  find  them,  often  forget 
where  they  are,  and  manifest  taste  and  cleanliness  without 
system  or  arrangement : with  self-e.,  combat.,  and  destruct. 
large  or  very  large,  will  possess  enough  of  this  faculty  to 
command  others  to  preserve  order,  and  will  even  scold  them 
for  allowing  disorder,  but  will  not  keep  things  in  order  hirm 
self,  and,  perhaps,  disarrange  the  things  of  others,  as  web 
as  his  own. 

Small. — One  having  order  small , will  be  apt  to  leave 
things  where  he  happens  to  use  them,  or  anywhere  else, 
either  in,  or  out  of,  their  proper  places,  and,  consequently,  be 
greatly  troubled  to  find  them  again  when  he  wants  them, 
thus  subjecting  himself  to  much  inconvenience  and  delay; 
will  operate  without  system,  and,  of  course,  without  despatch, 
and  thus  consume  much  time  in  accomplishing  but  little; 
but,  notwithstanding,  will  fail  to  amend,  or  to  feel  troubled 
with  disorder,  or  to  appreciate  the  importance  of  order  and 
system;  and,  with  time  only  moderate,  will  seldom  appor- 
tion  his  time  to  specifick  objects,  and  generally  be  behind- 
hand in  fulfilling  his  engagements,  plans,  and  appointments. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  order  large  and 
very  large,  reversed , will  apply  to  order  small. 

Verv  small. — One  having  order  very  small , will  be  al 
most  insensible  to  the  beauty  and  utility  of  systematick  ar 
yangement ; will  scarcely  notice  the  difference  between  orclei 
and  disorder,  and  leave  whatever  he  may  have  occasion  t«$ 
use,  scattered  about  in  utter  confusion. 

Location. — Order  is  located  under  the  arch  of  the  eyebroWj 
at  the  external  corner  of  the  eye,  and  beneath  the  origin  of 
the  superciliary  ridge.  When  it  is  large  or  very  large,  the 
eaternal  angle  of  the  -ower  portion  of  the  forehead,  appears 
9* 


202 


PHRENOLOG  ILLUSTRATED. 


projectingand  full,  the  eyebrow,  at  the  union  of  the  temporal 
ridge,  arched  and  elongated,  and  sometimes  sharp;  but, 
when  it  is  moderate  or  small,  the  external  portion  of  the  eye* 
trow  will  appear  straight  and  shortened.  The  thickness  cf 
\he  bone  in  this  portion,  increased  by  the  temporal  ridge, 
causes  an  occasional  mistake  in  deciding  upon  the  size  of 
this  organ. 

30.  CALCULATION. 

Intuitive  ‘perception  of  the  relations  of  numbers  and  prt 

portions — ability  to  reckon  figures  in  the  head — numerical 

computation — numeration — mental  arithmetic . 

In  addition  to  the  other  qualities  and  conditions  of  things 
which  exist  in  nature,  we  naturally  attach  to  them  numerical 
relations,  such  as  are  denoted  by  numbering  them  with  the 
signs  one,  two,  three,  and  so  on ; adding  them  together ; as 
four  and  three  make  seven  ; multiplying  them ; as  four  times 
three  are  twelve,  &c. : and,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating 
such  calculations,  mankind  have  instituted  arbitrary  signs, 
by  combining  which,  in  various  ways,  they  are  enabled  to 
express  these  numbers  with  great  accuracy  and  brevity 
Since,  then,  these  relations  expressed  by  numbers,  actually 
exist  in  nature,  it  is  a fair  induction  to  suppose,  that  the  hu- 
man mind  requires  a primary  faculty  the  sole  function  of 
which  is  to  comprehend  them,  and  apply  them  to  the  prac- 
tical purposes  of  life. 

That  the  mental  faculty  which  perceives,  comprehends, 
and  applies  these  numerical  principles,  is  intuitive,  and  de- 
voted exclusively  to  this  class  of  functions,  is  moreover  evi- 
lent  from  the  fact,  that  extraordinary,  calculating  powers,  are 
Dften  found  to  be  possessed  by  individuals  whose  talents,  in  other 
respects,  are  quite  ordinary ; whilst,  on  the  contrary,  men  of 
extraordinary  reasoning  and  other  faculties,  are  frequently 
found  to  be  deficient  in  their  computing  powers.  Many 
striking  cases  of  both  kinds  have  fallen  under  the  observa 
tion  of  the  authors,  some  of  which  will  be  stated  in  the 
chapter  upon  facts. 

LARGE.~One  having  calcu.  large,  will  be  quick  to  compute 
figures,  and  be  able  to  perform  numerical  and  arithmetical 
calculations,  even  in  his  head,  with  accuracy,  facility,  and 
despatch,  and  will  delight  in  the  study  of  figures,  and 
ca  expert  accountant. 


CALCULATION. 


203 


Out;  having  calcu  large,  with  cans,  and  eompar.  also 
}&rge,  will  be  able  to  seize  even  the  abstract  relations  of  num- 
bers with  intuitive  ease,  and  to  solve  difficult  problems  in  his 
head;  as  well  as  on  the  slate,  f nd  will  succeed  well  in  the 
higher  branches  of  arithmeiick  and  mathematicks  ; be  quick 
to  detect  errours  in  the  calculations  of  others,  but  seldom 
make  them  himself,  and  excel  both  in  the  reasoning,  and  the 
figuring,  parts  of  arithmetick ; and  be  able  to  study  with 
success,  the  higher  branches  of  mathematicks ; with  large 
order  individ.,  event,  and  imitat.  added,  is  capable  of  be- 
coming a good  accountant  and  book  keeper,  and  of  casting 
op  accounts  in  bis  head,  which  others  would  be  obliged  to 
do  upon  the  slate;  and,  with  local,  and  construct,  added,  will 
possess  all  the  natural  talents  requisite  for  the  study  of  sur- 
veying, geometry,  algebra,  mensuration,  navigation,  astron- 
omy, conick  sections,  &c. ; will  be  deeply  interested,  and 
grea*  <y  delighted,  in  studies  of  this  description ; possess  a 
remeckable  talent  for  prosecuting  and  practising  them;  and 
be  a natural  mathematician  : with  caus.  only  moderate,  and 
indmd.,  local.,  and  form  large,  though  he  maybe  good  in 
arithrr  etick,  and  quick  in  figures , will  be  poor  in  the  higher 
branches  of  mathematicks. 

Very  large. — One  having  calcu.  very  large , will  intui- 
tively comprehend,  and  be  able,  at  once,  to  solve,  almost  any 
arithmetical  problem  proposed  ; go  through  with  difficult 
ana  abstruse  arithmetical  problems  with  great  ease  and  perfect 
correctness  ; cast  up  accounts,  even  though  they  may  consist 
of  several  columns  of  figures,  and  substract,  divide,  and 
multiply  with  several  figures  at  a time ; calculate  chiefly  in 
his  head  without  a pen  or  pencil,  and  even  without  the  aid 
of  rules  ; seize,  by  intuition,  and  with  perfect  certainty,  upon 
his  conclusions,  and  be  impatient  at  the  errours  and  dulness 
of  those  with  only  moderate  calcu. : with  caus.,  eompar.,  indi- 
vid.. form,  size,  and  local,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  a natural 
mathematician  of  the  first  order,  and  be  unrivalled  for  his 
mathemrticai  and  astronomical  powers;  can  solve,  in  his  head, 
the  most  abstruse  questions  even  in  the  higher  branches  of 
mathematicks,  and  will  be  passionately  fond  of  these  stuc- 
ies ; can  perform,  with  wonderful  ease,  both  the  figuring,  and 
the  reasoning,  parts  of  these  studies,  and  will  excel  both  in 
the  principles  and  the  details  of  mathematical  science ; be 
great  in  the  demonstrations,  and  in  the  principles  involved, 
«nd,  with  marvel,  moderate  or  small,  believe  nothing  which 


204 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


he  cannot,  see,  or  see  mathematically  demonstrated:  with 
these  last-named  organs  only  moderate  or  full,  may  be,  like 
Zera  Colburn,  unrivalled  in  his  arithmetical  or  calculating 
powers,  and  readily  solve  all  numerical  questions  propounded 
to  him ; yet  wf.l  be  unskilful  in  those  branches  of  \he  math’ 
ematicks  which  demand  the  higher  powers  of  reason  and  of 
thought,  &c. 

Full. — One  having  full  calcu.,  though  he  may  be  re 
spectable,  will  not  be  extraordinary,  for  his  quickness  and 
correctness  in  performing  numerical  calculations;  and, 
though  practice  may  make  him  rather  expert  in  the  ordinary 
routine  of  calculations,  yet  he  will  not  succeed  remarkably 
well  out  of  this  line;  will  not  be  able  intuitively  to  grasp 
the  results  of  complicated  sums  or  problems ; may  succeed 
in  the  pursuit  of  arithmetick,  but  will  be  obliged  to  study  m 
order  to  succeed  well;  and,  with  a high  degree  of  culture* 
may  become,  not  only  expert,  but  even  eminent,  as  an  arith- 
metician and  accountant. 

The  influence  of  calcu.  full  in  combination,  may  be  infer- 
red from  the  combinations  under  calcu.  large  and  very  large* 
modified  by  a diminution  of  the  influence  of  this  faculty. 

Moderate. — One  having  calcu.  moderate , from  habit  a»t 
much  practice,,  may,  perhaps,  become  respectable  as  an  ac 
eountant,  and  in  arithmetical  calculations  generally,  yet  wil 
not  readily  come  at  the  result  of  new  and  abstruse  questions: 
be  obliged  to  perform  his  calculations  with  his  pen  or  penci. 
in  his  hand,  and  progress  slowly  and  carefully,  aid  then 
make  an  occasional  mistake ; and,  upon  the  whole,  will  dislike 
numerical  calculations  and  the  study  of  arithmetick:  with 
very  large  caus.  and  compar.,  though  he  may  be  highly  de- 
lighted with  the  reasonings  and  the  demonstrations  contained 
in  the  mathematicks,  will  be  by  no  means  partial  to  the  mere 
figuring  part,  and  will  make  his  numerical  calculations 
chiefly  by  the  help  of  reason,  and  the  cause  and  effect  by 
which  they  are  governed ; though  he  can  at  once  see  the 
force  and  application  of  the  rules,  and  comprehend  the  prin- 
ciples of  arithmetick  and  of  mathematical  science  generally, 
wall  consider  figures  rather  a drudgery  than  a delight ; w ith 
large  or  very  large  individ.,  form,  size,  local.,  imitat,  anti 
construct,  added,  will  be  naturally  a first-rate  mathematician 
but  a poor  arithmetician  ; be  passionately  fond  cf  the  studj 
of  geometry,  surveying,  mensuration,  havigation,  astronomy 
&c.t  in  case  his  attentior  be  called  to  them,  and  caps 


LOCALITY. 


205 


cie  of  excelling  m them,  yet,  in  every  thing  in  figures  dis- 
connected with  reason  and  demonstration , his  talents  will  be 
inferiour. 

Small.- — One  having  calcu.  small , will  have  a strong 
aversion  to  figures;  succeed  in  them  but  poorly,  and  do  that 
only  with  great  labour ; be  slow,  and  often  incorrect,  in  cast- 
ing up  accounts ; can  add,  substract,  divide,  and  multiply, 
only  by  rule , and  with  his  pen  or  pencil  in  his  hand;  and, 
though  he  may  go  through  a mechanical  course  of  arith- 
metical calculations,  will  not  advance  rapidly,  nor  without 
great  effort.  One  having  calcu.  small,  with  large  or  very 
large  individ.,  event.,  lang.,  ideal,  and  compar.,  and  caus, 
only  full,  will  be  exceedingly  fond  of  reading,  of  poetry,  of 
works  of  fiction,  and  of  polite  literature,  and,  with  large  or 
very  large  form,  size,  and  local,  added,  of  the  study  of  natu- 
ral history,  geography,  botany,  chymistry,  &c.,  yet  dislike 
arithmetick  exceedingly. 

Very  small. — One  having  very  small  calcu.,  will  be  un- 
able to  perceive  numerical  relations,  or  even  to  perform  sim- 
ple, arithmetical  calculations ; will  find  extreme  difficulty 
even  in  common  adding  and  substracting,  multiplying  and 
dividing,  and  be  almost  unable  to  count. 

Location.— Calcu.  is  located  externally  from  order,  and 
a little  lower,  at  the  external  termination  of  the  arch  of  the 
eye. 

31.  LOCALITY. 

Cognizance  of  the  relative  position  of  objects — recollection 
of  the  looks  of  places — knowledge  of  the  geographical 
position  of  things , the  points  of  the  compass , cfc. 

Location,  or  relative  position,  like  form  and  size,  enters 
into  the  constitution  of  things.  That  a material  substance 
should  exist  without  any  location,  or  relative  position  with 
respect  to  other  things,  is  both  inconceivable  and  impossible. 
Hence  the  necessity  of  some  faculty  the  exclusive  function 
of  which  is  to  perceive  and  apply  this  property  to  the  objects 
of  the  physical  world;  and  the  same  train  of  argument 
which  proves  that  form,  size,  weight,  or  any  of  the  other 
faculties,  is  a separate  power  of  the  mind,  likewise  proves 
that  local,  is  also  an  innate,  primary  mental  faculty. 

Large. — One  having  local,  large , will  retain,  for  a long 
time,  a clear  and  distinct  impression  of  the  looks  of  the  place® 
tie  has  seen  and,  with  imitat.  and  lang.  also  large,  be  able 


206 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


give  a correct  description  of  them;  can  form  correctjiiess 
of  places  which  he  has  not  seen  by  hearing  them  described 
will  seldom  lose  himself,  especially  if  he  has  seen  the  place 
before,  an  I easily  retrace  his  steps ; can  calculate,  with  un- 
common accuracy,  the  relative  positions  and  bearings  of  differ- 
ent places ; find  his  way  in  the  dark  with  ease ; is  very  fond 
of  travelling,  of  visiting  places,  and  of  viewing  natural 
scenery,  and,  with  acquis,  only  moderate,  and  ideal,  large, 
will  spend  his  money  very  freely  for  this  purpose ; but,  with 
acquis,  large,  and  ideal,  only  moderate  or  full,  will  still  seek 
to  gratify  this  propensity,  though  at  a cheaper  rate;  will 
travel  in  indifferent  and  cheap  conveyances,  and  take  up  with 
inferiour  fare:  with  self-e.,  approbat.,  and  ideal,  large  or 
very  large,  and  acquis,  only  v noderate  or  full,  will  be  even 
extravagant  in  his  travelling  expenses,  and  always  journey 
in  the  best  style  he  is  able  to  reach:  with  ideal.,  imitat.,  corn- 
par.,  and  lang.  large  or  very  large,  will  recollect  places,  and 
be  able  to  give  a correct  and  a picturesque  description  of 
scenery,  roads,  &c. : with  large  or  vertr  large  inhab.,  wil 
call  to  mind,  with  vivid  and  intense  feelings  of  delight,  the 
mountains,  hills,  dales,  fields,  groves,  streams,  &c.  which 
he  was  wont  to  gaze  upon  in  his  childhood  or  juvenile 
days,  and  have  a strong  desire  to  revisit  them  : with  event, 
full,  or  even  deficient,  will  often  recollect  incidents  by  re- 
membering the  place  in  which  they  transpired,  and  also 
what  he  has  read,  by  calling  to  mind  its  location  upon  the 
page,  and  will  discover  uncommon  tact  in  finding  particular 
passages:  with  large  or  very  large  individ.  and  form,  will 
notice,  and  also  recollect,  the  houses,  trees,  rocks,  and  other 
objects  near  the  road  which  he  has  travelled,  and  not  only  be 
very  fond  of  the  study  of  geography,  and  make  rapid  ad- 
vances in  it,  but,  with  large  or  very  large  form,  size,  and 
imitat.,  be  able  to  draw,  with  great  accuracy  and  skill,  maps, 
sketches  of  natural  scenery,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  local,  very  large , with  large 
or  very  iarge  form,  will  retain  in  his  mind,  a distinct  and 
perfect  recollection  of  the  appearance  of  nearly  everyplace 
he  has  ever  seen,  and,  with  large  or  very  large  .ang.,  give  a 
lively  and  correct  description  of  each,  and,  with  event,  a.so 
large,  be  excessively  fond  of  reading  travels,  voyages,  &c. ; 
can  recal  to  his  mind,  not  only  the  general  aspect  of  places 
which  he  has  seen,  but  wi.l  distinctly  remember  the  geogra- 
phy, roads,  scenery,  rocks,  houses,  and  other  things,  and, 


2.0CAI  ITT. 


also,  the  position  even  of  insignificant  objects ; will  have  a 
fine  taste  and  talent  for  pursuing  the  study  of  geography,  ge- 
ology, &c.,  and  will  be  likely  to  break  from  every  restraint 
to  indulge  his  roving,  strolling  desire. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  local,  large , 
modified  by  an  increase  of  the  power  and  desires  imparted 
by  local.,  will  apply  to  this  faculty  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  local,  full , will  be  able  to  recollect 
places  with  considerable  distinctness,  yet  not  be  remarkable 
for  this  power;  will  understand  the  relative  bearings  of 
places,  and  the  position  of  objects,  and,  unless  a long  absence 
has  obliterated  the  impressions  which  they  have  made  upon 
this  faculty,  will  seldom  be  troubled  by  a deficiency  of  it ; 
yet  he  will  not  distinctly  recollect  objects  which  he  may  pass, 
unless,  from  some  cause,  they  particularly  arrest  his  atten- 
tion ; may  notice  and  recollect  important  things,  yet  be  apt 
to  forget  little  things:  with  large  or  very  large  individ.,  will 
have  a strong  desire  to  travel  in  order  chiefly  to  gratify  his 
strong  propensity  to  examine  physical  objects,  and  partly  to 
see  places,  &c. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  local,  large, 
modified  by  a reduction  of  the  influence  of  local.,  will  gen- 
erally apply  to  this  faculty  full. 

Moderate. — One  having  moderate  local.,  will  not  pay  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  location  of  objects,  nor  form  or  retain 
very  distinct  notions  of  the  aspect  of  places,  roads,  &c.,  and, 
consequently,  be  often  at  a loss  to  find  such  places  as  he 
wishes,  to  go  a second  time  to  obscure  places,  or  return  by  a 
given  road;  will  frequently  lose  his  way,  especially  in  cities 
and  forests,  and  sometimes  experience  considerable  inconven- 
ience and  delay  from  the  want  of  a stronger  development  of 
this  faculty.  One  having  local,  moderate,  with  individ.  and 
ideal,  large,  will  appreciate  the  beauties  of  splendid  natural 
scenery,  yet  will  not  retain  a clear  and  correct  impression  of 
die  appearance  and  beauties  which  produced  the  delightful 
impressions : with  very  large  inhab.  and  only  full  ideal.,  in- 
divid., and  hope,  will  seldom  go  from  home  unless  compelled 
by  urgent  business,  and  will  then  see  but  little  on  his  jour- 
ney, and  dread  the  fatigues  of  travelling,  and  long  to  be  at 
his  journey’s  end  : with  acquis,  large,  will  dwell  pathetically 
upon  the  expenses  incident  to  journeying:  with  individ.  and 
form  on  y moderate  or  full,  will  have  but  a vejy  imperfect 
idea  of  the  j laces  which  he  has  seen,  and,  if  V>ing  in  a 


208 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


city,  frequently  pass  his  own  door  without  knowing  it;  and* 
with  only  full  lang.  and  imitat.,  will  be  utterly  incapable  of 
giving  even  a tolerably  correct  description  of  places  which 
he  may  have  seen  many  times. 

Small. — One  having  local,  small , will  find  it  very  diffi- 
cult to  recollect,  or  return  to,  places ; often  lose  his  way,  es- 
pecially in  woods,  cities,  or  streets;  can  become  familiar  with 
places  only  by  seeing  them  many  times;  will  form  only  con- 
fused and  incorrect  ideas  of  the  geography  of  a country,  ox 
the  appearance  and  localities  of  places  described  to  him ; bo 
often  uncertain  and  incorrect  as  to  the  points  of  the  compass; 
consider  travelling  a burden,  rather  than  a pleasure;  have 
but  little  curiosity  to  see  different  places,  &c.  One  having 
local,  small,  with  form  and  individ.  small,  will  seldom  notice 
places,  and  then  not  distinctly  recollect  their  appearance  ; will 
seldom  observe  or  recollect  such  objects  as  he  may  pass  upon 
the  road ; and  fail  to  remember  a road  which  he  may  have 
often  travelled,  and  also  to  find  his  way  back,  &c. : with  form 
large  or  very  large,  will  frequently  recollect  the  countenances 
of  persons,  but  will  be  utterly  unable  to  locate  them:  with  large 
or  very  large  event.,  will  recollect  distinctly  that  he  has  read, 
or  heard  of,  certain  occurrences,  yet  will  not  be  able  to  call 
to  mind  the  place  in  which  they  occurred,  or  where  he  read 
them,  &c. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  local,  moderate, 
modified  by  a reduction  of  the  power  of  local.,  and,  also,  those 
under  local,  large,  reversed , will  apply  to  this  faculty  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  local,  very  small , will  find 
it  extremely  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  form  any  cleax 
ideas  of  the  relative  position  of  objects,  to  keep  the  right 
road  in  travelling,  or  to  follow  the  same  road  back  when 
returning  on  his  journey ; be  greatly  perplexed  to  find 
any  particular  spot,  tree,  rock,  or  other  object,  even  op 
the  second  or  third  visit  to  it;  and  be  very  apt  to  lose  him- 
self, especially  in  the  woods,  in  a city,  &c.  ; and  find  his 
abilities  in  the  exercise  of  this  faculty,  directly  the  opposite 
of  his  in  whom  local,  is  large  or  very  large. 

Location. — Local,  is  located  directly  over  size  anc* 
weight,  and  nearly  aboi  3 the  internal  orbit  of  the  eye.  It 
extends  diagonally  in  the  direction  of  mirth.  The  frontal 
sinus  sometimes  increases  the  apparent  size  of  this  organ; 
Dnt  this  subject  will  be  more  "ully  presented  in  another  p©f* 
teon  of  the  work. 


EVENTUALITY. 


SPECIES  III. — Semi-perceptive  Faculties. 

These  faculties  perform  a class  of  functions  intermediate 
between  tnose  exercised  by  the  perceptive,  and  those  by  the 
reasoning,  faculties  ; and  the  location  of  their  organs  cor- 
responds with  their  character.  The  perceptive  faculties  take 
cognizance  of  material  objects  and  their  various  physical 
properties,  such  as  their  form,  size,  weight,  colour,  &c. ; 
whereas,  the  semi-perceptive  are  of  a more  subtle  nature, 
having  to  do  with  facts,  and  the  various  phenomena  produced 
by  physical  objects,  and  form,  as  it  were,  a stepping-stone  to 
the  reasoning  organs.  Eventuality,  tor  example,  takes  cog- 
nizance of,  not  physical  objects  themselves,  but  their  actions 
and  the  incidents  and  events  thus  produced;  time,  of  the  par- 
ticular period  in  which  these  events  occur;  language,  of  the 
vocal  sounds  employed  to  name  these  objects  ; and  tune,  of 
the  melody  of  sounds  produced  by  them : and  thus,  both  the 
perceptive  and  the  semi-perceptive  faculties  are  employed  as 
the  subordinate  agents  of  the  reasoning  faculties,  furnishing 
them  with  materials  to  scan,  digest,  and  reflect  and  reason 
upon.  Hence  it  would  appear,  that,  in  the  mental  economy, 
the  functions  of  the  semi-perceptive  faculties,  are  no  less  im- 
portant than  those  of  the  perceptive,  especially  if  we  consid- 
er, that  they  constitute  as  essential  a part  of  the  intellectual 
machinery  when  viewed  as  a whole. 

32.  EVENTUALITY. 

Memory  of  events — power  of  calling  to  mind  those  circum- 
stances, occurrences,  incidents,  Historical  fads,  Spc.,  which 
have  previously  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  individual. 

It  has  been  shown,  that  to  notice  the  existence  of  material 
objects  and  their  various  qualities,  requires  a set  of  faculties 
whose  various  functions  correspond  with  those  ascribed  to 
individuality,  form,  size,  and  the  other  perceptive  powers; 
•End  that  this  requisition  is  the  imperative  demand  of  nat- 
ure— which  must  be  answered.  But  it  is  not  only  true 
that  things  exist,  and  possess  various  properties,  but  equally 
so  that  they  act.  If,  then,  the  human  mind  requires  faculties 
whose  proper  functions  are  to  notice  the  existence,  conditions, 
and  properties  of  material  substances,  it  follows,  that  it  also 
requires  a faculty  whose  function  it  is  to  take  cognizance  d 


210 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


their  various  actions , and  other  phenomena.  In  phrenolog 
ical  language,  the  faculty  that  performs  this  portion  of  t ht 
mental  operations,  is  called  Eventuality. 

The  importance  of  such  a faculty  as  eventuality,  in  tha 
mental  economy,  as  well  as  of  individuality,  and,  indeed,  ol 
all  the  other  perceptive  and  semi-perceptive  faculties,  may  be 
farthei  illustrated  by  noticing  some  points  in  the  process  of 
brining  ideas.  In  order  successfully  to  apply  the  principle 
&{  causation,  the  antecedent  cause  and  the  consequent  effect 
must  necessarily  both  be  before  the  mind  at  the  same  time, 
•otherwise  a comparison  of  them  would  be  impossible.  In 
she  language  of  phrenology,  then,  individuality  notices  and 
recollects  the  physical  object  that  acts,  or  the  procuring 
cause , and  eventuality,  the  consequent  action , or  phenomena 
produced  ; and  then  comparison  and  causality  compare,  com 
trast,  analyze,  and  draw  deductions  from,  the  materials  thus 
furnished  by  individuality  and  eventuality : and  this  consti- 
tutes thinking  or  reasoning.  The  same  principle  applies  to 
the  modus  operandi  of  individuality  and  eventuality  with 
benevolence,  adhesiveness,  and  all  the  other  mental  faculties. 

Again,  this  view  of  the  subject  is  strengthened  by  a refer 
ence  to  the  intellectual  developments,  and  the  intellectual  ad- 
vancement, of  children.  In  them  the  organs  of  individuality 
and  eventuality  early  appear  largely  developed  and  exceed 
ingly  active  ; and  almost  as  early,  comparison  ; and  soon  after, 
causality.  Individuality,  aided  by  sight,  is  found  to  be  very 
busy  in  noticing  objects  ; eventuality,  equally  so  in  remember- 
ing all  their  various  actions  and  other  phenomena  ; compar- 
ison, in  combining  and  comparing  these  things  or  notions 
brought  forward  by  the  first  two ; and  causality,  in  prying 
into  their  nature  and  reason  : and  thus  the  process  of  form- 
ing ideas , or  of  thinking , goes  forward  at  a rapid  rate.  And 
this  process  is  still  farther  extended  and  perfected  by  the  pro- 
gressive increase  and  activity  of  the  organs  of  form,  size, 
colour,  calculation,  &c. 

Large. — One  having  event,  large , will  have  a clear,  a 
distinct,  and  a retentive  memory  of  what  he  sees,  hears,  o. 
reads ; according  to  his  advantages,  will  possess  a mind  well 
stored  with  historical  and  scientifick  facts,  with  the  news  of 
the  day,  and  narrative  and  historical  information  generally; 
will  seldom  be  troubled  with  forgetfulness,  or  with  an  indif- 
ferent or  indistinct  recollection  of  circumstances,  incidents 
will  treasure  up  a rich  fund  of  anecdotes  upon  such 


EVENTUALITY. 


21. 


subjects  as  are  interesting  to  the  other  stronger  fatuities,  of 
of  such  of  them  as  have  come  tvithin  the  range  of  his 
knowledge ; and,  with  large  lang.  added,  in  relating  them, 
will  not  fail  to  mention  all  the  particulars;  and,  with  large 
concent,  also  added,  will  present  them  all  in  their  proper  or- 
ler ; but,  with  concent,  moderate  or  small,  will  fail  to  connect 
the  several  circumstances  which  compose  a story  so  as  to 
give  it  unity ; will  frequently  omit  important  particulars,  or 
state  them  in  a wrong  connexion,  and  thus  create  confusion, 
and  lessen  the  effect  of  his  narrative : with  individ.,  lang., 
and  compar.  large,  will  show  a marked  partiality  for  read- 
ing and  study,  and  succeed  well  as  a general  scholar ; will 
be  able,  also,  to  make  a good  use  of  what  information  he 
may  possess,  and  have  a happy  faculty  of  communicating  it 
to  others : with  large  or  very  large  ideal.,  individ.,  form,  size, 
local.,  and  compar.,  and  full,  large,  or  very  large  caus.,  will 
possess  a literal  passion  for  study,  reading,  the  pursuit  of 
chymistry,  mineralogy,  geology,  geography,  botany,  natural 
history,  and  every  thing  pertaining  to  the  treasuring  up  of 
facts;  according  to  his  advantages,  will  be  a superiour  schol- 
ar ; will  allow  nothing  to  divert  him  from  literary  and  scien- 
tifick  pursuits;  will  be  even  enthusiastick,  remarkably  suc- 
cessful as  a student,  and  have  a great  amount  of  circumstan- 
tial information  upon  matters  and  things  in  general ; with 
large  lang.  added,  can  converse  sensibly  and  fluently  upon 
almost  any  subject ; with  full  concent,  also  added,  will  have 
a happy  talent  for  compiling  and  arranging  facts,  for  investi- 
gating subjects,  and  attending  to  any  complicated  operation  ; 
but,  with  caus.  only  full,  will  appear  to  know  a great  deal,  yet, 
when  held  down  to  a close,  logical  or  metaphysical  process 
of  reasoning,  will  betray  a deficiency  of  mental  strength  and 
power,  and  of  logical  acumen:  with  compar.  large,  will 
notice,  recoUect,  and  be  able  to  compare,  the  operations  of  his 
own  mind : with  lang.  very  large,  will  be  able  to  repeat  con- 
versations with  great  accuracy  and  clearness. 

Very  large.— One  having  very  large  event.,  will  pos- 
sess a remarkably  clear,  distinct,  and  retentive  memory  of 
events  and  transactions,  and  even  of  all  the  minute,  and 
seemingly  unimportant,  circumstances  connected  with  them.; 
seldom  allow  any  thing  to  escape  his  recollection  ; have  at 
command  more  facts  than  he  can  manage  to  advantage ; have 
an  insatiable  desire  to  learn  all  that  is  to  be  learned ; 1)6 
given  quite  too  much  to  narration,  and  thus  frequently 


212 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


weaken  his  arguments  ; .make  a short  story  long,  and  a long 
one,  very  long  by  relating  all  the  little  particulars:  with 
caus.  and  cornpar.  only  full,  will  have  a great  fund  of  infor- 
mation, which,  however,  will  not  be  well  digested  ; be  rathei 
a bookworm  than  a deep  thinker;  attend  much  more  to  facts 
and  details  than  to  general  principles,  and  attempt  to  prova 
his  positions  rather  by  narrating  facts,  than  by  logical  infer- 
ences : with  large  or  very  large  individ.,  will  see  all  that 
passes  around  him,  and  remember  all  he  sees,  and  thus  know 
a great  deal,  &c. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  event,  large, 
modified  by  an  increase  of  the  power  of  event.,  will  apply  to 
this  organ  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  event,  full , will  have  a respectable 
memory  of  incidents,  and  a distinct  recollection  of  those  oc- 
currences to  which  his  attention  has  been  particularly  di- 
rected, yet  will  seem  to  be  deficient  in  his  knowledge  of  those 
things  which  have  not  made  a distinct  impression ; when  he 
has  an  occasion  to  adducefacts,  will  recur  to  them  with  tolera- 
ble correctness  and  facility,  and  seldom  manifest  a striking  de- 
ficiency in  this  respect : with  caus.  and  cornpar.  large  or  very 
large,  will  generally  be  able  to  command  and  collect  a suffi- 
cient amount  of  facts  by  which  to  substantiate  and  illustrate 
his  arguments,  out  will  reason  rather  than  narrate  ; regard 
phenomena  chiefly  in  connexion  with  those  principles  which 
produce  them ; and  remember  generals  much  more  than 
'particulars  : with  lang.  and  imitat.  large,  will  be  able  to  relate 
anecdotes  in  a happy  style,  yet,  with  only  moderate  lang., 
imitat.,  and  concent.,  will  relate  them  very  poorly,  and  have 
a better  memory  in  reality  than  he  seems  to  have ; will  re- 
collect the  substance  and  the  main  features  of  whatever  has 
passed  before  his  mind,  &c.,  better  than  the  particulars. 

Moderate. — One  having  event,  moderate , will  be  less 
distinct  and  certain  in  his  recollection  of  incidents  and  cir- 
cumstances than  one  with  large  event. ; have  rather  a general 
than  a particular  memory  of  facts  and  events,  and,  with 
caus.  and  cornpar.  large  or  very  large,  may  recollect  distinct- 
ly the  points  of  an  argument,  and  the  substance  of  what  ha 
hears  or  reads,  yet  will  deal  more  in  general  principles  than 
in  phenomena , and  argue  much  more  than  narrate  ; find 
considerable  difficulty  in  summing  up , and  in  calling  la 
mmd  particular  incidents,  or  in  going  into  details . 


BVEHTU&LITY. 


813 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  of  full  event,  dimm 
ashed,  will  generally  be  found  applicable  to  event,  moderate. 

Small. — One  having'  event,  small , will  often  fail  to  recol- 
lect incidents  and  facts,  and,  consequently,  to  do  important 
things  which  he  wishes  to  accomplish;  have  a poor,  indis- 
tinct, and  confused  memory  of  occurrences  of  which  he  has 
heard  or  read,  and  even  of  those  which  have  fallen  under 
his  own  observation  ; will  seldom,  if  ever,  enter  into  the  par- 
ticulars, and  have  great  difficulty,  and  little  success,  in  at- 
tending to  details ; find  it  hard  to  command  the  knowledge, 
or  apply  the  talents,  he  really  possesses ; can  learn  things  in 
general  only  with  great  labour  and  application,  and  even 
then,  with  caus.  and  com  par.  large,  will  learn  principles 
much  sooner  than  phenomena;  and  be  often  greatly  troubled 
to  call  to  mind  facts  which  he  wishes  to  employ. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  under  event,  moderate, 
modified  by  a diminution  of  the  power  of  event.,  and  also 
the  descriptions  and  combinations  under  event,  large  or  very 
large,  reversed,  or  read  with  the  addition  of  a negative , will 
describe  this  faculty  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  very  small  event.,  will  forget 
almost  every  incident  or  phenomena  which  he  has  seen, 
heard  of,  or  read  of ; be  extremely  confused  and  uncertain  in 
attempting  to  call  to  mind  almost  any  occurrence,  and  suffer 
very  great  loss  and  inconvenience  from  a deficiency  of  this 
faculty. 

Location. — Event,  is  located  about  the  middle  of  the 
forehead.  When  the  surrounding  organs  are  large  and 
event,  only  full,  there  will  be  an  apparent  depression  just  above 
tndivid.  and  between  the  two  lobes  of  local,  which  will  re- 
sult rather  from  the  size  of  the  surrounding  organs,  than 
from  an  absolute  deficiency  of  event.  In  children,  the  organ 
is  generally  large  or  very  large,  and  gives  a full  and  spher- 
ical form  to  this  part  of  the  forehead,  while^he  correspond- 
ing depression  often  observable  in  men,  is  an  evidence  of  a 
deficiency  of  it.  The  tenacious  memories  of  children,  com- 
plied with  the  more  obscure  memories,  and  palpable  forget- 
fulness, of  men,  furnish  both  a strong  proof  of  the  truth  of 
phrenology,  and  a happy  illustration  of  the  faculty  in  que* 
fcicft. 


114 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


S3.  TIME. 

Cognizance  of  succession — that  mental  power  which  m 
iices  and  recollects  the  lapse  of  time , and  the  relativi 
distance  of  time , and  order  of  succession , in  which  event 
transpire. 

Tlie  phenomena  of  succession,  or  the  lapse  of  time,  com 
a part  of  that  system  of  things  to  which  man  is  adapted, 
and  enter  into  that  condition  in  which  he  is  placed  on  earth. 
Day  and  night  follow  each  other  in  quick  succession,  and 
approaching  seasons  tread  upon  the  heels  of  their  predeces- 
sors, and,  in  their  turn,  retire  to  make  room  for  their  suc- 
cessors. Generation  after  generation  passes  away,  and 
sleeps  with  those  beyond  the  flood.  The  present  instantly 
becomes  the  past ; and,  were  it  not  for  this  wonderful  ar- 
rangement, there  would  be  but  one  eternal,  monotonous  now , 
(a  thing  impossible,  and,  to  us,  inconceivable,)  without  any 
change  or  succession,  either  of  birth  or  death,  or  days,  sea 
sons,  years,  or  ages. 

The  wisdom  which  devised  this  arrangement  of  chrono 
logical  succession,  is  too  obvious  to  need  comment;  and  the 
necessity  of  some  faculty  in  man  by  which  he  is  qualified  to 
perceive  this  state  of  things,  and  enabled  to  adapt  himself  to 
it,  is  equally  apparent.  In  deciding  upon  this  point,  how- 
ever, we  are  not  left  to  the  guidance  of  any  uncertain  a pri- 
ori inferences,  but,  by  the  unerring  evidence  of  facts , are 
assured  of  the  existence  in  the  human  mind,  of  such  a fac- 
ulty as  time. 

In  common  with  all  others  who  have  inquired  at  the  shrine 
of  nature  touching  this  subject,  the  authors  have  seen  many 
individuals  who,  seemingly  without  an  effort,  are  able  to  tel 
the  year,  and  even  the  day,  of  almost  every  birth,  death,  or 
particular  event  which  has  come  to  their  knowledge;  how 
old  every  person  is  whose  age  they  have  ever  learned  ; what 
time  every  house  in  their  neighbourhood  or  town  was  erect- 
ed ; and  the  exact  time  of  the  occurrence  of  nearly  all  their 
village  affairs  and  business  transactions.  They  have  also  seen 
hundreds  of  others  who,  without  consulting  the  family  record, 
could  not  tell  either  their  own  ages,  or  those  of  their  brothers 
*nd  sisters,  or  even  those  of  their  own  children.  Though 
they  might  have  a distinct  recollection  of  certain  occurrences, 
could  never  recollect  token  they  took  pla^e. 


TIME. 


215 


On  the  other  hand  they  know  a gentleman  whc  is  accus- 
tomed to  relate  many  anecdotes,  and  who  is  always  particu- 
lar to  mention  the  year,  month,  and  day  of  the  month,  and, 
sometimes,  even  the  time  of  the  day,  on  which  the  event  re- 
lated, took  place:  and  this  is  done  because  it  is  perfectly 
easy  and  natural  for  him  to  do  so — his  organ  of  time  is  very 
large.  They  were  recently  in  company  with  a lady  in  whom 
this  organ  was  decisively  small,  and  who,  when  asked  how 
hng  she  had  been  married,  replied,  with  perfect  honesty, 
* about  three  years;”  but,  upon  reflection,  she  concluded  it 
was  only  two.  Not  quite  confident,  however,  of  her  correct- 
ness, she  appealed  to  her  husband,  and  ascertained  that  it  was 
only  one : and  even  then  she  could  not  tell  the  month  in 
which  their  marriage  took  place.  They  know  persons  who 
can  weaken  at  any  time  of  night  which  they  may  choose  to 
appoint,  and  also  tell  very  nearly  the  hour  of  the  day  with- 
out the  aid  of  the  sun  or  a time-piece ; and  others,  again,  who 
are  almost  entirely  unconscious  of  the  flight  of  time  even 
when  awake.  For  these  effects  there  must  be  some  cause ; 
and,  since  this  power  of  observing  and  recollecting  the  chro- 
nological relations  of  events,  the  time  occupied  by  sounds, 
&c.,  is  found  to  be  proportionate  to  a certain  development  of 
the  brain,  the  induction  that  time  constitutes  an  innate  and 
primary  mental  power,  seems  to  be  perfectly  logical. 

Large. — One  having  time  large , will  notice  and  remem- 
ber very  accurately,  the  relations  of  time  in  which  certain 
occurrences  stand  with  each  other,  or  how  long  one  thing 
happened  before  or  after  another  ; without  the  aid  of  a time- 
piece, be  able  to  tell  very  nearly  what  time  of  the  day  or 
night  it  is ; can  waken  from  sleep  at  such  an  hour,  or,  per- 
haps, minute,  as  he  may  wish ; will  generally  be  in  season, 
recollect  his  appointments,  and,  if  possible,  fulfil  them  ; set 
apart  certain  days  or  periods  for  doing  particular  things,  and 
be  likely  to  perform  them  at  the  appointed  time;  be  regular 
at  his  meals,  and  in  all  his  business  operations,  &c. ; and 
Excellent  in  chronology. 

Ore  having  time  large,  with  large  event.,  will  have  a dis 
fcinct  recollection  both  of  particular  circumstances,  and,  als<\ 
of  the  chronological  order  in  which  they  occurred,  and,  with 
large  calcu.  added,  will  have  a correct  knowledge  of  the 
chronology  and  dates  of  such  events  as  have  come  to  hia 
knowledge,  the  ages  of  persons,  &c. : with  large  or  very 
krge  lang , ideal.,  and  compar.,  will  pay  particular  attention 


213 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Us  rhyme  and  measure  of  poetry,  and  be  exceedingly  &n 
n yed  i f either  is  imperfect ; and,  with  only  full  cans,  added, 
will  lo  >k  more  to  the  drapery  of  poetry  than  to  the  more 
enduring  qualities  of  sense  and  substance;  if  he  attempt 
to  compose  poetry,  may  make  good  rhymes,  yet  his  produc« 
fcions  will  be  ephemeral  and  gaudy,  rather  than  substantial 
rlI  excellent;  but,  with  large  caus.  added,  will  exce_  in  sen 
tirnent.  measure,  style,  rhyme,  and  power  of  thought : with 
tune  large,  will  keep  the  beat  in  musiek,  and  be  very  fond 
of  dancing,  and,  with  imitat.  also  large,  will  easily  learn  any 
particular  figure,  and  keep  the  step  perfectly,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  very  largetime,  will  possess 
a wonderfully  accurate  and  precise  memory  of  the  tima 
when  certain  things  occurred,  of  dates,  ages,  business  trans- 
actions, &c.  ; how  long  one  thing  happened  before  or  after 
another ; the  state  of  the  weather  upon  certain  days  ; the  pre- 
cise period  of  historical  events;  and,  in  short,  will  be  a real 
rhronologist,  to  whom  a reference  will  be  had  by  all  who 
know  him  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  chronology  of 
wents,  &c. ; and  will  manifest,  only  in  a still  higher  degree, 
til  the  qualities  described  under  time  large. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  time  large,  mod 
ified  by  an  increase  of  the  power  and  manifestations  of  time, 
will  apply  to  time  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  time  full , will  have  a respectable 
memory  of  dates,  and  yet,  with  event,  large,  be  much  more 
correct  and  certain  in  regard  to  the  minute  particulars  of  the 
occurrence  itself,  than  of  the  precise  time  of  the  occurrence; 
will  ordinarily  be  punctual  to  his  appointments,  and  seldom 
discover  a deficiency  of  this  faculty,  and  yet,  seldom  manifest 
vhis  power  in  a very  high  degree. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  of  time  large,  modified 
$y  a diminution  of  time,  will  apply  to  time  full. 

Moderate. — One  having  time  moderate , though  he  may 
.^member  short  intervals  of  time  very  well,  will  forget  those 
chat  are  longer,  or  have  rather  an  indistinct  idea  of  the  chron- 
oJcgical  order  and  relations  of  time  in  which  certain  events 
occurred ; forget  dates  and  ages,  and  be  unable  to  tell  with 
much  accuracy  the  time  of  the  day  or  month : with  event 
large,  though  he  may  remember  certain  circumstances  with 
accuracy,  will  not  have  a distinct  or  positive  recol- 
of  the  time  when  they  occurred,  or  how  long  one  evessf 


perfect 

lection 


TUHE. 


fti  1 

happened  before  or  after  another;  and  will  have  only  a 
tral  idea  of  the  intervals  between  certain  events. 

Small. — One  having  time  small , will  be  very  forgetful  as 
to  the  time  when;  find  it  difficult  to  remember  the  ages  in 
his  own  family,  or  even  his  own  age,  and  be  frequently 
obliged  to  consult  family  and  other  records  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain  these  and  similar  points,  have  only  a general,  and  a 
very  incorrect,  memory  of  dates ; can  seldom  tell  the  time 
of  the  day  without  the  sun  or  a time-piece,  or  even  the  day 
of  the  month  or  week ; will  be  the  reverse  of  one  with  time 
\arge:  with  aliment,  large,  may  calculate  the  time  of  the 
day  quite  correctly  by  his  appetite,  and  be  punctual  to  his 
weals  ; or  punctual  when  some  other  faculty  quickens  the 
iction  of  time,  yet,  in  general,  will  discover  a marked  defi- 
ciency in  this  respect;  and  will  be  poor  in  chronology. 

Very  small. — One  with  time  very  small , will  seldom,  if 
ever,  notice  the  chronological  order  of  events  as  they  pass ; 
have  a most  imperfect  idea  of  every  tiling  pertaining  to  suc- 
cession and  dates : with  aliment,  only  moderate,  will  even 
forget  the  time  of  his  meals  : with  event,  moderate,  will  have 
a most  miserable  memory  both  of  circumstances  and  of  dates ; 
forget  his  own  age,  and  most  of  the  circumstances  connected 
even  with  his  own  history,  and  thus  be  a constant  sufferer 
from  this  cause. 

Location. — Time  is  located  directly  above  colour,  and  a 
ittle  externally  from  locality. 

34.  TUNE. 

^ense  of  melody  and  harmony  of  sounds — ability  to  learn 
tunes  and  detect  discords. 

In  another  part  of  this  work  it  has  been  shown,  that  hear- 
\g  cannot  produce  musick,  any  more  than  seeing  can  give 
> just  conception  and  judgment  of  colours,  but  that  a con- 
,.«pti£)n  of  the  melody  arising  from  a succession  of  sounds, 
* lust  depend  upon  another  distinct  faculty  of  the  mind.  That 
*aose,  indeed,  who  possess  an  equally  perfect  auditory  and 
socal  apparatus,  differ  widely  in  their  musical  talents,  is  prov- 
ed by  every  votary  of  harmonious  sounds,  as  well  as  by  every 
common  observer,  from  the  days  of  Orpheus  down  to  these 
of  Haydn,  Handel,  Mozart,  and  Catalini. 

That  the  faculty  of  musick  is  innate  and  primary,  and  man- 
ifests its  power  in  different  ndividualsir.  proportion  to  a pas' 
19 


PHRENOLOGY  II  LUSTR  ATED. 


ticular  development  of  the  brain,  is  a fact  fully  established 
by  the  observations  of  phrenologists.  They  have  examined 
the  heads,  busts,  or  portraits,  of  Gluck,  Zumsteg,  Dussek, 
Mozart,  Viotti,  Rosini,  Crescentini,  and  Catalini,  Handel, 
and  Haydn,  and  of  many  other  celebrated  musical  per 
formers  or  singers,  and  have  found  an  extreme  development 
of  the  organ  of  tune  in  all  of  them.  The  authors  have  seen 
many  children,  even,  in  which  the  organ  was  largely  devel- 
oped, that  were  able  to  catch  and  turn  tunes  soon  after  they 
began  to  talk ; and,  on  the  other  hand,  adults  in  whom  the 
organ  was  small,  that,  after  the  most  laborious  efforts  under 
the  most  able  instructors,  were  utterly  unable  to  turn  a tune, 
or  even  distinguish  one  tune  from  another. 

The  natural  language  of  musick  is  universal,  or,  in  othei 
words,  sounds  that  are  melodious  to  one  nation,  are  measurably 
so  to  another;  which  shows  not  only,  that  the  principles  oi 
musick  exist  in  nature,  but,  that  the  human  mind,  in  order  to 
adapt  itself  to  these  principles,  must  necessarily  possess  an 
innate  faculty  whose  proper  function  it  is  to  perceive  and  ap- 
ply them : and  hence  it  is,  that  what  constitutes  melody  and 
harmony  of  sound  to  the  Englishman,  is  no  less  so  to  the 
Swede,  to  the  wild  rover  of  the  desert,  and  to  him  who  in 
habits  the  islands  of  the  sea.  Some  nations,  however,  as 
well  as  individuals,  are  more  musical  than  others,  and  are 
distinguished  by  a larger  development  of  the  organ  of  tune. 
In  this  respect,  the  Italians  and  Germans  excel  the  Span- 
iards, Frenchmen,  Englishmen,  and  Otaheitans;  and  the 
authors  have  noticed,  that  this  organ  is  generally  very  large 
in  negroes  ; which  exactly  corresponds  with  their  wonderful 
musical  propensity  and  talent. 

These  remarks  will  show  the  utter  folly,  not  u>  say  ab- 
surdity, of  that  modern,  fashionable  prejudice  which  demands 
that  musick  shall  be  taught  to  young  ladies  indiscriminately, 
and  without  the  least  regard  to  the  natural  talent,  or  defect* 
of  the  individual  in  this  respect,  and  which  condemns  many 
a lovely  female  to  waste  years  of  precious  time  in  what  is  to 
her  an  intolerable  drudgery,  and  one  that  nature  never  plam 
ned  for  her. 

Large. — One  having  large  tune,  will  be  able  easily  to  catch 
tunes  by  hearing  them  sung  a few  times  over,  and  to  strike 
correctly  their  key  note ; has  a correct  musical  ear,  and, 
with  a good  voice,  can  easily  become  a good  singer  or  a good 
performer  upon  mutical  instruments;  delights  to  listen  Uj 


TUBS. 


219 

good  musick,  and  can  easily  detect  a discord.  & * One  hav 
ing  large  tune,  with  large  ideal.,  will  not  only  be  extremely 
fond  of  good  musick,  but  will  impart  a richness,  and  pathos, 
and  melody  to  his  musical  performances  which  are  calculate 
ed  to  move  the  heart ; with  large  time  added,  will  be  a me- 
lodious singer,  and  add  new  charms  to  his  musick  by  keep- 
ing the  beat  correctly;  but,  with  time  small,  will  have  an 
excellent  musical  ear,  accompanied  with  much  melody  and 
good  taste,  yet  will  fail  greatly  in  time,  and,  when  singingin 
company,  generally  sing  too  slowly : with  combat,  and  de- 
struct.  large  or  very  large,  will  delight  greatly  in  martial 
musick,  and  be  highly  excited  by  the  stirring  notes  of  the 
fife,  the  drum,  the  bugle,  &c. : with  adhes.  and  ideal,  large, 
will  be  very  fond  of  songs,  and  be  able  to  sing  them  to  ad- 
miration ; and,  with  large  or  very  large  time  and  hope  add- 
ed, will  be  highly  delighted  with  dancing  tunes,  and,  in 
dancing,  precisely  keep  the  step,  and  be  gay  and  cheerful  in 
the  “ assembly  room,”  and  enjoy  the  cotillion  party,  &c.,  be 
yond  measure : with  hope  small,  and  ven.,  conscien.,  and 
adhes.  large  or  very  large,  will  prefer  plaintive  airs,  minor 
moods,  solemn,  devotional  musick,  &c. ; and,  with  hope  large 
even,  will  still  prefer  solemn  tunes,  yet  select  those  of  a 
cheerful,  lively  air  : with  large  or  very  large  lang.,  can  easi- 
ly associate  tunes  with  the  words  set  to  them,  and  thus  read- 
ily commit  songs,  hymns,  &c.,  so  as  to  sing  them  bv  rote. 
In  learning  tunes,  and  in  singing  them  with  words,  the  or- 
gan of  lang.  renders  very  important  assistance.  The  same 
is  also  true  of  imitat.,  which  gives  the  proper  expression  to 
a musical  performance,  enables  the  performer  to  imitate  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  style,  &c. 

Very  large. — One  having  tun  every  large , will  be  able 
to  learn  tunes  by  hearing  them  once  or  twice  repeated,  and 
will  never  forget  them  ; is  filled  with  ecstasy , or  completely 
earned  away,  with  good  musick,  but  cannot  endure  a discord, 
ct  an  awkward  or  artificial  singer  or  player ; produces  a 
powerful  impression  upon  the  feelings  of  those  who  listen  ta 
nis  performances,  and  literally  charms  them,  &c. 

One  having  tune  very  large,  with  large  or  very  large  ad« 
nes.,  ideal.,  ven.,  hope,  imitat.,  time,  lang.,  individ.,  weight, 
jtnd  compar.,  will  be  a natural  musician  of  the  first  order; 
oe  pre-eminent  for  his  musical  taste  and  talent ; pour  forth 
&is  whole  soulm  the  most  melting  and  voiuptuous  strains  of 
melody  and  harmony,  so  as  often  tc  overcome  the  hearer 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


220 

team,  as  it  were,  by  intuition,  to  play  upon  any  musical  ia* 
strument;  perform  to  admiration  all  kinds  of  musick,  par' 
ticularly  sentimental  pieces,  Irish  airs,  Scotch  melodies,  and 
other  pieces  of  kindred  sympathy  and  pathos ; and  will  be 
able  to  compose  rn^rick  characterized  by  sentiment,  pathos, 
and  the  soul  of  melody. 

Full. — One  having  tune  full , will  be  able,  with  consid 
arable  practice,  to  learn  tunes  both  by  note,  and  also  by  the 
ear ; may  be  called  a good,  and  even  a superiour,  singer,  yet, 
for  any  musical  talent  he  may  possess,  will  be  indebted  as 
much  to  art  and  science  as  to  nature ; with  the  aid  of  notes, 
and  a good  knowledge  of  th e principles,  may  be  able  to  read 
musick  correctly,  and  even  sing,  at  first  sight,  almost  any 
piece  of  musick  presented  to  him,  yet  his  musical  perform- 
ances will  be  characterized  more  by  accuracy  than  melody 
and  pathos.  One  having  tune  full,  with  large  or  very  laige 
ideal.,  will  be  highly  delighted  with  good  musick,  and  have 
a correct  musical  ear,  and  impart  a peculiar  softness  to  his 
singing,  and,  with  large  imitat.  added,  be  capable  of  becom 
ing  a good  singer,  if  not  a superiour  musician;  can  readily 
imitate  different  kinds  of  style,  &c. : with  the  moral  senti 
ments  large,  may  experience  much  fervour  of  devotion  while 
singing,  and  impart  this  feeling  to  his  musical  displays : with 
lang.  large,  in  calling  to  mind  various  tunes,  will  be  greatly 
assisted  by  recollecting  the  words  set  to  them,  and  w ill  find 
it  somewhat  difficult  to  learn  tunes  disconnected  with  words ; 
with  lang.  moderate  or  small,  will  receive,  in  learning  tunes, 
very  little  aid  from  lang.,  and  fail  somewhat  in  applying  w’ords 
to  musical  sounds:  with  compar.  large  or  very  large,  wilj 
readily  decide  between  what  tunes  and  words  a harmony  of 
sentiment  exists ; and,  with  large  ven.  added,  when  a hymn 
is  given  out,  will  be  able  to  select  the  most  appropriate  tune 
and,  w ith  imitat.  also  large,  to  sing  it  in  such  a manner  as  t j 
convey  the  sentiments  and  feelings  expressed  in  the  words, 
&c. 

The  additional  combinations  and  descriptions  of  tune  full, 
may  be  inferred  from  those  under  tune  large,  the  power  and 
the  manifestations  of  tune  being  diminished. 

Moderate. — One  having  tune  moderate , may,  perhaps, 
learn  to  read  musick  readily  by  note , but  will  be  obliged  to 
labour  hard  to  effect  even  this;  be  obliged  *o  hear  tunes 
many  times  repeated  before  he  can  learn  them  by  rote , and 
will  then  forget  them  unless  he  sings  them  frequently  ; may 


TUME. 


%2\ 


pcrnaps,  oe  a respectable  singer,  but  will  be  indebted  for  this 
talent  much  more  to  science  and  application  than  to  nature : 
will  sing  more  by  the  rules  of  musick  than  by  his  car,  ana 
see  generally  obliged  to  have  his  book  before  him;  will  be 
rather  a mechanical  than  a natural  singer;  and  will  fail  to 
impart  melody  and  pathos  to  his  musical  performances,  and 
fo  kindle  or  melt  the  soul. 

One  having  tune  moderate,  with  idol,  large  or  very  large, 
will  listen  with  rapture  to  good  yet  none  will  pleas*, 

him  except  musick  of  the  first  order;  will  be  very  unpleas- 
antly affected  by  discord,  and  perhaps  be  a good  judge  of 
musick,  yet  will  not  be  a good  or  a great  performer  himself 

Small. — One  having  tune  small , with  much  effort,  may 
learn  to  sing  and  play  tunes,  yet  will  be  only  an  autornatick, 
mechanical,  indifferent,  and  unsuccessful  musician,  and  will 
be  unable  to  make  melody,  or  to  learn  tunes  by  the  ear  : with 
large  or  very  large  ideal.,  will  listen  with  delight,  to  good  mu- 
sick, yet  be  slow  to  distinguish  one  tune  from  another,  and  gen- 
erally be  insensible  to  the  higher  charms  of  excellent  musick 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  tune  moderate 
modified  by  a reduction  of  the  influence  of  tune,  and  those 
under  tune  large  or  very  large,  reversed , or  read  with  the 
addition  of  a negative,  will  generally  apply  to  this  organ 
small. 

Very  small.— One  having  tune  very  small , will  be  un- 
able to  strike  a note  correctly,  and  even  to  distinguish  one 
tune  or  one  note  from  another:  with  mirth,  large,  will  be 
likely  to  ridicule  a musical  taste  or  an  amateur  in  musick, 
or  be,  at  least,  indifferent  to  musick,  if  not  really  disgusted 
with  it. 

Location. — Tune  is  located,  in  adults,  about  three  quar- 
ters of  an  inch  above  the  organ  of  calcu.,  and  within  the 
arch  of  the  superciliary  ridge.  The  location  of  tune  is  so 
much  affected  by  the  size  of  the  surrounding  organs,  and  its 
external  appearance,  by  the  temporal  muscle  which  passes 
over  it,  that,  except  in  the  case  of  children,  the  authors  are 
not  always  able  to  decide  correctly  upon  its  size.  It  may 
also  be  added,  that  a good  voice  adds  greatly  to  good  musick, 
and  is  therefore  frequently  mistaken  for  a musical  ear  or  tal • 
int.  Others,  again,  in  whom  the  organ  is  only  moderate,  are 
tolerable  singers,  but  are  indebted  for  this  talent  chiefly  to 
science  and  practice.  Hence  many  correct  decisions  upon 
tune,  nre  considered  erroneous. 


139 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


35.  LANGUAGE. 

Power  vf  communicating  ideas  by  means  of  partictdai 

signs — memory  of  words : — recollection  of  arbitrary  signs 

as  expressive  of  ideas. 

In  the  plenitude  of  his  wisdom  and  goodness,  the  Great 
Author  of  our  being  has  seen  fit,  in  various  ways,  to  distin- 
guish man  from  “the  beasts  that  perish;”  and  one  of  these 
distinguishing  characteristicks,  is  most  strikingly  displayed 
in  his  power  of  speech.  Without  a faculty  by  means  of 
which  to  communicate  to  his  fellow-men,  his  thoughts,  feel- 
ings, and  desires,  man  would  be  incapable  of  any  consider- 
able degree  of  cultivation  and  refinement,  and  of  carrying 
on  those  vast  schemes  and  projects  by  which  the  face  of  the 
earth  is  subdued  and  cultivated,  and  the  beasts  of  the  field 
brought  under  subjection  to  him — by  which  the  forest  bows 
to  his  mandate,  and,  in  its  stead,  the  cultivated  farm  blooms 
like  a garden — by  which  science  and  the  arts  flourish,  com- 
merce springs  into  life,  and  cities,  kingdoms,  and  republicks 
burst  forth  in  all  their  magnificence  and  glory. 

The  signs  of  language  are  of  two  kinds,  natural  and  arti- 
ficial. The  natural  signs  are  common  both  to  man  and  the 
lower  order  of  animals,  and  are  understood  by  each  species 
of  animals  by  the  operations  of  the  instinctive  principles  of 
its  nature.  In  brutes,  these  natural  signs  are  employed,  for 
example,  in  the  bleating  of  a lamb,  the  neighing  of  a horse, 
and  the  chirping  of  a bird  ; and  in  man,  in  that  expression  of 
voice  and  feature  which  he  uses  in  sighing,  groaning,  laugh 
ing,  crying,  and  in  the  use  of  all  that  class  of  semi-articulate 
sounds  called  interjections.  But  the  grand  distinction  be- 
tween the  faculty  of  language  in  man  and  the  same  faculty 
in  the  brute  creation,  consists  in  the  ability  of  the  former  to 
make  use  of  distinct,  articulate  sounds,  which  we  call  speech , 
as  signs  of  his  ideas,  whereas,  the  ability  of  the  latter  is  con- 
fined to  the  use  of  inarticulate  sounds. 

For  the  more  extensive  and  perfect  transmission  of  thought, 
the  superiour  wisdom  and  ingenuity  of  man  have  also  ena- 
bled him  to  invent,  and  employ  by  common  consent,  various 
sets  of  artificial  sounds  called  words,  or  vocal  or  artificial 
language;  and,  moreover,  to  institute  certain  arbitrary  signs 
by  means  of  which  to  represent  these  words  to  the  eye,  tali- 
t»d  wiitten  language. 


LANGUAGE. 


22$ 


That  tile  power  of  speech  in  man,  or  his  copia  verhoru^ 
is  primitive,  and  depends  upon  a distinct  faculty  of  the  mind, 
is  evident  from  the  fact,  that  it  greatly  differs  in  different  in- 
dividuals, and  cannot,  therefore*  be  the  result  of  education 
alone,  but  must  originally  be  possessed  by  them  in  various 
degrees  of  strength.  Were  it  not  so,  each  individual  would 
display  this  power  in  proportion  to  his  cultivation  of  the  fac- 
ulty ; but  such  is  by  no  means  the  case.  We  often  see  child- 
ren that  have  received  little  or  no  instruction,  learn  the  use 
and  application  bf  words  with  a facility  and  accuracy  alto- 
gether wonderful ; and  others  again  upon  which  a supera- 
bundant amount  of  instruction  has  been  bestowed,  that  re- 
main extremely  deficient  in  this  respect,  and  find  great  diffi- 
culty in  commanding  words  enough  to  express  their  ideas 
with  even  common  propriety. 

We  see  persons,  also,  who  have  studied  many  languages, 
•eceived  all  the  advantages  of  instruction  from  the  greatest 
dnguists,  and  wasted  long  nights  over  the  midnight  lamp, 
and  yet,  when  they  come  to  express  themselves  in  their  mo- 
ther tongue,  often  display  a style  marked  with  barrenness, 
stiffness,  and  impropriety ; whereas,  others  who  have  enjoy- 
ed no  such  advantages,  are  able  to  speak  and  write  in  a style 
both  copious  and  eloquent. 

Some  persons  are  able  to  repeat  a page  verbatim  after 
having  read  it  but  two  or  three  times  over ; whilst  others 
again,  cannot  repeat  it  after  having  read  it  as  many  hundred 
times. 

And  now  let  us  ask,  whether  these  facts  at  ’ accord  with 
the  metaphysical  notion  of  some,  that  language  is  wholly  ar- 
tificial, or  conventional.  If  so,  language  should  display  it- 
self, in  individuals  of  equal  talents,  in  an  exact  proportion  to 
its  cultivation  : but  this  has  clearly  been  shown  not  to  be  the 
ease.  We  must  therefore  conclude,  that  the  power  of  lan- 
guage or  speech,  depends  upon  a primary  faculty  of  the 
m.nd,  and  that  it  is  as  natural  for  man  to  employ  language , 
as  it  is  vision , or  hearing , or  any  other  faculty  of  the  mind. 

Many  remarkable  instances  of  an  extraordinary  manifes- 
tation of  this  faculty,  as  well  as  of  its  extreme  deficiency, 
have  fallen  under  the  observation  of  the  authors.  From  r 
multitude  of  cases,  they  will  select,  and  present,  only  the  twn 
following. 

They  know  a little  girl  in  whom  the  organ  of  languago 
ia  extre/nelv  large,  and  who  has  beer  brought  up  in  a family 


224 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


m which  there  is  no  child  but  herself;  consequently,  sha 
seldom  has  any  one  to  talk  with.  But  this  deficiency  she 
has  managed  to  supply,  ever  since  she  was  two  or  tnree  years 
old,  by  almost  incessantly  talking  to  her  doll  or  to  herself; 
for  talk  she  must,  although  it  often  consists  in  nothing  more 
than  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds  without  meaning 
She  often  even  conducts  a long  dialogue  in  two  or  three  dis- 
tinct voices,  being  assisted  in  this  by  large  imitation ; and 
has,  moreover,  a wonderful  propensity  to  invent,  and  apply, 
names  to  all  objects  she  sees ; and,  when  these  are  few, 
she  gives  many  names  to  the  same  object.  Her  organ  of 
tune  is  also  large;  and  this  she  frequently  gratifies  by  com 
posing  and  singing  tunes  extempore,  and  sometimes,  too,  ir 
rhyme. 

In  the  family  of  professor  Eaton,  the  distinguished  botan- 
ist and  naturalist,  one  of  the  authors  saw  a servant-man  in 
whom  the  organ  is  extremely  small ; and  it  is  with  the  ut- 
most difficulty  that  he  can  command  words  enough  to  hold 
a conversation  upon  the  most  familiar  subject:*— in  proof  of 
which,  many  striking  anecdotes  were  related  by  tne  professor. 
The  following  is  one  of  them.  Being  vt*ry  anxious  to  learn 
to  read — a thing  he  found  it  next  to  impossible  to  accom- 
plish— he  was  sent  to  school ; and,  in  attempting  to  relate  to 
his  master  the  pains  taken  by  his  tutor  in  instructing  him, 
when  he  got  to  the  word  teaching , he  stopped,  and  hesitated 
for  a long  time,  not  beingable  to  think  of  it,  or  of  any  other 
word  that  won1  T express  the  idea;  but,  at  last,  he  got  it  out 
by  saying,  mat  “my  tutor  keep  — jaioing  me  how  to  read.” 

Large. — One  having  lang.  large , will  find  it  easy  and 
natural  to  learn  and  remember  words,  and  to  call  to  mind 
such  words  as  fully  express  his  ideas;  possess,  in  a high 
degiee,  copiousness,  freedom,  fluency,  and  power  of  ex- 
pression ; have  at  command  a multitude  of  words  and  phrases 
from  which  he  is  able  to  make  such  a selection  as  may  be 
dictated  by  his  other  faculties;  will  fill  out  his  sentences 
well,  and  leave  but  few  ellipses  to  be  supplied  by  the  reader  ; 
will  be  able  to  write  with  ease  and  facility,  and  give  a copi- 
ousness, and  richness,  and  variety  to  his  style,  and  have  a 
great  desire  to  talk  and  read,  as  well  as  to  hear  others  do  so ; 
and  can  easily  commit  words  to  memory. 

One  naving  lang.  large,  with  large  or  very  large  individ., 
form,  local.,  and  event.,  can  learn  verbatim  with  £T?at  rapid* 
ity  and  very  little  effort;  has  a remarkable  talent  fci  remeru 


language. 


225 


Bering  the  precise  expressions  used  by  mb  »r:<  it  conversa- 
tion, and  for  relating  accurately  what  was  said  t»y  a speaker] 
will  be  able,  in  school  or  in  college,  to  learn  his  lessons,  as 
it  were,  by  intuition,  or,  at  least,  by  reading  them  two  or 
three  times  over;  will  make  very  rapid  advances  as  a schol- 
ar, far  outstrip  those  who  havelang.,  event.,  and  individ.  only 
moderate,  and  appear  to  understand  his  lessons  much  better 
than  he  really  does,  and  thus  gain  great  credit  for  his  reci- 
tations ; when  he  attempts  to  speak,  will  have  a copious  flow  of 
words,  and  display  a remarkable  talent  for  making  quotations  ; 
with  only  moderate  or  full  caus.  added,  will  talk  much,  and 
fluently,  upon  subjects  without  instructing  the  hearer,  or  pre- 
senting many  new  ideas,  or  profound  observations  ; with 
large  or  very  large  ideal,  and  compar.,  and  full  concent, 
added  to  this  combination,  is  capable  of  becoming  quite  in- 
teresting, and  even  eloquent,  as  a speaker ; will  be  chaste, 
and  finished,  if  not  polished  and  graceful,  in  his  language 
and  expressions,  and,  with  imitat.  also  large,  decisively  pop- 
ular as  an  extempore  speaker;  will  be  perspicuous  and  ap- 
propriate, and  easily  and  fully  understood ; possess  extraor- 
dinary facility  and  felicity  of  expression,  and,  whenever  he 
becomes  animated  in  speaking,  will  quote  poetry  with  ease 
and  correctness,  yet  will  have  a better  command  of  words 
than  of  ideas;  may  please  the  fancy,  yet  will  not  greatly 
instructor  enlighten  the  understanding:  with  individ.  large 
or  very  large,  will  use  many  adjectives  and  qualifying 
phrases;  and  yet  employ  words  with  considerable  definite- 
ness and  precision  : with  large  secret.,  cautious.,  approbate 
conscien , and  ven.,  may  be  taciturn  and  reserved  before 
strangers  or  partial  acquaintances,  or,  in  consequence  of  his 
bashfulness  or  modesty,  yet,  when  among  his  familiars  and 
equals,  will  talk  very  freely : with  large  or  very  large  se- 
cret., will  generally  say  but  little,  and,  with  cautious,  also 
large,  frequently  hesitate  in  speaking,  but  this  will  arise 
from  the  fear  of  committing  himself,  or  of  saying  what  he 
does  not  intend  to  say,  rather  than  from  a want  of  words ; 
but,  with  secret,  moderate  or  small,  will  not  only  have  a 
great  command  of  words,  but  be  free  to  express  his  thoughts 
and  feelings,  and,  with  benev.  and  adhes.  alsc  large  or  very 
large,  this  propensity  to  unbosom  himself  to  others,  will  be 
still  farther  increased,  and  he  will  be  a downright  talker: 
with  large  individ.,  combat.,  and  desfruct.,  will  have  a great 
command  of  severe  and  bitter  epithets,  and,  when  excited,  be 
10* 


826 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


extremely  pointed  and  sarcastick  in  his  expressions,  and,  wits 
compar.  aiso  large,  can  pour  out  a torrent  of  abusive  words, 
or  scold  with  a vengeance : with  adhes.  and  benev.  large 
01  very  large,  will  have  a great  command  of  words  express- 
ive of  sympathy,  affection,  endearment,  tenderness  of  feeling, 
&c. ; and,  with  imitat.  also  large,  will  accompany  his  verbal 
communications  with  appropriate  gesticulation,  and  speak 
through  his  action,  the  expression  of  his  countenance,  &c., 
as  well,  as  by  his  words : with  compar.  large  or  very  large, 
will  have  a critical  knowledge  of  the  precise  meaning  of 
words,  of  philology,  synonymes,  &c.,  and  be  prone  closely 
to  criticise  both  his  own  expressions  and  those  of  others,  and. 
with  large  or  very  large  indiviu.  and  event,  added,  is  capable 
of  becoming  a first-rate  linguist:  with  large  or  very  large 
caus.  and  compar.,  and  only  moderate  or  full  ideal.,  will  be 
bold,  original,  and  powerful  in  his  expressions,  but  not  fin- 
ished, elegant,  or  polished,  and,  if  large  combat,  and  destruct. 
and  moderate  or  small  secret,  be  added,  will  speak  out  his 
ideas  in  a plain,  strong,  blunt,  and  frequently  uncouth  style ; 
will  despise  the  flowers  of  rhetorick  and  finely  turned  peri- 
ods, and  present  the  facts  and  the  arguments  of  his  subject 
without  embellishment:  with  ideal,  large  instead  of  mod- 
erate, will  be  a nervous,  strong,  and  also  polished  writer 
and  speaker;  have  a full  flow  of  ideas,  and  also  of  words  in 
which  to  express  them  ; will  combine  power  of  thought  with 
copiousness  and  fluency  of  diction,  and,  with  a good  educa- 
tion, be  capable  of  becoming  an  accomplished  and  a power- 
ful publick  speaker;  will  express  important  ideas  and  strong 
arguments  in  a peculiarly  felicitous  and  happy  style,  and 
have  thoughts  enough  handsomely  to  fill  the  channel  through 
which  they  flow. 

Very  large. — One  having  lang.  very  large,  will  possess 
remarkable  copiousness  of  speech  and  a great  flow  of  words ; 
talk  with  perfect  ease  and  the  greatest  delight ; and,  with  se- 
cret. only  moderate  and  approbat.  large  or  very  large,  among 
his  acquaintances,  will  be,  perhaps,  too  forward  in  conversa- 
tion, and  an  incessant,  not  to  say  intolerable,  talker:  with 
concent,  full  or  large,  will  be  able,  and  much  inclined,  to 
threw  out  the  same  idea  in  a great  many  different  forms  of 
expression,  frequently  amounting  to  tautology;  will  often 
weary  the  hearer  with  tedious  repetitions  and  circumlocu- 
tion, and  not  unfrequent, ly  bury  up  his  ideas  in  a multitudt 
of  weids:  with  individ.,  form,  and  local,  large  or  very  larger 


LANGUAGE. 


227 


mil  be  able  to  commit  to  memory  page  after  page,  even  at  a 
second  reading;  will  be  excessively  fond  of  reading,  and  of 
hearing  and  relating  anecdotes ; after  listening  to  an  inter- 
esting speech,  oration,  or  sermon,  will  be  able  to  repeat  it 
nearly  verbatim,  giving  not  only  the  ideas  and  the  general 
tenour  of  the  discourse,  but  even  many  of  the  precise  ex- 
pressions of  the  speaker ; with  large  or  very  large  ideal,  and 
imitat.,  and  only  full  caus.  added,  will  be  bombastick  in  his 
style,  and  present  more  bathos  than  pathos  or  sublimity ; 
make  a great  display  of  eloquence  and  splendour  in  his  lan- 
guage, and  yet  be  destitute  of  real  eloquence  and  power  of 
thought;  will  be  loquacious,  flippant,  and  verbose,  yet  irn- 
body  but  little  sense  or  argument  in  what  he  says  : with  very 
large  compar.,  caus.,  individ.,  event.,  ideal.,  and  combat., 
will  be  able  to  engross  the  whole  attention  of  the  hearer,  and, 
by  the  clearness  and  power  of  his  reasoning,  combined  with 
the  superiour  elegance  of  his  diction,  and  the  frequent  and 
well-sustained  bursts  of  his  overpowering  eloquence,  enchain 
him  for  hours  to  the  subject;  will  be  rich,  copious,  flow- 
ing, vehement,  and  energetick  in  his  style  and  maimer, 
!>ut  a much  better  extempore  speaker  than  writer,  because, 
in  writing,  he  will  be  apt  to  employ  too  many  words  for  his 
thoughts. 


The  descript!  md  combinations  of  lang.  large,  modifi- 
ed by  an  increa  he  power  and  desires  imparted  by  lang,, 
will  apply  to  lai  jry  large. 

Full. — One  * g lang.  full , will  have  a respectable 
command  of  wo  ’et,  in  order  to  become  fluent,  will  re 
quire  considerable  excitement ; will  not  be  barren  in  style  o? 
expressions,  nor  yet  employ  many  new-coined  or  redundant 
words;  with  some  effort,  may  commit  to  memory,  yet,  unless 
individ.,  form,  and  local,  are  very  large,  will  not  be  eminent 
for  this  talent.  One  having  lang.  full,  with  compar.  and 
caus.  large  or  very  large,  will  have  a rich  fund  of  important 
ideas,  but  they  will  lose  some  of  their  force  when  expressed, 
in  consequence  of  their  calling  more  loudly  for  words  than 
can  be  answered  by  the  speaker,  who,  unless  considerably 
excited,  will  hesitate  for  words ; will  seldom  be  guilty  of 
circumlocution,  but  will  be  rather  brief  and  compact  in  his 
style : with  large  or  very  large  ideal,  ad  led,  will  be  clear, 
elegant,  and  forcible  as  a writer,  but,  though  he  may  get  on 
taler  ib  y we)!  ar>  a speaker,  will  not  be  very  fluent,  and  evea 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


228 

when  excited,  will  by  no  means  manifest  verbosity,  and  vsik 
employ  no  more  words  than  the  sense  demands. 

The  additional  descriptions  and  combinations  of  lang.  fall, 
due  allowance  being  made  by  the  reader  fcr  the  diminished 
power  and  manifestations  of  lang.,  will  be  found  under  lang. 
large. 

Moderate. — One  having  lang.  moderate , will  be  some- 
times at  a loss  for  words  in  which  to  express  his  ideas,  and 
particularly  so  for  happy  and  appropriate  words ; when  an 
idea  is  presented  to  his  mind,  often  be  obliged  to  wait  for  the 
organ  of  lang.  to  supply  the  proper  sign  by  which  to  ex- 
press it ; generally  employ  too  few,  rather  than  too  many, 
words;  and,  instead  of  adding  to  the  force  and  energy  of 
his  thoughts  by  the  ease  and  power  of  his  expressions,  will 
fail  to  give  them  even  their  just  due  from  the  province  of 
language. 

One  having  lang.  moderate,  with  very  large  compar.,  will 
be  very  critical  in  the  use  of  words,  and  seldom  employ  one 
wnich  is  not  fully  expressive  of  the  meaning  intended  to  be 
conveyed ; with  large  or  very  large  ideal,  and  individ.  add- 
ed, may  be  a first-late  linguist,  and  a clear  and  elegant  wri- 
ter, but  will  not  be  a fluent  speaker — may  command  words 
enough  for  the  use  of  the  /^butnotfartheuseofthefoT^gz/e 
will  adopt  a style  more  clear  than  copious ; will  not  be  k 
quacious,  but,  in  what  he  says,  will  employ  but  few  words. 

Small. — One  having  small  lang.,  in  communicating  his 
thoughts  and  feelings,  will  employ  but  few  words,  and  those 
of  every-day  use;  in  speaking,  will  frequently  hesitate  for 
words,  and  possess  very  little  variety  or  copiousness  of  ex- 
pression ; so  for  as  style  is  concerned,  will  be  barren,  dry, 
and  common-place ; find  extreme  difficulty  in  calling  to  mind 
the  particular  words  required  to  express  his  meaning;  con- 
sider talking  as  rather  a burden  than  a pleasure,  and,  conse- 
quently, will  generally  say  but  little,  and  find  it  very  difficult 
o commit  to  memory. 

One  having  lang.  small,  secret,  large,  and  mirth,  only  full, 
wi.l  be  likely  to  pass  whole  days,  and  sometimes  even  weeks, 
m which  he  will  speak  scarcely  a word  unless  there  is  an 
absolute  necessity  for  it ; will  not  be  at  all  interesting  in  pio* 
miscuous  conversr tion,  and  his  thoughts  will  lose  much  of 
their  force  and  point  in  consequence  of  the  deficiency  in  hii 
power  of  expression  : with  combat,  jarge  and  excited,  or  wills 
9 nervous  temperament,  may  speak  in  a rapid,  though  som§* 


REFLECTIVE  FACULTIES. 


229 


idiai  incoherent,  manner,  but  will  use  only  common-place 
phraseology,  and  generally  express  similar  ideas  in  nearly 
ihe  same  set  of  words : with  very  large  caus.  ai  d compar., 
will  have  many  more  thoughts  than  words,  and  make  every 
word  express  some  important  idea;  can  think  much  better 
than  communicate  ; say  a great  deal  in  a few  words  ; cannot 
command  a sufficient  stock  of  words  with  nearly  similar 
meanings  from  which  to  make  happy  selections ; and  will 
think  and  reason  much  more  than  read  or  talk. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  of  lang.  moderate,  mod- 
ified by  a diminution  of  the  power  of  lang.,  and,  also,  those 
under  lang.  large  and  very  large,  reversed , or  read  with  a 
negative , will  generally  apply  to  lang.  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  lang.  very  small,  will  find  the 
utmost  difficulty  in  recollecting  the  arbitrary  signs  used  to 
express  the  simplest  and  most  common  ideas : from  actual 
poverty  of  lang.,  wiil  be  obliged  to  employ  words  in  a sense 
widely  different  from  their  common  and  legitimate  significa- 
tion, and  will  often  express  his  ideas  in  very  inappropriate 
terms ; cannot  commit  to  memory  at  all,  nor  learn  to  read 
with  any  thing  like  tolerable  facility  and  accuracy,  and  will 
be  able  scarcely  to  understand  others,  er  express  himself  so 
that  they  can  understand  him. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  lang.  small, 
modified  by  a lessening  of  the  power  of  lang.,  and  those  un- 
der lang.  full,  reversed , will  apply  to  this  faculty  very  small. 

Location. — Lang,  is  located  upon  the  superorbiter  plate. 
When  large  or  very  large,  by  pressing  down  the  upper  orbit 
of  the  eye,  it  pushes  the  eye  outward  and  downward,  giving 
a fulness  to  it,  and  a swollen  appearance  to  the  under  eyelid. 
When  the  organ  is  small,  the  eyes  will  appear  small  and 
sunken,  and  the  under  eyelid  small.  The  bust  of  the  dis- 
tinguished Thos.  Addis  Emmett,  affords  a striking  specimen 
of  a large  development  of  this  organ. 

3ENUS  II. — Reflective  or  Reasoning  Faculties. 

These  faculties  impart  to  the  human  mind  an  intehectim. 
power  ot  a higher  order  than  that  given  by  the  perceptive 
and  semi-perceptive  faculties.  They  enable  man  to  invent,  to 
think,  and  reason — to  ascertain  those  abstract  relations  and 
hearings  of  things  which  neither  observation,  nor  any  other 
mental  power,  can  reacL.  Most  of  the  other  intellectual  fac* 


830 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


ulties,  are  possessed,  in  a greater  or  less  degree,  by  soma 
species  of  the  lower  order  of  animals,  and  some  of  them,  to 
a far  greater  extent  than  by  man.  Yet,  none  of  these  an- 
imals can  invent , or,  to  any  considerable  extent,  adapt  means 
to  ends.  Neither  can  they  improve  upon  their  mere  animai 
instincts  for  they  are  manifestly  destitute  of  what,  in  man,  is 
called  contrivance.  From  generation  to  generation,  they 
grovel  in  the  same  beaten  track,  and,  as  far  as  improvement 
is  concerned,  remain  stationary;  whilst  soaring,  reasoning 
man  is  always  advancing , and  improving  upon  the  discov- 
eries and  inventions  of  his  predecessors.  At  the  present  day, 
the  sparrow  builds  its  nest,  and  the  beaver  its  hut  and  dam, 
in  precisely  the  same  manner  that  their  progenitors  did  four 
thousand  years  ago;  but,  when  we  compare  the  ten  thousand 
improvements  in  manufactures,  agriculture,  commerce,  sci- 
ence, and  the  arts,  of  the  present  English  and  American 
race,  with  the  rude  huts  and  implements  of  their  Saxon  fore- 
fathers, we  behold  the  striking  and  wonderful  effects  of  cul- 
tivated reason. 

This  subject  also  enables  us  to  advance  understandingly 
tj  another  important  characteristic!*  of  man,  by  showing  us 
how  it  is  that  he  becomes,  not  only  a rational,  but,  likewise,  a 
moral  and  an  accountable , being.  Unaided  by  the  reason- 
ing faculties,  conscience  would  be  lame  and  blind  ; but,  with 
their  assistance,  it  is  enabled  to  lay  hold  of  the  first  princi- 
ples of  right  and  justice,  and  to  point  out  to  man  the  path  of 
rectitude  and  moral  duty.  Unaided  by  the  reasoning  facul- 
ties, the  other  moral  faculties  would  also  wander  in  obscure 
twilight,  and  often  stumble  upon  the  dark  mountains  of  er- 
rour ; but,  with  their  help,  veneration  is  enabled  to  look  at 
the  attributes  of  the  great  Jehovah,  and  successfully  to  study 
his  divine  character,  and  the  moral  relations  that  exist  be- 
tween man  and  his  Maker,  as  well  as  between  man  and  his 
fellow-man — relations  equally  important  and  sublime  with 
any  others  which  the  reasoning  powers  are  capable  of  tra- 
cing. With  their  assistance,  hope  wings  its  flight  into  the 
bright  regions  of  futurity,  and  there  expatiates  rationally  upon 
that  stale  of  being  which  awaits  us  when  we  shall  have 
passed  the  bourne  of  mortality. 

Philosophers  of  all  ages,  have  been  agreed  upon  the  fact, 
that  man  is  the  only  animal  endowed  with  the  moral  and 
reasoning  faculties;  but  it  has  been  left  to  phrenologists  t q 
observe,  and  point  out  die  fact,  that  rzzz  IZ  also  the  only  m- 


CAUSALITY. 


231 


imal  that  possesses  a high  and  broad  fa  rehead,  and  an  ele- 
vated, coronal  portion  to  the  head — in  which  the  organs  of 
these  faculties  are  located.  And  yet,  without  fully  compre 
hending,  or  duly  appreciating  the  importance  of  the  fact, 
mankind  have  always  been  aware,  as  all  history  amply 
proves,  that  a high,  bold,  and  prominent  forehead  is  neces 
sary  to  a great  and  profound  reasoner.  That  there  really 
exist?  a reciprocal  relation  between  the  reasoning  powers  and 
the  expansion  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  forehead,  will  be 
made  fully  manifest  by  comparing  the  heads  of  any  dee/ 
thinkers  and  strong  and  bold  reasoners  with  those  of  individ 
uals  who  possess  these  intellectual  qualities  in  a lower  de- 
gree— by  comparing,  for  example,  the  foreheads  of  Franklin, 
Washington,  Clinton,  Gall,  and  Melancthon,  with  those  of 
Aurelia  Chase,  the  New  Zealander,  Indian,  Carib,  idiot,  &c., 
and  the  heads  of  animals,  in  the  cuts  upon  the  Chart.  Now, 
such  coincidences  as  these,  are  too  striking  to  be  the  result 
of  mere  chance,  and  must,  therefore,  be  produced  by  design; 
and  if  by  design,  they  constitute  a page  in  the  book  of  na* 
ure,  worthy  the  perusal  of  every  student  of  nature. 

36.  CAUSALITY. 

Power  of  'perceiving  and  applying  the  principles  of  causa- 
tion— ability  to  discover , and  trace  out , the  connexion  and 
relations  existing  between  causes  and  effects  ; to  plan , in- 
vent, and  adapt  means  to  ends  ; to  draw  conclusions  from 
given  premises  ; to  reason — disposition  to  investigate , and 
ask , why  ? — key-stone  of  common-sense. 

It  is  an  axiom  in  philosophy,  that  “every  effect  must  have 
a cause;’7  and,  also,  that  “every  cause  must  produce  an  er- 
fect:”  and,  again,  that,  “under  similar  circumstances,  like 
causes  produce  like  effects and,  farther,  that  “ all  the  phe 
itomena  throughout  universal  nature,  proceed  upon  the  prin- 
ciple of  cause  and  effect,  or  antecedent  and  consequent.” 

But  let  us  inquire  from  what  source  it  is  that  philosophers 
gather  these  maxims.  That  they  are  not  the  product  of  the 
observing  faculties,  is  evident  from  the  fact,  that  these  facul- 
ties are  possessed,  more  or  less,  by  the  brute  creation,  and 
yet,  we  know  that  brutes  do  not  reason — that  they  are  not 
capable  of  comprehending  the  relations  of  cause  and  effect — * 
al  any  rate,  beyond  the  narrow  limits  of  their  experience  ; 
and  this  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  reaching  the  princi- 
ple of  causation.  Hence,  we  infer,  that  man  is  endowed 


132 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


with  some  faculty  of  the  mind  of  which  the  lower  oraet  of 
animals  is  destitute,  by  which  he  is  enabled  to  reach  thia 
principle. 

That  the  faculty  in  man  which  regards  every  phenomenon 
or  result  in  nature  as  the  product  of  some  antecedent  cause, 
is  innate,  and  its  operation,  intuitive,  may,  moreover,  be  justly 
inferred  from  the  fact,  that  he  is  naturally  prone  to  demand  a 
reason  for  every  thing — to  ask  why  it  is  so:  and  that  this  dis- 
position in  man  is  more  or  less  strong  in  proportion  as  a cer« 
tain  part  of  the  brain  ( causality , see  cuts)  is  largely  or  other- 
wise developed,  is  equally  proved  by  the  observations  of  phre- 
nologists, as  well  as  of  mankind  generally : — for  here  is  one 
point  in  phrenology  in  which  mankind,  in  all  ages,  have  be- 
lieved. 

That  this  faculty  in  man  is  innate,  is  still  farther  evident 
from  the  fact,  that  this  cause-seeking  disposition  is  strikingly 
evinced  in  children.  Almost  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  make 
observations,  they  also  begin  to  inquire,  why  things  are  so — 
to  investigate  the  causes , reasons , and  uses  of  things. 

As  this  faculty  is  designed  for,  and  adapted  to^the  princi- 
ple of  causation  alluded  to,  it  is  evident,  that,  when  strongly 
or  fairly  developed,  and  furnished  with  proper  data  upon 
which  to  operate,  it  will  always  decide  correctly  concerning 
causes  and  effects  : for  if,  under  such  circumstances,  it  should 
not  always  teach  us  the  truth,  or  give  us  correct  information 
as  to  those  first  principles  or  trutns  which  exist  in  nature,  it 
would  not  act  in  harmony  with  nature’s  laws,  nor  fully  per- 
form the  function  for  which  it  is  originally  designed. 

What  should  we  think,  for  example,  of  an  eye  that  would 
present  objects  to  the  mind  double,  triple,  or  quadruple,  ox 
give  the  image  of  a horse  when  it  looked  at  a man,  or  of  an 
ass  instead  of  a metaphysician  ? What  should  we  think  of 
a faculty  of  colour  that  would  make  green  appear  yellow,  or 
black,  white?  Undoubtedly,  we  should  consider  them  de- 
fective or  perverted.  If,  then,  we  have  a right  to  expec  t,  that 
the  perceptive  faculties,  in  conjunction  with  the  externa., 
senses,  when  uninjured  and  unperverted,  will  furnish  us 
with  correct  information  concerning  physical  objects  and 
their  qualities,  it  is  equally  reasonable  to  suppose,  that,  un- 
der similar  circumstances,  the  reasoning  faculties  will  make 
a true  report  of  the  abstract  relations  and  causes  of  things. 
Consequently,  all  that  we  have  to  do  in  order  to  ascertain 
tfes  truth  in  any  given  matter  is  to  lay  before  causality  the 


CAUSALITT. 


233 


forked  facts  i»i  the  case,  and  all  the  facts,  and  its  decision  will 
be  the  truth  lequiied:  and  the  only  reasons  why  the  opin- 
ions of  men  tso  frequently  and  so  widely  differ  upon  the  same 
subject,  and  stray  so  far  from  the  truth,  are  either  that  the 
data  upon  wnich  the  decisions  of  causality  and  comparison 
are  predicated,  are  incorrect  or  insufficient,  or  because  the 
reasoning  organs  are  too  feeble  to  bear  up  against  the  clam- 
ours of  prejudice  or  passion. 

Large. — One  having  caus.  large , will  be  able  intuitively 
to  perceive,  and  readily  to  apply,  the  principles  of  causation ; 
to  lay  good  plans,  and  successfully  reach  desired  ends  by  the 
application  of  appropriate  means ; will  have  a strong  desire  to 
ascertain  the  why  and  the  wherefore  of  things  ; to  investigate 
their  nature  and  relations,  and  ascertain  their  origin,  uses, 
and  procuring  causes ; will  consider  facts  and  phenomena 
only  as  connected  with  their  principles  and  causes ; perceive 
self-evident  truths,  and  draw  inferences  from  them  ; possess 
an  inquiring,  investigating  turn  of  mind;  with  proper  cul- 
ture of  this  faculty,  be  able  to  originate  good  ideas,  and  rea- 
son correctly  upon  the  data  furnished  by  the  other  faculties ; 
by  the  intuitive  application  of  the  principle  that  like  causes 
will  always  produce  like  effects,  be  able  to  predict  what  will 
be,  from  what  has  been  ; to  tell  wherein  one  result  will  differ 
from  another,  and,  also,  what  will  be  the  effect  of  given  meas- 
ures ; will  intuitively  perceive  the  various  bearings  and  the 
abstract  relations  of  things ; naturally  possess  a large  en- 
dowment of  sagacity,  penetration,  good  sense,  judgment,  and 
originality;  and  be  disposed  to  give,  and  require,  not  only  a 
reason  for  every  thing,  but,  also,  a satisfactory  explanation 
of  all  its  phenomena. 

One  having  caus.  large,  with  the  perceptive  organs  full, 
large,  or  very  large,  will  he  quick  to  perceive  the  first  truths 
or  axioms  of  natural  philosophy,  to  draw  inferences  from 
them,  and  to  apply  them  whenever  occasion  demands:  with 
eompar.  and  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  to  perceive  the 
force  of  moral  truths  and  inferences,  and  to  admit  moral  ax- 
ioms, and  be  able  to  reason  clearly  and  correctly  from  them: 
with  the  selfish  faculties  strong,  will  be  able  to  provide  for 
his  selfish  wants,  and  secure  selfish  ends : with  acquis,  fud 
or  large,  or  even  only  moderate  or  small,  to  lay  excellent 
plans  for  accumulating  wealth:  with  the  perceptive  organs 
only  moderate  or  full,  will  be  more  delighted  with  the  pnnr 
Apples  and  the  philosophy  of  natural  science,  than  with  til 


834 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATE©. 


mere  facts , and  seldom  contemplate  tacts  apart  from  the  laws 
concerned  in  their  production:  with  individ.  and  event,  only 
moderate  or  full,  will  be  guided  much  more  by  the  reason 
of  things,  and  by  general  principles,  than  by  experience ; but, 
with  individ.  and  event,  large  or  very  large,  will  be  influenced 
both  by  experiments  and  facts,  and  also  by  the  principles  in 
volved  in  them;  have  a superiour  talent,  not  only  for  col 
lecting  facts,  but,  also,  for  drawing  correct  deductions  from 
them ; devise  and  execute  with  surprising  sagacity  and  tact, 
and  possess  an  excellent  talent  for  turning  things  to  his  own 
advantage — for  seeing  just  what  ought  to  be  done  in  order 
most  successfully  to  obtain  the  desired  end,  and  will  possess 
a very  large  share  of  'practical  sense  and  sound  judgment : 
with  large  or  very  large  compar.  and  only  moderate  percep- 
tive faculties,  will  deal  much  more  in  that  which  h abstract 
and  metaphysical  than  in  facts  and  details,  and  possess  much 
more  intellect  than  he  appears  to  have ; be  too  abstract,  and 
think  too  deeply,  to  be  properly  appreciated,  especially  by 
those  who  have  large  perceptive,  and  only  full  reasoning, 
faculties ; will  have  an  excellent  memory  of  thoughts  and 
first-principles,  but  forget  circumstances  and  particulars; 
have  a distinct  recollection  of  in  ferences , yet  be  apt  to  forget 
the  premises  from  which  they  were  drawn ; be  able  to  think 
and  reason  clearly  and  strongly,  yet,  in  presenting  his  ideas, 
will  fail  to  do  them  justice,  or  give  them  the  force  necessary 
to  produce  the  conviction  to  which  they  are  justly  entitled : 
with  the  selfish  faculties  generally  large  or  very  large,  and 
the  moral  only  moderate  or  full,  will  make  his  reason  sub- 
servient to  the  mandates  of  his  selfish,  not  to  say  vicious  and 
depraved,  animal  desires  and  gratifications ; and  prostitute 
this  noble  gift  to  the  injury  both  of  himself  and  his  fellow- 
men  : with  the  moral  organs  large,  and  the  selfish  also  large, 
will  have  a vigorous  intellect  propelled  by  energetick,  selfish 
passions,  and  modified  by  a strong  current  moral  feeling, 
yet  his  moral  and  religious  opinions  and  practices  will  be 
strongly  tinctured  with  his  animal  feelings — bis  religious  gar- 
ments often  defaced  with  spots  and  patches  of  selfishness  and 
sin  ; and  his  reason  turned  to  a good  or  bad  account  according 
as  his  education,  external  circumstances,  &c.,  excite  more  pow- 
erfully either  the  one  or  the  other  class  of  faculties : with 
the  moral  organs  large  or  very  large,  the  propensities  full  o? 
large,  but  less  than  the  moral  and  reasoning  organs,  andths 
perceptive  at  least,  full,  will  possess  great  intellectual  powe? 


CAUSALITY. 


235 


and  supexiour  talents,  which  will  be  called  into  energetick 
action,  and  urged  forward  by  strong  feelings,  and  directed 
Oy  high-toned,  moral  principle,  to  the  advancement  of  some 
noble  and  important  object;  and  have  enough  of  the  propen- 
sities to  impart  efficiency  to  his  intellectual  and  moral  facul- 
ties, which,  however,  will  maintain  the  ascendency:  witfe 
combat,  large,  will  warmly  defend  and  advocate  his  opinionv 
and  engage  in  debate  wtih  spirit  and  delight,  &c. 

Caus.  acts  with  a power  and  success  reciprocally  propa* 
donate  to  the  size  of  the  or^an  and  the  stimuli  which  excite 
it.  These  stimuli  are  supplied  by  the  other  faculties,  and 
vary  according  to  the  intensity  with  which  these  faculties 
desire  those  objects  procured  by  the  aid  of  caus.  For  ex 
ample ; one  having  caus.  large,  with  very  large  domestick 
organs,  and  only  moderate  selfish  propensities,  will  seem  to 
lack  wisdom  in  conducting  his  own  selfish  interests,  because 
ne  will  be  comparatively  indifferent  to  them,  but,  in  reference 
to  his  children,  his  family,  his  friends,  &c.,  he  will  plain 
with  uncommon  judgment,  and  manifest  great  foresight, 
with  acquis,  small,  and  approbat.  or  self-e.,  or  both,  very 
rnrge,  will  be  likely  to  manifest  great  mental  vigour  in  his 
efforts  to  secure  distinction,  yet,  in  the  mere  accumulation  of 
wealth,  may  discover  a decisive  want  of  tact  and  judgment, 
and  ability  to  plan  ; but  still,  if  any  of  the  other  faculties  de- 
sire money,  caus.  will  do  its  utmost  to  supply  them,  and 
devise  means  admirably  calculated  to  secure  this  object: 
with  the  selfish  propensities  only  moderate  or  full,  compar. 
and  conscien.  large  or  very  large,  ven.  full  or  large,  and  the 
perceptive  organs  only  moderate  or  full,  will  reason  clearly 
and  forcibly  from  correct  moral  premises,  and  successfully 
prosecute  ethical  and  theological  investigations,  yet  be  less 
distinguished  for  his  delight  and  success  in  pursuing  nat- 
ural philosophy,  and  be  likely  to  make  but  indifferent  calcu- 
lations in  regard  to  his  pecuniary  affairs,  and  manage  them 
rather  poorly  ; but,  with  the  perceptive  organs  large  or  very 
large,  conscien.  small,  and  ven.  only  full,  while  he  will  rea- 
son clearly  and  correctly  upon  natural  philosophy  and  mat- 
ters which  have  no  moral  bearing,  will  commit  the  grossest 
errours  m reasoning  upon  the  character  of  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing and  religious  subjects  generally,  his  duties  to  his  fellow- 
men,  and  of  their  obligations  to  him,  &c.  The  same  priu- 
siple  applies  to  caus.  in  combination  with  any  of  the  otfaef 
organs  in  -heir  various  states  of  development. 


836 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


Very  large. — One  having  cans,  very  large,  with  a large 
head  and  an  active  temperament,  in  addition  to  the  manifest 
tations  described  under  eaus.  large,  will  be  pre-eminent  for 
the  correctness  of  his  judgment,  the  clearness,  originality, 
and  importance  of  his  ideas,  the  extent  of  his  understanding, 
and  the  power  of  his  intellect ; be  distinguished  for  taking 
new  views,  even  of  the  most  ordinary  subjects,  and  for  pre- 
senting them  in  a striking  light;  for  discovering  new  me- 
thods of  effecting  certain  objects ; be  able  to  calculate,  with 
certainty,  what  effects  will  be  produced  by  the  application  of 
particular  means,  and,  also,  the  most  judicious  method  of 
applying  these  means ; clearly  perceive  the  full  force  of  ar- 
guments; be  able  to  explain,  or  “clear  up,:j  abstruse  points 
and  difficult  subjects  ; to  carry  conviction  to  the  mind  by  his 
irresistible  arguments,  and  always  to  present  them  in  a man- 
ner perfectly  intelligible  ; will  grasp,  as  it  were,  with  a giant 
intellect,  those  great  and  fundamental  principles  which  enter 
into  the  nature  and  constitution  of  things ; and  possess  ex* 
traordinary  greatness  of  mind  and  vastness  of  comprehen 
sion. 

One  having  caus.  very  large,  with  compar.  large  or  very 
large,  will  be  extremely  delighted  with  metaphysical  and 
abstract  studies  ; attempt  to  pry  into  the  nature  and  first-prin- 
ciples of  every  thing  ; will  speculate  and  theorize,  and,  with 
large  conscien.  added,  will  excel  as  a metaphysician,  and  es- 
pecially as  a moral  and  intellectual  philosopher;  with  large 
individ.  added,  will  not  only  display  extraordinary  depth  and 
power  of  thought,  but,  also,  be  able  to  express  and  illustrate 
his  ideas  in  a manner  so  simple  and  intelligible  as  to  make 
himself  easily  and  fully  understood  even  by  feeble  minds ; if 
he  fail  in  any  part  of  his  projects,  will  readily  supply  the 
deficiency  by  a resort  to  the  most  happy  expedients,  and  thus 
generally  succeed  in  his  undertakings ; never  be  at  a loss  for 
resources,  and  be  wonderfully  ingenious  in  calling  them  up 
and  applying  them ; and  possess  extraordinary  intellectual 
power  and  acumen. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  of  caus.  large,  modifi- 
ed by  an  increase  of  the  power  of  caus.,  will  apply  to  this 
organ  very  _arge. 

Full. — One  having  caus  .full,  will  have  a strong  desire 
to  ascertain  the  reason  of  things,  and  to  investigate  their  na- 
ture and  procuring  causes,  yet  his  vievts  of  the  relations  of 
eause  and  effect,  will  be  less  clear,  and  his  inductions  from* 


€ AUSALtT*. 


2m 


given  amount  of  data,  less  correct,  than  they  would  be  if 
cans,  were  large  or  very  large;  with  proper  culture,  will 
respectable  as  a reasoner,  yet  the  cast  of  his  mind  will  not 
be  strikingly  original  o'*  logical,  nor  his  judgment  first-rate* 
with  large  or  very  largt  perceptive  faculties,  may  be  qualifi- 
ed to  do  a fair  business,  yet  will  not  excel  in  planning  or  in 
conducting  a great  business,  nor  be  distinguished  for  employ- 
ing the  best  means  to  effect  desired  ends  ; with  large  imitat., 
individ.,  and  approbat.,  and  moderate  or  small  self-e.  added, 
will  lack  independence  and  originality  of  thought  and  char- 
acter; adopt  the  views  and  opinions  of  those  with  whom  he 
most  associates,  and  thus  have  no  marked  character  or  plans 
of  his  own,  and,  with  ven.  and  conscien.  large,  will  not  de- 
sire, or  hardly  dare,  especially  in  religious  matters,  to  think 
or  act  for  himself;  may  pass  for  a man  of  considerable  talent 
and  intellect,  yet  much  of  his  knowledge  will  be  borrowed, 
and  his  disposition  and  ability  to  apply  his  mind  closely  to 
an  argument  or  process  of  thought,  will  be  weak  and  limit- 
ed, and  his  judgment,  not  very  profound:  with  compar.,  in- 
divid., and  event,  large,  will  not  be  distinguished  for  the 
superiority  of  his  judgment,  nor  yet  for  the  weakness  of  it; 
will  possess  considerable  practical  talent,  and  understand 
himself  well,  yet  be  somewhat  superficial,  and  manifest  more 
discrimination  and  tact  than  originality  and  depth,  and  fail 
to  present  arguments  in  a clear,  cogent,  and  convincing  man- 
ner, as  well  as  to  appreciate  the  full  force  of  the  reasonings 
of  others. 

Moderate. — One  having  caus.  moderate , will  not  be 
very  clear  or  correct  in  apprehending  the  principles  of 
causation,  nor  reason  clearly  or  closely;  with  individ., 
event.,  and  lang.  large,  and  compar.  full  or  large,  may  pass 
through  the  ordinary  routine  of  life  with  tolerable  success, 
yet,  when  called  upon  to  think,  or  plan,  or  call  up  resources 
— to  devise  means,  or  originate  any  thing,  will  manifest 
weakness  and  inability;  may  learn  well,  and,  with  imitat 
also  large,  do  what  he  sees  others  do,  and  gain  something 
from  experience,  yet  will  be  unwilling  to  apply  his  mind  to 
any  subject  which  requires  close  investigation  and  research; 
and  will  not  be  able  to  reason  strongly  or  deeply,  or  to  ap- 
preciate the  arguments  of  those  who  do ; and  wiL  not  be  at 
ail  distinguished  for  quickness  of  comprehension  or  depth  of 
understanding : with  the  selfish  faculties  strong,  will  be  sway- 
ed chiefly  by  his  animal  propensities,  and  yet  be  shrewd  in 


gas 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


many  things,  although  his  shrewdness  will  result  more  from 
instinct  than  reason : with  secret,  large,  and  conscien.  only 
full,  by  art  and  intrigue  may  succeed  well  for  awhile,  yet  it 
will  not  be  difficult  to  penetrate  his  designs,  and  discover  his 
intentions,  and,  consequently,  to  defeat  his  purposes. 

Small. — One  having  caus.  small , will  be  decisively  defi- 
cient in  discernment  and  understanding;  fail  to  comprehend 
the  reasons,  principles,  causes,  and  the  general  bearing  of 
things,  as  well  as  the  force  of  logical  arguments ; be  injudi- 
cious in  planning,  and  unable  to  see  the  end  from  the  begin- 
ning, or  comprehend  the  result  of  certain  measures ; be  un- 
able to  think,  and  dull  in  comprehending  a subject,  even 
when  clearly  and  fully  explained  to  him ; slow  to  draw  in- 
ferences, and  unskilful  in  adapting  means  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  desired  ends  ; possess  feeble  powers  of  ratiocination, 
and  a judgment  that  cannot  be  relied  upon  ; and  have  no  talent 
for  metaphysicks,  or  moralizing,  and  very  little  “ hard  sense.” 

One  having  caus.  small,  with  secret,  large  or  very  large, 
may  manifest  considerable  tact  and  ingenuity  in  laying  plots, 
yet  have  too  little  depth  or  strength  of  intellect  to  carry 
through  his  manoeuvres : with  very  large  individ.,  may  have 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  matters  and  things  in  general,  yet 
will  not  be  able  to  invent,  or  improve  upon  the  inventions  of 
others,  to  devise  “ ways  and  means,”  and  create  resources. 

The  combinations  and  descriptions  under  large  or  very 
,*arge  caus.,  reversed , will  apply  to  caus.  small. 

Very  small. — One  having  caus.  very  small , will  utterly 
.foil  to  appreciate  or  apply  the  principles  of  causation,  or  to 
comprehend  the  relations  of  cause  and  effect;  be  unable  to 
reason,  or  to  understand  the  arguments  or  explanations  of 
others,  be  they  ever  so  clear  and  simple,  and  will  be  appa 
rently  destitute  of  the  qualities  ascribed  to  caus.  large. 

Of  all  the  human  faculties,  caus.  is  undoubtedly  the  most 
useful  and  important,  (if,  indeed,  a preference  may  be  given 
to  one  faculty  over  another,)  as  it  gives  that  depth,  and 
strength,  and  solidity  to  the  mind  so  necessary  to  the  proper 
guidance  and  direction  of  the  other  faculties,  and  without 
which,  man  could  scarcely  be  accounted  a rational  being.  It 
is,  in  fact,  that  faculty  which,  above  all  others,  so  prc-emi« 
ncntiy  distinguishes  man  from  the  brute,  and  enables  him  to 
stand  forth  in  majestick  dignity  as  the  lord  of  this  lower  cre- 
ation. With  this  faculty  largely  developed,  (and  aided  bj 
eompar ,)  man  is  capable  of  thinking,  reasoning,  rising,  soar 


COMPARISON. 


239 


looking,  with  an  intelligent  eye,  .nio  the  works  of 
the  Deity,  and  of  penetrating  the  mighty  mysteries  of  his 
divine  government.  Without  it,  what  would  be  man? — a 
helpless,  unintelligent  creature — a feeble,  grovelling  tloig, 
scarcely  elevated  above  the  meanest  reptile. 

Location. — Caus.  is  located  in  the  upper  and  lateral  por- 
tions of  the  forehead,  externally  from  com  par.,  and  gives 
height  and  breadth  to  the  forehead  proportionate  to  the  si m 
of  the  organ. 

37.  COMPARISON. 

Disposition  and  ability  to  compare  various  things  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  their  points  of  resemblance  and 
of  difference — power  of  classification — perception  and 
application  of  the  principles  of  analogy — ability  to  dis- 
cover truths  that  are  unknown , by  discerning  their  resem- 
blance to  those  that  are  already  ascertained , and  also 
errour  from  its  incongruity  with  truth — power  of  illus- 
tration— critical  acumen. 

On  account  of  the  resemblance  which  one  thing,  or  one 
set  of  things,  bears  to  another,  most  of  the  phenomena  of 
he  natural  world,  are  capable  of  being  grouped  together 
into  classes.  The  causes  of  these  phenomena,  or  their  rela- 
tions of  cause  and  effect,  as  has  been  observed,  are  sought 
out  by  causality  ; their  resemblances  and  analogies,  and  their 
dissimilarities , are  recognised  by  comparison.  Form  may 
compare  different  shapes ; tune,  different  notes  ; and  colour 
may  contrast  different  shades ; but  comparison  can  compare 
a colour  and  a shape,  a teint  and  a note,  an  idea  and  a sub- 
stance; which  cannot  be  done  by  these  other  faculties  alone: 
and  thu»  it  is,  that  comparison  embraces  within  the  legitimate 
sphere  of  its  function,  the  whole  range  of  nature.  It  some- 
times discerns  resemblances  between  things  apparently  the 
most  distant  and  unlike;  and  often  traces  out  analogies  be- 
tween the  qualities  of  mind  and  matter:  and  is  the  grand 
®gent  in  producing  similes,  metaphors,  and  allegories,  par- 
ables, and  fables. 

As  was  predicated  of  causality,  that,  when  furnished  with 
correct  data,  it  would  always  draw  just  conclusions,  and 
teach  us  what  is  true  ; so  may  it  be  of  comparison,  that,  in- 
asmuch as  i:  is  primarily  adapted  to  take  cognizance  oi  cer- 
tain resemblances  and  arrangements  in  nature,  it,  also,  whes» 


MO  PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATES 

furnished  with  proper  data,  will  give  us  the  truth  concerning 
these  arrangements.  In  other  words;  the  legitimate  conclu 
sions  drawn  by  comparison  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
of  analogy,  may  be  relie"’  apon  with  as  much  certainty  as 
those  drawn  by  causalhy,  or  experience.  For  example; 
there  is  a resemblance,  more  or  less  striking,  in  the  anatomi- 
cal structure  of  all  the  various  orders,  genera,  and  species  of 
animals,  and,  also,  in  the  structure  of  different  individuals 
of  the  same  species.  Hence,  comparison  has  a right  to  in- 
fer, that,  as  far  as  this  anatomical  analogy  extends,  these  d li- 
ferent animals  are  governed  by  similar  physiological  laws. 
In  other  words  ; as  far  as  an  analogy  actually  exists  between 
any  two  things,  we  have  a right  to  conclude,  that  what  k 
true  of  the  one,  is  equally  so  of  the  other.  If*  for  instance, 
we  discover  an  animal  whose  species  is  unknown  to  us,  we 
immediately  compare  it  with  some  animal  of  a known  spe- 
cie^ which  it  most  resembles ; and,  as  far  as  this  resemblance 
hu  Js  good,  we  at  once,  and  justly,  conclude  the  animals  axe 
alike  in  their  nature  and  habits.  If  the  strange  animal  is 
furnished  with  the  organs  which  we  know  belong  to  herbiv- 
orous animals,  we  conclude  that  it  is  herbivorous ; if,  with 
the  organs  of  carnivorous  or  granivorous  animals,  we  infer 
that  it  is  carnivorous,  or  granivorous,  as  the  case  may  be : if 
the  animal  is  furnished  with  legs  and  feet,  we  conclude  that 
its  nature  is  to  walk  or  run  on  land  ; if,  with  wings,  we  say 
it  flies  in  the  air ; if,  with  fins,  we  judgf  it  swims  in  the  wa- 
ter, and  so  on:  and  we  naturally  rely  upon  the  justness  of 
these  conclusions,  though  drawn  entirely  from  analogy , as 
confidently  as  we  do  upon  the  truths  taught  by  the  most  rigid 
induction.  Indeed,  the  human  mind  is  so  constituted,  that  it 
cannot  avoid  making  comparisons,  and  then  relying  upon 
tneir  result. 

That  the  principles  of  analogy  really  exist  in  nature,  is 
demonstrated  by  every  day’s  observation  and  experience; 
and  hence  we  infer  the  necessity  of  a primary  power  c S tho 
mind  whose  proper  function  it  is  to  perceive  these  principles, 
and,  by  their  application,  to  discover  truth  and  detect  errour : 
and  hence  we  may  also  infer,  that  arguments  which  are 
based  upon  correct  analogies,  are  strictly  true.  This  being 
the  case,  then,  the  only  reason  why  arguments  drawn  from 
analogy,  are  so  often  unsound,  is,  that  the  comparisons  upon 
which  they  are  predicated,  are  not,  in  all  respects,  just : for, 
if  the  resemblance  upon  which  the  argument  is  founded 


^OMPAiUSOH. 


koids  good  in  ninety-nine  points  in  a hundred,  and  differs  in 
me,  this  difference,  provided  the  analogy  from  which  the 
eonclusion  is  drawn,  reaches  this  point,  will  destroy  the 
whole  for;e  of  the  analogy,  or  as  far,  at  least,  as  the  argu- 
ment is  concerned,  and,  of  course,  render  the  conclusion 
false;  but,  conclusions  drawn  from  any  points  in  which  the 
analogy  holds  good,  are  correct , and  may  be  relied  upon. 
Here,  then,  we  have  arrived  at  the  source  of  that  great  flood 
of  sophistry  and  false  reasoning  which  sweeps  through  the 
popular  discourses  and  discussions  of  the  day. 

Large. — One  having  compar.  large , will  readily  discover 
analogies,  resemblances,  differences,  &c.,  and  be  able,  and 
disposed,  to  classify  those  thoughts,  phenomena,  and  things 
of  which  the  other  faculties  have  taken  cognizance;  possess 
a happy  talent  for  generalizing,  illustrating,  and  reasoning 
from  similar  cases ; frequently  employ  figurative  expressions ; 
readily  discover  the  point  and  the  application  of  arguments; 
make  nice  discriminations ; possess  a criticising,  comparing 
turn  of  mind,  and  readily  detect  fallacies  in  arguments,  and 
inaccuracies,  and  improprieties  in  the  use  of  words,  &c. 

The  objects  compared  by  this  faculty,  are  determined,  in 
part,  by  its  combinations.  For  example ; one  having  com- 
par. large,  with  full,  large,  or  very  large  event,  and  individ., 
will  have  a happy  talent,  and  a passionate  fondness,  for  com- 
paring different  phenomena , and  classes  of  phenomena,  in 
the  natural  world,  as  well  as  various  historical  accounts, 
scientifick  facts  and  experiments,  &c.,  and  be  quick  to  dis- 
cern those  resemblances  and  differences  which  obtain  between 
them,  and,  also,  between  the  various  sciences  themselves; 
with  a view  to  make  himself  easily  understood,  will  be 
strongly  prone  to  illustrate  his  ideas  by  a reference  to  some 
fact  or  phenomenon  with  which  the  auditor  is  supposed  to  be 
familiar ; with  form,  size,  and  local,  added,  will  be  very 
skilful  in  comparing  those  things  which  come  under  the 
cognizance  of  these  faculties  respectively,  as  well  as  in  draw- 
ing illustrations  from  them : with  ven.  and  conscien.  Iarg8 
or  very  large,  will  draw  religious  instruction  from  natumi 
objects,  and  apply  the  principles  and  phenomena  of  natumi 
science,  and  of  the  physical  world  generally,  to  the  investi- 
gation of  moral  and  religious  subjects ; compare  spiritual 
things  with  temporal,  and  temporal  with  spiritual,  and  be 
predisposed  to  receive,  and  convey,  religious  instruction  by 
means  of  parables,  allegories,  &c.,  and,  in  reasoning  upon 


242 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATES. 


moral  subje:ts,  make  a great  many  nice  distinctions,  : 
with  ideal,  and  individ.  large  or  very  large,  will  make  mejiy 
elegant  and  elevated  comparisons;  employ  many  metaphors, 
similes,  and  other  figures  which  will  glow  with  the  fervour, 
and  be  enlivened  by  the  brilliancy,  of  a lively  imagination, 
and  serve  the  purpose  of  argument  and  ornament  united ; 
yet,  with  only  full  caus.  added,  there  will  be  very  little  rea- 
son cr  sound  logick  in  his  metaphors  and  illustrations  : with 
caus.  large,  in  investigating  causes,  will  be  greatly  assisted 
and  often  led  to  his  conclusions,  by  the  light  of  comparison; 
in  thinking  and  reasoning  upon  subjects,  and  especially  in 
deciding  upon  the  force  of  arguments,  will  employ  his  caus. 
as  much  as  his  compar.,  and  probably  more,  yet,  in  commu- 
nicating his  ideas,  will  manifest  more  compar.  than  caus., 
and  illustrate  them  copiously  and  forcibly:  with  concent, 
moderate  or  small,  will  frequently  employ  mixed  metaphors, 
and  seldom  sustain,  or  carry  out,  his  comparisons : with 
ideal,  only  moderate  or  full,  will  still  employ  metaphors, 
similes,  and  copious  illustrations,  but  they  will  be  argu- 
mentative, rather  than  ornamental ; and,  though  they  may 
be  clear  and  in  point,  they  will  not  be  glowing  or  elevated 
in  character,  nor  always  in  good  taste:  with  secret,  moderate 
or  small,  and  lang.  and  combat,  full  or  large,  will  be  so  much 
inclined  to  criticise  the  expressions  of  others,  as  often  to  get 
their  ill  will,  yet,  to  exercise  his  critical  acumen,  will  be  so  nat- 
ural to  him,  that  he  will  find  it  difficult  to  avoid  it : with  ideal., 
imitat.,  individ.,  form,  size,  order,  local.,  event.,  and  lang, 
large  or  very  large,  and  caus.  only  full,  will  have  a populai 
and  decisively  practical  talent,  which  will  appear  to  be  much 
greater  than  it  really  is,  but  his  judgment  will  be  much  more 
the  result  of  experience  and  observation,  than  of  reflection; 
have  a superiour,  natural  tact  and  talent  for  doing  business, 
and  getting  along  well  in  the  world ; acquire  knowledge  very 
easily,  retain  it  for  a long  time,  and  also  apply  it  to  very  good 
advantage;  speak  and,  perhaps,  write  well  upon  subjects 
which  require  no  great  depth  of  thought;  be  likely  to  pass 
for  a person'  of  superiour  mental  powers,  yet,  he  will  net 
often  bear  sounding,  nor  reason  closely  nor  profoundly,  no? 
take  original  or  comprehensive  views  of  subjects ; but,  with 
caus.  large  or  very  large,  will  be  able  to  combine  uncommon 
theoretical , with  extraordinary  practical , talents  ; according 
to  his  advantages,  will  have  at  command  a great  amount  of 
facts  upon  a great  variety  of  subjects,  and  also,  be  able  tc 


COMPARISON. 


243 


apply  his  knowledge  to  the  best  advantage,  boiii  in  reasoning 
and  in  accomplishing  his  purposes ; will  be  naturally  both 
learned  and  profound,  and  capable  of  excelling  in  the  natu 
ral,  metaphysical,  and  demonstrative  sciences;  be  pre-eminently 
talented,  and  calculated  both  to  devise  and  execute,  and  thus 
to  conduct  a great  business ; and,  with  combat.,  firm.,  hope, 
and  self-e.  large  or  very  large,  be  abundantly  able  to  rise  fa? 
above  the  common  level  of  mankind,  and  to  turn  his  hand 
successfully  to  almost  any  undertaking;  and  will  add  to  su- 
periour  natural  talents,  great  energy  and  perseverance. 

Very  large. — One  having  compar.  very  large , will  bo 
able,  readily  to  compare,  and  perfectly  analyze,  almost  any  sub- 
ject which  may  be  presented  to  his  mind ; will  instantly  and 
intuitively  detect  the  fallacy  of  analogical  arguments,  and 
the  misapplication  of  words  or  facts ; present  his  ideas  m a 
manner  so  perfectly  clear  and  simple,  and  accompanied  with 
illustrations  so  copious  and  appropriate,  that  they  can  be? 
fully  and  easily  understood:  with  lang.  and  individ.  large, 
will  pour  out  a superabundant  flood  of  figurative  expressions; 
be  strongly  inclined  to  criticise  every  thing  he  sees,  hears,  or 
reads;  and,  with  moderate  conscien.,  will  be  likely,  by  his 
wonderful  power  and  copiousness,  and  seeming  appropriate- 
ness, of  comparison  and  illustration,  to  make  the  better  side 
appear  the  worse,  and  the  worse,  the  better — to  employ  sophis- 
try, put  false  constructions  upon  things,  and  make  wrong  ap- 
plications of  them,  and  thus  knowingly  mislead  the  common 
mind,  &c. 

The  influence  of  compar.  very  large,  acting  in  combina- 
tion with  the  other  organs,  has  been  described  under  the 
other  organs  respectively.  It  may  also  be  added,  that  the 
combinations  and  descriptions  given  as  applicable  to  compar. 
large,  modified  by  an  increase  of  the  influence  of  compar., 
will  apply  to  this  organ  very  large. 

Full. — One  having  full  compar.,  will  be  respectable  for 
his  discrimination  and  ability  to  compare,  analyze,  and  illus 
trate  things,  yet  will  not  be  particularly  distinguished,  for 
this  power ; frequently  resort  to  illustrations,  yet  they  will 
not  manifest  the  quality  of  versatility , nor  be  always  in 
point;  not  at  once  discover  whether  a comparison  is  just  and 
appropriate,  and,  though  he  may  be  able  to  trace  out  plain 
and  striking  analogies,  will  not  so  readily  discover  the  more 
obscure  and  subtle  resemblances,  analogies,  differences,  &c. : 
*vith  caus,  large  or  very  large,  will  have  good  ideas,  but 


i44 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


they  will  often  be  less  applicable  to  the  subject,  and  mure 
imperfectly  illustrated,  than  is  desirable : with  the  perceptive 
faculties  generally  strong,  will  not  discover  any  marked  de- 
fect in  tiiis  particular,  nor  any  peculiar  talent  for  compari- 
son, &c. 

The  additional  manifestations  of  compar.  full,  may  be  in- 
ferred from  those  of  compar.  large,  modified  by  a decreass 
of  the  power  of  this  faculty. 

Moderate. — One  having  compar.  moderate , may  be  able 
to  discern  the  plainer  and  more  obvious  resemblances  and 
differences  which  exist  in  the  phenomena  of  nature,  but  will 
fail  to  discover  the  more  obscure  points,  and  nicer  shades,  of 
resemblance  and  difference ; may  perceive  the  force  of  com- 
parisons and  illustrations  presented  by  others,  yet  will  not 
be  happy  in  discovering  them  himself,  nor  readily  perceive  the 
application  of  arguments,  nor  give  point  to  his  own  : with  full 
or  large  caus.,  will  make  many  sensible  remarks,  yet  they 
will  frequently  lack  point,  and  be  inapplicable  to  the  subject 
in  hand:  with  lang.  full  or  large,  will  talk  much,  but  not  be 
able  to  write  with  perspicuity,  nor  to  use  words  with  propri- 
ety and  accuracy : with  individ.  and  event,  large  or  very 
iarge,  will  have  an  excellent  memory  of  facts,  but,  instead 
of  arranging  and  classifying  them,  he  will  be  likely  to  pre- 
sent them  in  a confused  state,  and,  as  it  wrere,  en  masse  : will 
not  make  nice  distinctions  between  the  various  passions  and 
other  mental  operations,  and  fail  to  make  critical  discrimina- 
tions in  matters  and  things  generally,  or  to  adduce  many 
appropriate  illustrations. 

The  descriptions  and  combinations  of  compar.  full,  dimin' 
ished,  will  apply  to  compar.  moderate. 

Small. — One  having  compar.  small , will  be  dull  and  slow 
in  perceiving  the  force  of  comparisons  and  analogies,  and 
possess  but  little  discernment  or  discrimination,  and  be  un- 
able successfully  to  compare,  classify,  arrange,  illustrate,  or 
generalize ; be  almost  destitute  of  critical  acumen ; and  fai! 
to  perceive  analogies  and  differences,  even  when  they  are 
pointed  out  to  him. 

Very  small. — One  having  compar.  very  small , wi1]  be 
apparently  destitute  of  all  those  qualities  ascribed  to  corn- 
par.  large  and  very  large,  and  nearly  so  of  those  attributed 
ij  compar.  lull 

Location. — Compar.  is  located  in  the  middle  and  upper 
portion  of  the  forehead,  between  the  two  lobes  of  cans.,  with 


COMPARISON. 


245 


gvent.  below,  and  benev.  above  it.  Its  shape  resembles  an 
inverted  cone. 

It  has  already  been  remarked,  that  the  class  of  functions 
performed  by  the  reflective  facilities,  is  of  a far  higher  order 
than  any  other,  and,  also,  that,  when  fairly  developed,  and 
furnished  with  correct  data,  if  allowed  to  operate  in  an  un- 
perverted  and  unbiased  manner,  they  will  always  form  cor- 
rect conclusions,  and  furnish  us  with  the  truth.  But  the 
great  misfortune  to  mankind  is,  that  these  faculties  are  sel- 
dom allowed  to  assert  their  own  proper  prerogative,  and  sway 
that  influence  over  human  actions  and  human  conduct  for 
which  they  are  originally  designed.  Hence  it  is,  that  we 
so  much  more  frequently  see  men  guided  by  feeling,  by  pas 
si  on,  or  by  prejudice,  than  by  reason. 

This  great  ana  deplorable  evil  generally  arises,  either  from 
a neglect  to  cultivate  the  reasoning  faculties,  or  from  a per- 
version of  them.  It  cannot  be  denied,  that  the  animal  and 
selfish  passions  in  man,  frequently  occupy  the  greater  portion 
of  the  bn  in  ; but  yet,  on  a close  examination,  it  will  generally 
be  found,  that  the  moral  and  intellectual  faculties,  if  properly 
cultivated , are  sufficiently  powerful  to  keep  in  check,  and  to 
control,  the  feelings  and  the  passions.  At  present,  however, 
we  have  to  consider  the  neglect  and  perversion  of  the  reflec- 
tive faculties  only. 

As  society  is  now  constituted,  even  in  what  is  called  civil- 
ized and  Christian  communities,  men  are  often  taught  to 
fight,  to  covet,  to  cheat,  lie,  and  scandalize,  to  gormandize 
and  be  lascivious;  but  how  rarely  are  they  taught  to  think  ! 
In  proof  of  this,  -we  have  only  to  look  abroad  upon  the  face 
of  society.  How  often  do  we  see  our  beautiful  system  of  re- 
ligion debased  and  degraded,  and  made  subservient  to  the 
vilest  and  most  selfish  purposes — her  sacred  vestments  tatter- 
ed and  torn  by  sectarian  strife  and  party  discord— her  holy 
altars  polluted  by  base  hypocrisy  and  sordid  iniquity— he? 
sublime  doctrines  perverted,  and  her  righteous  laws  trampled 
binder  foot!  How  often  do  we  seethe  unprincipled  pretend- 
er, gaining  his  selfish  objects  by  practising  upon  the  ignorance 
and  the  credulity  of  his  fellow-men— the  ambitious,  r/sing 
to  high  places  of  power  ard  profit  by  making  use  of  the 
basest  duplicity  and  the  most  heartless  intrigue — by  fostering 
the  pride,  flattering  the  vanity,  pampering  the  luxury,  and 
gratifying  the  selfish  passions  of  those  around  him!  Nowf 
It  ia  evident,  that,  if  men  were  taught  to  think — if  their  red 


146 


PERENOLOG¥  illustrated. 


zoning  faculties  were  properly  cultivated,  and  trainee  to  per* 
form  their  legitimate  functions  with  energy,  these  things 
would  not- — these  things  could  not,  take  place ; because,  m 
the  first  place,  aided  by  the  moral  organs,  they  would  restrain 
the  sinful  passions  and  desires  and  the  unhallowed  ambition 
of  the  designing ; and,  secondly,  so  enlighten  the  minds  of 
the  common  people  as  to  prevent  their  being  thus  deceived 
and  imposed  upon. 

But  the  vices  and  follies  of  mankind  grow  out  of  the  per- 
version  of  the  reasoning  faculties  more  frequently,  perhaps, 
than  out  of  their  neglect : and  when  this  is  the  case,  their 
tendency  is  to  make  man  even  worse  than  the  brute,  for  they 
are  then  under  the  dominion  of  the  selfish  passions,  and  are 
rendered  almost  wholly  subservient  to  the  gratification  of 
their  wants — they  are  then  actively  employed  in  searching 
for  new  objects  upon  which  the  indulgence  of  the  passions  may 
be  expended,  and  ne  w excuses  for  such  indulgence — they  are 
energetick  in  seeking  out,  and  presenting,  artificial , improp* 
er,  and  unnecessary  stimuli  to  the  selfish  propensities  of 
which  the  brute  can  never  form  any  conception,  and,  of 
course,  upon  which  it  can  never  exert  or  debase  its  menta 
functions. 

Again,  mankind  are  not  only,  not  taught  to  think,  bu 
they  are  frequently  rais-taught  to  think ; that  is,  they  ar< 
often  taught  to  think  in  a particular  way—taught  to  believ 
certain  doctrines,  and  to  disbelieve  others—  taught  to  believe 
whether  reason  approves  or  disapproves:  and  all  this  it 
brought  about  by  a kind  of  ratiocinative  legerdemain , or  b} 
causing  the  eye  of  reason  to  look  at  all  objects  through  the 
dim  spectacles  of  prejudice.  This  point  may  be  illustrated 
by  a reference  to  children.  Before  their  reasoning  faculties 
have  become  perver^d,  they  frequently  reason  more  cleariy 
and  accurately  upon  some  subjects  than  their  tutors  or  their 

Sarents ; for,  in  the  simplicity  of  their  honest  hearts,  they 
educe  from  the  premises  presented  to  their  minds,  the  con- 
clusions which  naturally  flow  from  them.  Hence,  many 
would  do  well  to  take  the  hint,  lay  aside  their  bigotry  and 
their  prejudice,  bow  their  stubborn  pride,  and,  *u 
&dopt  the  simplicity  of  the  child. 


V5J ASCERTAINED  ORGANS. 


247 


UNASCERTAINED  ORGANS. 

St  is  admitted  by  phrenologists  generally,  that  certain  pox> 
of  th 3 brain  remain,  as  yet,  terra  incognita  ; and,  be- 
lieving, that  every  portion  of  the  human  frame,  and  every 
part  of  the  universe,  is  made  for,  and  adapted  to,  some  useful 
purpose,  and,  more  especially,  since  they  have  ascertained, 
that  every  other  portion  of  the  brain  is  occupied  by  some 
organ  whose  office  it  is  to  perform  the  functions  of  some  one 
of  the  mental  faculties,  they  cannot  resist  the  conclusion,  that 
each  of  these  unascertained  portions,  is  occupied  by  a phren- 
ological organ  adapted  to  the  performance  of  the  functions 
of  some  important,  though  unknown,  faculty  of  the  mind. 

One  of  these  portions  occurs  between  the  reflective  organs 
upon  the  one  side,  and  benevolence  and  imitation  upon  the 
other:  and  one  of  the  authors  (L.  N.  Fowler)  having  made 
numerous  observations  and  experiments  upon  it,  is  disposed 
to  believe,  that  it  is  occupied  by  an  organ  whose  function 
it  is  to  furnish  its  possessor  with  an  intuitive  knowledge  of 
human  nature ; or,  to  enable  him  readily  to  perceive  the 
state  of  mind  or  feeling  possessed  by  others,  and  thus  suc- 
cessfully to  adapt  himself  to,  and  operate  upon,  the  minds 
and  feelings  of  his  fellow-men. 

The  authors  are  not  unaware,  that  the  functions  here  as 
cribed  to  this  supposed  organ,  are  commonly  distributed 
among  the  other  organs;  or,  rather,  that  they  are  generally 
supposed  to  be  the  product  of  the  combined  action  of  many 
organs  whose  functions  are  already  ascertained.  But  this 
view  of  the  subject,  however  plausible  it  may  be,  certainly 
carries  no  great  weight  of  argument  with  it;  for  it  is  based 
upon  the  same  ground  of  reasoning  which  was  formerly  oc- 
cupied by  the  metaphysicians,  who  attempted  to  account  for 
all  the  phenomena  of  the  human  mind  without  admitting  it 
to  be  constituted  of  distinct,  separate  faculties. 

The  existence  of  the  faculty  here  supposed,  is  rendered 
somewhat  probable,  however,  by  the  a priori  inference,  that 
the  ckss  of  functions  attributed  to  it,  does  not  belong  exclu- 
sively to  any  one  of  the  other  organs.  That  our  ability  to 
judge  of  human  nature,  and  adapt  our  actions  to  the  feelings 
and  views  of  others,  receives  important  aid  from  caus.  com- 


248 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


ly  depends  upon  these  faculties  and  experience,  remains  to  ba 
proved.  The  authors  have  receive'3  much  evidence  calculat- 
ed to  convince  them  that  it  is  not  wholly  dependent  upon 
them,  but  that  it  depends  more  upon  intuition . They  do  not 
profess,  however,  to  have  settled  this  point,  but  have  thought 
proper  to  suggest  it  to  the  consideration  of  phrenologists* 
leaving  it  to  be  confirmed  or  rejected  as  shall  be  decided  hy 
future  observations  and  experiments. 

The  observations  of  the  authors  have  also  led  them  to 
the  conclusion,  that  the  central  portion  of  the  unascertain- 
ed space  alluded  to,  or  that  directly  above  compar.  and 
below  benev.,  is  occupied  by  a faculty  the  function  of  which 
is  to  give  a peculiar  agreeableness  and  suavity  to  the  man- 
ners of  its  possessor,  and  an  ease  and  gentleness  to  the  de- 
portment. It  enables  its  possessor  at  once  to  gain  the  con- 
fidence of  those  into  whose  society  he  may  chance  to  fall, 
to  obtain  personal  favours  and  credit,  even  from  strangers; 
to  get  along  smoothly  and  pleasantly  with  all;  and  easily 
ingratiate  himself  into  their  favour  and  good  will.  Even 
though  combat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  approbat.,  and  firm.,  may 
manifest  themselves  in  a very  objectionable  form,  and  thus 
expose  an  individual  to  many  serious  difficulties,  this  faculty 
enables  him  to  smooth  the  whole  matter  over;  to  heal  the 
wounds  inflicted  by  these  organs:  and  makes  even  his  ene- 
mies fond  of  him  in  spite  of  their  prejudices. 

By  a reference  to  the  note,  it  w’U  be  seen  that  the  term 
Agreeableness  has  been  suggested  as  the  name  of  this 
faculty,  but  we  prefer  Suavitiveness. 

The  supposed  difference  between  the  faculty  described 
upon  page  247,  and  the  one  now  under  consideration,  is, 
that  the  former  gives  an  intuitive  perception  of  the  motives  of 
others,  of  their  feelings,  ana  of  the  means  best  calculated  to 
operate  upon  them,  &c.,  thus  enabling  its  possessor  success- 
fully to  persuade  his  fellow-men,  and  even  to  influence  their 
judgment,  whilst  the  latter  imparts  those  qualities  which 
make  their  possessor  beloved  and  always  acceptable.  By 
enabling  one  to  understand  the  designs  and  state  of  mind 
possessed  by  others,  the  former  guards  him  against  imposi 
don  and  deception,  whilst  the  latter,  by  throwing  those  inte 
whose  society  he  may  happen  to  fall,  off  their  guard,  enable* 
him,  if  he  wishes,  successfully  to  impose  upon  others. 

The  responsibility  of  making  these  suggestions  in  refer 
eace  to  these  unascertained  organs  devolves  upon  L. 


TTNASCERTA 'NED  ORGANS. 


249 


Fowler,  who  has  been  making  observations  upon  them  for 
die  last  two  years.  In  his  opinion,  he  has  the  concurrence, 
not  only  of  I3r.  Buchanan,  who  has  been  lecturing  in  con- 
nexion with  him  on  phrenology  in  the  West,  but,  also,  of 
Dr.  Judson,  who  has  been  an  advocate  and  student  of  Phre- 
nology for  the  last  fourteen  years.  The  opinion  of  Dr.  F 
we  take  the  liberty  to  subjoin.* 

. In  reference  to  the  space  left  unmarked  in  the  cuts  and 
busts  of  G.  Combe,  and,  also,  of  the  authors,  located  between 
cautiousness  and  ideality,  and  represented  by  Mr.  Combe  as 
unascertained,  but  as  probably  occupied  by  an  organ  whose 
function  it  is  to  impart  the  feeling  of  vastness,  sublimity, 
grandeur,  &c.,  they  would  merely  remark,  that,  although 
they  have  made  numerous  observations  upon  it,  and  are  daily 
adding  to  the  number,  they  are  still  unprepared  to  offer  any 
suggestions  different  from  those  of  the  excellent  writer  just 
alluded  to.  They  are  unable,  however,  to  coincide  in  opin- 
ion writh  Dr.  Powell,  who  is  very  positive  in  asserting,  that, 
in  this  place,  he  has  discovered  an  organ  of  watchfulness. 
To  this  organ  he  attributes,  not  only  the  function  ascribed  by 
the  authors  to  the  unascertained  portion  of  the  brain  first 
alluded  to,  but,  also,  that  of  alertness , wrhich  they  con- 
ceive to  be  one  of  the  manifestations  of  cautiousness  aided  by 
secretiveness.  But,  however  this  may  be,  the  authors  gladly 


* Mr.  Fowler — Sir, 

After  some  reflection  upon  the  organs  supposed  to  be  newly  discovered,  I 
take  the  freedom  of  offering  the  following  remarks.  I am  disposed  to  regard  as 
correct  the  organ  which  renders  those  possessing  it  large,  agreeable  to  others.  I 
am  acquainted  with  several  persons  in  whom  the  organ  is  largely  developed  and 
the  corresponding  faculty  clearly  manifested.  As  it  seems  to  be  “a  nameless 
wight,”  although  a pleasant  companion,  I propose  to  call  it  Agreeableness.  It 
renders  those  who  have  it  large,  acceptable  to  their  friends;  commends  them  to 
ail  with  whom  they  have  intercourse  ; gives  ease  to  the  behaviour,  and  bestows  a 
grace  upon  the  manners.  Its  connexion  with  benevolence  is  worthy  of  notice: 
and  it  is  observable  that  the  Apostle  Peter  has  grouped  these  faculties  together  in 
his  exhortation  to  Christians,  saying— “be  pitiful;  be  courteous.” 

Marvellousness  seems  to  be  conversant  with  supernatural  occurrences;  and, 
therefore,  it  seems  not.  improbable,  a priori,  that  an  organ  exists  whose  primary 
function  is  the  observation  of  natural  events  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are 
miraculous.  If  this  is  the  case,  I should  imagine  that  the  organ  supposed  by  your 
brother  to  give  a knowledge  of  human  nature,  takes  a wider  range  than  that 
which  he  has  ascribed  to  it,  and,  instead  of  being  confined  exclusively  to  a knowl- 
edge of  human  nature,  that  it  expatiates  freely  through  all  the  scenes  of  natura 
Spread  before  us. 

Marvellousness  inclines  us  to  telie^ean  uncommon  appearance  to  be  supernat- 
ural: this  organ  presents  a plain,  common-sense  view  ol  the  matter,  and  compari- 
son decides  between  them.  I would  call  it  naturatite , and  venture  the  .name  cf 
fupernaluralite  to  marvellousness  once  bestowed  upon  it  by  Dr.  Spurzheim.  J 
have  no  facts  to  offer  in  support  of  this  organ  ; and  merely  add,  that,  with  vitativ* 
feess,  ncreascs  the  number  of  the  human  faculties  to  forty. 

I am,  sir,  your  ob’t  servant, 

II.  T JUDSON,  U.  D 


York,  Dec.  9,  18*6. 

n* 


250 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED. 


embrace  the  privilege  of  submitting  this,  and  all  similar 
points,  to  the  decisions  of  the  unerring  tribunal  of  facts . 

Remarks  upon  the  wonderful  Wisdom  and  Beauty 

DISPLAYED  IN  THE  LOCATION  AND  GROUPING  OF  THE 

Organs. 

Throughout  the  works  of  nature,  we  find  perfect  simplici- 
ty and  perfect  arrangement  combined  with  perfect  harmony 
and  perfect  adaptation:  therefore,  if  phrenology  is  true,  the 
impress  of  the  Deity  must  be  stamped,  not  only  upon  the  na- 
ture and  functions  of  the  various  faculties  themselves,  but, 
also,  upon  the  location  and  grouping  together , or  classifica- 
tion and  arrangement , of  their  respective  organs  in  the  head. 
If,  then,  we  find,  that  this  perfection  of  arrangement  and 
adaptation  which  is  everywhere  displayed  in  nature’s  works, 
holds  good  in  the  location  and  classification  of  the  phreno- 
logical organ?,  we  infer  that  this  is  the  handiwork  of  the 
great  Creator,  and  a part  of  his  great  system  of  things,  or, 
that  phrenology  is  true ; and,  vice  versa, , if  we  find  imper- 
fection and  a want  of  adaptation  in  the  location  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  various  organs,  the  fair  inference  is,  that  the 
whole  is  a man-made  theory,  stamped  with  inconsistency  and 
incongruity,  or,  a mere  chimera  of  an  infatuated  brain. 

Let  us  look,  then,  at  the  real  facts  in  the  case.  The  an- 
imal passions  and  propensities  unquestionably  constitute  the 
most  inferiour  class  of  the  mental  functions;  and,  according- 
ly, we  find  the  organs  of  these  faculties  all  grouped  together , 
and  occupying  the  lower  and  back  portion  of  the  head,  or, 
if  we  may  be  allowed  the  expression,  the  least  honourable 
portion  of  the  brain : whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  the  organs 
of  the  moral  and  religious  sentiments  and  of  the  reasoning 
faculties,  the  functions  of  which  are  of  a far  higher  order 
than  any  other  classes  of  the  intellectual  operations,  and 
even  constitute  the  crowning  excellence  of  man,  are  grouped 
together,  and  occupy  the  highest  portion  of  the  brain. 

Again,  the  organs  of  the  intellectual  faculties  are  located 
together  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the  head,  or  in  the  fore- 
head— a portion  better  fitted  for  the  abode  of  the  intellec- 
tual organs  than  any  other.  And  not  only  so,  but  tho  ar 
rangement  of  the  several  classes  of  the  intellectual  organs, 
is  most  wonderfu_  and  systematick.  The  eye  forms  one 
great  medium  of  communication  with  the  external  world 


GROUPING  OF  THE  ORGANS. 


251 


and  is  almost  the  only  instrument  which  the  perceptive  fac- 
ulties employ  in  the  performance  of  their  appropriate  func- 
tions. Accordingly,  all  the  organs  which  take  cognizance 
«f  physical  objects  and  their  qualities,  are  grouped  together , 
arid  located  about  the  eye — their  pr  incipal  and  most  obedient 
iervant. 

The  reasoning  organs,  again,  are  located  between  the  per- 
ceptive organs  upon  the  one  hand,  and  the  moral  upon  the 
other,  being  thus  prepared  to  reason,  either  upon  the  natural 
facts  and  phenomena  which  may  be  observed  and  collected 
by  the  perceptive  faculties,  or  upon  moral  and  theological 
subjects  presented  by  the  moral  organs. 

The  beauty  and  perfection  of  this  arrangement,  are  dis- 
played in  a manner  no  less  striking  when  considered  with 
respect  to  the  individual  organs.  The  organs  of  all  the 
faculties,  for  example,  which  are  directly  concerned  in  per- 
forming any  of  the  domestick  functions,  are  clustered  into 
one  neighbourhood  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  hind  head. 
Amat.,  which  takes  the  lead  in  the  animal  economy,  is  lo- 
cated in  the  lowest  portion  of  the  brain,  and  philopro.,  which 
comes  next,  and  greatly  assists  in  carrying  out  the  designs 
of  amat.,  is  located  by  its  side.  Adhes.,  which,  in  its  nature 
and  object,  is  closely  allied  to  the  two  preceding  organs,  we 
find  located  in  the  same  group ; and  inhab.  completes  both 
this  group  of  organs  and  this  class  of  functions.  Thus  we 
have  presented  to  us  the  interesting  picture  of  all  the  social 
and  domestick  organs  grouped  together  in,  as  it  were,  a 
family  circle. 

The  organs  of  the  selfish  propensities  are  likewise  found 
linked  together,  with  secret,  in  their  midst,  as  if  for  concealing 
and  scheming,  and  occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  side 
head.  Combat,  and  destruct.,  twin-brothers  in  character  and  co- 
equals  as  heroes,  are  seen  marching  up  side  by  side.  Moreover, 
one  important  object  of  destruct.  is  to  supply  aliment,  with 
food.  Hunger  greatly  increases  the  action  of  destruct.,  but, 
when  aliment,  is  fully  satiated,  even  beasts  of  prey,  except 
when  provoked,  will  seldom  exercise  this  organ.  Accord- 
ingly, infinite  wisdom  has  placed  these  organs  side  by  side, 
and  thus  greatly  facilitated  their  reciprocal  intercourse.  If 
secret,  had  been  located  among  the  moral  or  intellectual  or- 
gans, which  seldom,  if  ever,  require  its  aid,  it  would  have 
been  out  of  place;  but,  instead  of  this,  it  is  found  among  the 
propensities,  which  frequently  and  mainly  require  its  action 


£52 


PHRENOLOGY  ILLUSTRATED 


And  is  there  nothing  superhuman  in  all  this  7 Cautious?, 
like  a.  faithful  sentinel,  takes  its  appropriate  stand  between 
.he  domestic.^  animal,  and  moral  organs — a most  advan 
tageous  post,  from  which  to  overlook  them  all,  and  war? 
them  cf  approaching  danger.  Between  the  functions  of  ap 
probat.  and  self-e.,  and,  also,  between  those  of  self-e.  and  film 
there  exists,  at  least,  a family  resemblance;  and,  accordingly 
we  find  approbat.  and  self-e.  located  side  by  side,  and  sell  ** 
and  firm,  adjoining  each  other : and,  moreover,  the  location 
of  frm  near  the  moral  organs,  which  so  frequently  demand 
its  action,  is  certainly  an  admirable  arrangement. 

See  the  moral  organs,  also,  all  grouped  together  like  a 
hand  of  brothers,  illustrating  the  principle,  that  “union  is 
strength,71  constituting  a great  moral  phalanx,  and  occupying 
a position  between  the  selfish  organs  upon  the  one  hand,  an3 
the  intellectual  upon  the  other,  in  order  that  they  may  pprifj 
and  sanctify  the  action  of  both. 

Construct.,  which  often  demands  the  assistance  of  the  per 
ceptive  and  of  the  reasoning  faculties,  and  is  itself,  in  pail 
intellectual,  is  accordingly  located  near  its  kindred,  the  intel 
lectual  organs.  The  same  is  true  of  ideal.  Mirth.,  also 
which  assists  reason  in  detecting  errour,  is  located  next  to 
'he  reasoning  organs.  Event.,  £gain,  the  reservoir  or  greaJ 
intellectual  warehouse  of  the  facts  collected  by  the  percep 
tive  faculties,  and  upon  which  the  reflective  organs  aro 
obliged  to  make  frequent  and  copious  draughts,  is  located  be 
tween  the  reflective  and  the  perceptive  faculties;  and,  last  oi 
all,  compar.  and  cans.,  torch-bearers  to  all  the  other  mental 
faculties,  occupy  a position  most  advantageous  for  the  per 
formance  of  their  appropriate  functions. 

Now,  it  must  be  recollected,  that  one  organ  was  discover 
ed  in  one  portion  of  the  head,  and  another,  in  another  por 
tion,  and  at  periods  widely  different,  but,  on  examination 
each  propensity  is  found  to  be  in  the  group  of  the  propensi- 
ties, each  sentiment,  among  its  kindred  sentiments,  and  all  the 
intellectual  faculties  \ together  in  the  forehead,  and,  in  fact; 
not  a single  organ  straggling  abroad  at  random.  If  acquis, 
for  example,  had  been  found  among  the  moral  organs,  con 
*cien.  among  the  propensities,  any  of  the  intellectual  organs 
among  the  animal  or  selfish  organs,  or  amat.  in  the  fore 
head,  this  irregularity  would  have  shown  a radical  defect  i& 
he  svstem,  and  proved  its  origin  to  be  human ; but,  as  it  is 
?/e  find  all  its  parts  perfectly  arranged*  and  amting  in  ape? 


DIRE  CTIONS  TO  EXAMINERS. 


253 


feet  whole,  affording  a new  proof  of  the  trutn,  31.1  illustra- 
tion of  the  principles,  of  this  sublime  science,  and  evincing 
that  it  is  the  handiwork  of  infinite  wisdom. 


DIRECTIONS  TO  EXAMINERS. 

ix  ascertaining  the  character  of  individuals  from  the:r 
| hrenological  developments,  the  general  size  of  the  whole 
head  should  first  be  observed,  and  then,  the  relative  size  of  its 
several  parts  according  to  the  classification  adopted  in  this 
work.  The  temperament , health,  habits,  education,  &c.,  of 
the  individual,  should  be  next  attended  to.  After  these,  the 
relative  size  of  each  organ  may  be  observed  ; and  then  the 
effect  of  the  combinations  as  described  in  this  volume.  This 
last  point  is  of  paramount  importance. 

In  applying  the  fingers  to  the  head,  the  balls  should  be 
used  instead  of  the  ends. 

The  first  joint  ofthe  second  finger,  should  be  placed  upon  the 
middle  of  the  organ  examined,  and  the  first  and  third  finger, 
upon  the  sides  ofthe  organ,  while  the  portion  of  the  fingers  be- 
tween the  first  joint  and  the  end,  should  measure  the  farther 
side  of  the  organ,  and  the  portion  within  the  first  joint, 
ascertain  the  dimensions  of  the  side  of  the  organ  next  to  the 
examiner. 

It  should  also  be  remembered,  that,  when  an  organ  is  very 
mrge,  and  an  adjoining  one  is  small,  the  large  one  frequent- 
ly so  extends  itself  as  to  occupy  much  of  the  ground  which 
the  other  would  have  occupied  in  case  the  relative  size  of  the 
organs  had  been  reversed,  or,  it  apparently  crowds  the  othei 
from  its  natural  position.  For  example;  when  ideal,  ia 
large,  and  construct,  small,  the  latter  retires  before  the  en- 
croachments of  the  former,  and  ideal,  falls  lower  than  it  ia 
usually  found;  but,  if  construct,  is  large,  and  ideal,  small, 
construct,  extends  itself  upwards , and  ideal,  is  crowded  into 
a irrowsr  limits.  Yet  the  shape  imparted  to  the  head  by 
*arge  construct,  and  smad  ideal.,  differs  greatly  from  that  im- 
parted by  large  ideal,  and  small  construct. 

Again,  when,  for  example,  both  construct,  and  ideal,  are 
..a.rge  or  very  large,  that  part  of  the  head  in  which  these 
organs  are  located,  will  be  greatly  widened  and  deepened, 
yet  there  may  be  but  one  protuberance  for  both  organs. 
Where  several  adjoining  organs  are  large  or  very  largfo, 


HINTS  TO  EXAMINERS. 


frotub trances  seldom  exist,  b it  the  whole  nead  in  th.it  r©* 
gion  will  be  enlarged;  whereas,  when  only  ewe  organ  is 
large,  and  an  adjoining  one  is  small,  a depression  will  be 
plainly  perceptible. 

Again,  when  several  adjoining  organs  are  small  or  very 
small,  there  will  be  no  apparent  depressions ; but  the  region 
cf  the  head  in  which  they  are  located,  will  be  low  and  re- 
tiring. Protuberances,  then,  are  by  no  means  the  only  indi- 
cations of  a large  development  of  the  organs,  nor  depres* 
fions,  of  the  want  of  their  development. 

The  most  successful  method  of  gaining  a speedy  know* 
.edge  of  the  location  of  the  organs,  is,  first  to  learn,  with  as 
much  precision  as  possible,  the  location  of  some  of  the  larger 
oigans,  such  as  firm.,  benev.,  destruct.,  cautious.,  individ., 
compar.,  &c.,  and  then,  by  taking  these  as  landmarks,  calcu- 
late the  relative  location  of  the  organs  that  are  between  and 
around  them.  To  learn  the  location  of  many  of  these  more 
important  organs,  and,  also,  their  usual  appearance  in  their 
extremes  of  development,  the  amateur  will  find  to  be  com- 
paratively an  easy  task;  and  yet,  to  learn  the  location  and 
appearance  of  all  the  organs  in  all  their  various  degrees  of 
development,  the  operation  of  all  the  organs  in  all  their 
combinations,  the  influence  of  temperament,  health,  educa- 
tion, habits,  controlling  circumstances,  &c.,  and  that,  too,  in 
all  their  almost  infinite  varieties,  affords  ample  scope  for  the 
most  vigorous  exercise  of  the  greatest  genius  and  the  highest 
order  of  intellect  through,  at  least,  as  long  a period  of  life 
as  that  allowed  to  the  most  favoured  of  mortals : and  if  one 
might  wish  to  prolong  his  stay  on  earth  for  any  object,  sure- 
ly, the  study  of  phrenology,  with  the  utmost  propriety,  might 
constitute  that  object.  See  pp.  55.  317,  318. 

BUSTS. 

Although  the  private  instruction  of  an  experience  d phre- 
nologist, is  almost  indispensable  to  the  acquisition  of  a practi- 
cal knowledge  of  this  science,  yet,  when  this  cannot  be  had, 
a bust  is  the  next-best  assistant,  and  is  an  article  which  every 
learner  should  have  by  him.  Those  in  general  use  in  this 
country,  are  defective  in  two  important  respects:  1.  The 

general  shape  of  the  head  represented  by  them,  differs  ma- 
terially from  tfc  at  of  the  American  head,  and,  consequently, 
cannot  convey  a very  distinct  or  correct  knowledge  of  the 


HINTS  TO  EXAMINERS. 


255 


appearance  assumed  by  the  organs  in  American  subjects. 
2 They  are  marked  in  a very  indistinct  manner,  and  that 
wirh  figures , so  that  reference  must  be  constantly  made  to 
the  book.  These  two  defects,  the  authors,  with  much 
study,  have  attempted  to  supply  by  publishing  a bust 
modelled  upon  the  most  usual  form  of  the  American  head, 
and  presenting  the  organs  as  found  in  this  country,  and  with 
the  name  of  each  organ  written  upon  the  bust,  as  well  as  the 
grouping , or  classification  of  the  organs  as  adopted  in  this 
work — which  it  is  designed  to  accompany. 

Instead  of  representing  the  several  organs  as  separated 
by  lines,  this  bust  presents  them  in  the  form  of  protube- 
rances, in  shape  and  appearance  resembling  the  organs  as 
they  are  found  in  the  head  when  large.  They  are  also  pre- 
paring a set  of  busts,  in  which  each  organ  will  be  represented 
when  both  large  and  small,  and  also  average.  They  can  be 
nad  at  their  offices. 

♦ The  above  was  written  in  1836,  fonr  years  ago,  but  instead  of  getting  up  this 
;et  of  busts,  the  authors  have  greatly  enlarged  their  plan,  by  collecting  two  large 
phrenological  cabinets  or  museums,  embracing  above  a thousand  specimens,  illus- 
trative of  all  the  organs  and  temperaments  in  their  various  stages  of  developmeet, 
es  well  as  their  combinations.  They  embrace  the  casts  of  the  whole  head,  or  the 
masks  of  most  of  our  distinguished  men,  both  in  church  and  state,  of.  above 
thirty  Indian  chiefs,  all  taken  from  life,  (see  catalogue,)  the  whole  of  G.  Combe’s 
collection,  with  many  from  the  Boston  and  Edinburgh  collections,  casts  of  the 
sculls  of  a great  number  and  variety  of  murderers,  thieves,  and  other  criminals, 
e of  many  other  noted  characters,  and  also  of  national  heads,  together  with  the 
cn<  - est  collection  of  the  casts  and  sculls  of  rare  animals;  such  as  lions,  tigers, 
hyenas,  panthers,  ourang-outangs,  tigercats,  wildcats,  &c.,  &c  , &c.,  to  be  found 
in  the  country.  In  their  zeal  to  augment  these  collections,  and  in  renting  places 
in  Broadway.  New  York,  and  Chestnut  street,  Philadelphia,  to  facilitate  their  ex- 
hibition, so  that  the  public  could  have  free  access  to  the  means  of  testing  and  stu- 
dying the  science,  they  expended  all  their  earnings  for  several  years,  and  nothing 
could  give  them  greater  pleasure  than  to  continue  these  efforts,  provided  their 
labours  in  this  department  should  he  properly  appreciated.  They  have  now  at 
command  the  means  of  ready  access  to  nearly  every  tribe  of  Indians  on  our  west- 
ern frontier,  and  through  one  of  the  missionaries  at  Green  Bay,  to  whom  they  are 
related,  to  many  of  the  interior  tribes.  By  means  of  exchanges  with  other  phreno- 
logists of  our  own  and  other  countries,  and  especially  with  Deville  of  (London, 
and  the  Phrenological  Society  in  Paris,  and  with  private  individuals  there,  they 
have  at  command  the  means  of  collecting  into  one  splendid  American  cabinet  ail 
the  valuable  phrenological  specimens  to  be  found  in  the  civilized  world.  Their 
Indian  specimens  are  fully  appreciated  on  the  other  continent,  and  would  alone 
secure  this  object.  They  have  still  the  zeal  to  prosecute  this  great  wot k,  and 
although  their  labours,  and  the  value  of  their  cabinets,  have  not  thus  far  been 
duly  appreciated  or  patronised,  by  the  public,  probably  owing  to  ignorance  of  the 
real  merits  and  bearing  of  these  specimens,  still  they  are  certain  that  they  will 
eventually  je  known  and  duly  estimated.  To  the  friends  of  the  science  they  ap- 
peal for  encouragement  and  patronage  to  enable  them  to  prosecute  this  laudable 
enterprise.  Both  believers  and  disbelievers,  as  well  as  inquirers,  in  short  all  are 
cordially  invited  to  call  and  examine  for  themselves  these  striking  coincidences 
between  characters  and  developments — these  tangible  and  stubborn  facts. 

They  have  moulds  of  all  their  most  valuable  specimens,  and  of  Combe’s  collec- 
lion,  so  that  they  can  supply  societies  and  individuals  with  sets  of  twenty,  fifty, 
one  hundred  or  more  specimens  illustrating  the  various  developments  of  organg, 

about  cost,  and  nearly  fifty  per  cent,  less  than  casts  can  be  purchased  of  the 
regular  artists  in  this  line,  namely  at  25  cts.  each,  for  casts  of  animal  heads  an4 
teuman  scul’s,  and  from  37£  to  50  cts.  each  for  busts  or  casts  of  head*. 

They  can  also  supply  all  the  principal  works  on  phrenology. 


256  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  1 USTRATED 

FACTS  IN  PROOF  AND  ILLUSTRATION  OF 
PHRENOLOGY. 

Having-  given  the  analysis  of  the  different  faculties,  and 
presented  the  phenomena  produced  by  their  combined  activi- 
ty, the  way  is  thus  prepared  for  the  reader  to  understand  the 
character  of  individuals  from  a description  or  statement  of 
their  phrenological  developments,  and  for  the  authors  to  give 
a far  more  concise  and  intelligible  description  of  the  facta 
which  have  fallen  under  their  observation  than  could  have 
been  previously  presented.  In  detailing  these  facts,  they  deem 
it  not  inappropriate  to  commence  with  a brief  account  of 
their  own  conversion  to  the  phrenological  faith,  and  then  to 
present  a few  of  their  own  observations  and  experiments. 

When  entering  upon  his  senior  year  in  Amherst  College, 
one  of  the  authors,  (O.  S.  Fowler,)  aware  that  the  study  of  mem 
tal  philosophy  was  to  engage  a large  share  of  his  attention 
during  that  year,  took  up  the  subject  of  phrenology  with  the 
view  of  comparing  it  with  other  systems  upon  the  philoso- 
phy of  the  mind,  and,  in  order  to  test  its  truth,  began  to  com- 
pare the  phrenological  developments  of  his  fellc-w-students, 
with  what  he  knew  of  their  characters,  and,  to  his  admira- 
tion and  delight,  discovered,  at  every  successive  step 
nis  observations  and  experiments,  a perfect  coincidence  be- 
tween the  two.  He  noticed,  for  example,  that  one  of  his 
classmates  possessed  very  large  local.,  combined  with  large 
individ.,  form,  size,  construct.,  and  imitat. ; and  this  young 
gentleman  was  distinguished  for  his  geographical  knowl- 
edge, having  drawn  and  published  several  maps.  Two  of 
his  fellow-students  who  were  notorious  throughout  the  col- 
lege for  their  egotism  and  self-conceit,  on  examination,  were 
found  to  possess  the  organ  of  selfe.  in  such  a degree  as  to 
elongate  the  head  in  the  direction  of  this  organ.  He 
had  always  found  the  room  of  one  of  his  most  intimate 
friends  in  the  college,  (H.  W.  Beecher,)  in  the  greatest  dis- 
order, his  clothes,  books,  &c..,  strewed  about  in  all  directions 
and  in  utter  confusion — some  upon  the  door,  others  in  chairs, 
or  the  windows,  and  others  under  or  upon  the  bed,  &e. ; 
and,  in  accordance  with  this,  his  organ  of  order  was  almost 
wholly  warning;  but,  for  power  of  thought,  cogency  or  ar- 

Jument,  clearness  of  illustration,  and  eloquence  and  splen- 
our  of  diction,  as  well  as  for  benevolence,  humour,  and 


BY  FACTS. 


fcjnae  of  character,  he  had  few  equals  in  the  institution: 
to  support  this  character  phrenologically,  his  head  was  very 
large;  and  in  it,  the  organs  of  caus.,  cornpar.,  ideal.,  and 
lang.,  mirth.,  benev.,  and  approbat.,  were  also  very  large. 

A Mr.  Brooks,  confessedly  one  of  the  best  mathematicians 
in  his  class,  was  found,  however,  to  possess  but  a moderate 
development  of  calcu.,  which,  at  first,  greatly  perplexed  the 
narrator,  as  phrenology  was  here  considered,  by  all  parties, 
at  fault;  but,  upon  inquiry  it  was  ascertained,  that  Mr.  B. 
excelled  only  in  mathematical  demonstrations , while  his 
arithmeticod  calculations  were  performed  by  the  slow  pro- 
cess of  rules.  This  phenomenon  is  explained  on  page  204, 
under  calcu.  moderate,  combined  with  large  or  very  large 
cornpar.  and  caus.  Dr.  Humphrey,  the  venerable  President 
of  the  institution  here  alluded  to,  is  considered,  wherever  he 
is  known,  pre-eminent  both  as  a divine  and  a metaphysician 
and  is  equally  admired  for  his  piety  and  his  talents — for  the 
strength  and  originality  of  his  intellect,  and  the  energy, 
decision,  and  goodness  of  his  character : in  accordance  with 
which,  his  head  is  unusually  large;  in  it,  cornpar.,  caus., 
conscien.,  benev.,  and  firm.,  are  very  large,  self-e.,  ideal., 
ven.,  and  lang.,  large,  and  his  temperament,  active.  The 
combination  under  self-e.  large  at  the  bottom  of  page  115 
occurs  in  his  head,  and  the  accompanying  description  applies 
to  his  character.  He  possesses,  also,  very  large  philopro. 
and  adhes.,  and,  in  accordance  with  this,  may  be  emphatical- 
ly said  to  be  a father  and  a firm  friend  to  the  students  under 
his  care. 

After  leaving  college,  the  narrator  was  urged  to  deliver 
publick  lectures  upon  phrenology,  and  also  to  test  the  truth 
of  the  science  by  applying  its  principles  to  the  development 
of  individual  character.  The  first  person  he  examined  in 
publick,  was  a young  gentleman  hr^  ught  forward  by  the  op- 
ponents of  phrenology  on  account  of  his  obstinacy;  ana 
this  was  the  first  trait  of  his  character  pointed  out  by  the 
examiner.  On  a visit  to  a family  shortly  after  this,  the  wri- 
ter pointed  out  a large  development  of  secret,  in  a servant 
girl  ; upon  which  the  lady  of  the  house  remarked,  that  the 
gill’s  only  fault  was,  that  she  would  sometimes  falsify, 
equivocate,  and  conceal.  He  next  examined  the  heads  of  a 
family  distinguished  for  their  mechanical  ingenuity,  and 
P^und  large  construct,  and  imitat.  in  all  of  them. 

While  in  LansingbuT-gh.  N.  Y.,  at,  a publick  jecture,  hs 


258 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


was  lequested  to  express  his  opinion  of  the  character  of  a 
lady  present,  and,  without  hesitation,  he  pronounced  her 
marvel.,  ven.,  and  conscien.  very  large.  He  was  afterwards 
informed,  both  by  herself  and  others  who  knew  her,  that  she 
had  experienced  wonderful  religious  exercises,  believed  in 
dreams,  and  the  revelation  of  the  divine  will  and  purposes 
by  means  of  signs,  omens,  and  forewarnings  of  various 
sorts.  She  even  fancied  herself  the  special  subject  of  divine 
communication  and  influence.  Her  religious  conversion 
was,  to  her,  most  wonderful,  attended  with  dreams,  visions, 
revelations,  and  so  forth ; and  religious  feeling  of  the  most 
enthusiaslick  and  extravagant  kind,  occupied  her  mind  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  every  other  subject. 

A case  directly  opposite  to  this,  was  found  in  a Mr.  Law, 
in  whom  marvel,  was  extremely  deficient.  He  was  not 
only  extremely  incredulous,  but  incapable  of  being  affected 
by  any  thing  bordering  upon  the  supernatural.  As  an 
example : he  was  awakened  one  night  by  a noise  in  his 
room  ; heard  something  fall  heavily  upon  the  floor ; saw 
a human  scull,  and  heard  a rustling,  rattling  sound  proceed- 
ing from  it ; and  at  length  saw  it  move,  and  open  and  shut 
its  mouth ; and  yet,  without  the  least  alarm  or  fear,  he  arose 
from  his  bed,  walked  to  the  scull,  and  took  it  up,  when,  instead 
of  a spirit,  behold,  a large — rat  escaped  from  it ! 

In  Waterford,  Dr.  Upham  introduced  to  the  writer  a young 
gentleman  who,  without  instruction,  had  copied,  with  remark- 
able accuracy,  the  likenesses  of  Rubens,  Chaucer,  Sterne, 
and  several  others ; and,  from  a mere  boy,  he  had  displayed 
extraordinary  ingenuity  in  constructing,  inventing,  drawing, 
copying,  and  so  forth.  His  organs  of  construct,  and  imitat. 
were  developed  in  a high  degree  ; and  these  were  aided  by 
large  perceptive  and  reflective  faculties. 

While  lecturing  in  Troy,  he  examined  the  head  of  a 

Joung  lady  in  Mrs.  Willard’s  seminary,  and  remarked  that 
er  ideal.,  compar.,  and  lang.,  were  very  large ; and  that,  con- 
sequently, she  would  be,  not  only  very  fond  of  poetry,  but 
also  able  to  compose  it.  Those  present,  pronounced  the  deci- 
sion a failure.  Some  months  after,  however,  the  narrator 
-was  informed  by  an  intimate  friend  of  the  young  lady,  that 
ihe  had  composed  poetry  enough  to  fill  a volume,  but  that, 
at  the  time  of  the  examination,  her  most  intimate  acquaint- 
ances knew  nothing  of  the  matter.  Another  young  lady 
is  the  same  institution,  was  pointed  out  as  being  deficiesrt 


BY  FACTS. 


230 


m hope,  and  haring  an  excess  of  cautious.  She  was  subject 
to  extreme  depression  of  spirits,  and  was  easily  discouraged. 

But  the  strongest  illustration  and  proof  of  the  truth  </ 
phrenology  furnished  in  Troy,  was  found  in  the  phrenolo 
gical  developments  of  Professor  Eaton,  the  distinguished 
botanist  and  naturalist.  He  possesses  about  the  largest  organ 
of  form  that  the  writer  has  ever  seen,  and  an  extreme  do 
velopment  of  individ.,  size,  order,  calcu.,  local.,  event.,  corn- 
par.,  and  lang.,  and  only  full  caus. ; and  his  works  upon  bot- 
any and  natural  science,  as  well  as  his  general  knowledge  of 
almost  all  the  sciences,  furnish  ample  evidence,  that  he  must 
possess,  in  an  extraordinary  degree,  the  powers  of  mind  im- 
parted by  the  perceptive  and  semi-perceptive  faculties.  In  the 
professor’s  head,  the  organ  of  calcu.  is  also  unusually  large ; 
and,  in  accordance  with  this  development,  at  a very  early  age, 
he  commenced  his  publick  career  by  publishing  a treatise 
upon  mathematicks,  and  by  entering  the  government  service 
as  a surveyor.  His  extensive  erudition,  and  especially  the 
immense  amount  of  facts  he  has  at  command,  illustrate 
the  use  he  has  made  of  his  individ.  and  event. ; while  his 
extraordinary  colloquial  powers,  together  with  the  fertility 
of  his  prolifick  pen,  furnish  abundant  proof  of  his  possessing 
a very  large  faculty  of  lang.  But,  while  his  very  large 
perceptive  faculties,  aided  by  very  large  event.,  give  him 
a wonderful  talent  in  collecting  facts  and  statistical  informa- 
tion, and  his  very  large  com  par.,  in  classifying  these  facts, 
his  retiring  caus.  is  the  cause  of  that  failure  of  originality 
and  profundity  of  thought  and  array  of  first  principles  so 
clearly  manifested  in  his  works:  see  p.  53,  185.  In  the 
professor’s  head,  love  of  approbation,  adhee.,  benev.,  and 
hope,  are  prominent  organs;  in  his  character,  the  qualities 
which  flow  from  their  respective  faculties,  are  pre-eminent; 
but  his  secret,  is  small ; and  frankness  and  candour  are 
emphatically  characteristick  in  this  gentleman.  In  short, 
his  head  is  very  uneven:  (p.  54  :)  the  portion  about  the  eye 
projects  in  an  extraordinary  manner,  and  this  forms  a meat 
Striking  phrenological  coincidence  with  his  known  charas* 
ter  and  talents. 

One  other  case  in  Troy  may  be  worth}’  of  notice.  In  tha 
Head  of  a young  lady  remarkable  for  her  talents  in  drawing, 
painting,  and  embroidery,  the  organs  of  ideal.,  irnitat.,  and 
construct.,  were  found  to  be  very  large. 

In  Hudson  the  writer  examined  the  head  of  Dr.  Whit&. 


160  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

which  he  observed  to  be  very  large ; and  in  it,  verj  large 
firm.,  large  combat.,  self-e.,  and  an  extraordinary  develop- 
ment of  size.  This  gentleman  is  the  founder  of  the  Luna- 
tick  Asylum  in  Hudson,  and,  by  the  influence  of  his  firm, 
and  self-e.,  has  succeeded  in  keeping  his  wayward  patients 
under  subjection.  He  obligingly  related  to  the  writei 
many  instances  in  which  his  extraordinary  faculty  of  size  had 
strikingly  displayed  its  power.  When  riding  at  full  speed 
past  a new  building,  his  eye  caught  a window  frrme  in  the 
second  story,  which  was  not  exactly  plumb,  upon  which  he 
stopped,  and  pointed  out  the  inaccuracy  to  the  workman 
who  had  made  it,  and  who,  by  applying  his  plumb-line, 
was  convinced  of  the  inaccuracy,  and  accordingly  corrected 
it.  He  once  employed  a man  to  build  a fence,  whose  top 
should  present  a water-level,  around  the  yard  in  the  rear  of 
his  Asylum.  On  an  inspection  of  the  fence,  after  the  work- 
man had  laboured  with  his  instruments  for  more  than  half 
a day,  and,  as  he  believed,  effected  a complete  level,  the 
exact  eye  of  the  doctor  instantly  detected  an  unevenness  in 
it,  but  of  which  he  failed  to  convince  his  builder  until,  by 
another  and  more  accurate  measurement,  he  was  enabled  to 
discover  and  correct  the  errour.  In  the  doctor’s  head,  order 
is  largely  developed;  and  the  perfect  regularity  and  neat- 
ness of  his  establishment,  amply  illustrate  the  marked  in- 
fluence of  this  faculty. 

In  the  Asylum  here  alluded  to,  the  writer  saw  a young 
gentleman  who  possessed  very  large  ideal.,  construct., 
imitat.,  compar.,  and  perceptive  faculties,  together  with  very 
large  cautious,  and  small  hope:  and  such  was  his  passion 
for  the  fine  arts,  to  indulge  which,  he  wished  to  visit  Italy 
and  the  various  galleries  of  the  fine  arts,  that  when  restrain- 
ed by  his  mother,  it  had  produced  the  partial  insanity  under 
which  he  then  laboured.  The  narrator  saw  a beautiful  and 
accurate  specimen  of  miniature  painting  which  the  young 
gentleman  had  executed  while  suffering  under  this  partial 
derangement. 

In  the  same  institution,  he  also  saw  one  of  the  patients 
who  possessed  very  large  combat,  and  destruct.,  and  who 
was  sullen  and  fierce,  and  subject  to  violent  out-breakings 
of  passion  which  swept  every  thing  before  them.  An  elderly 
female,  also,  in  the  Asylum,  similar  y organized,  with  the 
addition  of  large  lang.,  frequently  displayed  her  ferocity  and 
violence  of  temper,  by  pouring  cut  upon  those  around  her. 


Y FACTS, 


cm 

6 turbid  torrent  of  abusive  eloquence  that  might  have 
passed  for  prize-speeches  in  the  halls  of  Pandemonium, 

At  one  of  his  pubiick  lectures,  the  writer  described  & 
gentleman  as  possessing  a very  large  organ  of  philopro. 
and  it  was  afterwards  stated,  that,  on  account  of  his  child- 
loving  and  child  cherishing  propensity,  he  was  not<t  1 
throughout  the  neighbourhood,  as  a real  Rip  Van  Winkle, 
as  he  seldom  appeared  abroad  without  a troop  of  children 
at  his  heels:  see  p.  63,  philopro.  very  large. 

In  Hudson,  the  writer  was  also  called  to  examine  the  family 
of  a butcher.  One  of  the  little  lads  was  described  as  hav- 
ing very  large  destruct. : and  it  appeared  that  his  delight  in 
seeing  cattle  slaughtered,  was  so  great,  that,  to  enjoy  this, 
he  would  forego  almost  any  other,  pleasure.  Even  whilst 
undergoing  examination,  he  expressed  great  impatience  and 
dissatisfaction,  because  he  could  not  he  present  at  the  butch- 
ering of  an  ox ; and  was  pacified  only  by  being  told  that 
another  would  soon  be  killed.  At  the  same  time,  another 
child  of  the  family  not  three  years  old,  had  caught  a small  pig 
in  the  street,  and,  with  a dull  case-knife,  was  endeavouring 
to  cut  its  throat — whether  in  imitation  of  his  betters,  or  in 
pure  gratification  of  his  destruct.,  (which  was  very  large,)  is 
left  to  be  determined  by  the  judgment  of  the  reader.  These 
last  two  facts,  however,  have  a direct  bearing  upon  education. 

In  Lansingburgh,  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Smith,  (who  took 
lessons  of  the  writer,  . nd  immediately  after,  commenced  the 
practice  of  phrenology,)  there  was  a lad  about  nine  years 
of  age,  of  Irish  parentage,  who  had  a large  head  and  a 
very  active  temperament,  very  large  compar.,  caus.,  individ., 
event.,  lang.,  firm.,  self-e.,  approbat.,  and  destruct.,  and  large 
combat:  (see  p.  114,  near  the  bottom.)  From  the  time 
he  was  old  enough  to  read  at  all,  he  had  devoted  him- 
self almost  exclusively  to  the  perusal  of  books;  and,  for 
one  of  his  age,  was  a perfect  literary  gourmand.  But,  of 
all  kinds  of  reading,  historical,  which  generally  presents 
little  else  than  a detail  of  sanguinary  conflicts  and  bloody 
strifes,  possessed  the  greatest  charms  for  him:  and  in  this 
department  of  knowledge,  he  was  a prodigy.  “ The  pom]) 
and  circumstance  of  war,”  the  thronging  legions  rushing  on 
to  the  fight,  and  the  bloody  carnage  of  the  battle-field,  were 
circumstances  that  fired  his  imagination,  and  seemed  to  feast 
his  soul.  But  against  the  British  nation  in  particular,  he 
burned  with  hot  indignation,  and  frequently  expressed  a de* 


262 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


sire,  were  it  lawful  for  him,  to  kill  every  Englishmen  n« 
should  meet.  He  often  inquired  whether  he  had  the  facul 
ties  that  would  constitute  him  a general , and  talked  with 
enthusiasm  about  leading  on  the  armies  of  his  country  to 
light  against  England.  A single  incident  will  serve  to  show 
how  completely  engrossed  his  mind  was  with  wars,  battles, 
and  conquests.  Between  meaAs,  he  had  purchased  a flat 
cake;  and,  before  eating  it,  he  cut  various  figures  upon  it. 
and  when  asked  their  meaning,  said  they  represented  s 
camp,  and  proceeded  to  describe  its  several  parts.  In  man 
ners,  he  was  a perfect  gentleman ; and  his  intellectual  pow 
ers  were  altogether  extraordinary. 

While  examining  the  pupils  of  a school  in  L.,  a young 
Miss  of  about  thirteen,  was  described  as  remarkably  benevo- 
lent, as  the  organ  of  benev.  was  so  largely  developed  as  to 
produce  a deformity  of  the  head.  In  accordance  with  this, 
it  appeared  that,  young  as  she  was,  she  was  more  distin- 
guished for  her  attentions  to  the  poor  and  afflicted  than  all 
other  charitable  persons  in  the  place.  When  out  of  school, 
and  especially  in  cold  weather,  her  principal  occupation 
was  seeking  out,  and  administering  to  the  wants  of,  proper 
objects  of  charity,  and  exciting  others  to  supply  those  wants 
which  her  own  limited  means  did  not  enable  her  to  reach. 

Another  pupil  in  the  same  school,  was  described  as  com- 
paratively destitute  of  the  organs  of  caus.  and  compar.,  and, 
consequently,  unable  to  think,  or  understand  her  lessons. 
The  whole  school  heartily  responded  to  the  correctness  of 
these  remarks;  and  the  instructress  observed,  that,  after  be- 
stowing upon  her  all  the  pains  and  instruction  in  her  pow- 
er, even  until  her  patience  was  exhausted,  the  poor  girl’s 
progress  was  scarcely  perceptible.  Her  talents  were  con- 
trasted by  the  writer,  with  those  of  another  pupil,  whom  the 
teacher  afterwards  pronounced  to  be  the  best  scholar  in  her 
seminary. 

At  a publick  lecture  in  Catskill,  one  of  the  clergymen  of 
the  place,  who  was  a total  stranger  to  the  narrator,  wai 
proposed  for  examination ; and  so  accurately  were  tin- 
various  traits  of  his  private  character  described,  as  well  as 
the  peculiarities  of  his  style  and  manner  of  preaching,  that 
the  audience  could  scarcely  be  persuaded  but  that  the  phre- 
nologist had  long  been  familiarly  acquainted  with  him. 

A young  lady  was  sent  by  her  friends  to  the  office  of  the 
writer  foi  examination,  and  was  p’onounced  to  be  stubborn, 


BY  ¥A  CTS. 


haughty,  and  incapable  of  reasoning  or  being  reasoned  with 
— having  but  little  benev.,  mirth.,  caus.,  compar.,  idealn 
imitat.,  and  construct.,  large  combat,  and  destruct.,  and  very 
large  self-e.  and  approbat.  But,  .although  a believer  in 
phrenology,  it  is  not  at  all  singular  that  she  should  have  been 
lissatisfied  with  this  description  of  her  character.  Accord- 
ingly, she  attributed  its  unfavourable  features  to  the  mistake 
®f  the  examiner,  and  was  easily  persuaded  to  return  again  to 
the  office,  accompanied  by  her  mother.  The  second  exami- 
nation, however,  fully  confirmed  the  unenviable  points  of  the 
first  description,  and  tended  only  to  make  her  case  worse : 
upon  which  her  mother  took  occasion  to  administer  to  he-r  a 
salutary  reproof,  by  reminding  her  of  the  innumerable  in- 
stances in  which  she  had  displayed  the  unhappy  traits  of 
character  which  had  been  pointed  out  by  the  phrenologist. 
The  daughter  appeared  humbled,  and  promised  to  reform. 
This  incident  suggests  one  of  the  important  results  to  be 
gained  by  a judicious  application  of  the  principles  of  phre- 
nology. 

At  a publick  lecture  in  Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  a distinguish- 
ed physician  of  the  village  was  examined,  and  described  as  a 
benevolent  man.  This  astonished  most  of  the  auditors,  who 
considered  him  quite  the  reverse ; and  this  opinion,  it  ap- 
peared, they  had  formed  of  him  from  the  fact,  that,  to  the 
popular,  benevolent  objects  of  the  day,  and  especially  to  such 
as  wrere  connected  with  religious  purposes,  he  had  seldom 
been  known  to  give  any  money.  Farther  inquiry,  however 
soon  showed,  that  the  reason  for  his  not  giving  to  such  pur* 
poses,  was,  he  did  not  believe  them  to  be  benevolent  objects , 
but  it  was  notorious,  that  he  gave  more  medical  advice  and 
services  to  the  poor,  than  all  the  other  physicians  in  the  place, 
and  was,  moreover,  a kind  and  obliging  neighbour.  This 
examination  produced  a change  in  the  mind  of  the  commu- 
nity with  respect  to  the  gentleman,  inasmuch  as  it  showed 
them,  that  we  are  not  to  measure  a man’s  benevolence  by  the 
amount  of  money  he  is  ready  to  give  to  any  popular  object 
of  charity,  for  this  amount  may  be,  and  often  is,  exactly 
graduated  by  his  pride,  his  desire  of  applause,  or  som€ 
other  selfish  motive,  whereas,  true,  phrenological  benevo- 
lence operates  in  proportion  to  the  strength  of  the  primitive 
faculty,  as  modified  by  the  other  faculties,  and  its  direction 
also  depends  upon  the  other  faculties.  The  lady  of  the  same 
gentleman,  possesses  very  large  construct.,  imita*  ideal* 


204 


PHRENOLOGY  1 ROVED  * JD  ILLUSTRATED 


and  form,  and  large  caus.  and  compar. ; and,  in  accoidanc® 
vHth  the  talents  imparted  by  this  organization,  she  displays 
remarkable  ingenuity  with  the  needle,  &c.,  and  has  often  re- 
ceived premiums  for  her  specimens  of  embroidery,  &c. 

A ; the  close  of  the  same  lecture,  a lad  was  brought  fox- 
ward  by  his  instructress.  The  only  remark  made  on  hij 
phrenological  developments,  was,  that  he  possessed  construct 
and  imitat.  very  large,  and,  consequently,  was  remarkably 
ingenious.  His  teacher  then  remarked,  that  the  lad  was 
uneasy  and  restless  in  school,  inattentive  to  his  books,  and 
strongly  prone  to  cut  the  benches;  but,  that  the  moment  he 
was  released  from  school,  he  would  repair  to  his  workshop, 
and  there  indulge  his  mechanical  propensity. 

At  a publick  examination,  the  writer,  among  other  quali- 
ties, attributed  to  a clergyman  examined,  small  tang.  The 
audience  readily  assented  to  the  remarkable  accuracy  of  the 
description  except  on  this  point ; but  here  they  dissented,  and 
declared  him  to  be  one  of  the  most  rapid,  speakers  in  that 
section  of  the  country.  Determined  to  ascertain  the  fact  in 
the  case,  the  writer  heard  him  deliver  his  next  sermon  , 
which  fully  satisfied  him  of  the  correctness  of  his  phreno- 
logical induction.  Although  his  manner  of  speaking  was 
very  rapid , to  be  sure,  yet  his  style  was  by  no  means  copious 
or  flowing;  but,  on  the  contrary,  evinced  a dryness  and 
barrenness. 

In  the  same  place,  one  of  the  authors  (L.  N.  Fowler) 
tinding  the  organs  of  secret,  and  acquis.,  in  the  head  of  a 
young  female,  not  sufficiently  balanced  by  the  moral  and 
intellectual  organs,  described  her  as  deceitful  and  light-fin- 
gered. In  the  sequel,  it  turned  out  that  she  had  frequently 
been  guilty  of  lying  and  theft:  handkerchiefs,  table-cloths, 
pillow-cases,  gloves,  hose,  and  sundry  other  small  articles 
which  she  could  conveniently  lay  her  hands  upon,  had  been 
found  in  her  possession. 

At  a publick  lecture  in  the  same  place,  a gentleman  nom 
mated  by  the  audience,  came  forward  with  his  face  covered 
end  was  described  as  very  zealous  in  whatever  he  undertook 
snd  rather  ultra  and  radical  in  his  views  and  feelings.  His 
comba.  destruct,  tirm.,  self-e.,  caus.,  adhes.,  and  lang.,  were 
large ; his  benev.,  conscien.,  hope,  and  compar.,  very  large, 
and  his  secret.,  small.  He  was  described  as  a leader  in  the 
church,  and  as  extremely  liable  to  give  offence  in  consequence 
of  his  dealing  so  plainly  with  all;  as  a great  temperance 


BY  FACTS. 


265 


man,  &c,  and  all  this  was  asserted  without  the?  examiner’s 
having  previously  had  the  least  hint  or  knowledge  of  his 
character.  In  regard  to  the  description  given,  there  was 
out  one  voice  from  the  audience,  and  that  was,  that  it  was 
perfectly  correct  throughout.  He  was  a new-measure  pres- 
byterian,  and  an  elder  in  the  church,  and  a very  zealouc 
Christian  ; and,  moreover,  was  one  of  the  greatest  temperance 
men  in  all  that  section  of  the  country. 

In  Schenectady,  L.  N.  Fowler  examined  the  head  of  a 
gentleman,  the  extraordinary  and  singular  shape  of  which 
arrested  his  attention.  It  was  extremely  high,  very  long,  and 
very  narrow.  Philopro.,  self-e.,  benev.,  individ.,  and  event., 
were  developed  in  a very  high  degree,  whilst  acquis,  and 
secret,  were  very  small.  His  philopro.,  in  fact,  was  the 
largest  the  phrenologist  had  ever  seen;  and,  in  illustration 
of  the  extraordinary  manner  m which  this  faculty  displayed 
itself,  it  was  stated  that  he  frequently  went  about  the  city 
with  two  little  dogs  in  his  overcoat  pockets,  and  two  more  in 
his  hands.  Of  children  he  was  so  excessively  fond,  that  he 
always  made  the  greatest  parade  over  them,  and  generally 
had  a whole  bevy  of  them  in  his  train.  His  very  large 
self-e.,  combined  with  his  small  secret,  and  moderate  reason- 
ing faculties,  made  him  prodigiously  egotistical,  and  utterly 
blind  to  his  faults,  as  well  as  to  the  application  of  the  jokes 
to  which  his  peculiarities  and  faults  exposed  him.  In  con- 
sequence of  his  very  large  benev.  and  very  small  acquis.,  he 
was  incapable  of  keeping  money,  or  of  laying  it  out  with  any 
tolerable  judgment.  He  even  squandered  all  he  could  com- 
mand: and,  when  any  thing  took  his  fancy,  he  could  easily 
be  imposed  upon  to  almost  any  extent  by  the  unjust  demands 
of  any  sharper  into  whose  clutches  he  might  have  the  mis- 
fortune to  fall.  He  had  but  little  adhes. ; and,  accordingly, 
formed  but  few  attachments,  and  those  few  so  slightly,  that 
diey  were  broken  off  whenever  freak  or  fancy  dxtated.  His 
cautious,  was  small ; and,  in  his  business,  he  was  perfectly 
reckless. 

At  a publick  examination  in  the  same  city,  a gentleman 
was  descried  as  having  extraordinary  size  and  local.,  (see  p. 
191,  206.)  The  next  morning,  when  passing  by  a carpenter’s 
drop,  he  was  hailed  by  one  of  the  workmen,  and,  mainly  if* 
ierisioa  ot  phrenology,  requested  to  pronounce  upon  the 
length  of  a rod,  which  was  about  seven  !eet  long,  by  a msr* 
east  of  the  oye.  He  did  so,  and  came  within  one-fourth  #/ 
12 


266  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

an  inch  of  its  actual  length.  Considering  this  striking  ha 
merely  accidental,  the  workmen  desired  him  to  designate- 
the  central  point  o a board  of  considerable  length : and  lie 
came  within  half  an  inch  of  the  middle  one  way,  and  ont* 
eighth  of  an  inch  the  other  way.  Still  deeming  it  mere 
“guess  work,”  they  demanded  the  middle  of  a long  work- 
bench; and,  in  this  attempt,  he  came  within  three-quarters 
cf  an  inch  in  respect  to  the  length,  and  one-quarter  of  an  inch 
of  the  breadth.  As  an  illustration  of  his  local.,  it  was  as 
sertedthat  he  knew  where  every  person  in  that  city  and  section 
of  the  country,  lived,  and  that  he  was  referred  to  by  all  hi? 
fellow-citizens  as  a sort  of  location- dictionary. 

The  next  day,  the  occurrence  in  the  workshop,  was  rela- 
ted to  the  narrator  in  the  presence  of  a gentleman  who  con 
sidered  phrenology  a mere  humbug,  and  who  tauntingly 
asked,  if  the  phrenologist  could  tell  him  his  character.  It 
was  remarked  in  reply,  that  his  constructive  talent,  or  me- 
chanical ingenuity,  was  the  leading  talent  he  possessed: 
upon  which  a friend  of  his  present,  astonished  at  the  accu 
racy  of  the  remark,  stated  that  he  was  the  inventor  of  about 
a dozen  patent  rights. 

While  in  Albany,  in  1835,  L.  N.  Fowler  examined  a man 
m the  Museum,  to  whom  he  gave  very  large  secret.,  acquis., 
combat.,  destruct.,  firm.,  and  amat.,  with  small  conscien.  and 
only  moderate  benev.,  and  described  him  as  selfish,  artful, 
intriguing,  and  deceitful;  as  able  and  inclined  to  employ 
cunning  and  hypocrisy  in  every  thing,  but  more  especially 
in  getting  money:  stated  that  he  always  effected  his  purposes 
in  an  indirect  way,,  and  under  false  pretences,  and  was  al- 
ways ready  to  adopt  any  unfair  means  by  which  to  possess 
himself  of  money.  No  more  was  heard  of  this  personage 
by  the  phreno.ogist  till,  in  the  summer  of  1836,  while  trav- 
elling in  one  of  the  packet-boats  from  Columbia  to  Harris- 
burg, Pa.,  at  which  time  a boat-captain,  who  was  present  at 
the  examination  alluded  to,  gave  the  narrator  the  following 
account  of  one  of  the  high-handed  tricks  of  this  sly-dodging 
money-catcher.  He  stated  that,  during  the  preceding  win- 
ter, this  artful  scoundrel  started  on  a travelling  expedition  to 
Boston,  with  two  teams,  one  cf  which  he  drove  himself,  and 
the  other  was  managed  by  an  accomplice.  When  rnarB., 
He  caused  one  team  to  ha  t for  a day,  whilst,  with  the  other, 
he  proceeded  to  the  city.  When  arrived  in  the  literary 
emporium,  he  lepresented  himself  to  several  wholesale  gr©» 


B¥  FACTS. 


33? 

cers,  as  a heavy  dealer  in  their  line  from  the  interiour; 
stated  that  he  had  honoured  them  with  a visit  lor  the  purpose 
of  making  a large  purchase ; that  he  had  several  teams 
upon  the  road,  one  or  two  of  which  would  he  in  the  next 
day ; that,  as  despatch  was  important  to  a man  of  Ms  en- 
terprise, he  should  like  to  proceed  fortnwith  to  business. 
The  next  day  arrived,  and  in  came  the  other  team,  and  the 
driver,  being  previously  instructed,  represented  to  the  Eos 
tonian  merchants,  that  the  other  teams  were  behind,  one  of 
which  had  been  detained  by  an  accident,  and  parted  company 
with  him  only  the  day  before.  Thus  far,  every  thing  ap- 
peared fair  and  smooth.  Both  teams  were  accordingly  load- 
ed and  started  for  the  country,  before  settlement  was  made : 
and  so  rapidly  were  they  pushed  forward,  and  so  admirably 
were  things  managed,  that  the  scoundrels  evaded  the  alert- 
ness of  their  creditors. 

But  the  Boston  merchants  were  not  all  that  had  cause 
long  to  remember  the  redoubtable  heroes  of  this  expedition 
to  the  East.  As  they  were  wending  their  way  back  with 
their  ill-gotten  lading  of  teas,  liquors,  and  spices,  they  chanc- 
ed to  light  upon  a country  village  just  at  nightfall,  when 
they  announced  themselves  as  Methodist  preachers,  and  pro- 
posed to  tarry  there  that  night  and  the  next  day,  and  the 
next  night  to  edify  the  good  people  by  holding  a meeting 
with  them.  On  account  of  the  high  and  sacred  character  of 
our  way  farers,  they  were  most  hospitably  entertained  by  one 
of  the  most  respectable  members  of  the  connexion  in  that 
place.  And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  next  morning,  “ rising 
up  a long  while  before  day,”  they  went  forth  to  meditate  ; but 
prayer  seemed  to  be  the  most  distant  thing  from  their  hearts. 
Instead  of  kneeling  down,  and  offering  up  their  holy  orisons, 
they  seemed  to  be  more  devoutly  engaged  in  laying  schemes 
to  complete  their  assortment  of  merchandise.  “Armed  with 
this  strong  intent,”  they  proceeded  to  the  smoke-house  of  their 
pious  host,  and  took  thence  a large  quantity  of  ham,  and, 
also,  divers  lots  of  poultry  from  his  barnyard,  and  straight- 
way proceeded  “on  their  way  rejoicing.”  Thus  they 
peregrinated  from  place  to  place,  committing  petty  larcenies, 
and  practising  all  manner  of  deceptions  and  impostures, 
until  they  arrived  at  Albany. — For  the  correctness  of  the 
statement  concerning  the  examination,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  manager  of  the  Albany  Museum. 

At  North  Adams,  where  there  are  m:oy  factories,  ths 


268  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

narrator  pointed  out,  in  the  head  of  a physician,  extracraina 
ry  mathematical  and  astronomical  powers;  and  a large  au 
iience  of  his  fellow  c fizens  testified  that  his  talents  and 
fondness  for  pursuits,  of  this  nature,  were  uncommonly  great. 
In  him  the  organ  of  iveight  was  very  large ; and  he  stated 
publickly,  that  he  had  left  a lucrative  profession,  and  enga- 
ged in  manufacturing,  chiefly  to  indulge  his  fondness  for 
machinery. 

The  young  ladies  who  had  been  employed  in  the  factories 
for  many  years,  were  found  to  possess  large  concent.,  whilst 
new-comers  generally  had  it  small— This  fact  affords  an 
important  hint  to  those  who  wish  to  cultivate  this  organ. 
Confined  for  a long  time  to  a single  operation,  concent,  was 
called  into  constant  requisition,  and  thus  became  enlarged. 

At  a publick  lecture  in  Adams,  a gentleman  was  descri- 
bed as  having  concent,  very  large  (see  p.  70.)  The  next  day 
while  riding  in  the  s‘age  with  him,  the  writer  had  an  oppor 
fcunity  of  witnessing  a perfect  illustration  of  the  organ  ii 
question.  The  gentleman  was  disposed  to  dwell  long  upon 
every  topick  of  conversation  that  was  introduced ; and  when 
a new  subject  was  brought  forward,  he  would  somehow  con- 
trive to  make  it  bear  upon  the  previous  topick:  and  after 
halting,  upon  returning  to  the  stage,  he  would  generally  take 
up  the  subject  again  at  the  point  where  it  had  been  dropped. 

At  an  examination  in  Pittsfield,  a child  was  described 
as  having  extraordinary  form,  and,  consequently,  as  capable 
of  learning  its  letters  easily.  Its  mother  remarked,  that 
when  she  commenced  teaching  it  the  alphabet,  to  her  aston- 
ishment, she  found  it  had  already  learned  all  its  letters  with- 
out any  instruction. 

Among  others  examined  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  the 
spring  of  1835,  was  a gentleman,  in  whom  time,  individ. 
Ling.,  event.,  local.,  compar.,  and  concent.,  were  ail  very 
large.  Fie  is  accustomed  not  only  to  narrate  a great  deal 
aut,  also,  almost  always  to  tell  the  year,  month,  and  day  of 
the  month  in  which  the  transaction  narrated,  occurred.  His 
very  large  concent,  and  reasoning  faculties  make  him  fre 
juently  absent-minded ; but  his  greatest  peculiarity  is,  that  he 
oan  attend  to  but  one  thing  at  a time.  For  example:  he  is 
utterly  unable  to  take  the  sense  of  what  he  reads,  until  he 
has  locked  Ins  door,  muzzled  his  bell,  and  given  strict  orders 
not  to  be  disturbed.  His  amat.  and  adhes.  are  very  large, 
Lilith,  joined  with  his  very  large  concent.,  cause  him  stil/ 


BY  FACTS. 


269 


,0  brood  over  the  untimely  death  of  the  object  of  his  early  at- 
tachment,  even  though  the  event  occurred  some  twenty  years 
since. 

He  s?nt  to  his  sister  the  written  description  of  his  char 
acter,  requesting  her  opinion  zi  its  accuracy,  to  which  she 
replied,  ‘ You  ask  my  opinion  of  your  character  as  given 
by  the  phrenologist:  I think  it  correct  in  every  p articular ; 
indeed,  strikingly  so.” 

While  waiting  upon  a party  of  ladies,  in  N.  Y.,  in  one  of 
them  the  organ  of  order  was  pointed  out  as  very  large,  in- 
deed, so  remarkable  that  the  attention  of  the  party  was 
several  times  called  to  it.  She  was  accordingly  described 
as  excessively  neat  and  particular — as  fastidious,  and  even, 
in  this  particular,  old-maidish : (see  order  very  large,  p.  199, 
especially  the  closing  description,  p.  200.) 

The  following  day,  a gentleman  who  had  known  her  for 
many  years,  (she  being  then  upwards  of  60,)  stated,  that 
when  of  an  age  suitable  for  forming  matrimonial  connexions, 
she  was  addressed  by  a respectable,  and  even  wealthy,  young 
gentleman,  who  owned  a farm,  and  had  around  him  all  the 
comforts  of  life.  She  accepted  an  invitation  to  take  a ride 
with  him;  but  her  organ  of  order  rvas  so  excessively  annoy- 
ed by  some  burrs  which  had  lodged  in  the  mane  of  his  horse, 
that  she  was  as  glad  to  be  relieved  from  the  painful  speeta* 
cle,  as  she  could  have  been  at  a release  from  prison  ; and  she 
immediately  gave  him  letters  of  dismission. 

She  was  next  addressed  by  a student  who  was  about  to 
graduate;  but  in  him  her  organ  of  order  was  unable  to  tole 
rate  some  things  which  she  discovered  about  his  clothes 
Thus  she  rejected  in  succession,  five  excellent  offers  of  mat- 
rimony, which,  in  every  respect  except  that  of  order,  (and 
even  in  this  they  fell  not  below  mediocrity,)  were  not  only 
very  agreeable,  but  even  desirable. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia  furnished  the  writer,  O.  S.  Fow- 
ler, with  several  striking  examples  of  the  truth  of  practical 
phrenology.  In  the  spring  of  1835,  he  opened  a course  of 
lectures  there,  and,  at  the  close  of  his  first  lecture,  a Mr. 
Pierce,  who  resides  in  Chestnut-St.  near  Broad,  and  who  has 
been  known  to  the  good  people  of  that  city  by  a residence 
among  them  of  forty  years,  came  forward.  Though  a per- 
fect stranger  to  the  lecturer,  and  a disbeliever  in  phrenology! 
yet,  so  perfectly  correct  throughout,  was  the  description  given* 
that  the  next  day,  the  gentleman  was  accused  .scores  of  timet 


210  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

by  his  fellow  citizens,  with  collusion — with  having  given  a 
history  of  his  life  to  the  lecturer,  and  then  presented  himseil 
as  a candidate  for  examination.  His  well-known  character 
for  honesty  and  piety,  however,  at  length  gave  to  phrcnolo* 
gy  the  credit  of  having  discovered  his  character. 

He  was  described  as  possessing  a very  large  organ  of 
benev.,  and  as  noted  for  the  interest  he  takes  in  the  welfare 
of  others,  and  for  the  extraordinary  tenderness  and  humani- 
ty of  his  feelings  ; as  having  large  ven.,  conscien.,  and  hope, 
and,  therefore,  as  eminent  for  his  piety ; as  having  large  or 
very  large  ideal.,  imitat.,  compar.,  lang.,  and  event.,  and,  conse* 
quently,  as  possessing  unusual  descriptive  powers,  and  great 
tact  in  relating  anecdotes,  to  the  no  small  amusement  of  his 
friends;  as  having  very  large  mirth.,  and  though  an  emi- 
nently pious  man,  devotedly  fond  both  of  hearing  and  telling 
comical  stories ; and  that  one  of  his  greatest  trials — one  of 
his  “most  easily  besetting  sins,”  was  (which  he  confessed) 
the  intrusion  of  humorous  thoughts  and  feelings  upon  sol- 
emn occasions. 

Among  other  subjects  examined  in  that  city,  was  an  elder- 
ly gentleman  from  the  country,  all  of  whose  perceptive  facul- 
ties were  very  large,  but  among  them,  weight  was  develop- 
ed in  an  extraordinary  degree.  This  was  distinctly  pointed 
out,  and  illustrated  by  the  writer’s  saying,  that  he  was  one 
in  ten  thousand  for  his  natural  talent  in  horsemanship,  and 
for  those  feats  of  agility,  balancing,  &c.,  which  are  practised 
in  the  circus.  Upon  this,  the  old  gentleman  started  from  his 
seat,  and,  facing  the  examiner,  said, 

“Do  you  know  me,  sir?” 

“ I do  not,”  was  the  reply. 

“ On  your  honour  do  you  say,  that  you  know  nothing  ot 
my  character  except  from  feeling  my  head  ?” 

“ Upon  my  honour  and  my  conscience  too,  not  a thing,  sir.” 
His  surprise  and  astonishment  were  very  great;  and,  in 
illustration  of  the  truth  of  what  had  been  stated,  he  removed 
he  papers  and  books  from  a portion  of  the  table,  and  although 
upwards  of  sixty  years  of  age,  placed  his  head  upon  the 
table,  and  elevated  his  feet  into  the  air,  assuming  various 
positions,  and  yet  keeping  his  balance  with  perfect  ease. 
He  stated  that,  when  in  the  prime  of  life,  he  bad  often  jumped 
upon  a platform  the  height  of  his  chin,  and  turning  upon  his 
head  without  touching  his  feet  to  the  platform,  walked  upon 
his  hands  and  his  head,  with  very  little  trouble,  or  difficulty 


BY  FACTS. 


271 


m kwsing  his  exlct  iquilibrium.  He  then  to  ;k  a silver  dol- 
ai\,  ami.  balanced  it  on  an  unusually  convex  watch-dial,  and 
gave  many  other  equally  striking  examples  of  his  extraor 
dinarv  faculty  of  weight. 

Among  others,  the  head  of  Mr.  Waldie,  editor  of  the 
Circulating  Library,  and  of  several  other  important  and 
ibly  conducted  periodicals,  was  examined.  His  head  is  of 
die  largest  size,  and  his  brain,  active;  which  give  him  the 
ibilitv  to  project  and  execute  undertakings  for  which  a com- 
mon sized  or  sluggish  brain  is  utterly  inadequate.  All  his 
Derceptive  organs  are  large,  and  his  reasoning  organs,  very 
rarge;  which  impart  to  him  that  general  literary  talent 
and  correctness  of  judgment  and  taste  by  which  his  exten- 
sive, .iterary  publications  are  so  strikingly  characterized. 
His  very  large  benev.  and  adhes.  give  him  that  hospitality 
and  kindness  for  which  he  is  distinguished  among  all  who 
know  him,  and  that  enlarged  spirit  of  philanthropy  which 
shines  so  conspicuously  in  his  character. 

Mr.  P.,  a merchant,  called  on  the  lecturer,  one  side  of 
whose  head  was  much  larger  than  the  other.  When  this 
phenomenon  was  pointed  out,  he  stated  that  the  larger  side 
of  the  head,  perspired  freely,  while  the  other  did  not,  thus 
clearly  showing,  either  that  the  side  which  did  not  perspire, 
had  grown  small  by  inaction,  or  that  the  other  had  grown 
large  by  exercise. 

One  gentleman  was  examined  in  whom  time  'was  very 
small  and  tune  very  large.  He  had  the  nicest  ear  for  mu- 
sick,  indeed,  a passionate  fondness  for  it,  and  could  c&tch 
a tune  by  hearing  it  sung  but  once,  and  yet  was  unable 
to  sing  with  others,  merely  because  he  could  not  keep  the  beat. 

During  the  summer  of  1836,  the  authors  witnessed  many 
unequivocal  proofs  and  illustrations  of  the  truth  of  phrenol- 
ogy in  several  distinguished  citizens  of  Pennsylvania.  One 
of  the  most  striking  occurred  at  a private  party  of  gentle- 
men and  ladies  in  Carlisle.  After  nearly  all  of  the  company 
had  been  examined,  an  elderly  gentleman,  who  was  a per- 
fect stranger  to  the  writer,  submitted  his  head  to  the  mani- 
pulator. The  first  remark  of  the  examiner  was,  that  the 
phrenological  developments  of  his  head  were  so  extraordi- 
nary, that  the  common  rules  of  interpretation  would  not 
fully  apply  to  his  case.  His  head  was  of  the  largest  size, 
being  seven  inches  and  three-quarters  in  diameter,  and  near- 
ly equally  developed  in  all  its  parts.  The  propelling  and 


272  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLU  b TI  AT  ED 


the  intellectual  organs  were  all  found  to  be  very  large.  A? 
cordingly,  it  wa^  remarked  that  he  possessed  an  extraordina- 
ry degree  of  weight  of  character  and  greatness  of  mind,  so 
that  a single  town  would  not  bound  his  influence,  but  that  he 
must  be  among  the  distinguished  men  of  the  nation. 

His  perceptive  faculties  being  all  large,  and  his  reflectiva 
very  large,  it  was  remarked  that  he  had  an  extraordinary  talent 
for  collecting  the  facts  in  any  given  case;  and  that  his  very 
large  reasoning  organs  would  give  him  great  power  and  depth 
of  intellect  and  correctness  of  judgement.  His  extremely  large 
cornpar.,  in  particular,  would  give  him  powers  of  discrimi- 
nation and  analysis  surpassed  by  none.  It  is  necessary  only 
to  add,  that,  at  the  close  of  his  examination,  the  writer  was 
inti  oduced  to  Chief  Justice  Gibson  of  Pennsylvania.  Those 
accp\ainted  with  the  talents  of  this  distinguished  gentleman, 
will  at  once  recognise  the  Chief  Justice  in  the  description 
given. 

This  gentleman  was  mainly  induced  to  submit  to  this  ex- 
amination from  having  seen  the  description  given  to  his  broth- 
er at  Washington,  D.  C.  While  one  of  the  authors  was 
practising  phrenology  at  Washington,  in  the  fall  of  1836, 
in  order  to  give  to  phrenology  a fair  test  in  the  case  of  a 
remarkable  character,  several  individuals  prevailed  upon 
Mr.  G.  (who  is  on  intimate  terms  with  the  President,)  to  call 
upon  the  narrator,  and  obtain  a written  description  of  his 
character  and  talents.  Among  other  peculiarities,  he  was 
known  be  to  excessively  fond  of  children,  and  this  was  descri- 
bed as  one  of  his  strongest  passions,  and  marked  at  or  near 
the  top  of  the  scale;  to  be  exceedingly  incredulous,  and  even 
skeptical,  which,  accordingly,  was  dwelt  upon  with  peculiar 
emphasis  ; to  be  one  of  the  kindest  of  men,  and  indifferent 
about  money,  which  also  was  implicitly  stated,  &c.  One 
of  the  party  afterwards  waited  upon  the  examiner,  and  stated 
these  and  several  other  particulars  of  his  character,  adding, 
that  the  description  was  singularly  correct  throughout,  and 
that  President  Jackson,  on  hearing  it  read,  made  a similar 
remark. 

At  one  of  the  publick  examinations  in  Carlisle,  an  elderly 
Irish  gentleman  was  nominated,  and  came  forward  without  a 
©oa.  on,  and  with  every  appearance  of  a day-labourer.  He 
was  described  as  possessing  very  large  calcu.,  cornpar, 
caus.,  firm.,  and  combat.  It  was  hence  inferred  tliat,  con* 
trary  to  his  appearance,  he  was  naturally  one  of  the  great* 


BY  FACTS. 


273 


est  mathematicians  of  the  age;  that  (ie  had  a powerful  in 
te.lect  joined  wish  obstinacy  and  fierce  animal  passions. 
His  extraordinary  mathematical  powders,  (very  large  ca.cu., 
compar.,  and  cans.,  combined,)  were  proved  by  the  fact,  that 
he  had  solved  several  exceedingly  difficult  and  intricate 
problems,  which  had  been  propounded  through  the  publick 
prints  for  a long  time  (six  years)  without  finding  any  equal 
to  the  task.  This  he  did  without  the  advantages  even  of  a 
common  education,  and  while  pursuing  his  daily  labour. 
His  combat,  was  equally  illustrated  by  his  being,  when  an- 
gry, violent  in  the  highest  degree,  nay,  even  desperate.  As 
a boxer  he  was  notorious. 

A Mr.  William  Roberts  entered  the  office,  indicating  by 
his  dress  and  appearance  that  he  was  any  thing  but  an  en- 
gineer, but,  almost  the  first  remark  of  the  examiner,  was, 
that  his  very  large  construct.,  form,  size,  local.,  inaivid,, 
weight,  and  calcu.,  with  his  other  developments,  would  quali- 
fy him  in  a pre-eminent  degree,  for  a surveyor  and  an  engineer. 
The  remark  excited  the  greatest  astonishment,  and  it  was 
then  stated  that  he  was  an  engineer  and  surveyor  of  the  first 
order,  having  an  annual  salary  of  $4,000. 

In  the  head  cf  Mr.  James  Cornelius,  the  organ  of  weight 
was  pointed  out  as  being  very  large,  and  in  confirmation  of  the 
fact,  it  was  stated,  that  he  had  never  found  his  equal  for  throw  - 
ing stones  at  a mark.  His  usual  way  of  killing  birds,  squir- 
rels, &c.,  was  with  a stone,  so  that  a gun  was  useless  to 
him. 

Before  the  audience  the  very  large  organs  of  construct., 
imitat.,  caus.,  and  form,  were  pointed  out  in  a son  of  Dr. 
Foulke,  and  his  talent  for  using  tools,  for  drawing,  &c..  was 
stated  to  be  seldom  equalled.  So  remarkable  were  these 
faculties  in  the  lad,  that  they  were  known  to  the  whole  vil- 
age,  and  it  was  on  this  account  that  he  had  been  proposed 
as  a subject  by  which  to  test  the  science. 

Another  lad  was  examined,  whose  forehead  was  low  and 
narrow,  and  whose  moral  organs  were  only  moderate,  while 
many  of  the  selfish  propensities  were  very  strong.  His  in- 
tellect was  accordingly  manifestly  very  obtuse,  and  his  pro- 
pensities, uncontrolled  by  moral  feeling  or  intellect,  manifest- 
ed themselves  in  theft,  lying,  &c. 

The  following  is  the  testimony  of  one  of  the  citizens  of 
Carlisle  concerning  the  examination  of  a boy  in  hi*  ria 
ployment. 

12* 


274  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

“ A lad  who  is  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  has  been  in  my 
employ  eighteen  months,  and  who  is  very  remarkable  for 
several  peculiarities  of  character,  was  brought  to  Mr.  Fow- 
ler, the  phrenologist,  who,  solely  by  the  aid  of  his  favourite 
science,  gave  * description  of  his  character  in  an  unequivo- 
cal manner,  and  with  an  accuracy,  which,  with  all  my 
Knowledge  of  the  lad’s  character  from  long  and  close  obser 
vauon,  I could  not  myself  have  surpassed,  if  equalled.  Mr 
F.  has  also  examined  my  own  head,  once  in  publick  and 
blindfolded,  and  again  in  his  office,  and  without  the  possibil- 
ity of  knowing  me  at  his  second  examination;  and  his  sec- 
ond description  agreed,  in  every  particular,  with  his  first. 

D.  SANGSTON. 

Carlisle,  Pa.,  Sept.  28,  1836,” 

While  in  Carlisle,  the  Rev.  George  G.  Cookman,  Metb 
idist  Episcopal  clergyman  of  high  standing,  brought  in  a 
son  of  his  whom  one  of  the  authors  (O.  S.  Fowler)  had  ex- 
amined in  Baltimore  the  summer  previous,  and  stated  that, 
at  the  time  alluded  to,  the  lad  had  been  described  as  possess- 
ing unusual  arithmetical  powers,  of  which  fact  he  was  not 
then  conscious.  Upon  trying  the  arithmetical  talents  of  his 
son,  however,  he  found  that  phrenology  had  revealed  to  him 
an  important  truth  concerning  his  son,  of  which  his  own  ob- 
servation had  failed  to  inform  him. 

While  in  Baltimore,  by  the  solicitation  of  one  of  his  breth- 
ren, Mr.  C.’s  own  head  was  examined.  He  was  described 
as  possessed  of  extravagant  ideal.,  very  large  compar.,  event., 
individ.,  lang.,  benev.,  imitat,  and  hope,  and  large  caus.,  com- 
bat., conscien.,  ven.,  adhes.,  self-e.,  and  philopro. ; and,  conse- 
quently, as  possessing  descriptive  powers,  and  a talent  for 
eloquence  and  popular  speaking,  of  a high  order.  His  abi- 
lity to  distinguish  himself  as  a moral  leader,  his  large  moral 
organs,  and  very  large  benev.  or  desire  to  benefit  his  fellow- 
men,  were  all  dwelt  upon  with  such  emphasis,  that  those  who 
came  with  him,  thought  the  examiner  must  have  been  previous- 
ly acquainted  with  their  distinguished  preacher;  but  the  fact 
was,  his  phrenological  developments  corresponded  so  exactly 
with  those  talents  by  which  he  had  so  eminently  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  his  publick  capacity  as  a preacher,  that  all  the 
phrenologist  had  to  do,  was  to  read  off  his  character  as  from 
d book,  to  the  astonished  listeners.  It  hardly  need  be  added, 
that,  at  a meeting  of  the  Bible  Society,  this  gentleman  was 
the  author  of  that  famous  and  beautiful  allegory,  in  which 


V FACTS. 


%n 

*e  different  denominations  of  Christians,,  uniting  hand  and 
nand  in  this  common -cause,  are  compared  to  a great  army, 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  constituting  the  scourers 
and  the  vanguaid,  the  Presbyterian,  the  grand  centre,  the 
heavy  artillery,  &c.  His  very  large  comparison  appears 
conspicuous  in  almost  every  sentence,  and  often  bursts  forth 
in  the  conception  of  beautiful  similes  and  illustrations.  His 
imitat.  is  fully  represented  in  his  numerous  and  appropriate 
gestures,  thus  imparting  to  his  delivery  an  unusual,  if  not 
superabundant,  amount  of  action.  His  very  large  ideal,  and 
large  marvel,  appear  throughout  his  discourses  in  bold  relief, 
giving  his  descriptions  a high  degree  of  beauty,  sublimity, 
glow,  and  wonder  ; and  his  appeals  to  the  passions  display  a 
great  amount  of  enthusiasm,  and  are  almost  irresistible. 
His  small  secret,  gives  a directness  and  plainness  to  his  ex- 
pressions and  appeals,  which  some  call  bluntness.  His  com- 
mand of  words  and  incidents  is  certainly  remarkable.  Plis 
firm.,  self-e.,  and  combat.,  give  him  a commanding  and  dig- 
nified appearance,  and  beget  great  energy  of  mind  and  char 
acter,  whilst,  at  the  same  time,  his  benev.  and  ven.  give 
him  affability  and  benignity.  His  mirth,  is  large,  and,  with 
his  very  large  compar.  and  imitat.,  enables  and  disposes  him 
to  say  many  very  witty  and  ludicrous  things ; and  he  stated 
to  the  examiner,  that,  against  this  “ easily-besetting  sin,”  he 
was  obliged  to  struggle  more  than  against  any  other,  and 
that  it  sometimes  broke  forth  even  in  the  pulpit.  On  the 
whole,  he  may  be  emphatically  styled  eloquent , and  his  or- 
ganization pronounced  to  be  a most  happy  one  for  a popular 
preacher,  an  appellation  peculiarly  appropriate  to  him. 

Another  striking  proof  of  the  truth  of  phrenology,  occurs 
in  the  person  of  the  Hon.  Judge  Lewis  of  Pa.  In  him  the 
perceptive  faculties  and  compar.  are  very  large,  and,  in  ac- 
cordance with  this  development,  it  is  well  attested  of  his 
intellectual  character,  that  he  possesses  an  astonishing  facili- 
ty in  seizing  upon  the  prominent  facts  in  any  given  case, 
(individ.  and  event.,)  and  in  rejecting  every  thing  that  does 
not  bear  directly  upon  the  point  in  question,  (compar.)  His 
brain  is  active,  and  his  whole  phrenological  organization  is 
very  happily  balanced ; and  the  effects  of  these  favourable 

Juatities,  are  conspicuous  in  his  character.  In  giving  nig 
eeisions,  his  style  is  characterized  by  perspicuity  -and  pre* 
cision,  and  is  always  to  the  point. 

Judge  L.  was  exam/ned  by  the  writer  (O.  S.  Fowler) 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLFSTK ATE  t> 

I>.nville,  Pa.,  in  1836,  without  being  introduced,  and  bsiora 
the  writer  had  heard  that  there  was  such  a man  living  ; ana 
jet,  the  description,  of  his  character  and  talents  was  pronoun- 
ced to  be  strikingly  correct  throughout.  In  order,  however* 
lr)  hat  phrenology  to  a still  severer  test*  Judge  L.  requested 
£ r And  fold  examination  of  a gentleman  whom  he  should  se- 
lect. Accordingly,  he  brought  forward  an  intimate  friend 
of  his  (Mr.  C.  Hall)  whom  he  had  heard  examined  some 
days  previous : and,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Judge*  and  of  at" 
others  who  heard  them,  the  two  descriptions  were  exactly 
alike,  and  perfectly  corresponded  with  the  character  of  the 
gentleman  examined. 

A still  more  striking  proof  of  phrenology  was  presented 
in  the  case  of  the  Hon.  Gen.  Anthony,  member  of  Congress 
from  Pa.,  who  was  prevailed  upon  to  submit  to  an  examina- 
tion, by  Mr.  Packer.  After  describing  him  as  possessing  an 
uncommon  share  of  energy  and  decision  of  character,  as 
manifested  by  his  unusual  development  of  firm.,  combat, 
self-e.,  hope,  &c.,  the  first  remark  made  by  the  phrenologist 
concerning  his  intellectual  powers,  was,  that  the  size  of 
ealeu .,  as  developed  in  his  head,  was  enormous — so  great, 
indeed,  that  it  could  hardly  be  spanned  with  the  thumb  and 
middle  finger.  All  his  other  perceptive  organs  were  also 
extremely  large;  and  the  inference  drawn,  was,  that  he  must 
possess,  not  only  an  astonishing  ability  to  reckon  in  his  head, 
but  also  a great  fondness  and  talent  for  the  higher  branches 
of  mathematicks  and  astronomy.  This  examination  occur- 
red at  Washington  in  1 835 ; and  nothing  was  heard  from 
the  examination  until  in  the  summer  of  1836,  when  Mr. 
Packer  stated  to  the  narrator,  that  Gen.  A.  possessed  the 
most  astonishing  faculty  for  castingup  accounts  in  his  head, 
uf  any  man  he  had  ever  seen  or  heard  of;  that  he  ecu  Id 
solve  almost  any  arithmetical  problem  in  his  head,  and  with- 
out apparent  effort;  that  he  rou*d  add  up  at  once  a column 
of  three,  four,  or  five  figures,  multiply  large  sums  into  each 
other,  and  also  divide  and  substraef  them  by  a single  opera 
tien  ; that  he  had  not  patience  to  witness  the  slow',  plodding 
calculations  of  ordinary  minds,  but  would  generally  do  them 
himself,  and  at  a glance.  Mr.  P.  also  stated,  that  in  his 
natural  talents  for  arithmetick  and  the  mathematicks,  it  was 
generally  conceded,  that  Gen.  had  nosiperiour,  u as 
equal,  in  Pa. 


J3Y  FACTS. 


271 

Mr.  P.  remarked,  that  he  was  particularly  st  ruck  with  the 
strength  and  force  of  the  expressions  used  in  the  description 
of  this  gentleman’s  mathematical  talent,  inasmuch  as  it  ac- 
corded so  perfectly  with  the  wonderful  powers  of  the  man 
and  he  became  at  once  a believer  in  phrenology.  We  there- 
fore appeal  to  Gen.  A.’s  head  and  mathematical  character, 
and  ask  our  opponents  to  solve  this  prenological  problem. 

Mr.  P.  also  gave  pi  'enology  another  trial  in  the  case  of 
the  Hon.  Mr.  McKean,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Pa.  His  exami- 
nation was  made  without  the  least  intimation’s  being  given 
to  the  narrator,  of  the  character  or  station  of  Mr.  McK. ; and, 
if  the  testimony  of  Mr.  P.,  or  of  his  friends  who  witnessed  the 
delineation  of  this  gentleman’s  character,  (and  who  will  inval- 
idate it?)  is  entitled  to  credit,  a more  correct  description  of 
his  character  and  talents  could  not  have  been  drawn  up  by 
his  most  intimate  friends.  In  confirmation  of  this,  we  ap- 
peal to  the  living  testimony  of  Mr.  P.,  whose  astonishment 
at  the  result  was  very  great. 

But  the  astonishment  of  Mr.  P.  was  not  greater  at  the  descrip- 
tion of  these  gentlemen’s  character,  than  was  theirs  at  that  giv- 
en of  his,  especially  when  almost  the  first  remark  made  of 
him,  was,  that  “ he  always  went  in  for  the  whole  amount ; was 
exceedingly  zealous  in  all  that  he  undertook,  and  always  did 
whatever  he  attempted  to  accomplish,  with  his  whole  might  ; 
possessed  a towering  ambition  for  distinction,  as  well  as  a 
talent  for  rising  to  eminence ; was  persevering  in  an  extra- 
ordinary degree ; was  a whole-hearted  friend,  but  a bitter 
enemy;  was  unusually  sarcastick,  but  excellent  company; 
excessively  fond  of  debate  and  opposition,  and  took  hold  of 
every  thing  without  mittens  ; though  he  appeared  very  rash 
and  injudicious,  and  drove  forward  with  prodigious  fury,  yet 
he  managed  to  steer  clear  of  the  breakers ; had  always  too 
many  irons  in  the  fire,  &c.”  Although  yet  young,  these 
traits  of  character  have  already  brought  this  gentleman  into 
very  general  notice,  and  bid  fair  to  augment  his  fame. 

At  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  about  ten  miles  north  of  Car- 
.isle,  Pa.,  O.  S.  Fowler  examined  the  head  of  a farmer,  who 
was  quite  rustick  in  his  appearance,  and  observed  that  his 
perceptive  faculties  generally,  and  particularly  his  individ., 
form,  size,  calcu.,  local.,  event., and  compar.,  were  developed  in 
an  extraordinary  manner ; and  after  travelling  some  few  miles 
farther,  the  writer  was  informed,  that  this  man  was  the  won- 
der and  astonishment  of  the  neighbourhood  on  account  cn 


i78  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

his  astonishing  recollection  of  historical  ant'  statistical 
facts,  &c. 

At  an  ifon  foundry  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  (owned 
by  Mr.  Pleis  of  Phila.,)  by  a mere  cast  of  the  eye,  the  writer 
was  enabled  to  point  out  the  best  workmen,  on  account  c 1 
their  superiour  development  of  construct,  and  imitat.  He 
contrasted , for  example,  one  man  in  whom  these  organs 
were  so  large  as  to  amount  almost  to  a deformity,  with  ano 
ther  by  his  side,  in  whom  they  were  only  full ; in  reply  U 
which,  the  superintendent  remarked,  that  the  firstnamed  be 
came  a firstrafe  moulder  (which  operation  requires  the  high- 
est degree  of  mechanical  skill  and  ingenuity)  with  very  little 
practice,  and  seemingly  without  effort,  whereas,  the  other 
had  to  practise  several  years  before  he  became  even  passable. 
and  there  was  not  the  least  probability  that  he  would  ever 
excel  in  that  business.  The  gentleman  farther  remarked, 
that  the  difference  of  natural  tact  and  talent  manifested  by 
different  individuals  who  engaged  in  his  business,  was  aston- 
ishingly great:  that,  while  some  seemed  naturally  to  pos- 
sess, as  it  were,  a slight  of  hand  for  moulding,  others  could 
not  possibly  learn  the  art  by  the  most  persevering  applica- 
tion, under  the  most  judicious  course  of  instruction — thus 
showing  most  conclusively,  that  the  faculty  of  construct,  is 
innate . 

In  Bloomfield,  Pa.,  phrenology  gathered  some  laurels. 
At  a publick  lecture,  just  after  the  arrival  of  the  writer  in 
that  place,  a gentleman  was  examined,  and  described,  among 
other  things,  as  always  upon  the  tiptoe  of  expectation,  prone 
to  build  castles  in  the  air,  and  for  ever  on  a wild-goose  chase 
of  some  bubble  or  butterfly  of  fortune,  which,  however,  was 
always  sure  to  elude  his  grasp  ; that  he  had  too  many  “ irons 
in  the  fire,”  &c.  (excessive  hope  and  ideal.,  and  small  con- 
cent. :)  and  so  graphically  correct  was  the  description,  that 
the  audience  could  not  be  made  to  believe  but  that  the  lectur- 
er was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  gentleman  examined, 
Until  the  latter  assured  them,  that  he  and  the  lecturer  had 
never  seen  each  other  until  he  entered  the  room  that  evening, 
some  time  after  the  lecture  had  commenced.  In  regard  to 
the  correctness  of  the  description,  a distinguished  citizen  of 
the  place  (Lawyer  Mackintyre)  went  so  far  as  to  declare 
that  “ if  Mr.  Fowler  had  made  the  man,  and  dwelt  in  him 
ever  since  he  was  created,  and  thought  and  felt  for  him,  he 
could  not  ha  vo  more  perfectly  portrayed  Lkf  character,” 


HY  FACTS. 


After  examining,  with  complete  success,  many  individ- 
eals  ii  the  same  place,  in  order  to  teat  phrenology  the  more 
thoroughly,  at  the  request  of  several  gentlemen,  the  wri 
ter  was  blindfolded,  and  in  this  condition,  examined  the 
heads  of  three  respectable  gentlemen  (two  of  whom  were 
editors)  the  second  time,  he,  of  course,  not  knowing  at  the 
time  upon  whom  he  was  manipulating  ; and,  according  to  the 
testimony  of  the  three  gentlemen  re-examined,  and  of  a large 
number  of  spectators,  one  of  whom  was  S.  Kirkham,  there  was 
not  only  no  discrepance  between  the  first  and  second  descrip- 
tions given,  but  their  agreement  throughout,  was  so  perfect 
and  striking,  as  to  prove  most  satisfactorily,  that  the  appli- 
cation of  the  same  scientifick  principles  had  produced  a sim- 
ilar result  in  both  cases. 

In  the  same  place,  a young  gentleman  was  described  as 
having  a large  development  of  the  moral  and  intellectual 
organs,  and  was  therefore  recommended  to  study  divinity ; 
and  it  was  afterwards  ascertained  by  the  writer,  that  such 
was  the  predilection  of  the  young  man  for  this  study,  that 
all  his  leisure  hours  for  two  years  previous,  had  been  most 
sedulously  devoted  to  it. 

Another  individual  was  described  as  having  very  strong 
animal  and  selfish  faculties,  with  a good  endowment  of  in 
teliect,  high  veneration,  and  none  too  much  conscience ; and, 
consequently,  not  unlikely  to  make  great  pretensions  to 
piety,  but  very  much  inclined  to  traffick,  banter,  and  make 
excellent  bargains,  not  hesitating  frequently  to  gratify  his 
acquis,  by  misrepresentation,  dissimulation,  and  overreach 
ing.  In  confirmation  of  the  description,  it  was  afterwards 
stated  by  a very  respectable  physician  of  the  place,  that  this 
individual  was  a church-member,  but  so  notonous  for  taking 
the  advantage  of  his  neighbours  in  trade,  that  he  had  been 
dealt  with  for  it,  and  received  the  censure  of  his  professing 
brethren. 

A little  boy  was  described  as  prone  to  stealing ; and  those 
who  brought  him  forward,  stated,  that  he  was  presented 
mainly  on  that  account,  as  they  wished  to  see  whether  phre- 
nology couid  detect  that  trait  in  his  character.  * 

At  a publick  lecture  in  Milton,  Pa.,  the  writer  examined 
he  head  of  Gen.  Frick,  editor  of  the  “ Miltonian,”  and  de- 
scribed him  as  an  original,  eccentrick,  and  very  open-heart- 
ed, plain-spoken,  and  independent  character ; stated  that  he 
possessed  a high  degree  of  discrimination  and  mental  ac»« 


&§C  PHRENOLOGY  PROVE!  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

men,  was  strictly  honest  and  benevo^nt,  bat,  at  the  same 
time,  often  pointed  and  sarcastick  in  his  replies,  made  many 
odd  comparisons,  disregarded  publickopinionand  the  fashions 
of  the  day,  controlled  circumstances,  swayed  an  influence 
in  whatever  sphere  he  moved,  and  was  undoubtedly  a real 
business  man,  a publick  man,  and  a leader.  These  points 
of  character  were  phrenological  deductions  from  his  very 
large  firm,  and  compar.,  large  combat.,  destruct.,  selfe., 
adhes.,  hope,  conscien.,  benev.,  mirth.,  individ.,  form,  size, 
order,  calcu.,  and  local.,  and  small  secret.,  approbat.,  marvel., 
and  time;  but  here  again  the  phrenologist  was  met  with  the 
inquiry,  whether  he  was  not  well  acquainted  with  the  gen- 
tleman examined,  although  he  had  never  seen  him  before, 
nor  heard  of  such  a man. 

While  visiting  a school  in  Milton,  the  teacher  put  several 
questions  to  the  writer  concerning  his  pupils.  In  his  replies, 
one  lad,  in  particular,  was  described  as  very  cunning  and 
mischievous;  upon  which  the  teacher  described  him  to  be 
the  greatest  rogue  in  his  school.  The  teacher  also  remarked 
afterwards  to  one  of  his  patrons,  that  all  the  remarks  made 
about  his  scholars  by  the  phrenologist,  were  characteris - 
tick. 

During  this  tour  through  Pa.,  the  head  of  a singular 
young  lady  fell  under  the  writer’s  examination.  It  was  of 
full  size,  but  developed  mainly  in  the  selfish  and  intellectual 
regions.  It  was  short,  thick,  low,  and  flattened  at  the  top  : 
and  in  it  were  developed  very  large  secret.,  approbat.,  ideal., 
hope,  aliment.,  and  destruct.,  large  combat.,  amat.,  adhes.,  ac- 
quis., mirth.,  lang.,  compar.,  and  imitat.,  only  full  caus.  and 
cautious.,  moderate  firm.,  and  small  concent.,  benev..  conscien., 
ven.,  and  self-e.  (the  lastmentioned  organs  in  this  combination, 
produce  lowmindedness  and  meanness:  see  bottom  of  p.  p. 
97,  98,  and  top  of  p.  99.)  On  discovering  so  unfavourable  a 
phrenological  development  in  a young  lady  who  had  been 
brought  up  in  a very  respectable  family,  and  who  still  asso 
dated  with  good  company,  the  narrator  hesitated  to  give  a 
description  of  her  character,  until,  by  the  repeated  solicita- 
tions of  some  respectable  persons  who  wished  to  hear  what 
phrenology  could  say  for  her,  lie  screwed  up  his  moral  cour- 
age to  che  sticking  point,  and  proceeded  to  read  off  her  rea. 
character,  accompanied  by  useful  hints  concerning  her  conduct 
— the  result  of  which  was,  of  course,  to  offend  Miss,  and  cause 
her  to  turn  up  her  nose  against  ph  renology.  She  was  described 


BY  FACTS. 


2$  a 


eoquehtuh  to  the  last  degree,  (small  conscien.  at1  J a fneent* 
and  very  large  secret.,  approbat,  and  ideal.,  and  large  amat. ;} 
as  very  ardent,  and  also  inconstant , in  her  attachments, 
(small  concent,  conscien.,  and  firm.:  see  middle  of  p 57 :) 
as  excessively  vain  and  fond  of  dress,  show,  and  ornament, 
(approbat.  very  large:  see  p.  110:)  as  fickle,  (small 
firm:  p.  122;)  as  possessed  of  fine  conversational  powers, 
(large  lang , mirth.,  imitat.,  and  compar.,  and  very  large 
ideal. ;)  as  excessively  fond  sweetmeats,  and  liable  to  steal 
them,  (large  aliment,  and  secret.,  and  small  conscien. : p. 
99  ;)  and  as  exceedingly  cruel , selfish,  and  ungrateful,  (small 
conscien.  and  benev.,  and  very  large  destruct. ;)  and  yet,  pos- 
sessed of  a fair  share  of  talents.  At  the  request  of  the  writer, 
he  obtained  from  some  of  the  family  in  which  she  had  been 
very  genteelly  brought  up,  the  folio  wing  account  of  her  char- 
acter, viz,,  that  she  had  little  regard  for  her  word;  had 
formed  several  matrimonial  engagements,  and  had  as  often 
broken  them  ; was  notorious  for  her  coquetry  and  inconstan- 
cy, having  never  loved  any  one  long  at  a time ; was  as  vain, 
and  dressy,  and  dashing  as  a peacock,  and  literally  worship- 
ped embellishment  and  ornament ; was  exceedingly  cruel 
and  ungrateful,  and  manifested  few  compunctions  of  con- 
science; could  be  kept  from  pastry  and  sweetmeats  only  by 
their  being  locked  up;  was  fascinating  in  conversation,  and 
displayed  a fair  share  of  intellect,  but  a malicious  disposition, 
and  a terrible  temper.  No  amount  of  kindness  or  admoni- 
tion could  soften  her  feelings,  or  produce  a reformation  in 
her  conduct.  She  took  delight  in  hectoring  and  tormenting 
even  the  infirm,  sick,  and  helpless. 

But  in  no  place,  perhaps,  was  a stronger  impression  made 
e favour  of  phrenology,  or  more  striking  proofs  of  its  truth 
exhibited,  than  in  the  city  of  Washington*  D.  C.  At  the 
close  of  the  first  publick  lecture  delivered  in  that  city  by  Q. 
S.  Fowler,  in  Nov.,  1835,  (which  took  place  at  the  Unita- 
rian Church,)  Dr.  Hunt  came  forward  for  examination.  He 
was  a perfect  stranger  to  the  lecturer,  and  was  described  as 
possessed  of  extraordinary  independence , (firm,  and  self-e..) 
joined  with  great  energy  and  force  of  character,  (firm,  and 
self-e.,  combined  with  combat,  and  destruct.)  His  very  large 
perceptive  powers  were  also  dwelt  upon,  and  the  fact  that  he 
is  often  called  upon  at  races  to  give  the  word  “ go,”  confirms 
ihe  coirectness  of  this  statement..  His  independence  is  illus- 
Vaied  in  his  refusing  *o  act  as  a physician  in  the  family  of 


2§2  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


President  Jackson,  unless  he  could  have  his  own  way,  which 
was  in  opposition  to  that  of  the  President’s. 

Jones.— But  a still  more  striking  case  was  that  of  T.  P. 
lones,  who  has  been  employed  in  the  patent-office  in  Wash* 
mgton,  and  also  as  a professor  of  chymistryand  natural  phi- 
losophy in  one  of  the  institutions  in  the  District.  Pie  wa# 
described  as  possessed  of  a high  degree  of  intellect  and  moral 
feeling,  and  as  a natural  scholar  of  the  first  order ; as  having 
at  command  an  astonishing  amount  of  information  upon  al- 
most all  subjects,  and  as  possessing  an  intuitive  talent  and  fond- 
ness for  pursuing  the  natural  sciences.  Event,  is  seldom  found 
as  large  as  in  his  head ; and  his  enviable  distinction  as  a schol- 
ar, fully  confirms  the  indications  of  phrenology.  Nearly 
the  whole  of  page  211,  after  the  tenth  line,  presents  the  com- 
binations and  characteristicks  of  Mr.  J.,  with  this  exception, 
that  his  event.,  instead  of  being  large,  is  very  large. 

The  moral  organs  of  Mr.  J.  are  very  large,  and  his  moral 
character  and  conduct  not  only  unexceptionable,  but  seldom 
equalled.  The  selfish  propensities  are  below  mediocrity, 
which  also  corresponds  with  his  character.  His  imitat.  is 
very  large,  and  his  construct,  large,  which,  combined  with 
his  very  large  perceptive  faculties,  give  him  the  uncommon 
mechanical  ingenuity  that  he  possesses. 

Sewall. — In  confirmation  of  what  is  here  stated,  the  writer 
will  merely  cite  the  testimony  of  Dr.  Sewall,  who,  foi 
more  than  twelve  years  past,  has  distinguished  himself  by 
lecturing  against  phrenology  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Washington.  During  the  examination  of  both  Dr.  Hunt 
and  Professor  Jones,  Dr.  S.  was  frequently  heard  to  express 
his  assent  to  the  correctness  of  the  descriptions  of  character 
given,  as  well  as  his  surprise  at  it ; and  after  the  examina- 
tions had  closed,  he  several  times  remarked,  that  his  phreno- 
logical skepticism  was  giving  way;  that  the  descriptions  ol 
character  were  strikingly  correct,  and,  to  a moral  certainty, 
the  result  of  phrenological  science. 

These  two  publick  examinations,  together  with  several 
others  which  followed,  produced  no  little  sensation  through- 
outthecity;  and  as  to  their  correctness,  not  a dissenting 
voice  was  to  be  heard.  But,  on  the  part  of  Dr.  Sewall  and 
some  others,  there  was  a resolution  formed  to  put  pnrcnology 
to  a still  more  rigorous  test.  The  lecturer  had  announced 
that  he  would  examine  with  his  eyes  covered ; and,  accord- 
ing y,  at  the  next  lecture,  several  distinguished  characters 


BY  FACTS. 


28$ 


kriong  whom  was  Dr.  S.  himself,  were  examined  while  th@ 
lecturer  was  blindfolded.  In  regard  to  the  Doctor’s  own 
case,  after  the  examination,  he  frankly  admitted,  that  it  wa« 
completely  successful ; and  that,  although  the  description  of 
his  character  which  was  given,  differed  in  several  particulars 
from  the  opinions  entertained  of  him  by  his  acquaintances, 
yet,  on  these  very  points  it  was  correct,  and  had  thus  correct* 
ed  publick  opinion  in  regard  to  him. 

A very  intelligent  lady,  also,  who  had  lived  in  the  family 
of  Dr.  S.,  and,  of  course,  who  was  intimately  acquainted  with 
his  character,  remarked,  that,  in  the  description  of  it,  many 
traits  of  which  the  publick  could  know  nothing,  were  stated 
with  remarkable  accuracy ; and  as  to  the  publick  opinion 
concerning  his  examination,  there  was  but  one  voice,  viz., 
that,  as  a whole,  it  could  not  have  been  surpassed  in  point 
of  accuracy  even  by  his  most  intimate  acquaintances.  The 
obstinately  skeptical  could  account  for  the  striking  coinci- 
dence between  the  Doctor’s  real  character  and  the  phrenolo- 
gical description  of  it,  only  by  pretending  that  the  lecturer 
must  have  known  whom  he  was  examining,  notwithstanding 
Dr.  S.  was  one  among  some  six  or  eight  who  were  examin- 
ed whilst  the  phrenologist  was  blindfolded. 

Several  members  of  Dr.  Sewall’s  family  were  examined  at 
his  house,  and  according  to  his  own  testimony  at  the  time, 
and  likewise  that  of  the  lady  just  alluded  to,  except  in  one 
particular,  not  only  was  there  no  mistake  made,  but  almost 
every  point  stated  by  the  narrator,  was  char  act  eris  tick. 

To  test  practical  phrenology  still  farther,  by  request,  the 
lecturer  was  again  blindfolded,  and  Dr.  S.  reproduced  Pro- 
fessor Jones ; and  so  far  from  there  being  any  discrepance 
between  the  two  examinations,  both  descriptions  agreed  per- 
fectly throughout,  nem.  con. — even  Dr.  S.  himself  judging. 

Afterwards  at  a meeting  of  the  physicians  of  W.  at  the 
house  of  Dr.  Sewall,  many  of  them  were  examined  by  the 
writer,  and  many  striking  coincidences  between  their  real 
traits  of  character  and  their  phrenological  developments,  were 
pointed  out.  During  these  examinations,  Dr.  S.  several  times 
remarked  to  the  phrenologist,  (and  was  said  to  have  stated 
the  same  to  others,)  that  these  and  other  proofs  which  he  had 
witnessed,  were  certainly  strong  in  favour  of  the  truth  of  the 
science,  and  that,  by  the  aid  of  phrenological  principles  alone, 
the  writer  had  frequently  described  character  in  his  presence 
with  singular  accuracy  So  notorious,  in  fa'*,  was  th# 


28*  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

change  effected  in  Dr.  S.’s  mind  on  the  subject  of  phrenol 
ogy,  that  the  Washington  Mirror  made  the  following  alJu 
sion  to  it : 

“ On  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Fowler’s  first  lecture,  several 
well-known  heads  were  publickly  examined,  and  phrenology 
gained  many  adherents  from  the  ranks  of  its  adversaries : 
among  others,  one  whose  name,  were  we  at  liberty  to  use  it, 
would  be  seized  on  by  the  friends  of  the  science,  as  affording 
a practical  instance  of  the  power  of  experimental  phrenology. 
Indeed,  in  the  case  alluded  to,  as  well  as  in  the  fifty  others 
which  have  fallen  under  our  notice  this  week,  the  portraiture 
of  character  has  been  so  strikingly  correct,  that  there  is  nc 
alternative  remaining,  but  to  believe  in  the  fundamental 
principles  of  phrenology,  or  to  discard  a mass  of  coincidence 
far  more  surprising  than  any  metaphysical  conclusion.” 

The  U.  S.  Telegraph  likewise  alluded  to  the  same  fact  in 
the  following  language  : “ A distinguished  professional  gen- 
tleman of  this  city,  who  has  been  a professed  disbeliever  in, 
and,  we  might  add,  opponent  to , phrenology,  after  having 
heard  the  lectures  of  Mr.  Fowler,  and  seen  many  practical 
examples  of  the  truth  of  the  science,  candidly  acknowledged 
the  almost  total  change  of  his  opinions  in  regard  to  it — a 
beautiful  specimen  of  the  power  of  truth,  and  of  the  love  of 
truth.” 

The  writer  has  been  thus  prolix  and  particular  in  stating 
these  facts,  in  order  to  exhibit,  in  bold  relief,  the  inconsistent 
cy  of  the  course  which  Dr.  Sewall  has  since  been  pleased  to 
pursue  in  relation  to  phrenology  ; for,  notwithstanding  all  of 
his  acknowledged  convictions  in  favour  of  the  truth  of  the 
science — notwithstanding  the  enormous  amount  of  demon - 
strative  evidence  in  its  favour  which  was  fairly  presented 
to  his  mind — evidence,  one  would  think,  amply  sufficient  to 
convince  the  most  skeptical,  and  evidence,  the  force  of  which 
he  found  it  impossible  at  the  time  to  resist — yet,  extraordinary 
as  it  may  appear,  in  a short  time  we  again  find  this  self-same 
Dr.  S.  a zealous  leader  in  the  ranks  of  the  opposers  to  phre- 
nology. 

But  how  can  we  account  for  this  strange  and  paradoxical 
conduct  in  Dr.  S.  ? The  writer  (O.  S.  Fowler)  happens  to 
be  in  possession  of  the  very  secret  which,  in  this  case,  reveals 
the  whole  mystery : and  nothing  but  his  regard  to  truth  and  his 
ceal  for  the  a use  of  science,  would  induce  him  to  makethisdis 


BY  FACTS. 


281 

closure.  Were  he  to  follow  the  inclmaticns  of  his  private  feel- 
ngs,  he  would  forbear— he  would  spare,  not  only  Dr.  S.,  but 
also  all  others  who,  from  motives  of  private  pique,  or  personal 
popularity,  ungenerously  stand  forth  to  combat,  and,  if  they 
only  had  "the  power,  to  crush  a noble  science  which  is  sue* 
cessfuiiy  struggling  into  existence  against  the  mammoth 
strength  of  publick  prejudice.  The  secret  then  is,  as  the 
Doctor  himself  averred  to  the  writer,  (and  to  which  avowal 
he  will  at  all  times  be  ready  to  be  qualified,)  that  the  Doctor’s 
hostility  to  phrenology  originated  solely  in  his  own  personal 
eelings  towards  a of  the  phrenologic 

<1  society,*  by  which  member  he  said  he  had  been  ill-treat- 
ed . and,  therefore,  he  had  resolved  to  retaliate  upon  him 
by  ridiculing  his  science.  Dr.  S.’s  approbat.  is  very  large, 
it  will  not,  therefore,  be  singular,  if  he  be  found  in  the  ranks 
of  the  opposition  to  phrenology  just  as  long  as  their  side  is 
Considered  popular.  *Dr. Caldwell.  Seep.lOof  his  Phrenology  Vindicated, 

Woodsides. Among  others  examined  in  publick  in  W., 

was  a Mr.  Woodsides,  who  stands  unrivalled  for  his  mechan- 
ical talents.  He  was  described  as  having  uncommon  compar., 
caus.,  and  construct.  The  closing  remark  made  upon  his 
head,  after  he  had  gone  to  his  seat,  was,  that  sufficient  emphasis 
had  not  been  given  to  his  extraordinary  constructive  powers. 

At  a subsequent  lecture,  the  same  gentleman  was  re-exam - 
med  while  the  loptn-er  wn.s  blind folded. : His  construct.  wTas 
dwelt  upon  as  the  one  predominant  cliaracteristick  of  his 
mind,  which,  joined  with  his  very  large  caus.  and  compar.* 
was  described  as  giving  him  an  intuitive  knowledge  of  me- 
chanical principles  and  great  contrivance.  One  fact  illus- 
trative of  his  possessing  this  talent  in  a pre-eminent  degree, 
is,  that  when  the  colossal  statue,  which  weighs  several  tons, 
was  to  be  placed  upon  the  Washington  monument  in  Balti- 
more, after  a great  many  of  the  first-rate  mechanicks  had  ex- 
hausted their  skill,  and  still  failed  to  raise  it,  he  was  sent  for, 
and,  with  the  greatest  ease,  he  immediately  devised  an  origi- 
nal method  by  which  this  enormous  weight  was  speedily 
elevated  to  its  present  fearful  height. 

A boy,  three  years  of  age,  was  examined,  in  whom  amah 
was  very  large,  and,  according  to  the  testimony  of  his  pa- 
rents, he  manifested  the  corresponding  passion  in  as  striking 
i degree  as  most  adults. 

Et  liott. — Among  others  examined  at  W.,  was  a Mr  Ei 
lion  v*bo  resides  with  his  father  on  Capitol  Hill,  and  in 


880  l*HRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLT7STR A1  ED 

whose  written  character  the  narrator  dwelt  much  upon  his  ro 
markable  talent  and  passion  for  drawing,  designing,  draught- 
ing, using  tools,  &c.  About  a month  after  this  description  was 
given,  his  plan  and  drawing  for  a new  patent-office,  (fee.,  was 
approved  and  adopted  by  Congress-  His  father,  who  is  noted 
as  an  opponent  to  phrenology,  and  who  wrote  several  articles 
against  it,  one  of  which  appeared  in  the  National  Intelligen- 
cer in  Dec.,  1835,  admitted  that  the  description  given  of  hia 
son’s  character,  was  as  strikingly  correct,  not  only  in  this,  but 
also  in  the  other  particulars,  as  any  which  he  himself  could 
give  ; and  added,  that,  from  a mere  boy,  he  had  displayed  an 
uncommon  propensity  for  tinkering  and  drawing. 

The  father  alluded  to,  possessed  not  only  a very  large  de- 
velopment  of  event.,  but  with  it,  one  of  the  best  memories  of 
facts  known.  From  a personal  knowledge  of  La  Fayette 
he  remarked,  that  he  also  possessed  a most  astonishing  re- 
collection of  facts,  and  even  of  minute  details ; and  judging 
from  his  busts  and  profiles,  his  individ.  and  event,  must  have 
been  developed  in  an  extraordinary  degree. 

Wise. — But  a still  more  striking  illustration  of  the  truth 
of  phrenology,  occurred  in  the  head  of  Henry  A.  Wisa. 
whose  publick  character  is  too  well  known  to  need  even  a 
passing  remark.  Before  the  writer  had  ever  seen  that  dis - 
languished  gentleman,  he  came  into  his  office  and  requested 
an  examination.  The  first  remark  made  of  him,  was,  that 
he  possessed  a towering  ambition,  (hope,  approbat.,  and 
self-e.,)  accompanied  with  all  the  intellectual  and  propelling 
powers  requisite  to  sustain  himself  in  his  aspirations  after 
greatness.  His  combat,  and  destruct.  are  large,  if  not  very 
large,  and  his  compar.  projects  enormously,  which  collective- 
ly give  him  that  unrivalled  talent  for  withering  sarcasms  and 
cutting  comparisons  which  always  tell  so  severely  upon  those 
at  whom  they  are  aimed.  His  temperament  is  of  the  most 
favourable  kind,  his  head,  large,  all  his  perceptive  faculties, 
developed  in  a very  unusual  degree,  his  ideal,  and  lang.  are 
arge,  and  the  whole  correspond  perfectly  with  his  real  char- 
acter. Many  a time  have  his  speeches  and  conversation 
recalled  to  the  mind  of  the  writer  the  impressions  which  his 
examination  made  upon  him,  while  wholly  unacquainted  with 
his  name  and  standing. 

Jackson. — But  for  proofs  of  its  correctness,  phrenology 
has  but  to  look  to  the  first  heads  in  the  nation  ; and  it  will  inva- 
riably be  found,  that  the  more  conspicuous  the  character,  the 


£LU  FACTS. 


287 


more  striking  will  be  the  proof.  Presid  ?nt  Jackson,  for  exam- 
pie,  possesses  an  extraordinary  development  of  firm.,  self-e. 
benev.,  combat.,  and  adhes.,  with  large  ven.  and  hope,  and 
smaller  ideal.  Benev.  and  adhes.  are  among  his  strongest 
organs;  and  if  there  is  any  one  fault  in  his  publick  character, 
more  prominent  than  others,  the  writer  ventures  the  opinion, 
that  it  is  mainly  the  product  of  these  two  faculties,  viz.,  his 
too  great  readiness  to  assist  his  friends.  The  President’s 
head  is  of  the  largest  size.  Its  diameter  just  above  the  ears, 
is  seven  inches  and  three-eighths:  and  its  height  very  great, 
so  that  it  is,  in  reality,  considerably  larger  than  the  given 
diameter  would  indicate.  On  phrenological  principles,  a 
brain  of  this  size,  with  an  active  temperament,  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  give  that  intellectual  energy  and  force  of  char- 
acter which  have  been  so  conspicuously  displayed  by  the  in- 
dividual here  referred  to. 

Van  Buren. — Among  other  phrenological  observations, 
those  made  by  the  writer  upon  Martin  Van  Buren,  are 
worthy  of  notice  ; but,  on  account  of  his  political  station,  and 
the  diversity  of  opinions  entertained  of  him  by  the  different 
political  parties,  in  regard  to  some  points  of  his  character,  the 
writer  forbears  to  draw  inferences  from  the  data  here  present- 
ed, excepting  on  such  points  as  he  believes  will  be  corrobo- 
rated by  all  parties.  Hi,  head  is  large,  and  those  portions 
which  impart  energy  and  rorce  of  character  and  feeling,  are 
developed  in  a high  degree.  Cautious,  is  his  largest  organ, 
and  his  secret,  is  almost  equally  large.  Acquis,  and  destruct. 
are  also  large,  while  firm.,  self-e.,  approbat.,  combat.,  amat., 
and  hope,  are  very  large  ; but  the  combined  action  of  secret, 
and  cautious,  prevents  their  imprudent  expression,  and  produ- 
ces that  noncommittal  manifestation  of  the  faculties  for  which 
this  gentleman  is  so  celebrated.  His  compar.  and  caus.  are 
large,  and  his  benev.,  conscien.,  and  perceptive  faculties  gen- 
erally, only  full.  His  caus.  and  cautious,  give  him  that  sa- 
gacity  for  which  he  is  so  remarkable. 

Mr.  Brower,  painter,  No.  12,  Roosevelt-st.,  N.  Ys  has  a 
cast  taken  from  his  head,  which,  among  some  others  was 
submitted  to  L.  N.  Fow’er  for  examination.  Uncor^c  ous 
of  whose  head  it  represented,  he  gave  it  an  impartial  exam- 
ination, the  result  of  which  any  one  may  know  by  calling 
on  Mr.  E 

Adams. — The  head  of  ex  president  Adams  presents  a strik- 
ing instance  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  Love  of  approbation 


188  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


es  one  of  his  ruling  organs.  His  compar.  is  also  very  large, 
and  its  discriminating  and  analytical  influence  is  manifest  in 
almost  every  pnblick  effort  he  makes.  But  his  perceptive 
faculties  predominate  over  his  reasoning;  hence,  he  is  more 
capable  of  collecting  facts  and  statistical  information  general- 
ly, than  of  deep  and  profound  reasoning.  His  critical  acu- 
men is  very  great.  His  conscien.  is  large;  and,  consequent- 
ly, whatever  may  be  thought  of  his  measures , no  phrenologist 
will  impeach  his  motives. 

Henry  Clay  furnishes  an  illustrious  example  of  the  agree- 
ment between  his  phrenological  developments  and  his  known 
traits  of  character — an  agreement,  in  fact,  which  can  be  ac- 
counted for  on  no  other  rational  principle  than  that  which 
admits  the  truth  of  phrenology.  The  following  is  the  resuk 
of  a careful  phrenological  observation  of  his  head. 

The  first  point  of  interest,  is  his  uncommonly  fine  and  fa 
vourable  temperament,  which  is  a compound  of  the  nervous, 
sanguine,  and  bilious,  and  which  secures  a most  happy  and 
delicate  blending  of  strength  and  activity,  with  high  suscep- 
tibility to  stimuli ; and  this  temperament  is  aided  by  the  or- 
ganization of  his  whole  corporeal  system,  whicn  is  unri- 
valled. 

The  second  thing  to  be  noticed,  is  the  sharpness  of  his 
organs,  which  greatly  increase  their  activity  and  excitability. 
Add  to  this,  the  size  of  his  head , which  is  unusually  great, 
it  being  seven  inches  and  three-eighths  in  diameter,  and  very 
high  in  proportion  to  its  breadth  ; and  we  have  three  favour 
able  extremes  acting  in  concert,  which,  under  any  circum- 
stances, could  hardly  fail  to  bring  him  into  notice,  but  which, 
under  favourable  circumstances,  would  of  themselves  produce 
n great  genius.  But  when  to  these  extraordinary  manifesta- 
tions, we  add  the  important  one  of  a most  favourable  devel- 
opment of  the  several  classes  of  organs,  as  well  as  of  the  indi- 
viduals in  each  class,  presenting  great  mental  power  so  ad- 
mirably balanced  that  none  of  it  runs  to  waste,  we  have—- 
Henry  Clay — to  the  life. 

His  benev.  is  very  large,  and  his  adhes.  and  philopro.  are 
It  ve loped  in  an  extraordinary  degree  for  a man.  From  this 
combination  flows  that  deep  current  of  sympathy  and  pathos 
which  so  strongly  characterize  his  speeches,  and  by  which 
he  seizes  upon  the  feelings,  affections,  and  passions  of  his 
hearers,  and  sweeps  the  chords  of  the  human  heart  with 
the  master  hand  of  a Timotheus.  From  the  same  combins* 


BY  FACTS. 


Bon,  also,  proceeded  that  overwhelming  burst  of  anguish 
which  so  strongly  marked  the  father  on  the  late  occasion  cf 
the  death  of  his  daughter.  His  combat,  is  large,  while  his 
destruct.  is  only  full.  Hence,  his  disposition  to  debate  and 
resist  without  showing  great  severity  of  character,  and  those 
retorts  courteous  which  display  more  manly  courage  than 
rarshness  or  cruelty.  His  self-e.  and  approbat.  are  both 
large,  but  being  nearly  equal,  and  combined  with  very  large 
benev.  and  large  ven.,  they  produce  that  affability  mingled 
with  dignity, w7h\c\\  displays  itself  in  all  his  intercourse  with 
his  fellow-men,  and  enters  largely  into  his  manner  of  speak- 
ing, constituting  him  naturally,  what  he  is  in  fact,  a per- 
fect gentleman.  The  same  combination  makes  him  ambi- 
tious. 

The  organs  which  are  located  near  the  mesial  line  of  his 
head,  are  nearly  all  very  large,  so  that  its  height  is  con- 
siderably greater  than  its  breadth,  and  its  length  from  indi- 
vid.  to  phiiopro.  is  very  great.  Hence,  the  moral  and  hu- 
man faculties,  which  shine  so  conspicuously  in  his  character, 
are  much  more  amply  developed  than  the  animal  and  selfish 
propensities.  His  perceptive  faculties  are  developed  in  an 
extraordinary  degree.  These  give  him  that  ready  command 
of  facts  and  statisticks — that  wonderful  ability  to  attend  to 
details  and  accomplish  business,  in  which  he  excels  most  of 
his  contemporaries.  It  was  by  the  aid  of  these  faculties, 
joined  with  his  large  concent.,  very  large  compar.,  and  other 
faculties,  that  he  was  enabled  to  become  the  author  and  cham- 
pion defender  of  the  “American  System.”  The  same  combine 
don  gives  him  those  extraordinary  powers  of  analysis,  illus- 
tration, critical  acumen,  and  ability  to  discriminate,  and,  aid- 
ed by  imitat.  and  ideal.,  his  nice  sense  of  propriety  and  ele. 
gance  of  expression,  together  with  his  great  ability  to  seize 
upon  the  strong  points  of  the  argument — in  short,  those  un- 
rivalled powers  of  forensick  eloquence  which  so  strongly 
characterize  his  mental  efforts.  His  ideal,  and  lang.  being 
both  large,  but  not  very  large,  enable  him  to  command  & 
style,  at  once  chaste,  graceful,  and  flowing,  and  alike  fre& 
from  redundancy  of  ornament  and  verbosity  of  expression. 

Webster. — But  of  all  the  great  heads  of  the  nation, 
none  is  caps  ble  of  imparting  a deeper  interest  to  the  naturalist 
M the  philosopher,  or  a more  forcible  conviction  to  the  mind 
of  the  phrenologist,  them  that  of  Daniel  Webster.  A large* 
ifiam  of  brain  perhaps  never  was,  and  never  will  be,  found 
13 


£90  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  1 L f US  TRATED 

in  the  upper  and  lateral  portions  of  any  man’s  forehead  thas 
that  contained  in  his.  Both  the  height  and  the  breadth  01 
his  forehead  are  prodigiously  great.  And  here,  in  all  can- 
dour and  sober  earnestness,  let  us  ask  the  disbeliever  in  phren- 
ological science,  if  he  can  behold  such  a noble,  such  a splen- 
did forehead,  and,  in  connexion  with  it,  contemplate  the  giant 
intellect  of  its  possessor  with  indifference,  or  without  being 
internally  convinced  of  the  truth  of,  at  least,  the  fundamental 
principles  of  phrenology?  Does  the  Almighty  Architect 
produce  such  magnificent  specimens  of  workmanship  for  no 
purpose  ? Can  it  be,  that  the  front  heads  of  a Webster,  a 
Franklin,  a Sully,  a Jeannin,  a Bacon,  a Socrates,  mean  noth- 
ing more  than  those  of  the  most  ordinary  individuals  ? — 
Could  the  observing  of  all  ages  be  permitted  to  stand  forth 
and  reply  to  these  interrogatories,  in  the  language  of  fact 
and  demonstration,  one  and  all  of  them  would  thunder  out  a 
negative : and  be  it  borne  in  mind,  that  this  negative  is  a 
full  admission  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  phrenologi- 
cal science.;  or,  in  other  words,  the  intelligent  of  all  ages 
and  of  all  countries,  as  far  as  observation  has  enlightened 
them  upon  the  subject , have  believed  in,  and  taught,  the  doc- 
trines of  phrenology. 

But,  to  return.  It  has  been  stated,  that  the  one  grand  and 
striking  phrenological  feature  of  Daniel  Webster’s  head — that 
which  towers  above  everything  else,  is  his  enormous  devel- 
opment of  the  reasoning  oigans,  or,  more  especially,  his 
cans.  And  here  phrenology  puts  the  question  right  home, 
most  direct  and  pointedly,  to  its  opponent — For  what  h 
Daniel  Webster  most  distinguished?  No  one  will  deny, 
that  it  is  for  his  gigantick  reasoning  faculties — for  his  deep, 
logical,  and  original  powers  of  thought,  and  comprehension 
of  first-principles,  by  which  he  is  enabled  to  grasp  tne  most 
formidable  subject,  and  pour  forth  such  a torrent  of  mighty 
arguments  as  to  confound  and  overwhelm  his  most  daring 
adversaries.  Go,  then,  and  measure  the  caus.  and  compar. 
of  Webster,  and  account  for  the  astonishing  coincidence  be- 
tween their  enormous  size  and  the  giant  strength  of  his  rati- 
ocinative  powers,  on  any  other  than  phrenological  principles 
— if  you  can  : if  you  cannot , you  must  admit  that  phrenolo- 
gy  is  TRUE. 

Many  other  developments  of  his  nead  are  striking,  panic 
tfUrJy  his  lang.  and  ideal. : and  hence  tb»  grandeur  an4l 


BY  FACTS. 


291 


the  beauty  with  which  he  often  clothes  his  burning  ana 
brilliant  thoughts. 

In  Henry  Clay,  the  reasoning  organs  ^re  large,  but  the 
perceptive  and  seim-perceptive  are  still  larger  : and.  accord- 
ingly, in  all  his  great  efforts,  we  see  a greater  display  ot 
matter-of-fact,  statistical,  and  business  talent,  than  in  Daniel 
Webster:  and  all  this  is  most  strikingly  coincident  with  the 
difference  of  development  in  their  respective  heads;  for,  in 
Webster,  the  reflective  faculties  are  larger  than  the  percep- 
tive and  semi-perceptive.  Let  phrenological  skepticks  ac 
count  for  this  perfect  agreement  between  the  developments 
and  the  respective  talents,  of  these  two  greatest  orators  and 
statesmen  living,  or  give  up  their  opposition. 

Calhoun. — In  John  C.  Calhoun  are  united  a very  large 
head,  an  active  temperament,  and  sharp  organs.  His  fore- 
head (though  partly  covered  and  obscured  by  his  hair)  is 
unusually  high,  and  in  breadth,  surpasses  mediocrity.  But 
the  greatest  peculiarity  of  his  phrenology  is,  that  all  the  in- 
tellectual faculties  are  very  large ; and  the  most  striking 
point  of  difference  between  his  reasoning  organs  and  those 
of  Webster  is,  that,  in  the  latter,  caus.  is  greater  than  corn- 
par.  ; but,  in  the  former,  the  reverse  is  true.  Hence,  it  is  a 
fair  inference  to  attribute  to  Calhoun  the  greater  powers  of 
analysis  and  illustration ; to  Webster,  the  greater  depth  and 
profundity. 

Poindexter. — The  Honerable  George  Poindexter 
has,  not  only  a large  head,  but,  except  marvel,  and  conseien.. 
a general  fulness  of  the  organs.  The  region  in  which  corn- 
par.,  caus.,  mirth.,  ideal.,  lang.,  individ.,  and  event.,  are  loca 
ted,  in  strict  accordance  with  the  manifestation  of  his  mental 
power,  is  developed  in  an  extraordinary  degree : and  not 
much  less  so,  the  region  appropriated  to  the  feelings  and  the 
passi  ■ ns . 

Preston. — In  the  head  of  the  Hon.  W.C.  Preston  of  S.  O. 
the  organ  of  lang . is  uncommonly  developed,  and  so  are  in- 
divid., form,  size,  event.,  local.,  and  compar. ; and  these  are 
accompanied  with  large  ideal,  and  concent.  Hence,  hia 
great  command  of  words,  Lets,  and  events,  his  powers  of 
analysis,  his  brilliant  and  well-sustained  comparisons,  his 
continuity  and  compactness  of  style  and  argument,  and,  in 
short,  his  finished,  flowing  eloquence 

Whitney. — The  head  of  Reuben  M.  Whitnevisalso  ver^ 


</32  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  aND  ILLl  STiUlED 

large,  an  1 his  temperament  quite  active,  which  give  him  gre&i 
mental  power.  The  development  of  the  whole  basilar  re- 
gion, is  enormous.  His  firm,  and  self-e.  are  seldom  equal- 
ed, which,  taken  in  connexion  with  his  prodigiously  strong 
propelling  powers,  give  him  very  great  energy  and  force  of 
character.  He  can  and  will  lead.  His  combat.,  destruct., 
aliment,  and  secret.,  acquis.,  amat.,  and  hope,  are  all  very 
large;  hisbenev.  is  only  full,  conscien.  small,  and  all  the  per- 
ceptive faculties,  as  well  as  com  par.,  are  very  large.  Such  a 
development  of  the  intellectual  organs,  is  rare;  yet,  combi- 
ned as  it  is  with  a st'Jl  stronger  development  of  the  selfish 
faculties,  cannot  fail  to  produce  a very  selfish , as  well  as  a very 
talented,  character. 

Senator  Benton’s  head  is  very  large,  and  ;p  the 
gans  that  give  force  of  chara  mmense. 

Cass. — Gov.  Cass’  head  manifests  a very  large  develop 
.went  of  both  the  intellectual  and  the  moral  faculties,  and, 
moreover,  the  intellectual  faculties  are  uniformly  developed, 
giving  him  a well-balanced  mind  and  a general  talent. 

Secretary  Woodbury  has  also  a large  and  well-balan- 
ced head.  The  written  description  of  his  character  and  talents 
which  was  given  without  the  narrator’s  having  the  least  sus- 
picion of  his  name  or  station,  was  considered  by  his  acquaint- 
ances as  very  accurate.  In  a daughter  of  his,  ihe  organ  cf 
lang.  was  pointed  out  as  developed  in  an  extraordinary  de 
gree,  and  the  inference  drawn,  that  she  must  be  an  “ everlast 
ing  talker.”  The  father  afterwards  remarked,  that  the  hit 
was  so  striking  as  to  have  passed  into  a standing  joke. 

Senator  Clayton  of  Del.,  has  a very  large  organ  ot 
fang.  As  the  hon.  gentleman  was  one  day  making  some  unfa- 
vourable remarks  upon  the  science  of  phrenology,  the  writer 
requested  of  him  permission  to  make  one  observation. 

“With  all  my  heart,”  was  the  courteous  reply. 

“ From  a mere  boy,  sir,  you  have  been  one  in  ten  thou 
gand  for  your  talent  to  commit  to  memory,”  said  the  writer. 

“Upon  my  word,  you  are  perfectly  correct,  for  I could 
a. ways  repeat  page  after  page  merely  by  reading  it  two  ct 
three  times  over.  But  how  did  you  discover  it? 

“ By  the  bumps,  sir,”  was  the  reply. 

This  so  excited  the  curiosity  of  the  gentleman,  that  he  de 
sired  the  examiner  to  proceed  with  the  description  of  hi* 
character,  every  subsequent  point  of  \vh:ch  he  acknowledge 

to  be  very  striking  and  accurate. 


KY  FACTS. 


2<J3 

Tyler Govcrnour  Tyler  of  Va.,  famishes  another 
striking  proof  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  His  head  is 
large;  his  temperament  extremely  active ; his  intellectual 
organs  throughout,  are  developed  in  an  unusual  degree, 
while  his  benev.  is  a predominant  trait  of  character.  Mirth, 
is  also  very  large.  His  friends  considered  the  description 
of  his  character  given,  as  very  correct 

White. — The  Hon.  Judge  White’s  /lead  is  very  high,  and 
well  developed  in  the  intellectual,  as  well  as  in  the  moral,  re 
gion.  The  writer  believes  that  his  conscien.  is  large. 

Pettigru. — The  Hon.  Mr.  Pettigru  of  S.  C.,  was  as- 
tonished beyond  measure  at  the  extraordinary  accuracy  of  his 
description,  and  wondered  how  it  was  possible  that  all  the 
nicer  shades  of  character,  and  ai]  the  secret  windings  of  his 
heart,  could  be  thus  distinctly  and  critically  portrayed — that 
points  of  character  which  he  had  always  considered  as  di- 
lectly  at  war  with  each  other,  could  be  pointed  out  and  also 
reconciled.  For  example;  he  was  pronounced  to  be  very 
timid  when  obliged  to  remain  passive,  and  very  courageous 
and  fearless  when  his  courage  was  roused.  He  remarked 
that  when  his  servant  was  driving  his  carriage  across  a bad 
bridge,  or  over  a rough  place  in  the  road,  he  had  the  fear  of 
a woman;  and  yet,  when  on  his  way  to  Washington,  but  for 
the  interference  of  his  friends,  he  should  have  fought  several 
duels  on  account  of  nullification.  This  was  the  result  of  very 
large  cautious,  with  very  large  combat. 

Johnson.— The  Hon.  R.  M.  Johnson,  Vice  President,  has 
a large  head,  and  large  benev.,  adhes.,  and  approbat.,  hum 
which  flow  his  unbounded  hospitality  his  friendship  and 
affability,  as  well  as  his  disposition  to  show  what  he  has  done 
by  relating  his  wonderful  adventures.  His  caus.,  compar., 
and  Jang.,  are  large  or  very  large;  and  hence  his  abilities 
as  displayed  in  his  various  reports.  His  marvel,  is  extreme- 
ly low. 

His  self-esteem  is  only  moderate,  which,  combined  with 
his  large  approbat.,  and  very  large  domestick  faculties,  makes 
him  pre-eminently  social  and  affable.  His  acknowledged 
mental  power  is  the  result  of  a large  brain. 

Kino. — The  Hon.  Mr.  King,  ex-governour  of  Me.,  who, 
if  the  writer  has  been  correctly  informed,  was  a member  of 
the  legislature  of  Mass,  for  forty  years,  and  who,  during  that 
period,  prepared  more  publick  documents  and  furnished  mora 


294  PHRENOLOGY  PF  DVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

statistical  information,  than  any  other  man,  frequently  ex 
pressed  his  surprise,  nay,  his  astonishment,  at  the  revelations 
of  phrenology,  while  undergoing  an  examination  by  the  wri- 
ter: but  when  his  unrivalled  talents  for  collecting  facts  and 
statisticks,  and  going  into  minute  details,  and  for  analyzing, 
classifying  and  arranging,  (very  large  perceptive  and  semi- 
peneptive  faculties  and  compar.,)  were  emphatically  dwelt 
upon  as  the  great  and  leading  feature  of  his  intellect,  he 
arose  from  his  seat,  and  reiterated  the  oft-repeated  interroga- 
tory, “ Do  you  not  know  who  I am,  sir,  and  the  whole  his- 
tory of  my  life  ?”  And  it  was  not  until  after  the  most  posi- 
tive assurances  to  the  contrary  were  made  by  the  examiner, 
that  he  could  be  induced  to  believe  that  the  phrenological 
disclosures  of  his  character  and  talents,  were  the  result  of  the 
application  of  scientifick  principles,  and  not  of  previous 
knowledge.  He  then  confessed  that,  although  he  had  pre- 
viously disbelieved  in  phrenology,  and  scouted  its  pretensions 
to  reveal  character  in  its  details  and  minuti®,  yet  the  nice  dis- 
criminations and  shades  of  character  which  it  had  so  accu- 
rately pointed  out  in  his  case,  had  produced  a conviction  in 
its  favour,  and  excited  his  admiration  and  astonishment. 

Jones. — The  examination  of  Walter  Jones,  Esq.,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  pleaders  in  the  Middle  States,  produ- 
ced an  effect  similar  to  that  last  stated.  The  written  descrip- 
tion of  his  character  was  so  graphick  and  accurate,  that  both 
he  and  his  friends  believed  it  must  have  been  compiled  from 
an  intimate  and  critical  knowledge  of  his  life.  Lang.,  corn- 
par.,  mirth.,  and  destruct.,  are  the  leading  developments  in 
this  gentleman’s  head ; and,  in  the  written  description  allu- 
ded to,  his  extraordinary  powers  of  ridicule,  his  discrimina- 
tion, point,  and  sarcasm,  and  his  ability  to  make  ludicrous 
comparisons,  and  to  apply  odious  and  severe  epithets  to  the 
objects  of  his  irony  or  displeasure,  were  dwelt  upon  with 
uncommon  emphasis. 

Davis. — The  Hon.  Francis  Granger  prevailed  upon  Mr 
M.  L Davis,  “the  Spy  in  Washington,”  to  submit  to  an  exam- 
ination, during  which,  both  parties,  astonished  at  the  remark- 
able hits,  and  the  wonderfully  accurate  delineations  of  char 
acter  and  talents  given,  several  times  arrested  the  progress 
of  the  phrenologist  to  inquire  whether  he  did  not  know  the 
character  of  the  gentleman  examined  ; and  they  could  scarce- 
ly be  induced  to  believe  his  repeated  and  positive  assevera- 
tim*  entire  ignorance  of  the  man,  except  by  his  phrenclo 


RV  FACTS. 


29g 


gicai  developments.  The  written  description  of  Mr.  D.’s 
character,  produced  a similar  effect  upon  the  minds  of  several 
gentlemen  who  afterwards  read  it. — For  the  correctness  of 
the  statement  here  made,  the  writer  takes  pleasure  in  refer- 
ring his  readers  to  Dr.  Gibson  of  Washington,  a gentle- 
man who  was  for  some  time  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Tele- 
graph. 

Gibson.— Dr.  Gibson’s  own  head  furnishe  de- 

monstrative proof  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  His  head  is 
large,  and  his  temperament,  one  of  the  most  favourable. 
Among  his  phrenological  organs,  caus.,  compar.,  benev.,  con- 
scien.,  mirth.,  combat.,  and  destruct.,  are  the  most  promi- 
nently developed.  As  a reasoner,  he  has  but  few  equals ; 
and  his  very  large  conscien.,  wrhich  takes  the  lead,  not  only 
makes  him  a perfectly  honest  man,  but,  combined  with  his 
other  organs,  enables  him  to  reason  most  clearly  and  power- 
fully upon  all  subjects  which  involve  the  abstract  principles 
of  right  and  wrong.  He  likewise  exhibits  an  almost  Her- 
culean power  in  hurling  rebuke  and  censure  at  those  who 
violate  moral  principle,  whilst  his  ridicule  and  sarcasm  are 
withering:  and  yet  his  very  small  marvel,  and  small  ven 
make  him  indifferent  to  religious  forms  and  creeds. 

But  the  children  of  Dr.  G.  furnish  phrenological  science 
with  proofs  of  its  accuracy  more  numerous  than  those  drawn 
from  the  character  of  the  parent.  Of  his  two  sons,  one  pos- 
sesses extraordinary  imitat.,  construct.,  form.,  and  all  the  fac- 
ulties necessary  for  a first-rate  portrait  painter : and  the 
genius  he  displays  in  the  pursuit  of  the  fine  arts,  is  almost 
unequalled.  But  his  imitat.  overtops  all  his  other  organs: 
and,  in  mimickry,  and  a talent  for  theatrical  representations, 
he  is  considered  almost  a prodigy.  Previous  to  the  examin- 
ation of  the  lad,  some  of  his  friends  who  knew  him  well, 
drew  up  a list  of  about  twenty  questions,  with  answers,  em- 
bracing nearly  all  of  his  peculiarities  of  character  and  talents, 
which  questions  they  propounded  to  the  examiner,  and,  ir. 
every  instance  except  two,  his  answers  agreed  with  theirs; 
and,  in  one  of  these  discrepant  points,  they  afterwards  admit- 
ted that  the  phrenologist  was  correct,  whilst,  in  regard  to  the 
other,  there  was  some  doubt. 

The  developments,  as  well  as  the  character,  of  the  other 
son,  though  widely  different,  are  scarcely  less  extraordinary. 
His  very  large  reflective  faculties,  taken  in  connexion  with 
his  very  acth?  and  nervous  temperament,  perfectly  haririon* 


296  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

iz o with  his  uncommon  ability  to  comprehend  first  principles* 
to  reason,  and  criticise. 

The  little  daughter  of  Dr.  G.  possesses  a most  astonishing 
development  of  order , so  great,  indeed,  as  to  exhibit  almost  a 
deformity.  In  accordance  with  the  development,  her  fathei 
stated  to  the  writer,  that  before  she  was  one  year  old,  her  love 
of  arrangement  and  neatness,  and  her  discomfiture  at  disar- 
rangement, were  so  conspicuously  and  unequivocally  mani- 
fested as  to  astonish  all  who  witnessed  them.  The  develop 
inent  of  order,  and,  with  it  the  corresponding  faculty,  are 
almost  equally  prominent  in  the  grandmother  of  the  child, 
but,  extraordinary  as  it  may  seem,  not  in  the  mother , it  having 
passed  by  one  generation. 

Greene. — Gen.  Duff  Greene  furnishes  another  illustra 
tion  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  Hope,  benev.,  adhes.,  and 
compar.,  are  his  leading  organs : the  first  would  impart  to 
him  that  enterprising  and  bold  speculating  spirit  which  has 
characterized  his  whole  life ; the  next  two  are  the  cause  ol 
his  strong  attachments  and  liberality,  not  to  say,  prodigality, 
which  have  manifested  themselves  in  his  giving  away  thou- 
sands to  his  friends ; and  the  last,  aided  by  combat,  and  de- 
struct.,  furnishes  him  with  those  severe  and  biting  compari- 
sons with  which  his  style  abounds.  His  mirth.,  caus.,  indi- 
vid.,  and  event.,  are  also  very  large,  his  self-e.  large,  and 
secret,  small.  The  examination  of  his  bead  was  made  by 
the  writer  without  any  previous  knowledge  of  the  man. 

In  Washington  the  writer  examined  the  head  of  a Mr.  R., 
m which  he  found  no  organ  of  conscien.  He  accordingly 
said  to  him,  “You  have  no  conscientious  scruples  or  com 
punctions:’5  to  which  he  replied,  “that  is  a fact:  my  con- 
science never  troubles  me (see  conscien.  small  and  very 
small;  p.  133.)  Another  individual,  examined  in  Phila.,  and 
in  whose  head  there  was  little  or  no  development  of  consci- 
en., remarked  in  writing,  that  “ he  had  often  done  things  for 
which  he  felt  sorry,  because  they  had  injured  the  feelings  oi 
others,  (benev.,)  cr  because  he  considered  them  beneath  him, 
(self-e.,)  or  because  his  reason  told  him  better;  yet,  his  con- 
science never  condemned  him  for  such  acts.5’  Another  gem 
tlemrm  in  whom  conscien.  was  described  as  very  small,  re- 
plied, that  “though  he  had  done  many  wicked  deeds,  yet  he 
always  went  to  sleep  with  a quiet  conscience,  and  did  not 
know  what  the  feeling  of  guilt  was.”  Another  (in  New 
York)  in  whom  conscien.  was  described  as  deficient,  remark 


BY  FACTS. 


297 


sd,  that  “ he  had  never  cone  wrong  in  his  life  — toe  very 
Phenomena  attributed  to  conscien.  small  and  very  small,  on 
p.  133.  The  authors  have  witnessed  thousands  of  srnii  ar 
eases. 

The  followmgcharacteristical  scene  occurred  at  the  office 
of  O.  S.  Fowler  in  Washington.  A man  was  examined 
{whose  name  we  suppress)  and  described  as  having  very  low 
conscien.,  marvel.,  and  ven.,  but  exceedingly  strong  passions* 
especially  that  of  combat. ; as  highly  talented,  but  nearly 
destitute  of  all  moral  feeling  except  that  of  benev. ; as  skep- 
tical, haughty,  and  self-conceited,  (seJf-e.  very  large  without 
the  moral  faculties,)  and  prone  to  infidelity,  gambling,  &c. 
When  the  examination  was  closed,  he  arose,  and,  with  a most 
important  air,  replied,  “Sir,  your  phrenology  must  now 
come  down.  You  have  described  me  as  an  infidel,  a gam- 
bler, and  every  thing  that  is  base;  but,  sir,  I wish  you  to 
know,  that  I am  a 'preacher  of  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ 
“ Be  that  as  it  may,”  was  the  reply,  “ I have  gone  according 
to  the  ‘bumps;’  and  if  phrenology  cannot  support  itself  in 
that  way,  let  it  fall.” 

He  took  his  seat  to  hear  the  examination  of  others ; and 
presently  there  entered  the  office  a professed  gambler,  who 
recognised  in  our  boasted  clergyman,  an  old  crony  and  for- 
mer associate  black-leg.  They  soon  began  to  chat  about 
“ old  times,”  and  recount,  with  much  enthusiasm,  their  former 
exploits  at  cock-fighting,  horse-racing,  gambling,  dissipation, 
debauchery,  and  the  like.  Our  clerical  hero  at  length  ask 
ed  the  phrenologist,  “ what  for  a lawyer  he  would  make?” 
“ Excellent,  if  you  only  had  a little  more  conscience,”  was  the 
reply.  “ I have  for  some  time  been  studying  law,”  said  he, 
“and  think  I shall  prefer  pleading  to  preaching.”  He  was 
afterwards  admitted  to  the  bar. 

On  relating  the  foregoing  circumstance  to  a lady  of  the 
Methodist  persuasion,  she  said  that  “this  man  was  a preacher 
in  their  connexion,  but  very  unpopular,  because  he  never 
seemed  to  feel  what  he  said,  (intellect  without  the  moral  sen- 
timents,) and  because  he  was  an  arrogant,  overbearing  sort 
of  a man,  who  wanted  a great  deal  of  attention,”  &c.  By  an- 
other citizen  of  Washington,  he  was  recognised  as  a former 
resident  there,  who  was  distinguished  as  a wild  rakish,  dis* 
gjpated,  gambling  youth. 

A gentleman  was  examined  by  .he  writer  at  As  office  in 
Washington,  and  described  as  possessing  two  classes  of  fnc 

13* 


193 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


allies  in  an  extraordinary  degree,  viz.,  those  which  create  & 
talent  and  a fondness  for  the  study  of  divinity,  and  also  those 
which  give  a passion  and  an  ability  successfully  to  prosecute 
ffie  natural  sciences,  particularly  geology.  All  his  mora* 
organs  were  large  or  very  large,  and  his  perceptive  facul- 
ties, especially  form  and  local.,  were  very  large.  Surprised 
and  astonished  at  the  disclosure  and  description  given,  he 
arose  from  his  seat,  and  asked  if  the  writer  knew  him.  When 
fully  assured  that  he  did  not,  he  admitted,  that,  since  phrenol- 
ogy had  not  only  distinctly  pointed  out  the  great  outlines 
and  leading  features  of  his  character  and  talents,  but  had, 
likewise,  delineated  the  nicer  shades , and  even  minute  fea- 
tures, of  his  character,  and  that,  too,  with  an  accuracy  which 
his  most  intimate  acquaintances  could  not  have  done,  the  sci- 
ence must  be  true. — The  gentleman  was  a clergyman , and, 
as  the  writer  afterwards  learned,  was  then  employed  by  go- 
vernment as  a geologist , in  which  capacity  he  had  made 
several  tours  and  surveys,  particularly  in  the  West. 

Brown. -But  no  evidence  of  the  truth  of  phrenology,  is  more 
conclusive  than  that  furnished  by  the  phrenological  develop- 
ments, taken  in  connexion  with  the  character,  of  Mr.  Wm, 
H.  Brown,  known  in  many  parts  of  the  union  as  a full-length 
'profile  cutter.  This  gentleman  entered  the  office  of  the  wri- 
ter in  Washington,  and  inquired  for  a room  to  let,  and  when 
asked  for  what  purpose,  replied,  “ as  you  are  a phrenologist, 
sir,  perhaps  you  can  tell.”  He  was  found  to  possess  the 
largest  perceptive  faculties,  considered  as  a whole,  that  the 
writer  had  ever  seen.  His  form,  size,  and  local.,  are  abso- 
lutely astonishing ; and,  accordingly,  he  never  forgot  the 
looks  of  a face  or  of  a place.  As  an  instance;  when  it  was 
remarked  that  he  always  retained  in  his  mind  a distinct  im- 
pression of  the  appearance  of  any  place,  and  the  location  of 
any  object,  he  had  ever  seen,  he  immediately  gave  a minute 
description  of  the  houses,  corners,  pumps,  &c.  in  Market  and 
Pearl  streets,  in  the  city  of  Albany,  although  he  had  passed 
up  Market  street  to  Pearl  only  once,  and  back  to  the  wharf 
by  another  street. 

By  afterwards  occupying  the  same  office  with  Mr.  B.,  the 
writer  had  an  opportunity  frequently  to  observe  the  manifest- 
ation of  his  extraordinary  powers.  His  head  is  very  large ; 
and  in  it,  besides  the  organs  already  mentioned,  are  devel- 
oped very  large  construct.,  imitat.,  and  compar.  This  or- 
ganization would  give  him  mri vailed  dexterity  and  skill  ia 


BY  FACTS. 


299 


the  use  of  tools,  in  drawing,  &c.  At  the  funeral  of  a senator 
he  saw  Martin  Van  Buren;  and  several  days  after,  from 
memory  alone,  he  cut  a full-length  miniature  likeness  of  him 
‘from  black  paper,  which,  when  pasted  upon  a white  card, 
represented  the  original  to  the  very  life;  so  much  so,  indeed, 
that  every  person  who  entered  the  office,  and  who  had  pre- 
viously seen  Mr.  V.  B.,  recognised  it  immediately:  and  hun- 
dreds of  copies  of  it  were  soon  sold.  When  gentlemen  calk 
ed  upon  Mr.  B.  for  the  profiles  of  their  friends,  or  servants 
for  those  of  their  masters,  they  were  invariably  directed  to 
select  them  from  a large  pack,  and  they  were  never  at  a loss 
in  deciding  upon  the  right  pictures.  With  such  facility  and 
despatch  was  the  artist  enabled  to  produce  these  likenesses, 
that  he  could  cut  and  finish  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred 
in  a day. 

While  in  Boston,  Mr.  B.  was  taken  to  the  Exchange, 
where  six  individuals  were  pointed  out  to  him  in  succession. 
Several  hours  afterwards,  he  was  requested  to  cut  their  pro- 
files promiscuously,  they  not  being  present  ;■  and  to  the  as- 
tonishment and  admiration  of  all  present,  so  successfully  and 
accurately  did  he  perform  the  task,  that  all  who  knew  the 
originals,  were  enabled  immediately  to  recognise  the  like- 
ness of  each  as  it  was  produced.  During  an  absence  of  two 
years  from  B.,  a gentleman  whose  profile  he  had  cut,  had 
deceased,  and  no  copy  of  his  picture  could  be  found.  Anxious 
lo  retain,  if  possible,  so  striking  a token  of  remembrance  of 
him,  the  friends  of  the  deceased  applied  to  Mr.  B.  to  cut  a 
new  one  from  memory : and  so  perfectly  did  he  reproduce 
the  likeness,  that  they  were  no  less  gratified  than  astonished 
at  the  masterly  power  of  the  artist. 

Astonishing,  however,  as  these  talents  in  Mr.  B.  may  ap- 
pear, they  were,  nevertheless,  all  distinctly  pointed  out  by 
the  writer  at  his  first  interview  with  him:  to  which  fact  Mr. 
B.  himself,  who  was  then  a disbeliever  in  phrenology,  as  well 
as  several  others  who  were  present,  will  at  any  time  testify. 
He  then  described  Mr.  B.,  for  example,  as  able,  for  almost 
any  length  of  time,  to  retain  in  his  mind  a distinct  and  per- 
fectly  accurate  impression  of  the  looks  of  persons,  machines, 
fee.  which  he  had  once  seen,  and,  at  pleasure,  to  transfer 
dieir  appearance  to  paper;  and  declared  that,  in  drawing, 
profile  cutting,  &c.,  he  had  no  equal.  Dr.  Spurzheim  saw 
Mr.  B.  in  Boston,  and,  at  one  of  his  publick  lectures,  gave  a 
«fecifick  and  correct  description  of  these  same  powers  of  hia 


300  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

mind.  Mr.  B.  states,  that  all  phrenologists  who  understand 
the  science,  concur  in  attributing  to  him  the  same  qualities 
and  talents. 

The  editor  of  the  U.  S.  Telegraph,  made  the  following 
remarks  upon  the  talents  and  genius  of  this  prodigy  in  art* 
‘Such  is  the  correctness  of  his  ideas  of  form  and  size,  and 
such  the  accuracy  of  his  touch,  (weight,)  that  by  casting  his 
eyes  upon  an  individual  for  a few  minutes,  he  can  transfer  to 
Daper,  and  cut  out  with  scissors,  the  profile,  and  the  whole 
contour  of  the  person,  with  such  exactness,  that  no  acquaint- 
ance of  the  person  can  fail  to  distinguish  it.  The  accuracy 
of  his  likenesses,  and  the  facility  with  which  they  are  prodti 
ced,  are  truly  astonishing.  We  have  seen  profiles  thus  ta 
ken  of  General  Jackson,  Judge  Marshall,  and  others,  which 
are  so  striking,  that  any  one  who  has  ever  seen  them,  can 
be  at  no  loss  to  name  the  person  designed  to  he  repre- 
sented.” 

“ But  the  connexion  of  Mr.  Brown’s  extraordinary  talera 
with  the  science  of  phrenology,  is  its  most  interesting  feature. 
The  phrenological  developments  of  Mr.  B.  are  such  as  indi- 
cate the  very  faculties  which  he  possesses,  and  that  in  an  ex- 
traordinary degree.  We  doubt  whether  there  is  a head  ir 
the  United  States,  or  even  in  the  civilized  world,  in  which 
there  is  such  a development  of  the  so-called  phrenological 
organs  of  form,  size,  imitation,  and  constructiveness.”  “ To 
such  an  extent  does  Mr.  Brown  possess  this  most  extraordi- 
nary power  of  recollecting  forms  and  faces,  and  of  delinea- 
ting them,  that,  by  looking  two  or  three  minutes  at  an  indi- 
vidual, or  at  several  in  succession,  he  can,  hours  afterwards: 
transfer  them  to  paper  with  his  scissors,  nearly  as  accurately 
as  though  the  persons  were  before  him.” — Scores  of  equally 
flattering  newspaper  notices  might  easily  be  added. 

Booth. — The  coincidence  between  the  phrenological  de- 
velopments and  the  character  and  talents  of  J.  B.  Booth,  the 
celebrated  tragick  actor,  is  singularly  striking.  His  head 
is  large,  and  his  temperament  very  active.  His  combat.T 
destruci,  self-e.,  compar.,  caus.,  and  ideal.,  are  all  very  large, 
and  his  imitat.  larger  than  is  often  found.  His  lang.  is  large, 
which  enables  him  to  commit  to  memory,  and  command 
words,  with  great  ease.  It  is  by  the  combined  influence  of 
these  faculties  that  he  is  enabled  so  admirably  to  personate 
the  ambition,  the  haughtiness,  the  insolence,  and  the  brutali- 
ty and  malice  of  Richard  tile  Third;  bnt  his  secret,  is  m© 


BY  FACTS. 


30  < 

ierate  j aru\  tins  is  the  cause  of  his  faith  re  (according  to  the 
testimony  of  some  of  the  criticks)  to  d:>  full  justice  to  the 
craft,  cunning,  and  deep  duplicity  of  his  favourite  hero, 
The  combination  given  likewise  explains  to  us  the  reason 
why  Mr.  B.  is  greater  in  raising  the  tempest  of  passion  and 
violence  than  in  directing  the  storm.  His  very  large  ideal., 
joined  with  very  large  reflective  faculties,  gives  him  that 
sublimity  of  conception  and  grandeur  of  personation  tha: 
mark  his  acting;  while  his  very  large  mirth.,  combined  with 
his  combat,  and  destruct.,  enable  him  to  represent  the  se- 
vere and  sarcastick.  All  his  domestick  faculties  are  strong- 
ly marked. 

He  produced  his  eldest  son,  and,  though  not  only  a skep- 
tick  in  phrenology,  but  greatly  prejudiced  against  it,  acknow] 
edged  the  entire  change  wrought  in  his  opinions  by  the  ex 
amination,  and  added,  that  he  doubted  whether  his  own  de- 
scription of  his  son  could  have  been  more  characteristick  and 
accurate. 

Mr.  Weymes,  the  owner  of  the  American  theatre  at  W.,  and 
of  the  Walnut-st.  theatre  in  Phila.,  who  was  examined  while 
the  writer  was  wholly  unacquainted  with  his  occupation  and 
character,  was  described  as  possessing  an  extraordinary  ta- 
lent for  committing  to  memory;  (very  large  lang. ;)  in  con 
firmation  of  which,  he  stated  that  he  had  learned,  verbatim, 
fifteen  hundred  lines  of  blank  verse  (if  the  writer’s  memory 
serves  him)  in  six  hours. 

To  detail  all  the  marked  and  striking  observations  in  proof 
and  illustration  of  phrenology,  made  by  the  writer  even 
while  in  Washington,  would  doubtless  be  more  tedious  than 
interesting.  He  will  therefore  close  this  list  of  cases  with 
the  single  remark,  that  he  found  the  heads  of  individuals 
generally  in  that  city,  and  especL.y  of  all  who  are  distin 
guished  in  the  national  councils,  to  be  considerably  above 
the  common  standard  in  size  and  in  striking  developments. 

Among  the  many  scores  of  striking  examples  which  he 
found  in  Alexandria,  D.  O.,  the  writer  will  mention  but  one 
which  he  selects  merely  on  account  of  its  occurring  at  a pub- 
lick  examination,  and  in  reference  to  a notorious  character. 
The  name  s forgotten,  but  there  are  hundreds  in  the  city  of 
A.  who  can  attest  to  the  fact  here  stated.  The  first  thing 
mentioned,  was  a trait  produced  by  very  large  combat..,  de- 
etruct.,  firm.,  and  self-e.,  unrestrained  by  conscien.  or  secret,, 
namely,  hi?  violent  and  ungovernable  temper.  In  this*  par- 


802  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

ticular,  tlie  man  was  represented  as  dangerous  : especially 
as  an  enemy,  yet,  as  disposed  to  take  vengeance  above  board. 
In  accordance  with  this,  it  was  stated,  that,  in  open  day,  he 
had  shot  two  individuals  ; and  that  when  his  anger  was  rais- 
ed, he  was  emphatically  a chafed  tiger.  Not  possessing 
any  acquis.,  and  having  very  large  amat.,  ideal.,  self-e.,  ali- 
ment., and  other  organs  indicative  of  prodigality,  he  was 
described  as  a spendthrift ; and  accordingly  he  had  squan- 
dered two  large  fortunes  mainly  in  selfish  gratifications. 
As  in  hundreds  of  other  cases,  the  charges  of  “ collusion/3 
and  “ a previous  knowledge  of  his  character, were  resort- 
ed to  in  order  to  explain  away  the  astonishing  coincidence 
between  his  real  character  and  this  publick  phrenological 
description  of  it. 

Orr. — At  a public  examination  in  Georgetown,  D.  C., 
und  when  the  writer  was  blindfolded,  a Mr.  Orr,  who  is  re- 
porter in  the  U.  S.  Senate,  and,  withal,  known  to  the  literary 
world  as  a gentleman  of  great  learning  and  extraordinary 
intellectual  powers,  was  brought  forward  as  a fit  subject  to 
test  phrenology.  He  was  described  as  possessing  extraordi- 
nary perceptive  and  reflective  powers,  united  with  very  large 
concent.,  large  combat.,  and  unusual  energy  and  decision  of 
character.  But  his  wonderful  calculating  and  astronomical 
powers  were  dwelt  upon  as  forming  one  of  the  strongest 
traits  of  his  chauxter.  In  accordance  with  this  description, 
he  is  considered  one  of  the  best  astronomers  and  mathe- 
maticians of  the  age,  and,  moreover,  as  possessing  a clear  and 
powerful  intellect,  and  a mind  well  stored  with  a rich  fund 
of  thought  and  learning,  and  all  backed  up  with  strong  and 
energetick  feelings.  The  manner  in  which  he  literally  uses 
up  his  opponents,  is  ample  demonstration  of  the  presence  of 
very  powerful  combat.,  compar.,  caus.,  concent.,  &c.  He 
was  also  described  as  a very  sarcastick  and  severe  writer ; 
which  was  said  to  be  characteristick  of  him. 

The  description  of  character  agreed  perfectly  with  ono 
previously  given  of  the  same  gentleman  by  the  writer,  fcr 
die  correctness  of  which  he  refers  to  the  good  people  of 
Georgetown  who  heard  it,  and,  also,  for  several  other  equally 
striking  proofs  of  the  truth  of  practical  phrenology.  At  the 
close  of  a course  of  lectures  delivered  in  that  place,  during 
which  a large  number  of  well-known  characters  was  publick- 
Jy  examined,  a resolution  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Oir,  and 
carried,  item.  con,,  the  purport  of  which  was.  that  the  evideB' 


BY  I ACTS. 


303 


ces  of  the  truth  of  practical  phrenology  presented  m the  lec* 
lures,  were  highly  satisfactory  and  conclusive. 

Green — During  the  summer  of  1835,  in  addition  to  the 
foregoing,  many  striking  facts  occurred,  illustrative  of  the 
proof  of  phrenology,  whilst  the  writer,  O.  S.  Fowler,  was 
located  in  Baltimore.  One  of  the  most  singular,  was  the 
examination,  at  his  office,  of  Dr.  John  C.  Green,  of  Union, 
Loudon  Co.,  Va.,  a gentleman  of  very  unique  and  very  strong 
traits  of  character,  who  has,  of  late,  become  very  celebrated 
m his  profession,  particularly  on  account  of  his  most  extra 
ordinary  and  unequalled  skill  in  curing  chronick  liver  com - 
plaints .*  The  Doctor’s  head  is  large,  and  very  uneven,  (p. 
54,)  indicative  of  uncommon  mental  power,  and  great  singu- 
larity of  character:  his  temperament  is  active.  His  com- 
bat., destruct.,  self-e.,  conscien.,  firm.,  cautious.,  and  compar., 
are  large,  his  benev.,  caus.,  and  hope,  very  large,  his  ven. 
and  perceptive  faculties  only  full,  and  marvel.,  secret.,  and 
acquis.,  very  small.  Accordingly,  he  was  described  as  a 
bold,  original  thinker,  who  was  capable  of  making  new  and 
important  discoveries ; as  highminded,  independent,  and  hon- 
ourable to  the  fullest  extent,  but,  at  the  same  time,  incredu- 
lous, and  imprudent  and  indiscreet  in  what  he  says ; as  pos- 
sessed of  kind  feelings  and  liberality  in  excess , and  utterly 
•mcapable  of  taking  care  of  property ; and,  in  addition  to  this, 
many  minute  points  and  shades  of  character  were  stated  ; 
and  so  graphick  and  strikingly  correct  was  the  description, 
that  the  examiner  was  interrupted  by  the  Doctor,  who,  aston- 
ished beyond  measure  at  the  portraiture  of  character  drawn, 
demanded  whether  the  phrenologist  did  not  know  him.  Be- 
ing assured  to  the  contrary,  with  increased  earnestness,  he 
reiterated  the  inquiry,  “ Do  you  not  knoio  me , sir  V1  And 
after  being  reassured  that  he  did  not,  he  asked  if  the  exam- 
iner would  be  qualified  to  that  effect.  Being  most  solemnly 
assured  that  he  would,  and  the  statement  of  the  phrenologist 


' It  was  asserted  by  the  Doctor,  and  attested  by  several  of  his  Va.  acquaintan- 
ces of  unquestionable  veracity,  that,  since  he  had  made  the  discovery  of  a suitab’e 
remedy,  he  had  cured  all  the.  patients  thus  afflicted  who  had  followed  his  sid\rf>e 
and  prescription  ; and  that  the  number  then  (in  1835)  amounted  to  several  hun- 
dreds : and  moreover,  that  many  of  them  were  cases  of  the  most  desperate  and 
hopeless  kin  1.  One  of  the  patients  who,  after  having  been  afflicted  with  the  liver 
complaintybr  eight  or  ten  years,  has  experienced  a perfect  cure  by  following  out 
the  prescription  of  Dr.  G.,  is  S.  Kirkham,  co-author  in  the  present  work,  who  takes 
great  pleasure  in  thus  making  known  the  merits  of  this  extraordinary  man,  and  ia 
recommending  all  who  are  afflicted  with  it  in  terrible  disease,  if  possible,  to 
i3t?enifrelv«s  of  his  wonderlul  skill. 


$04 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


dh  this  point,  being  corroborated  by  the  Doctor’s  Ya.  frie)  +* 
who  had  prevailed  on  him  to  submit  to  the  examination, 
who  were  little  .ess  astonished  than  himself  at  the  wonu^r- 
ful  accuracy  of  the  description  given,  the  Doctor  yielded  uie 
point,  and  at  last  acknowledged  that  the  disclosure  of  nis 
character  and  talents  must  have  been  made  by  the  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  a science  which  he  had  hitherto  rid- 
iculed as  foolish  and  absurd.  In  confirmation  of  this  state- 
ment, the  following  testimonial  is  presented  * 

“ I hereby  certify  that  Mr.  O.  S.  Fowler,  a phrenologist, 
has  this  day,  solely  by  the  application  of  phrenological  prin- 
ciples, described  my  character  and  mental  operations  more 
correctly  than  could  have  been  done  by  my  most  intimate 
friends.  I might  even  add,  that  he  has  told  me  all , and  that 
my  own  astonishment  and  that  of  my  friends  at  the  minute- 
ness and  the  accuracy  of  his  description,  are  very  great. 
Baltimore , June  3,  1835.  JOHN  C.  GREEN.” 

The  writer  saw  a journeyman  printer  in  the  office  of  John 
W.  Woods,  in  Baltimore,  who  was  partially  deranged.  His 
ideal,  was  very  large ; and  he  was  almost  constantly  either 
repeating  passages  from  orations,  &c.,  accompanied  with 
much  gesticulation,  or  delivering  extempore  speeches.  Still, 
in  the  execution  of  his  work,  he  showed  no  signs  of  mental 
aberration.  Farther  particulars  may  be  learned  of  Mr.  W. 

A lad  about  three  years  old,  named  Franklin  Gibson, 
wrhose  parents  reside  about  three  miles  from  the  city,  was 
examined  and  found  to  possess  a most  astonishing  devel- 
opment of  tune,  and  also  of  imitat.  and  time.  When 
this  development  was  pointed  out,  his  brother  stated,  that 
“ he  could  turn  a tune  before  he  could  talk,  or  was  a 
year  old;  learned  to  play  upon  the  piano-forte  without  any 
instruction ; a fortnight  after  hearing  a tune  sung  but  once, 
could  sing  it  from  memory ; could  play  the  air  of  a tune  upon 
the  piano,  and,  at  the  same  time,  compose  and  sing  a bass 
without  making  a discord  ; and  had  not  only  never  been 
known  to  make  a discord  himself,  but  evinced  extreme 
sensitiveness  when  he  heard  others  make  one.”  Query  1. 
Is  this  extraordinary  manifestation,  the  result  of  intuitive 
la.ent,  or  of  education?  2.  Is  it  caused  by  an  extraor- 
dinary activity  and  power  of  a particular  faculty  of  the 
mind,  or  is  this  phenomenon,  winch  vastly  excels  all  his 
siher  menta1  manifestations,  and  also  that  of  one  child  in  a 


BY  FACTS. 


305 


rdilicn,  the  prjduct  of  that  same  mental  power  by  which  i* 
manifested  ail  his  other  mental  operations?  Let  anti-phre- 
nologists, and  all  who  deny  the  plurality  of  the  mental  facui 
ties,  answer. 

The  following  is  the  testimony  of  the  Rev  Benjam  in  Kurtz* 
editor  oi  the  Lutheran  Observer,  in  reference  to  the  exami 
nation  of  his  two  sons,  as  given  editorially  in  his  own  paper. 

4‘  Phrenology  Tested. — We  this  morning  witnessed  a 
practical  exhibition  of  the  principles  of  phrenology,  which 
was  exceedingly  interesting,  and,  in  our  view,  furnished 
very  strong  evidence  in  favour  of  its  claims  to  publick  con- 
fidence. Mr.  Foivler  is  at  present  engaged  in  delivering  a 
course  of  lectures  on  this  subject  at  the  corner  of  Baltimore 
and  Gay  streets.  His  last  lecture  was  attended  among  oth- 
ers by  the  editor  of  this  paper,  who,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to 
observe,  has  always  been  decidedly  opposed  to  phrenology. 
After  the  lecture,  we  were  introduced  to  Mr.  Fowler,  and  a 
controversy  immediately  ensued,  at  the  close  of  which  we 
took  the  liberty  to  remark,  that  we  had  two  sons,  one  15  and 
the  other  13  years  of  age; — that  if  Mr.  F.  thought  proper  to 
examine  their  heads,  and  could  give  a correct  description  of 
their  intellectual  and  moral  character,  we  would  yield  to  ah' 
moderate  pretensions  of  phrenologists;  but  nothing  short  oi 
facts,  plain,  positive  facts,  could  convince  us.  Mr.  F.  as- 
sented to  this  proposal,  and  was  perfectly  willing,  so  far  au 
he  was  concerned,  that  the  science  should  stand  or  fail  by 
this  test.  Accordingly,  this  morning,  accompanied  by  a 
few  respectable  and  literary  gentlemen  of  this  city,  we  con- 
ducted our  sons  to  Mr.  F;s  room  ; having  previously  pre- 
pared a written  description  of  the  mental  qualities,  disposi- 
tions, &c.,  of  the  lads,  with  a view  to  compare  it  with  what 
Mr.  F.  should  remark  concerning  them.  Mr.  F.  had  never 
before  seen  the  hoys,  but  immediately  commenced  examining 
their  heads  and  desc.ribingtheir  characteristick  traits  minutely, 
fully,  and  unequivocally.  When  his  delineation  was  finished, 
t was  compared  with  that  previously  written  for  the  occa- 
ion,  and,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  there  was  a most  striking 
snd  astonishing  coincidence,  with  but  one  single  item  of  dis- 
crepance. Although  we  had  heretofore  not  only  been  a 
skeptiek,  but  had  often  ridiculed  the  pretensions  of  phrenol- 
ogy, we  were  staggered  and  astounded ; our  surprise  wa« 
oeyond  measure,  and  we  hesitate  not  to  declare,  that  we  are 
aow  convinced  that  th^re  is  indeed  a most  momentous  real 


BOG  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

itv  in  the  matter ; and,  contrary  to  our  inclination,  and  ib 
opposition  to  our  deep-rooted  and  cherished  prepossessions, 
we  are  constrained  to  admit  that  phrenology  is  indeed  a sci- 
ence, based  upon  sound  and  irrefragable  principles,  and  well 
worthy  the  attention  of  all,  and  especially  of  teachers,  min- 
isters, and  others  concerned  in  educating  and  meliorating 
the  condition  of  men.  This,  we  believe,  is  also  the  opinion 
of  all  the  gentlemen  who  attended  to  witness  the  interesting 
scene.  After  the  lads  had  been  pronounced  upon,  we  our 

selves  and  our  friend,  M*\ , sat  down  and  were  exam  in 

ed;  and  it  is  conceded  on  all  hands,  that  Mr.  F.  was  not  less 
successful  in  our  cases  than  in  relation  to  the  boys.  The 
whole  company  departed  highly  gratified,  and  immensely 
astonished  at  the  disclosures  made  by  phrenology.  Nothing 
but  facts,  stubborn  and  irrefutable  facts,  could  have  produced 
the  conviction  and  amazement  which  evidently  possessed  the 
minds  of  those  present. 

“ Mr.  F.  manifestly  understands  his  favourite  science,  and 
is,  withal,  an  agreeable  and  interesting  lecturer.  We  now 
verily  believe,  that  great  injustice  has  been  done  to  this  de- 
partment of  useful  study,  and  to  those  who,  in  spite  of  the 
taunts  and  jests  of  opponents,  are  zealously  pursuing  it. 
Phrenology  is  destined  to  rise  and  become  extensively  useful ; 
and  as  truth  is  mighty,  and  will  ultimately  prevail,  so  this 
branch  of  learning  must  eventually  triumph  over  every  ob 
stacle,  and  maintain  a high  rank  in  the  circle  of  science. 

“ We  write  this  unsolicited  by  Mr.  F.,  or  any  body  else, 
and  regard  all  that  we  have  stated  as  a very  feeble  testimony 
to  the  claims  of  phrenology,  as  well  as  to  the  merits  of  Mr. 
Fowler,  the  lecturer.” 

The  following  is  a description  of  a publick  test  of  the 
truth  of  practical  phrenology,  which  was  written  for  ths 
Baltimore  Chronicle,  and  can  be  attested  to  by  a very  larga 
audience  of  the  citizens  of  Baltimore. 

“ For  the  Baltimore  Chronir^e. 

“Mr.  Barnes. — The  science  of  phrenology,  as  promul 
gated  in  our  city  by  Mr.  Fowler,  has  met  with  not  a little 
opposition  and  ridicule.  To  satisfy  the  incredulous,  therefore, 
of  its  truth,  as  well  as  more  firmly  to  establish  the  faith  o! 
new  converts,  Mr.  F.  proposed  publickly  to  meet  his  oppo« 
Oi*nts,  and  to  put  the  science  to  the  most  rigid  and  scruff* 


BIT  FACTS,  SO? 

tosg  test ; and,  with  that  intent,  appointed  a rriecr  ig  in  fcha 
Lecture-Room  of  the  Baltimore  Lyceum 

“ His  first  test  was,  to  examine  before  the  audience,  (which 
was  very  large*)  the  phrenological  developments  of  two  twin 
brothers,  and  to  give  their  characters.  The  twins  are  chil 
dren  aged  5 or  6,  whose  education  and  training  have  been 
alike,  but  whose  dispositions  and  talents  widely  differ — the 
sons  of  Dr.  Beare,  a highly  respectable  professional  gentle- 
man of  our  city.  It  being  known  by  the  testimony  of  their 
respectable  parent,  that  Mr.  F.  had  never  seen  either  of  the 
boys*  nor  heard  one  word  about  their  respective  characters, 
only  that  they  differed,  their  presentation  before  the  audience 
produced  not  a little  anxiety  and  excitement,  enough,  at  least, 
to  evince  the  intense  interest  taken  in  the  examination  by  the 
respective  partisans  who  had  previously  declared  for,  or 
against,  phrenology.  With  a boldness  and  an  intrepidity 
which  nothing  but  the  highest  confidence  in  his  abilities,  di- 
rected by  true  principles,  could  inspire,  Mr.  F.  proceeded  with 
the  examination,  describing,  as  he  went  along,  in  strong,  plain, 
and  unequivocal  terms, not  only  their  most  prominent  points 
of  character,  such  as  their  respective  dispositions,  including 
;heir  passions,  tempers,  propensities,  and  the  like,  and,  also, 
their  respective  talents  and  abilities,  but  he  went  even  into 
detail,  and  minutely  described  many  of  the  nice  shades  of 
difference  in  their  habitudes  and  modes  of  thinking. 

“ As  soon  as  Mr.  F.  closed  his  examination,  the  father  of 
the  children  read  to  the  audience  a minute  descrintion  of  the 
character  of  each  of  the  boys,  as  he  had  previously  written 
it  out ; and  by  comparing  his  description  with  that  given  by 
Mr.  F.,  it  appeared  that  the  two  differed,  on  all  the  numerous 
points  of  character  described,  only  in  one  slight  particular , 
viz.  Mr.  F.  had  attributed  to  one,  more  generosity  than  the 
parent  supposed  him  to  possess.*  The  victory  of  Mr.  F.  was 
ccjmplete,  as  was  strongly  evinced  by  the  long  and  loud  ap- 
plauses of  the  audience — to  the  no  small  confusion  and  dis- 
comfiture of  the  obstinately  skeptical,  and  to  the  high  grati- 
fication of  the  non-committal  or  fence- men,  many  of  whom 
limped  down  on  fhe  phrenological  side. 

“ But  this  victory  was  but  a prelude  to  those  more  tri- 


' The  mother,  on  learning  my  decision,  remarked  that  I was  right;  and  saio 
Chat  the  lad  had  more  benevolence  than  the  father  gave  him  credit  for.  I had  till* 
Qrosa  the  fttasr  himself.  " o.  g.  FOWLER, 


508  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

umnhant  ones  that  were  to  follow.  Mr.  F.  proceeded  to  exam 
me  the  heads  of  many  who  presented  themselves  for  tha 
purpose,  and  to  describe  and  hit  off  their  characters  with 
astonishing  accuracy.  It  was  soon  proposed,  however,  that 
he  should  examine  some  present  who  had  been  previously 
examined  by  him,  and  who  had  Mr.  F’s  charts  of  their  char- 
acter in  their  pockets,  in  order  to  compare  the  former  des- 
criptions of  character  with  those  that  should  then  be  given. 

“ Mr.  F.  declined  notthis  most  scrutinizing  test,  and  proceed- 
ed with  the  examination  of  two  gentlemen,  numbering  their 
several  organs  in  a scale  from  l to  20  ; and  as  each  number 
was  pronounced,  the  corresponding  one  on  the  chart  was 
also  pronounced  by  a gentleman  appointed  for  the  purpose ; 

• and  the  result  was,  that  in  thus  rapidly  naming  off  the  rela- 
tive size  of  some  50  or  60  organs,  more  than  one-half  agreed 
exactly  with  those  previously  written  down  on  the  two  charts ; 
and  among  the  whole,  only  one  number  differed  materially.* 

“ It  was  then  proposed  that  Mr.  F.  should  cover  his  eyes , 
and  then  examine;  and,  although  it  deprived  him  of  the  im- 
portant assistance  (to  which,  too,  he  had  always  been  accus- 
tomed) of  sight , in  connexion  with  touch , Mr.  F.  faltered 
not,  but  boldly  proceeded  to  gratify  the  audience  in  any  man- 
ner, whether  reasonable  or  unreasonable,  that  they  might 
choose;  and,  to  the  utter  astonishment  of  all,  a number  or 
characters  thus  rapidly  hit  off,  leaped  out  from  the  mint  so 
strongly  and  elegantly  stamped,  that  all  their  acquaintances 
would  have  known  them  at  the  first  glance,  even  had  they, 
like  the  phrenologist,  been  blindfolded.  It  seemed  more 
like  magick  than  any  thing  else. 

“ Towards  the  close  of  the  examination,  several  very  divert  . 
ing  cases  occurred.  One  gentleman  was  accused  by  Mr.  F. 
of  possessing  great  energy  of  character  and  moral  courage , 
which  qualities  called  into  requisition,  in  no  small  degree, 
his  combativeness.  The  gentleman  arose,  and  declared  to 
the  audience,  that  Mr.  F.  had  sketched  his  character  very 
accurately,  except  in  this  particular ; but,  as  for  combative 
ness , he  had  it  not : and  to  prove  that  he  was  right,  he  wee 
on  with  so  energetick  and  combative  a speech,  as  soon  to  cor> 
vince  all  present,  that  he , and  not  Mr.  F.,  had  mistaken  his 


* In  a similar  test  at  Mr.  Fowler’s  office,  the  writer  of  this  rotlce  saw  Mr.  F. 
martc  a second  chart  for  a gentleman,  on  which  34  of  the  35  numbers  agreed  c<* 
vr.th  the  first  chart,  and  the  other  number  differed  but  slightly. 


PY  FACTS, 


309 


awn  chaitLCte'*  This  ludicrous  and  happ\  circun  stance 
elicited  tremendous  applause  for  the  phrenologist. 

Another  gentleman  examined,  seemed  to  insinuate  to  thei 
audience,  that  he  possessed  not  the  mechanical  ingenuity  at- 
tributed to  him  by  Mr.  F.  By  after  confessions,  however,  it 
appeared,  that  the  tinkering  propensity  of  the  gentleman, 
(though  not  a mechanick  by  profession ,)  has  caused  him  to 
amass  a great  variety  of  tools , and  that  he  has  been  guilty  of 
indulging  his  mechanical  ingenuity  with  considerable  success, 
in  drawing' — which  comes  under  Mr.  F.’s  description  of  con - 
structivencss. 

“ But  the  most  satisfactory  case  of  all,  was  yet  to  come. 
Mr.  F.  had  frequently  desired  some  one  to  come  forward 
whose  character  was  very  prominent , or  well-known  to  the 
audience  for  some  striking  and  peculiar  qualities , and  was 
now  requested  to  blindfold  himself  again,  with  the  expecta- 
tion of  being  gratified  in  this  particular.  Accordingly,  a 
gentleman,  {Captain  Bossier,)  was  prevailed  upon  to  submit  to 
examination,  who  is  more  distinguished  for  certain  bold  and 
strong  characteristicks,  than  any  other  in  our  city.  The 
phrenologist  was  completely  successful.  He  gave  the  char- 
acter in  bold  and  graphick  style,  and  with  an  accuracy  that 
could  scarcely  have  been  equalled  by  any  one  of  his  numer- 
ous acquaintances  present.  The  conviction  of  skill  and 
truth  on  the  part  of  the  phrenologist,  went  home  so  power- 
fully to  the  minds  of  the  audience,  that  their  applauses  sev- 
eral times  interrupted  the  examination. 

“But  there  was,  at  least,  one  skeptick  who  yet  remained  in- 
corrigible; and  this  was  a man,  who,  the  writer  is  informed, 
is  notorious  for  his  over-weening  fondness  for  ‘ the  root  of 
all  evil.’  This  worshipper  of  Midas  could  not  be  persuaded 
but  that  Mr.  F.  had  previous  knowledge  of  the  head  just 
examined,  and  therefore  desired  his  own  to  be  brought  in 
contact  with  the  magica*  touchstone.  But  no  sooner  did  the 
inspired  fingers  of  Mr.  F.  play  upon  the  golden  bumps  of 
our  money-loving  hero,  than  his  acquisitive  character  burst 
forth  before  the  audience  in  so  strong  relief,  as  utterly  to 
shock  the  incredulity  of  its  owner,  who  soon  begged  for 
4 quarters,’  and  was  let  off — to  the  great  diversion  of  all 
present.  AUDITOR.” 

From  Mr.  Candler  of  Ba  timore,  a strong  opponent  to 
phrenology,  the  writer  had  the  following  statement.  While 
the  character  of  Wm.  Gwynn  Jones,  who  is  now  in  the  Pen? 


S10  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

tentiary  in  B.,  for  purloining  money  from  the  Post* office 
in  that  city,  but  who  was,  at  the  time  the  observation  waa 
made,  a member  of  a Christian  church,  and  co-editor  of  a 
daily  paper  in  the  city,  had  the  confidence  of  the  publick 
and  had  been  promoted  to  several  important  stations  cf  trust, 
a phrenologist  said  to  him,  “ Mr.  Jones,  if  I did  not  know 
you  to  be  an  honest  and  an  honourable  man,  1 should  think 
you  a rogue,  for  you  have  no  organ  of  conscien.,  and  love 
money  well  enough  to  take  what  does  not  belong  to  you  ” — 
Though  this  remark  passed  unnoticed  at  the  time,  yet,  a few 
weeks  after,  when  he  was  found  guilty  of  stealing,  forgery, 
and  lying,  the  remark  of  the  phrenologist  was  recollected 
and  turned  to  the  account  of  phrenology. 

While  the  writer  was  on  board  a James-River  steamboat 
bound  for  Richmond,  Va.,  something  being  said  of  phrenol 
ogy,  Mr.  Pegram  of  Richmond,  desired  him  to  examine  the 
head  of  a new  acquaintance  of  his  on  board.  The  first  re- 
mark was,  “ he  has  no  conscience , not  a particle ;”  the  next, 
“ he  is  secret,  mysterious,  and  artful,  and  has  great  practical 
talent.”  To  Mr.  P.  he  represented  himself  as  a wealthy  plant- 
er from  the  South ; pretended  that  his  trunk  and  money  had 
been  stolen  from  him,  &c.  Accordingly,  on  arriving  at  R. 
Mr.  P.  ordered  for  him  a suit  of  clothes,  introduced  him  to 
some  of  his  friends,  from  whom  he  received  presents,  and 
advanced  him  $1300,  in  cash,  for  which  he  received  a 
check  of  the  gentleman  on  a Washington  Bank  ; and,  finally, 
Mr.  P.  gave  him  $70,  with  which  to  pay  for  his  clothes  op 
taking  them  from  the  tailor’s.  This  money  the  rogue  peck 
eted,  and  taking  the  clothes  without  paying  for  them,  disap- 
peared The  check  was  wo#  cashed , of  course;  and  a sub- 
sequent inquiry  proved,  that  the  southern  planter  was  a con- 
summate villain,  a gambler,  and  a thief — without  “any  con- 
science.” At  the  time  of  the  examination,  Mr.  P.  was  too 
thick  with  his  new  friend,  and  too  skeptical  on  the  subject 
of  phrenology  to  regard  these  forewarnings. 

In  the  town  of  P.,  Va.,  L.  N.  Fowler  examined  the  head 
of  a young  lady  who  had  extraordinary  approbat.,  self-e., 
and  firm.,  very  large  amat.,  adhes.,  combat.,  destruct.,  secret., 
acquis.,  and  cautious.,  large  conscien.,  benev.,  and  intellectual 
faculties,  and  an  active  temperament.  She  was  both  vain  and 
proud  in  the  extreme,  and  absolutely  stubborn ; was  secret, 
■ly.  and  deceptive  in  a high  degree  ; - ould  steal,  and  whee 
Mked  why  she  stole,  rep  ied,  “because  I can’t  help  it 


SY  FACTS, 


8H 


Though  Vy  the  influence  of  conscien.  ana  intellect,  she  ac 
knowledged  her  fault,  and  strove  against  them,  yet  she  would 
still  steal,  would  falsify,  and  then  plead  guilty.  She  had  a 
most  violent  temper,  and  with  all  her  raging  passions,  display- 
ed unusual  intellect. 

In  Portsmouth,  Va.*  the  writer  saw  a lad  about  14  years 
old,  in  whom  acquis,  is  immensely  large,  so  much  so  as  to 
project  beyond  the  other  organs,  secret,  large,  conscien. 
small,  the  upper  portion  of  the  forehead  low,  narrow,  and 
retiring,  and  cautious,  extremely  large.  His  entrance  to  this 
pieasant  village,  was  greeted  by  this  hopeful  youth  in  the 
character  of  an  importunate  beggar,  with  the  pretence  that 
nis  sick  mother  was  in  a starving  condition,  and  wanted  a 
little  money  to  get  her  some  bread.  He  begged  long  and 
most  earnestly,  setting  up  several  pleas,  all  of  which  proved 
(o  be  utterly  false;  and  when  a piece  of  money  was  finally 
rendered,  he  seized  it  with  the  utmost  avidity,  clapped  it  to 
his  mouth  in  ecstasy,  and  immediately  renewed  his  request 
for  more,  accompanied  with  other  pretences.  A second  and 
a third  piece  of  money  were  received  with  equal  transports 
of  delight,  and  his  suit  for  more,  still  renewed.  In  his  hat 
were  to  be  seen  old  nails,  bits  of  paper,  and  an  abundance  of 
shells,  &c.,  which  his  acquis,  had  hoarded  up.  Every  day 
at  low  tide  he  might  be  seen  wading  through  the  mud  knee 
deep,  and  at  high  tide,  again  at  his  begging  in  the  manner 
just  described ; and  when  he  could  make  money  by  it,  he 
showed  himself  quite  an  adept  at  lying.  Of  course,  the 
main  interest  of  this  case,  turns  upon  the  fact,  that  the  traits 
of  character  displayed  by  the  lad,  perfectly  correspond 
with  his  phrenological  developments. 

The  writer’s  publick  examinations  in  P.,  seemed  very 
much  to  astonish  the  citizens  on  account  of  their  accuracy, 
and  to  convince  them  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.  After  the 
first  lecture,  one  gentleman,  in  behalf  of  several,  came  to 
ask  if  the  examiner  did  not  know  Capt.  Jarvis,  the  gentleman 
examined,  and  when  answered  in  the  negative,  replied, 
•‘then,  sir,  I am  perfectly  satisfied  of  the  truth  of  phrenology.” 

An  elderly  lady  in  P.,  was  described  as  possessing,  among 
other  things,  extraordinary  imitative  power,  which  manifest- 
ed itself  not  only  in  drawing,  needlework,  (fee.,  but  even  in 
mimickry.  Her  brother  remarked,  that  he  could  not  have 
delineated  her  character  with  greater  accuracy,  except  that 
he  had  never  seen  the  least  signs  of  her  talent  for  mimickrt/ 


SI2 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


Soon,  however,  it  was  proved,  that,  in  early  life,  she  w&fi 
unsurpassed  among  her  acquaintances,  for  her  talent  at 
“ taking  off”  the  peculiarities  of  individuals,  and  for  relating 
anecdotes  and  stories. 

Baker. — The  Hon.  Judge  Baker,  who  is  distinguished 
in  that  part  of  the  country  for  his  profound  knowledge  of 
law,  his  ability  to  collect,  analyze,  and  clearly  present,  facts 
and  arguments,  for  his  discrimination  and  practical  talent, 
as  well  as  for  his  highmindedness,  weight  of  character,  uo« 
bending  integrity,  and  the  nobler  traits  of  human  nature, 
possesses  a high  head,  large  self-e.,  firm.,  ven.,  and  conscien.; 
veiy  large  benev.,  compar.,  event  , individ.,  and  local,  and 
large  cans.,  form,  size,  order,  and  lang. — the  very  organs 
indicative  of  these  characteristicks. 

The  following  remarks  were  made  by  one  of  the  editors 
of  a Norfolk  paper,  but  with  an  especial  reference  to  an  ex- 
amination of  his  son. 

“ In  our  presence,  Mr.  Fowler  has  examined  the  heads  of 
several  individuals  with  the  bent  of  whose  dispositions  we 
were  somewhat  familiar,  and  we  must  confess  our  surprise 
at  the  accuracy,  as  well  as  the  facility,  of  his  delineations 
of  their  characters,  with  which  it  was  impossible  for  him  to 
have  made  an  acquaintance  through  any  other  medium  than 
his  skill  in  phrenology.” 

In  L N.  Fowler  examined  the  head  of  a female 

who  was  considered  deranged  on  the  subject  of  religion, 
and  who  was  a religious  melancholick  and  despondent.  The 
organs  of  cautious,  and  conscien.  were  developed  in  an 
extraordinary  degree,  and  so  sensitive  to  the  touch,  that  she 
complained  bitterly  of  the  pain  caused  by  the  application 
of  the  hand  to  either  of  these  portions  of  the  head.  Ven. 
was  also  very  large,  and  hope  and  self-e.  small. 

At  a lecture  in  Petersburgh,  Va.,  the  instructer  of  the  school 
taught  in  the  lecture-room,  proposed  a pupil  for  examination, 
who  was  described  as  possessing  extraordinary  construct.,  im- 
itat.,  form,  ideal.,  and  colour,  and,  consequently,  as  unsurpass 
ed  in  his  talent  to  draw,  paint,  and  use  tools  with  dexterity, and, 
also,  to  mimick.  So  extraordinary  were  these  developments, 
that  the  teacher  was  appealed  to  for  the  correctness  of  the 
description  ; and  he  replied,  that  he  had  seen  no  manifestation 
of  such  talents,  but  thought  that  phrenology  was  at  fault 
with  respect  to  them ; but  when  the  appeal  was  made  to  the 
of  the  hrr,  there  were  a dozen  voices  in  con 


BY  FACTS. 


313 


firmmion  of  what  had  been  stated,  each  one  telling-  what  the 
lad  had  made,  or  drawn,  or  painted,  and  all  agreeing  that 
his  mimickry  of  the  peculiarities  and  oddhies  of  others,  con- 
stituted one  of  their  principal  diversions.  Among  other 
proofs,  a painting  of  Minerva  executed  by  him,  was  cited 
as  a remarkable  specimen  of  juvenile  talent. 

Cherry.— Among  the  many  exemplifications  of  phre- 
nology, none  are  more  worthy  of  notice  than  the  head  of 
Mr,  Cherry.  It  is  very  large,  and  in  it,  caus.  and  compar. 
are  prodigiously  great;  the  perceptive  faculties  only  moder- 
ate, concent.,  firm.,  self-e.,  hope,  cautious.,  consci.  benev., 
ideal.,  and  mirth.,  either  large  or  very  large,  ven.  small, 
and  marvel,  very  small.  The  writer  saw,  and  the  world 
will  doubtless  one  day  see,  evidences  of  a deep,  philosophical, 
and  original  genius  in  his  inventions,  as  prodigious,  indeed, 
as  are  his  organs  of  caus.  and  compar.  His  large  concent, 
obliges  him,  whenever  he  becomes  interested  in  any  particu- 
lar subject  or  thing,  to  dwell  upon  it  until  it  is  completed, 
and  frequently  prevents  him  from  attending  to  lessons  of  in- 
terest and  instruction,  because  he  cannot  draw  off  his  mind 
from  subjects  that  have  previously  taken  possession  of  his 
thoughts. 

The  writer,  in  company  with  several  distinguished  citi 
zens  of  Williamsburgh,  Va.,  visited  the  Lunatick  Asylum 
in  that  place,  where  the  first  subject  presented,  possessed  ex- 
traordinary amat.,  very  large  adhes.,  firm.,  concent.,  benev., 
and  lang.,  and  small  acquis,  and  secret.  Disappointed  love 
was  the  principal  cause  of  his  derangement;  and,  in  accord- 
ance with  his  small  secret,  and  very  large  benev.  and  lang., 
he  was  constantly  talking  about  his  amours,  his  sweethearts, 
&c.  He  was  generally  kind  in  a very  high  degree,  hut, 
ivhen  his  firm,  was  excited,  he  was  obstinate  and  even 
mulish.  The  gentleman’s  name  is  James  Roon. 

Of  another,  it  was  remarked,  that  he  had  extraordinary 
firm.,  self-e.,  adhes.,  and  benev.,  and  was,  therefore,  by  turns, 
very  stubborn  or  very  obliging— that  he  had  large  individ. 
and  full  event.,  with  but  small  caus.;  and,  consequently, 
that  he  could  do  what  he  was  told  to  do,  but  could  not  un- 
derstand the  application  of  means  to  ends.  The  keeper  of 
the  asylum  replied,  “ It  is  exactly  so,  throughout.” 

In  the  head  of  John  Kinchelloe,  self-e.  projected  prodi- 
giously, so  much  so,  that  the  writer’s  remarks  upon  himf 
turned  mainly  upon  this  organ.  He  appeared  exceedingly 
14 


Il4  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUS1  RATED 

ostentatious;  told  the  company  that  he  was  a vastly  gieatei 
man,  as  to  talents,  than  any  other  in  America ; was  to  be  tfaa 
next  president : had  the  destiny  of  the  world  in  his  hands ; 
and  when  one  of  the  company  remarked,  that  he  was  from 
Richmond,  he  replied,  that  he  had  special  business  wiih  tha 
Governour  and  Common  Council  of  that  city. 

Six  or  eight  other  cases  equally  striking,  were  d3pieled 
with  such  accuracy  as  to  astonish  and  surprise  the  keeper 
beyond  measure,  who,  previous  to  this  visit,  had  been  not 
only  an  entire  skeptick  in  phrenology,  but  a prominent  op 
poser  to  it. 

Arthur  Tribble  possessed  very  large  combat.,  destruci., 
and  cautious.,  and  was  surly,  savage,  and  so  dangerous  that 
he  was  kept  manacled.  Another,  in  whom  acquis,  was  very 
large,  had  his  hat  full  of  old  nails,  shells,  and  such  othei 
trumpery  as  he  could  pick  up  in  the  yard.  Love  of  money 
caused  his  insanity. 

The  keeper  accounted  for  the  correctness  with  which  the 
first  subject  was  described,  by  supposing  that  those  who 
accompanied  the  examiner,  had  previously  related  to  him 
the  history  of  the  man,  and,  accordingly,  after  that,  he  se- 
lected several  himself  of  whom  he  knew  the  examiner 
could  have  heard  nothing,  which,  as  he  afterwards  declared, 
were  described  with  as  great  correctness,  as  he  could  have 
done  after  a daily  observation  of  their  conduct  for  from  sis 
to  twelve  years. 

Each  of  the  professors,  and  several  of  the  students,  of 
Williamsburgh  College,  are  living  witnesses  of  the  truth  of 
phrenology,  and  furnish  admirable  illustrations  of  its  prin- 
ciples; but  having  already  dwelt  quite  too  long  upon  these 
“ facts,”  a decent  respect  for  our  readers,  requi  es  that  we 
should  omit  a particular  enumeration  ot  tkem. 

Lay. — On  a visit  to  Batavia,  N.  1l\  in  the  autumn  of 
1835,  the  narrator,  O.  S.  Fowler,  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
Kirkham  to  G.  W.  Lay,  Esq'.,  member  of  Congress  from 
Genesee  Co.;  and  being  forcibly  struck  with  ihe  extraor- 
dinary developement  of  many  of  his  phrenologiaal  organs, 
particularly  those  of  the  perceptive  faculties,  he  proceeded, 
with  the  permission  of  Mr.  L.,  to  give  a description  ot  his 
leading  traits  of  character  and  talents.  He  described  nim 
as  possessing  ar  extraordinary  memory  of  facts  and  circum- 
stances, and  even  of  their  minute  particulars  and  derails,  a# 
well  as  of  persons,  places,  the  relative  position  ot  orjecta 


BY  FACTS. 


1 . ki 

cf  expressions;  as  having  a passionate  fondness  ibt 
earning,  oratory,  elegance,  and  for  travelling  and  viewing 
natural  scenery;  as  possessing  a superiour  professional  and 
business  tact,  a very  shrewd  and  critical  turn  of  mind,  a 
happy  talent  for  comparing,  illustrating,  and  analyzing,  a 
keen,  quick  perception  of  the  ludicrous,  and  a great  deal  of 
tact,  point,  and  sarcasm,  accompanied  with  an  ability  to  use 
vp  his  opponent ; as  highminded  and  manly,  pre-eminently 
ambitious  and  enterprising,  and  always  aspiring  to  some- 
thing great  and  commanding;  as  spirited,  energetick,  and 
prompt,  a happy  speaker,  excellent  in  making  a bargain, 
highly  honourable,  but  not  over  scrupulous  and  conscien- 
tious. These  remarks  were  deduced  from  the  following 
combinations.  Mr.  Lay’s  head  is  above  the  common  size, 
and  his  temperament,  active.  He  has  very  large  compar., 
ideal.,  hope,  individ.,  local.,  and  event.,  and  the  residue  of  the 
perceptive  faculties  are  large,  together  with  his  combat.,  de- 
struct.,  secret.,  acquis.,  self-e.,  approbat.,  firm.,  benev.,  mirth., 
cans.,  amat.,  adhes.,  philopro.,  and  cautious.,  and  his  con- 
scien.  is  only  moderate  or  full.  He  is,  therefore,  possessed 
of  uncommon  natural  talents,  is  very  social  and  obliging,  and 
incapable  of  doing  any  thing  degrading  or  unworthy  the 
character  of  a gentleman. 

At  a publick  examination  in  the  same  place,  the  wri- 
ter discovered,  among  other  things,  extreme  combat. , ana 
dcstruct.,  with  small  benev.,  in  one  of  the  subjects  exam- 
ined, and,  accordingly,  described  him  as  exceedingly  cruel , 
disposed  to  delight  in  barbarity , and  given  to  the  outbreak- 
ings  of  a most  brutal  temper.  In  confirmation  of  this  state 
ment,  J.  Churchill,  Esq.,  remarked  to  one  of  the  authors, 
(S.  Kirkham,)  that  he  was  skeptical  upon  the  subject  of 
phrenology  until  he  heard  the  character  of  this  individual 
described;  but  that  the  character  of  the  man  (which  he  un- 
derstood most  perfectly,  having  been  brought  up  with  him) 
was  so  extraordinary,  particularly  in  reference  to  his  revolt- 
ing and  horrid  cruelty  of  disposition,  and  had  been  so  accu- 
rately hit  off  by  the  phrenologist  (who  must  have  been  an 
utter  stranger  to  him)  as  to  change  his  mind  in  regard  to 
the  science.  In  illustration,  Mr.  C.  further  remarked,  that 
he  had  frequently  known  the  said  individual,  when  a voum, 
to  catch  squirrels  and  chop  their  feet  off,  and  then  let  them 
run,  merely  for  the  sport  of  it!  At  ether  times,  he  would 
make  an  incision  in  the  skin  of  a squirrel,  and  with  a quill 


316 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


inflate  the  skin  of  the  little  animal,  and  then  let  it  run  again 
At  other  times,  again,  he  would  pluck  the  feathers  from 
oirds,  amputaf 2 their  limbs , and  devise  and  execute  various 
ether  kinds  of  tortures  upon  animals  of  various  descriptions, 
^nd  then  appear  to  be  m perfect  raptures  of  diabolical  de 
light  whilst  witnessing  the  writhings,  contortions  and  other 
expressions  of  agony  in  his  innocent  victims. 

This  case  suggests  two  points  of  inquiry  not  unworthy 
die  candid  attention  of  disbelievers  in  phrenology.  1.  It 
presents  us  with  two  individuals,  brought  up  under  the  same 
rooi,  but  possessing  dispositions  widely  different ; the  one, 
Uiough  not  inferiour  in  talents  to  the  other,  even  from  a 
cimu,  delights  in  cruelty  and  bloody  deeds,  and  at  the  age  of 
thirty,  becomes  a drunken  vagabond  and  a grovelling  wretch  ; 
the  other,  revolts  at  cruelty  and  despises  every  base  pursuit, 
and  at  thirty,  is  a lawyer  and  a respectable  member  of  so- 
ciety. Now,  whence  springs  this  difference  of  character? 
Is  it  the  effect  of  education  alone?  or  has  nature  something 
to  no  with  it?  And,  2.  let  it  spring  from  whatever  source 
it  may,  wherein  is  phrenology  responsible,  for  merely  ascer- 
taining the  fact,  and  pointing  out  the  difference,  when  guided 
solely  by  the  external  signs  upon  the  head?  Phrenology 
responsible  for  the  traits  of  character  it  discovers  in  men  ? 
%V  hat  absurdity  ! nay,  what  stupidity!  Does  the  phrenolo- 
gist create  the  “ bumps,”  or  the  disposition  which  cultivates 
diem,  and  which  causes  their  increase  f On  such  a principle 
df  reasoning,  we  might,  and  with  equal  propriety,  arraign 
phrenology  for  not  discovering  as  much  metaphysical  talent 
in  the  dog  as  in  a philosopher,  and  for  not  finding  as  large 
an  organ  of  local,  in  the  latter  as  in  the  former. 

In  the  possession  of  the  Lyceum  in  Fredericktown,  AM. 
ts  the  cast  of  the  scull  of  a murderer,  who  was  hung  some 
«hree  years  since,  in  which  combat,  and  destruet.  are  swelled 
out  in  an  extraordinary  degree,  and  all  the  other  selfish 
propensities  appear  very  large.  He  was  not  only  guilty  of 
murder,  but  even  when  a boy,  used  to  amuse  himself  by 
cutting  off  the  feet  of  pigs,  and  then  applying  to  them  the 
lash,  in  order  to  see  them  attempt  to  run.  and  by  other  simi- 
lar acts  cf  cruelty  and  torture. 

At  a public  lecture  in  Prattsburgh,  N.  Y.,  six  individuals 
were  selected  for  examination  by  a rank  opponent  to  phre- 
nology; but,  inasmuch  as  the  writer  had  once  lived  in  the 
place,  he  was  requested  to  be  blindfolded,  lest  be  should  judge 


B\  FACTS. 


Zil 

from  a previous  knowledge  of  their  charade's.  The  fir^l 
subject  presented,  was  a violent  opposcr  of  relig  on,  infidel 
in  his  belief,  violent  in  his  temper,  stubborn,  and  witliai  a 
great  mechanical  genius;  and  such  he  was  described  to  be 
throughout.  The  next  was  described  as  highly  conscien- 
tious, talented,  religious,  eminently  pacifick,  &c.  and,  in  the 
main,  directly  opposite  to  the  first.  After  their  examination, 
Deacon  Linsley,  who  knew  both  perfectly  well,  and  who, 
till  that  time,  had  been  a disbeliever  in  phrenology,  observed, 
that,  since  these  two  individuals,  whose  characters  were  di- 
rectly opposite  in  almost  every  particular,  had  been  examined 
in  succession,  and  the  points  of  difference  between  them 
correctly  pointed  out,  and  that,  too,  when  the  examiner  was 
olindfolded,  and,  consequently,  unable  to  judge  of  character 
except  from  the  shape  of  the  head,  phrenology  must  be  a 
true  index  of  character.  What  is  still  more,  one  of  these 
gentlemen  had  been  examined  the  preceding  evening,  and 
both  descriptions  precisely  agreed. 

Spaulding. — Among  others  selected  for  examination  on 
the  same  occasion,  was  the  Rev.  Henry  tl.  Spaulding,  Mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians  that  are  located  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. After  his  extreme  firmness  and  high  moral  qualities, 
particularly  his  very  large  benev.,  or  disinterested  and  strong 
desire  to  do  good  to  his  fellow-men,  had  been  described,  t 
passing  h.’s  hand  along  the  arch  of  the  eyebrow,  the  writer 
felt  a deep  depression  where  the  organ  of  colour  is  located, 
and,  struck  with  surprise,  he  exclaimed,  “this  gentleman  has 
no  organ  of  colour,  and  can  hardly  tell  white  from  black.” 
After  the  lecture  was  over,  Mr.  S.  observed,  that,  as  hod  been 
stated,  he  was  utterly  unable  to  distinguish  colours  ; that,  ex- 
cept black  and  white,  all  colours  and  shades  of  colours  looked 
alike  to  him,  and  all  appeared  of  a dingy,  indistinct  hue; 
that  his  wife  would  never  trust  him  to  purchase  any  article 
of  clothing  whatever,  because  he  seemed  to  be  utterly  desti- 
tute of  all  power  of  distinguishing,  and  even  of  discerning, 
them.  This  fact  we  deem  an  important  one.  The  eye- 
sight  of  this  gentleman,  is  perfectly  good  ; he  reads  correctly, 
u&es  words  with  facility,  thinks  and  writes  with  unusual 
power,  seldom  forgets  faces,  and  is  a superiour  scholar;  yet 
his  power  of  distinguishing  colours,  is  almost  whc.ily  wani 
ing.  We  ask,  then,  whether  the  same  mental  power  which 
perceives  colours , also  perceives  forms,  and  places  and  the 
fore 3 of  arguments?  If  so,  why  should  tne  first  of  theses 


SIS  PHRENOLOGY  PRO  VED  AND  ILLL'Sl  RATED 

faculties  be  wholly  wanting  in  the  Rev.  Mr.  S.,  and  the  last  of 
them  be  unusually  strong  in  him?  Will  anti-phrenologicaJ 
metaphysicians  have  the  kindness  just  to  explain  these  simple 
and  common  phenomena  ? 

Lin  slew — Deacon  Linsley  is  certainly  one  of  the  most 
devoted  and  consistent  Christians — the  most  fervent  and  de- 
vout in  his  addresses  to  the  throne  of  grace,  the  most  meek 
and  penitent,  and  forgiving  of  men.  Accordingly,  his  head 
is  not  only  very  high,  but  it  is  also  very  deep  from  the  supe- 
riour  anterior  to  the  superiour  posterior  portion,  and  greatly 
arched  by  the  extraordinary  development  of  his  benev.  and 
veil.  His  intellectual  faculties  generally,  are  large  : hence 
his  uncommon  share  of  good  sense,  mingled  with  his  piety. 
Hisphilopro.  and  adhes.  are  very  large;  and  hence  the  suc- 
cess with  which,  for  many  years,  he  has  superintended  Sab- 
bath-schools and  Bible-classes. 

When  the  writer  was  a boy,  he  was  wont  to  listen  to  the 
marvellous  stories  of  one  of  his  fellow-townsmen,  who  al- 
ways magnified  every  thing  he  related,  especially  if  it  per- 
tained to  himself,  till  it  appeared  to  be  something  really  great, 
singular,  and  wonderful.  Accordingly,  on  revisiting  his 
native  town,  he  sought  his  old  story  teller,  and  found  that  in 
his  head,  the  organs  of  marvel.,  hope,  approbat.,  and  lang., 
were  largely  developed. 

From  a mere  boy,  one  of  his  brothers  was  remarkable 
for  his  propensity  to  throw  stones , and,  more  especially,  for 
his  adroitness  and  skill  at  it,  as  he  was  able  in  this  manner, 
to  kill  birds,  squirrels,  &c.  As  he  grew  up,  he  was  equally 
famous  for  going  aloft  at  country  “raisings,”  &c.;  and,  ac- 
cordingly, was  found  to  possess  very  large  weight,  whilsl 
the  writer,  whose  education,  in  this  respect,  has  been  the 
same,  is  nearly  destitute  both  of  the  organ,  and  of  the  fa- 
culty, of  weight.  The  same  is  true  of  colour. 

One  of  his  fellow-townsmen,  who  had  always  been  noted 
tor  his  disbelief  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion 

well  as  for  his  strenuous  opposition  to  it,  was  found  to 
possess  very  small  marvel,  and  ven.,  and  small  conscien. 

New  York  City. — But,  next  to  Washington,  New 
York  furnishes  facts  and  demonstrations  as  perfectly  conclu- 
sive in  proof  and  illustration  of  phrenology  as  anychymical 
or  anatomical  demonstrations. 

At  the  first  publick  lecture  delivered  in  this  city,  in  the 
autumn  >f  1836,  two  cf  the  authors,  O.  S.  and  L N.  Fow« 


BY  FACTS. 


319 


lei  weie  present,  and  the  first  person  who  submitted  to  an 
examination,  was  examined  by  one  of  the  lecturers  in  the 
absence  of  the  other,  and  then  by  the  other ; and  (it  being 
a striking  case)  the  same  description,  not  only  in  the  main, 
but,  also,  in  the  details,  was  given  by  both. 

The  next  individual  was  described  as  possessing  an  ex • 
cessive  development  of  amat .,  with  very  large  selfish  pro- 
pensities and  sentiments,  and  a fair  share  of  intellect.  As 
much  was  said  of  his  amat.  as  propriety  would  permit,  and 
the  whole  examination  turned  upon  this  organ,  his  combat., 
and  destruct.,  and  small  conscien.  A few  days  after,  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Walter,  pastor  of  the  church  from  which  this  in- 
dividual had  been  cut  of£  stated  to  the  writer,  that,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  amours  witn  the  wives  of  others,  he  had 
broken  up  several  families,  and  was  then  living  with  the  wife 
of  another  man  (since  divorced;)  that  the  violence  of  his 
temper  was  ungovernable ; and  that  he  appeared  to  have  no 
compunctions  of  conscience.  He  added,  that  several  of  his 
church  members  who  heard  the  examination,  stated  that  it 
was  so  characteristick  as  perfectly  to  astonish  them. 

Smith. — At  their  second  lecture  in  N.  Y.,  Mr.  S.  B. 
Smith,  late  a Romish  Priest,  and  now  editor  of  the  “ Down* 
fall  of  Babylon,”  was  selected  for  examination.  He  was 
found  to  possess  a large  head,  developed  mainly  in  the  coro- 
nal region,  with  very  large  firm.,  self-e.,  benev.,  form,  order, 
cans,  and  compar.,  large  hope,  conscien.,  combat.,  adhes., 
mirth,  ideal.,  imitat.,  lang.,  calcu.,  size,  local.,  and  cautious., 
only  moderate  destruct.,  time,  and  secret.,  and  small  mar- 
vel. The  inference  was,  that  he  possessed  commanding 
talents  joined  with  great  energy  and  efficiency  of  character; 
resistance,  and  moral  courage  in  a pre-eminent  degree,  with- 
out harshness  or  a desire  to  injure  even  his  enemies;  that 
he  must  be  a publick  man  and  distinguished  in  his  sphere  ; 
an  original  and  profound  thinker,  and  a logical  reasoner ; a 
distinguished  scholar,  and  possessed  of  integrity;  very  cau- 
tious and  judicious,  and  yet,  enterprising  ; a theologian  and 
moral  reasoner  of  the  first  class,  and  possessed  of  extraor- 
dinary form,  or  power  of  recollecting  faces,  detecting  typo- 
graphical errours,  &c. ; a first-rate  critick,  and  perfectly 
systematiek,  nay,  almost  “old-maidish”  about  having  things 
in  order.  But  his  superiour  talents  as  a moral  and  theolog- 
ical reascncr , were  dwelt  upon  as  his  great  forte — his  leading 
iharactoii stick.  At  the  time  the  examination,  Mr.  S 


#2*9  1’flREXOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

was  utterly  unknown  to  the  writers,  and  as  far  as  they  hava 
since  learned  his  history  and  character,  the  coincidence  be- 
tween them  and  the  publick  description  given,  is  palpable 
and  striking  throughout,  and  some  portions  cf  it  so  much  so 
as  to  be  incapable  of  amendment  or  improvement.  The 
hardships  which  he  has  endured,  the  opposition  and  perse- 
cution which  he  has  met  with,  the  heart  of  a Christian  hero, 
and  the  high  moral  character,  which  he  has  displayed  in 
his  ready  renunciation  of  a religion  which  he  felt  to  be 
wrong,  and  that,  when,  by  so  doing,  he  knew  he  should 
draw  down  upon  his  devoted  head  the  anathemas  and  the 
vengeance  of  the  whole  Romish  church,  his  incredulity  in 
not  believing  Romish  dogmas,  the  clearness  of  his  argu- 
ments presented  in  the  “Downfall,”  (due  allowance  being 
made  for  that  enthusiasm  which  is  begotten  by  dwelling  so 
long  upon  a highly  exciting  subject,)  the  anecdote  of  Mr.  H 
R.  Piercy,  (see  note  to  p.  222.,)  the  “Synopsis”  translated  by 
him — these  things,  one  and  all,  show  a perftct  coincidence 
between  the  description  of  his  character,  of  which  the  pre- 
ceding is  a mere  abstract,  and  his  real  character  and  talents 
as  evinced  both  in  his  publick  and  private  life1 — see  relative 
size  of  his  organs  in  the  Table.  (See  note  on  p.  322.) 

Brown. — At  a subsequent  lecture,  Mr.  Goold  Brown- 
author  of  a Grammar,  was  examined,  and  described  as  pos- 
sessing a high  degree  of  critical  acumen,  and  a happy  talent 
for  comparing,  analyzing,  and  illustrating,  and  especially  as 
a verbal  critick  and  linguist;  as  somewhat  eccentrick  in  his 
manners,  rigidly  exact  and  honest,  and  somewhat  dogmat- 
ical ; but,  withal,  as  possessing  rather  an  extravagant  organ 
of  love  of  approbation  and  popularity,  which  would  make 
him  rather  boastful,  and  fond  of  telling  what  great  things 
he  had  done,  &c. ; and,  in  confirmation  of  the  correctness  of 
these  statements,  many  anecdotes  have  since  been  related  to 
the  writers,  O.  S.  and  L.  N.  Fowler. 

At  another  lecture  in  N.  Y.,  a well -dressed  .ad  was 
brought  forward.  The  first  remark  made  of  him,  was,  that 
he  possessed  an  extraordinary  organ  of  secict.,  such  a de- 
velopment, indeed,  as  the  examiner  had  seldom,  if  ever, 
seen;  that,  consequently,  he  was  cunning,  artful,  sly,  deceit* 
fill,  equivocating,  and  evasive;  that  it  was  often  next  to  im 
possible  to  extort  the  truth  from  him,  and  tiia,  nothing  could 
be  known  from  what  he  said,  that  his  acquis,  was  ilso  very 
large,  and  conscicn.  small,  and,  consequently  that  he  wa t a 


BY  t ACTS. 


321 


rogue , and  wottld  steal , as  well  as  lie,  and  >n  inTeut  un- 
wonted dexterity,  not  only  in  stealing,  but  also  in  concealing 
the  plunder;  that  he  had  no  compunctions  of  conscience, 
sind  could  not  be  made  to  feel  guilty ; that  he  was  not  at  ail 
benevolent,  but  the  reverse;  that  his  reasoning  powers  were 
very  deficient,  and  yet,  that  he  was  quick  to  observe,  and 
had  an  extraordinary  memory  of  facts,  and  very  large  lang. 
or  “gift  of  the  gab;”  small  combat,  and  large  cautious.,  and 
was,  therefore,  a coward ; and  that  he  possessed  an  extraor- 
dinary fondness  for  children. 

The  following  is  a statement  of  his  character,  the  principal 
part  of  which  was  made  at  the  time,  before  the  audience,  by 
the  individual  who  brought  him  forward,  and  the  rest  subse- 
quently communicated  to  the  authors  by  the  same  gentleman. 
“This  lad,  who  is  about  thirteen  years  old,  was  born  in  Cana- 
da; when  about  five  years  old,  was  found  to  be  so  very  fond 
of  children,  that  he  was  frequently  employed  by  gentlemen 
to  amuse  their  children,  and  even  infants,  from  which  he  was 
taught  by  his  mother , (as  he  savs,)  to  steal  the  coins  about 
‘heir  necks,  and  such  other  things  as  he  could  lay  his  hands 
upon ; that,  on  the  occurrence  of  a fire,  he  stole  money  from 
the  pocket  of  a person,  and  blacked  it,  pretending  that  he  had 
fou7id  it,  yet,  as  it  was  a pocket-piece,  it  was  easily  identified ; 
that  for  a long  time  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of  taking  small 
sums  from  a shoemaker  in  Greenwich-st.  N.  Y.,  with  whom 
he  is  now  living  as  an  apprentice;  that  when  one  theft  after 
another  was  detected  and  proved  upon  him,  he  would  so- 
lemnly declare,  and  call  his  God  to  witness,  that  each  one 
was  the  last ; that  he  would  frequently  protest,  by  all  that 
was  good  or  great,  that  he  told  the  truth,  and  soon  after- 
wards declare,  that  what  he  had  before  said,  was  wholly 
false,  but  that  what  he  now  swore  to,  was  certainly  true ; 
that  he  was  very  adroit  in  meeting  charges  against  him,  and 
always  ready  with  an  excuse  for  his  wickedness ; (small 
eonscien. ;)  that,  to  prevent  suspicion,  he  would  often  accuse 
other  boys  of  stealing  apples  from  a poor  woman  who  sold 
them  in  the  streets,  and  pretend  to  pity  her,  when  lie  himself 
stole  them  every  day,  and  had  laid  up  half  a trunk  full ; 
that  he  would  falsify  even  when  nothing  could  he  gained  by  it; 
that  he  was  an  arrant  coward,  and  would  quail  before  the  stem 
look  of  his  playmates,  and  always  run  if  they  threatened 
him;  that  his  judgment  was  extremely  limited,  and  yet 
showed  great  tact  in  learning  tc  do  some  things;  that  ha 


J22 


FHRENGLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


was  admirable  in  pleading  his  own  case,  and  was,  withal  * 
AiiDerstitious  Catholick (his  ven.  and  marvel.,  being  large.) 
For  the  truth  of  the  foregoing  particulars,  we  refer  to  Mr. 
Rufus  Dawes,  co-editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Mirror,  and  to  the 
crowded  audience  who  witnessed  the  examination  in  Clin- 
ton Hall,  as  well  as  to  a cast  of  the  head  of  this  hopeful 
youth,  which  they  keep  for  sale  at  their  office  in  the  same 
piace  : — see  relative  size  of  his  organs  in  the  Table. 

Chan  and  Eng. — The  Siamese  Twins,  Eng  and  Chan, 
furnish  another  striking  example  of  the  truth  of  phrenological 
science.  It  is  well  known  that  their  traits  of  character,  in- 
cluding their  feelings,  passions,  abilities,  dispositions,  modes 
of  thinking,  of  acting,  and  so  forth,  are  so  much  alike  as 
frequently  to  start  the  pretense,  and  induce  the  belief,  that 
they  possess  but  one  mind , or,  at  least,  that,  in  consequence 
of  the  wonderful,  -physical  connexion  of  their  bodies,  there 
exists  between  them  a similar  union  of  mind,  or  such  a one 
as  to  cause  both  minds  to  think,  feel,  and  act  simultaneously 
and  alike.  Although  this  is  a mere  pretence,  yet  the  founda- 
tion of  it  remained  to  be  developed  and  explained  by  phre- 
nology. In  the  autumn  of  1836,  at  the  Washington  Hotel, 
N.  Y.,  their  heads  were  examined  by  the  narrators,  O.  S. 
Fowler  and  S.  Kirkham,  when,  to  their  surprise  and  admi- 
ration, they  were  found  to  be  most  wonderfully  and  strik- 
ingly alike , not  only  in  size  and  general  outline,  but  even  in  the 
minute  development  of  nearly  all  the  phrenological  organs . 


* The  following  note  from  the  gentleman  who  prints  the  “Downfall”  for  Mr.  S.j 
will  confirm  several  points  of  character  contained  in  the  foregoing  statement 
“Mr.  Smith  is  so  very  particular  and  over-exact  to  have  even  every  little  thing 
done  with  the  utmost  precision,  as  to  give  my  workmen  a great  deal  of  extra  labour, 
and  to  provoke  from  them  a nickname  designating  his  ‘old-maidish’  peculiarities. 
Asa  proof  reader , although  Mr.  S.  has  but  recently  turned  his  attention  to  the  busi- 
ness, yet,  by  the  force  of  what  seems  to  be  an  innate  talent,  he  excels  many  who 
nave  had  much  more  practice.  He  is  one  of  the  firmest  men  I have  ever  seen  ; 
and  when  he  thinks  he  is  right,  nothing  can  turn  him  : (firm,  and  self-e.)  Ilia 
cautiousness  is  almost  equally  as  striking  as  his  order  and  firmness. 

“ Before  I heard  Mr.  Fowler’s  description  of  Mr.  Smith’s  character,  I had  nc 
faith  in  phrenology,  but  this  satisfied  my  mind  of  the  correctness  of  the  science; 
for  I considered  the  description  accurate  and  striking  throughout,  so  much  sc  that 
ft  could  not  be  bettered  by  any  of  the  gentleman’s  most  intimate  acquaintances: 
and  this  opinion  I expressed  to  Mr.  Le  Roy  Sunderland  at  the  time,  who  was  sitting 
beside  me.  H.  R.  PIERCY  ” 

Several  other  individuals  made  remarks  similar  to  those  of  Mr.  P.  Among 
them  Mrs  Smith  and  Mr.  Carey,  teacher  in  the  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  of  N.  Y. 
The  approbation  of  the  audience,  and  the  testimony  of  all  who  knew  Mr.  S.,  waa 

f eneral  and  unequivocal  as  to  the  examination  being  a perfect  transcript  of  the 
tie  and  character  of  this  distinguished  gentleman. 

We  will  take  the  liberty  to  refer  those  of  our  readers  who  wish  to  satisfy  then* 
selves  ti  “ the  Synopsis  of  the  Moral  Theology  of  the  Chur'.h  of  Rome,”  pub 
lished  by  Mr  where  the  reasoning  organs  of  Mr.  S.  are  displayed  to  admire 
lioo. 


BY  FaO'IS. 


S2S 


Some  small  difference,  indeed,  in  the  development  of  some 
few  of  the  organs,  does  exist;  butrthen  it  is  so  slight  as  to 
be  detected  only  by  the  most  minute  and  accurate  observa 
lion.  Among  all  the  heads  ever  examined  by  the  authors, 
such  an  agreement  of  size,  shape,  and  temperament,  or  any 
thing  approaching  to  it,  in  any  two,  they  never  before  wit 
nessed  or  heard  of;  and  hence,  the  striking  coincidence  be 
tween  the  characters  and  dispositions  of  the  tevo  brothers 
30  longer  remains  a mystery ; for,  in  addition  to  the  general, 
natural  law,  (which  operates  in  this  case,)  that  “ like  causes 
produce  like  effects,”  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  their 
training , habits , and  education , have  been  alike,  more  per 
fectly  so  than  that  of  any  other  two  individuals  that  evei 
lived.  But  notwithstanding  this,  it  has  been  stated,  that  a 
slight  difference  in  the  development  of  some  few  of  their 
organs,  was  pointed  out  by  the  phrenologists,  and  the  conse- 
quent difference  in  their  characters,  specified.  In  relation  to 
this  point,  as  well  as  to  all  the  points  of  agreement , both  the 
young  gentlemen,  and  the  gentleman  who  accompanied  them, 
fully  confirmed  and  corroborated  the  statements  of  the  ex- 
aminers. Again  we  appeal  to  our  opponents  to  f answer 
the  question.  If  phrenology  is  not  a true  science,  how  could 
these  nice  distinctions  and  discriminations  of  difference  in 
character,  have  been  thus  accurately  pointed  out  merely  by 
an  examination  of  the  physical  form  of  the  head?  And 
again  : If  the  disposition  and  talents  of  individuals,  depend 
solely  on  education  or  training,  how  could  any  difference 
in  these  respects,  exist  between  these  twins? 

At  a publick  lecture  in  Clinton  Hall,  a gentleman  exam- 
ined, was  described  as  possessing,  in  an  unusual  degree,  the 
mathematical  and  reasoning  organs,  and,  also,  philopro.,  but 
as  subject  to  a depression  of  spirits,  or  “ the  blues.”  His  char- 
acter had  been  previously  written  out  by  his  friends,  and, 
when  read  to  the  audience,  it  not  only  confirmed  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  phrenological  examination,  but  showed  that, 
cn  account  of  the  predominance  of  those  traits  of  character 
po  inted  out  by  the  phrenologist,  the  gentleman  had  been  so 
lected  as  a proper  test  of  the  science. 

A son  of  Dr.  Barber,  professor  of  Elocution,  &c.,  was 
also  examined,  and  his  traits  of  character  minutely  specified ; 
and,  after  the  examination,  almost  every  point  stated,  was 
confirmed  and  illustrated  by  anecdotes  of  the  lad  as  related 
by  his  father. 


324 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


Often. — —But  of  all  the  publick  tests  of  phrenology,  pes 
naps  no  other  one  ever  made  so  extensive  and  decided  an  im- 
pression in  its  favour,  as  the  examination  of  Benjamin  Offers, 
a listinguished  infidel  lecturer,  which  took  place  in  Clinton 
Hall  on  the  evening  of  the  28th  Jan.,  1837.  As  this  exam- 
ination was  made  in  the  presence  of,  at  least,  one  thousand 
spectators,  who  are  living  witnesses  of  the  truth  of  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  it,  the  authors  trust  that  its  accuracy 
will  not  be  doubted  by  the  general  reader. 

In  acceptance  of  a previous  challenge  in  which  the  ex- 
aminers had  invited  the  publick  tc  “ test  the  science  in  any 
and  every  way  which  their  incredulity  or  ingenuity  might 
suggest,  by  choosing  their  own  subjects  for  'publick  examina- 
tion, or  otherwise,’3  an  elderly  gentleman  of  very  ordinary 
dress  and  general  appearance,  came  forward  : and  in  order 
lo  give  the  audience  the  opportunity  of  the  double  test  of 
hearing  a description  of  the  character  given  by  each  of  the 
examiners  in  the  absence  of  the  other,  L.  N.  Fowler  retired 
from  the  room  accompanied  by  a gentleman,  whilst  O.  S.  F. 
proceeded  with  the  examination. 

About  the  first  thing  stated  by  the  examiner,  wasr  that  the 
gentleman’s  conscien.  was  moderate,  his  ven.  small,  and 
his  marvel,  almost  wholly  wanting  ; and,  consequently,  that 
he  must  be  a total  skeplick,  particularly  in  regard  to  reli- 
gion, especially  revealed  religion,  and  all  the  popular  forms 
and  doctrines  connected  with  it.  He  also  stated  that  his 
combat.,  destruct.,  self-e.,  firm.,  adhes.,  and  knowing  and 
reasoning  organs,  particularly  his  corn-par.,  were  very  large, 
and  his  cautious,  and  secret.,  small;  and  hence,  that  he  was 
much  inclined  to  debate,  and  ready,  on  all  occasions,  to  de- 
clare his  disbelief,  and  advance  and  defend  his  opinions 
His  event.,  Jang.,  mirth.,  and  imitat.,  were  likewise  described 
as  very  large;  and  hence  the  inference  was  drawn,  that, 
although  his  general  appearance  did  not  seem  to  justify  the 
conclusion,  yet  he  must  be  a publick  speaker , and  as  such, 
quite  distinguished — that,  in  debate,  be  was  considered  a 
great  reasoner,  and  would  display  a great  command  of  words, 
facts,  and  arguments;  that  he  employed  much  action,  and 
was  unsurpassed  in  his  powers  of  ridicule , particularly  in 
employing  severe  epithets  and  ludicrous  and  sarcastick  com- 
paiisons.  But  among  many  other  things,  his  beriev.  was 
dwelt  upon  as  one  of  his  strongest  traits  of  character,  and 
his  Lcquis.  was  stated  to  be  so  small  as  to  prevent  his  eve* 


BY  FACTS. 


325 


Becoming-  rich,  lie  was  represented  is  kind  nearted,  oblig- 
ing, and  generous  to  a fault,  but,  at  the  same  time,  (smaL 
conscien.,)  as  not  always  actuated  by  moral  principle,  or  the 
right  and  the  wrong  in  the  case,  and  as  having  little  or  no 
feeling  of  the  guilt  or  sinfulness  of  any  of  his  acts.  For 
some  points  of  this  character,  see  first  paragraph  under 
conscien.  moderate,  p.  131,  also  8 lines  at  the  bottom  of  the 
same  page,  11  lines  at  the  top  of  the  next,  the  last  5 of 
the  same  paragraph,  the  first  paragraph  on  p.  135,  and  be- 
nev.  large,  and  very  large,  p.  155, — together  with  the  rela- 
tive size  of  his  organs  in  the  Table  of  Measurements. 

After  the  first  examination  had  closed,  L.  N.  Fowler  w«s 
called  in,  and  proceeded  with  an  examination  of  the  same 
head;  and  so  perfectly,  ow  every  point,  did  his  description 
of  the  character  and  talents  of  the  man,  agree  with  the 
first  description,  that  the  old  charge  of  collusion  was  again 
brought  up,  although  the  fact  was,  that  neither  of  the  exam- 
iners had  any  previous  knowledge  of  the  individual,  nor  in- 
tercourse with  each  other  during  the  examination  ; and  this 
point  was  proved  at  the  time,  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of 
every  candid  hearer. 

After  the  close  of  the  second  examination,  Mr.  Vail  (a  lec- 
turer in  Tammany-Hall)  arose,  and  remarked,  that  “the  gen- 
tleman just  examined,  was  Mr.  Offen,  the  celebrated  lecturer 
in  Tammany  Hall ; that  he  had  known  him  intimately  for 
eight  or  nine  years;  and  that,  as  far  as  he  was  enabled  to 
judge,  he  must  pronounce  the  descriptions  of  character  and 
talents  given  by  the  phrenologists,  as  remarkably  correct 
throughout , excepting  that  he  thought  the  elder  brother  had 
not  given  Mr.  O.  quite  credit  enough  for  his  conscientious- 
ness, but  that,  with  the  modified  and  plainer  description  of 
the  same  trait  of  character  as  given  by  the  younger  brother, 
he  was  satisfied.”  Mr.  V.  then  went  minutely  into  l is 
character,  taking  it  up,  point  after  point,  and  illustrated  most 
strikingly,  and  confirmed,  each  as  stated  by  the  phrenolo- 
gists. Among  other  things,  he  said  that,  “though  a poor 
man,  Mr.  O.  was  a very  benevolent  man ;”  and  in  proof  :f 
it,  he  begged  leave  to  state  the  fact,  that  “Mr.  O.  li red  ou2 
of  the  city,  and  near  a common,  upon  which  unfeeling  prr- 
eons  were  in  the  habit  of  turning  old  and  worn-out  horses  U 
starve,  and  that,  out  of  pity , Mr.  O.  was  in  the  habit  of  1 - 
ing  up  these  horses  and  feeding  them  at  his  own  expend.5' 

Finally,  Mr.  Offen  arose  and  confirmed  the  correctness  of 


S26  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

the  descrip ions  given  by  the  examiners,  and  remarked,  that* 
Although  hitherto  skeptical  in  regard  to  the  truth  of  phre- 
nology, yet  the  remarkable  accuracy  with  which  they  had 
delineated  the  various  features  of  his  character,  had  changed 
his  mind  in  regard  to  it,  so  far,  at  least,  as  to  compel  him  to 
believe  that  there  was  much  truth  in  it.”  But  touching 
their  description  of  his  low  conscien .,  he  seemed  not  to  be 
fully  satisfied.  He  therefore  continued:  “The  phrenolo- 
gists have  stated  that  I have  many  friends.  This,  I believe, 
is  true.  They  have  also  said  that  I have  many  enemies. 
This  may  be  true;  but  I ought  not  to  have  them,  for  I never 
wronged  a man  in  my  life" 

O.  S.  Fowler  then  took  occasion  to  remark,  that  “ He  con- 
sidered this  declaration  of  Mr.  O.  as  proof  demonstrative  of 
his  possessing  a low  conscience,  for,  he  was  sure,  that  every 
man  who  has  a large  one,  will  be  ready  to  condemn  himself 
and  acknowledge  that  he  has  often  done  wrong  to  his  fellow- 
men.” — See  conscien.  large,  p.  126,  and  conscien.  small  and 
very  small,  p.  132,  133. 

In  a subsequent  conversation,  Mr.  O.  stated  to  the  writer, 
that,  from  his  earliest  recollection,  he  had  known  no  standard 
of  moral  rectitude  and  no  code  of  moral  principle  or  of  vir- 
tue, except  that  which  tended  to  relieve  human  suffering,  or 
to  augment  human  happiness;  and,  moreover,  that  he  regard- 
ed that,  and  that  alone , as  sinful,  the  effect  of  which  was  to 
prevent  the  enjoyment,  or  to  increase  the  sufferings,  of  his 
fellow-men.  Of  abstract  justice,  right,  or  duty,  he  had  no 
conception  ; yet  he  could  never  be  an  atheist.  Whether  there 
was,  or  was  not,  a future  state  of  existence,  he  did  not  know ; 
Out  if  such  a thing  does  exist,  he , and  all  others  composing  it, 
should  be  happy.  He  said  that  he  was  perfectly  astonished 
at  the  description  of  his  standard  of  moral  principle.  He 
also  added,  that  he  was,  for  many  years,  a deacon  of  an  evan- 
gelical church. 

Frances  Wright. — However  striking  many  of  the  pre* 
ceding  facts  may  be,  the  authors  feel  confident,  that  none  of 
them  surpass  in  individual  interest,  or  as  proofs  of  the  truth 
of  phrenology,  the  phrenological  development*  of  the  cele- 
brated lady  whose  name  heads  this  paragraph — now,  Mad - 
am  Darusemont . As  hers  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
characters  of  the  present  day,  and  as  her  phrenological  de- 
velopments throughout,  are  found  perfectly  to  agree  with 
her  peculiari  ies  of  c.V  *scter  and  dispooinun,  this  may  b« 


BY  FACTS. 


327 


ionsxlerea  one  cf  the  best  tests  of  the  truth  of  phrenological 
science  that  can  be  produced  or  desired.  But  there  is  one 
circumstance  which  renders  this  case  particularly  gratifying 
to  the  phrenologist ; and  that  is,  the  character  and  talents  of 
Madam  Darusemont  are  so  well  known , that  the  greatest 
skepticlc  in  phrenology,  has  not  “ a loop  left  to  hang  a doubt 
upon,”  concerning  the  perfect  coincidence  between  her  char- 
acter and  her  phrenological  developments,  as  presented  in 
the  Table  of  Measurements. 

On  a visit  to  this  lady  in  the  present  year,  (1837,)  the  fol 
lowing  observations  were  made  with  the  greatest  care,  by 
O.  S.  Fowler  and  S.  Kirkham,  and  noted  down  at  the  time  ; 
so  that  their  correctness  may  be  fully  relied  upon. 

The  head  of  this  distinguished  individual  is  considerably 
tioove  the  ordinary  size,  and  her  temperament  such  as  to 
combine  the  highest  activity,  with  great  strength  and  power. 
But  her  head  is  developed  in  such  a manner  as  to  present  a 
character  decisively  masculine , combining  great  boldness  and 
energy,  with  unusual  intellectual  power.  In  other  words,  her 
head  is  much  larger  and  wider  in  the  basiliar  region,  than  it  is 
in  the  coronal ; and,  again,  the  posterior  portion  of  the  coronal 
region,  is  much  larger  than  the  frontal,  notwithstanding  her 
forehead  is  large,  and  fully  developed  throughout;  but  the 
lower  and  middle  portions  of  it,  are  relatively  much  larger 
than  the  upper  and  lateral  portions.  In  phrenological  lan 
guage,  the  perceptive  and  semi-perceptive  faculties,  together 
with  compar.,  are  really  very  great,  whilst  caus.,  though 
large,  is  relatively  smaller.  The  authors  do  not  recollect 
ever  to  have  seen,  in  a woman,  so  much  intellect  urged  onward 
by  so  prodigiously  great  propelling  powers ; and  hence  her 
acknowledged  talents,  combined  with  masculine  energy, 
which  have  gained  for  her  a fame  throughout  the  world. 

As  to  her  individual  organs,  amat.  is  large  and  adhes. 
very  large,  whilst  philopro.  is  only  full ; and,  accordingly, 
the  greatest  objection  to  her  theory  against  matrimony,  is, 
that  it  does  not  sufficiently  provide  for  children  * Concent, 
is  small;  and  hence  the  intensity  of  her  mental  operations* 
and  the  rapidity  with  which  her  mind  passes  from  one  sub- 
ject to  another  Combat,  is  very  large,  and  destruct.  large; 
and  hence,  with  her  large  mirth,  and  very  large  compar., 


* At  the  time  the  authors  visited  Madam  Darusemont,  she  had  left  her  owZy  child 
tend  a young  one,  too)  behind  her  in  France,  and  her  husband  had  gone  back  for  it 


828  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

her  point  and  severity,  her  withering  sarcasms,  and  the  spirit 
and  fire  which  are  breathed  into  almost  every  sentence  she 
utters;  and  hence,  also,  that  disposition  to  resist,  attack,  combat 
debate,  and  defend,  which  forms  one  of  the  most  prominent 
points  of  her  character.  Acquis,  is  almost  wholly  wanting; 
and  hence  the  utter  disregard  of  property  as  such,  and  the 
loose  and  vague  ideas  upon  the  subject  of  'personal  ownership , 
which  constitute  a part  of  her  new  code  of  morals.  Hence, 
too,  the  facility  with  which  she  joined  Robert  Owen  in  his 
Community  scheme,  as  tested  on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash. 
In  further  illustration  of  this  trait  of  character,  it  is  said  that 
she  has  never  appropriated  to  her  own  use,  one  cent  of  the 
avails  of  her  lectures  or  of  her  writings  : see  p.  95. 

Her  cautious,  is  moderate;  and  a want  of  prudence  and 
discretion,  it  will  readily  be  seen,  has,  more  or  less,  charac- 
terized her  publick  career.  Secret,  is  very  small ; and 
hence  the  directness,  and  plainness,  and  ingenuousness  with 
which,  on  all  occasions,  she  speaks  out  just  what  she  thinks 
and  feels:  so  that,  let  the  world  say  what  they  may  of  .her, 
they  cannot  call  her  a hypocrite.  Approbat.  is  weak  ; and 
this  manifests  itself  in  her  utter  indifference,  both  in  appear- 
ance and  in  fact,  to  what  is  thought  or  said  of  her,  in  her  dis- 
regard to  reproach,  and  to  being  considered  singular ; and 
this,  united  with  her  combat,  and  destruct.,  causes  her  to 
glory  in  encountering  opposition.  Her  large  self-e.  and 
firm.,  united  with  her  combat,  and  destruct.,  and  her  deficient 
ven.,  give  her  that  daring  boldness,  independence,  self-confi- 
dence, unbending  perseverance,  highmindedness,  and  even 
arrogance  of  character,  and  determined  resolution,  and  ac 
knowl edged  efficiency , which  shine  so  conspicuously  in  her 
publick  career : see  p.  120. 

All  the  moral  organs,  with  the  exception  of  benev.  and  hope, 
are  so  deficient,  that  the  coronal  portion  of  her  head  is  narrow 
and  flattened.  Benev.  is  largely  developed;  and  doubtless  she 
has  at  heart,  the  good  of  society  and  the  advancement  of  hu- 
man happiness;  and  she  certainly  considers  herself  a phi - 
lanthi opist ; but  ven.  is  deficient,  and  marvel,  is  so  very  small 
that  no  traces  of  it  can  possibly  be  discovered — smaller,  if 
possible,  than  in  any  other  head  which  the  authors  have  ever 
seen;  hence  her  disbelief  in  any  thing  which  she  does  not 
see  demonstrated  to  her  senses.  Even  the  existence  of  a Su 
preme  Being  she  questions,  “because,”  she  says,  “she  can 
BGt  sae  such  a being,  nor  know  any  thing  of  him  by  any  c# 


BY  FACTS. 


32$ 


hex  senses.  Her  conscien.  is  only  moderate  or  small ; and 
hence  the  looseness  of  her  moral  code,  her  imperfect  reason- 
ings upon  moral  subjects,  and  her  want  of  moral  acumen; 
which  are  very  evident  to  every  conscientious  reader  of  the 
productions  of  her  pen.  Hope  is  full ; and,  without  it,  no 
one  would  undertake  what  she,  unaided  and  alone,  has  at- 
tempted to  accomplish.  Hence,  also,  with  her  self-e.,  her 
unbounded  confidence  in  her  own  abilities  and  strength. 
She  professes  to  have  come  to  America  this  last  time,  for  the 
express  purpose  of  enlightening  our  benighted  minds  in 
morals  and  religion,  and  to  instruct  our  ignorant  statesmen 
m a knowledge  of  the  true  principles  of  our  republican  gov- 
ernment. and  to  show  them  what  measures  they  must  adopt 
m order  to  save  the  ark  of  liberty  from  destruction  ! 

Her  ideal.,  imitat.,  lang.,  individ.,  event.,  and  compar.,  are 
all  large  or  very  large;  and  hence  her  acknowledged  elo- 
quence; which  is  really  of  the  highest  order.  Her  individ., 
event.,  and  compar.,  are  all  very  large,  and  nearly  all  her 
ether  intellectual  faculties  are  large;  and  hence  her  intel- 
lectual greatness  ; her  acknowledged  superiority  as  a scholar; 
her  extensive  information  about  matters  and  things  in  gene- 
ral ; the  copiousness,  appropriateness,  and  elegance  of  her 
historical  and  scientifick  illustrations  ; and  her  great  talent 
for  collecting  statistical  information,  &c.  Caus.  is  less  than 
compar.;  and,  accordingly,  she  exhibits  more  of  a practical, 
literary,  matter-of-fact  talent,  than  of  deep,  logical  argument — 
more  of  clearness,  perspicuity,  and  force  of  illustration,  than 
of  close  inductive  reasoning-more  of  facts,  analyzed  and 
systematized,  than  of  profundity  and  depth  of  intellect.  Her 
reasonings  upon  first  principles,  in  short,  cannot  be  relied 
upon  : see  Table. 

Bennet. — Phineas  Bennet,  the  distinguished  inventer  of 
the  new  method  of  generating  steam  for  the  steam-engine, 
furnishes  a proof  of  the  truth  of  phrenology  so  convincing, 
and  so  clear  an  illustration  of  the  practical  application  and 
utility  of  the  principles  of  the  science,  that,  to  omit  to  mention 
his  phrenological  developments,  would  be  doing  injustice  to 
the  science.  His  head  is  of  the  largest  size,  being  seven 
inches  and  three-eights  in  diameter  where  the  hat  fits  to  it, 
but,  in  consequence  of  the  extraordinary  development  of  the 
'perceptive  faculties  and  of  construct.,  it  is  much  larger  a 
» tie  lower  down. 

His  development  of  firm,  is  most  astonishingly  great, 


S30  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

Belf-e.,  very  considerable,  and  of  concent.,  greater,  perhaps,  tha;a 
the  authors  have  ever  seen  elsewhere.  On  a close  inspection, 
his  forehead  appears  really  massive.  Though  generally 
uniform,  it  is  most  developed  in  the  region  of  the  perceptive 
faculties.  His  construct,  is  wonderfully  great,  so  as  very 
much  to  widen  and  deepen  that  portion  of  the  head  in  which 
it  is  located.  His  form  is  really  prodigious,  calcu.  very 
large,  size  extraordinary,  and  compar.  and  caus.  but  little 
inferiour,  whilst  hope  is  scarcely  full:  see  p.  162. 

His  firm.,  self-e.,  and  concent.,  are  sufficient  to  give  him 
that  astonishing  perseverance  and  connectedness  and  determi- 
nation of  purpose  which,  in  spite  of  poverty,  the  reproaches  o' 
his  friends,  the  jeers  of  his  enemies,  and  the  apparently  insur 
mountable  difficulties  that,  one  after  another,  arose  before  him, 
held  him  for  fourteen  successive  years  upon  one  single  inven- 
tion— an  invention  that  will  annually  save  the  world  many  mil- 
lions of  dollars  in  the  expense  of  fuel  and  labour,  and  render 
him  as  immortal  as  his  illustrious  predecessor  Robert  Fulton. 
His  concent,  inspired  him  with  patience , and  enabled  him  to 
concentrate  all  his  powers  upon  this  one  point;  his  construct, 
and  perceptive  faculties,  with  his  caus.  and  compar.,  gave  to 
these  lastnamed  qualities  an  inventive  and  mechanical  direc 
tion;  his  indifferent  hope  allowed  him  fully  to  mature  and  per- 
fect his  plan,  instead  of  enticing  him  to  some  other  pursuit  or 
invention,  whilst  his  self-e.  inspired  him  with  the  requisite  self- 
confidence  to  push  forward  his  designs  without  encouragement 
from  others;  his  deficient  imitat.  neither  enabled  or  disposed 
him  to  take  any  hint  or  pattern  from  any  other  machine,  whilst 
his  inventive  powers  were  thus  left  free  to  produce  something 
wholly  original.  Now,  any  materially  different  organiza- 
tion, would  have  prevented  so  glorious  a result.  This  organi- 
zation, then,  taken  in  connexion  with  his  invention,  is  cer- 
tainly wonderful  to  contemplate.  Mr.  B.  was  brought  to  the 
office  of  the  writers  by  Col.  Haskett,  and  furnished  with  a 
chart  by  L.  N.  Fowler,  before  he  had  even  heard  of  such  a 
man  or  his  invention ; but  a friend  of  Cok  Haskett’s,  on  seeing 
the  chart  given,  was  forcibly  struck  with  its  accuracy,  particu- 
larly in  reference  to  his  concent.,  adding,  that  if  Mr.  B.  ever 
became  interested  in  any  subject,  nothing  could  divert  hia 
mind  from  it  until  he  had  finished  the  thing  in  hand.  The 
relative  size  of  his  organs  as  given  at  the  time  referred  to, 
may  be  seen  in  the  Table  of  Measurements,  p.  347.  Con- 
ecinn.  is  veJy  large  in  hie  head;  and.  with  the  first  monef 


B¥  FACTS, 


SSI 


received  from  the  success  of  his  machine,  he  immediately 
proceeded  to  pay  up  all  those  debts  he  had  unavoidably  com 
tracted  during  his  progress,  and  to  amply  compensate  those 
whoffiad  done  him  favours,  before  he  thought  about  himself. 

Mr.  B.  is  also  ascertained  to  be  the  inventer  of  the  Amer 
ICfin  Automaton  Chess-player,  by  which  the  Messrs.  H.  are 
laid  to  have  made  a handsome  fortune. 

Mr.  B.  stated  that  after  deep  and  long  study  upon  his  machine, 
fee  generally  experienced  a severe  pain  in  the  region  of  the 
forehead  and  of  the  temples,  and  in  showing  where  it  was  lo- 
cated, placed  his  hand  upon  construct .,  caus .,  and  compar : 
see  “increase  of  the  organs  by  exercise,”  pp.  365  to  370. 

We  again  ask  our  opponents  to  account  for  this  coincidence 
between  so  remarkable  a character  and  the  corresponding 
phrenological  developments;  and,  if  they  are  not  satisfied 
with  our  observations,  to  make  observations  for  themselves. 

Wynans. — Akin  to  Mr.  B.  is  Mr.  Wynans  of  New  York, 
who  has  distinguished  himself,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Eng- 
land. as  a machinist.  Four  years  since,  he  invented  and  ap- 
plied to  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  Rail-Road,  an  improve- 
ment called  the  out-side  bearing , which  was  immediately 
adopted,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  The  amount  of 
power  gained  by  it,  is  said  to  be  very  great.  He  is  also  the  au- 
thor of  several  other  scarcely  less  important  inventions,  and  is 
now  erecting  a very  large  establishment  in  N.  Y.  for  making 
greatly  improved  locomotive  engines,  orders  for  which  he  has 
received,  not  only  from  many  of  the  principal  rail-road  com* 
panies  in  this  country,  but  several  from  Europe.  His  loco- 
motives are  much  less  expensive,  and  much  more  efficient, 
than  those  generally  in  use.  He  also  invented  those  very 
large  eight-wheel  cars  v hich  are  coming  into  so  general 
use,  and  are  both  much  less  expensive,  and  much  more  con- 
venient, than  their  predecessors.  It  may  not  be  improper  to 
add,  that,  for  several  seasons,  he  has  been  employed,  at  one  and 
the  same  time,  by  four  different  rail-road  companies,  and  is 
paid  fifteen  hundred  dollars  annually  by  each,  simply  and  solely 
to  give  advice , without  being  obliged  often  to  leave  his  other 
business  on  this  account,  such  is  his  reputation  as  a machinist. 

This  gentleman,  with  his  lady,  entered  the  office  of  the 
writer  in  Clinton  Hall,  perfect  strangers;  and  the  first  re- 
mark made  of  him,  was,  “ that  his  mechanical  genius  and 
talent  were,  beyond  all  question,  not  only  the  ruling  feature 
9f  his  character,  but  greater  than  in  one  man  in  ten  thousand 


S32  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  iLI  USTRATEIf 


This  was  inferred  from  his  extraordinary  development  f 
all  the  organs  that  constitute  both  an  inventor  and  a machinist 
of  the  first  class — that  is,  from  his  extraordinary  construct, 
Jmitat.,  form,  size,  weight,  order,  calcu.,  local.,  compar.,  caus.f 
and  ideal.  Now,  let  the  reader  contemplate  all  these  united 
in  one  an  1 the  same  individual,  whose  talents  as  an  inventer 
and  machinist  have  just  been  stated,  and  let  him  recollect, 
that  all  these  organs  were  described  as  giving  those  very 
powers  just  enumerated,  and  that,  too,  in  a degree  no  less 
striking  than  they  are  actually  found  to  exist — described 
both  by  the  writer,  O.  S.  Fowler,  and  afterwards  by  L.  N. 
Fowler,  who  did  not  hear  the  first  description,  but  whose  de- 
scription, according  to  the  testimony  of  Mr.  W.,  and  also  of  hia 
lady,  did  not  differ  from  the  first  either  in  these,  or  in  any 
other,  points  of  his  character,  and  then  say  whe-ther  phrenol 
ogy  is  not  deserving  of  belief. 

Let  it  be  observed,  also,  that  in  Mr.  P _ imitat.  is  deficient, 
while  in  Mr.  W.,  it  is  developed  in  a most  astonishing  de- 
gree, forming  a ridge  almost  as  prominent  upon  his  head  as 
the  finger  would  form  upon  a plain  surface.  Accordingly, 
the  invention  of  Mr.  B.  is  wholly  original — being  through 
out,  entirely  unlike  any  other  ; whilst  those  of  Mr.  W.  con 
sist  mainly  of  improvements  upon  the  inventions  of  others, 
This  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  influence  of  imitat.  upon  the 
character,  as  well  as  upon  construct. 

Mr.  W.  has  very  large  ideal.,  whilst  Mr.  B.  has  much 
less ; and  hence  the  former  embellishes  by  his  improvements, 
whilst  the  latter  confines  his  whole  attention  to  the  mechan 
cal  power  alone. 

Stephens. — Robert  L.  Stephens  possesses  a large  head 
and  an  unusually  active  temperament,  together  with  those 
organs  strongly  developed  which  give  ambition  and  energy 
of  character.  Fie  has,  also,  very  large  construct.,  caus.,  com- 

!)ar.,  imitat.,  individ.,  form,  size,-  local.,  ideal.,  and  hope,  and 
arge  calcula.  and  order.  Hence  his  extraordinary  median* 
ical  ingenuity,  as  displayed  in  his  improved  methods  of  con- 
structing steamboats,  &c.  His  philopro.  is  very  large;  and 
hence  his  extreme  fondness  for  pets,  and  especially  for  horses. 

Powers. — Mr.  Powers,  a very  celebrated  artist  in  Wash 
ington,  D.  C.,  possesses  extraordinary  form,  size,  weight, 
ideal.,  imitat.,  caus.,  compar..  and  co  #truct.,  and  has  partic- 
ularly distinguished  himself  for  the*fvectness  of  his  marble^ 
miniature  busts  of  Judge  Marshall, «M^oun.  and  other  grea: 


BY  FACTS.  m 

imm  cflL^  nation — in  which  busts  he  displays  us  for tnt  size% 
and  imitat.,  with  surprising  success. 

Mr.  P.,  the  cievei  artist  who  produced  that  admirable  piece 
of  workmanship  known  as  Ellen  Tree,  possesses  a prodi- 
gious head  in  point  of  size,  and,  in  it,  very  large  ideal.,  imitat., 
form,  size,  and  all  the  other  requisites  of  an  artist  of  the  first 
class;  and  such  he  was  pronounced  to  be  by  one  of  the  au 
thors  before  he  was  known  to  him. 

Ames. — A young  man  of  plain,  unassuming  manners, 
and,  as  the  vulgar  phrase  is,  somewhat  “countrified55  in  his 
a-ppearan  :e,  entered  the  office  of  the  writers  some  time  in  Jan. 
of  the  present  year,  (1837,)  and  desired  a phrenological  ex- 
amination. He  was  described  by  L.  N.  Fowler  and  S.  Kirk- 
ham,  neither  of  whom  had  ever  seen  him,  or  heard  of  him, 
before,  as  possessing,  among  other  things,  extraordinary 
powers  of  memory  and  observation , together  with  prodi- 
giously great  calculation . S.  Kirkham,  in  particular^  dwelt 
upon  his  organ  of  calcu.  as  of  very  uncommon  size — as  alto- 
gether larger  than  any  thing  of  the  kind  he  had  ever  seen,  ex- 
cept in  the  boy  Michael  - — in  the  Blind  Asylum  of  N.  Y., 

(whose  extraordinary  powers  of  calculation,  very  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  equal  those  of  Zera  Colburn,  and  will  be  hereafter 
spoken  of,)  and  remarked  that,  in  shape  and  size , the  organ 
in  this  young  man,  exactly  resembled  that  in  the  lad,  as  well 
as  in  the  portraits  of  Zera  Colburn. 

But  not  only  was  calculation  developed  in  a most  extraor 
dinary  degree,  but  also  nearly  all  of  the  perceptive  faculties, 
particularly  form,  size,  weight,  individ.,  local.,  and  event.,  to- 
gether with  fair  cans,  and  large  compar. ; and,  accordingly, 
he  was  described  as  having  the  greatest  imaginable  curiosity 
to  see  every  thing  in  nature,  and  an  ability  to  remember, 
most  accurately  and  perfectly , the  shape,  size,  location,  and 
appearance  of  every  thing  he  ever  cast  his  eyes  upon,  as  well 
as  everything  he  had  ever  heard  or  read — as  having  uncom- 
mon talents  for  geometry,  trigonometry,  surveying,  engineer- 
ing, &c. 

After  the  examination,  at  the  request  of  S.  Kirkham,  the 
young  man  stated,  that  his  name  was  Nathan  Ames — that, 
»n  regard  to  his  memory,  he  did  not  know  that  he  had  ever 
forgotten  any  thing — that  he  commenced  the  study  of  arith- 
metick  at  t lie  age  of  1 7,  and  went  through  with  vulgar  arith - 
metick  in  five  vreeks — that  the  next  winter  he  went  to  school 
again  seven  weeks,  during  which  ti<ne  he  went  nearly  through 


134  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 

with  geometry  and  algebra , leaving  off  at  quad/atick  equa« 
tions — and  that,  afterwards,  and  without  an  instructor,  he 
mastered  surveying  in  the  evenings  of  four  weeks — that  ho 
has  since  practised  surveying;  is  22  years  of  age;  and 
expects  soon  to  enter  the  engineer  department  under  Gov- 
ernment.— The  correctness  of  every  part  of  the  foregoing 
statement,  the  writers  are  prepared,  at  any  time,  to  prove. 
They,  therefore,  simply  ask  disbelievers  in  phrenology,  to 
explain,  first, — How  this  young  man  is  able  to  learn 
more  in  calculation,  &c.,  in  a given  number  of  weeks , than 
is  ordinarily  learned  in  twice  the  number  of  months , unless 
it  is  by  means-  of  the  extraordinary  faculties  ascribed  to 
him  by  phrenology?  and,  secondly — How  the  extraordinary 
power  of  these  particular  faculties,  could  have  been  so  accu- 
rately pointed  out  by  the  examiners,  on  the  supposition  that 
phrenology  is  untrue  ? 

Dr.  Griffin. — Whilst  one  of  the  authors,  (O.  S.  FoW' 
ler,)  was  lecturing  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  Dr.  Smith  invited  him 
to  his  office,  and  there  requested  that  his  eyes  might  be  blind- 
folded whilst  he  was  examining  and  describing  a particular 
individual.  Accordingly,  Dr.  Griffin  was  seated  in  the  chair, 
and,  in  the  presence  of  his  wife  and  children,  Dr.  Smith,  and 
others,  the  following  description  was  given  of  him. 

Conscien.,  caus.,  and  compar.,  are  all  very  large;  accord- 
ingly, the  gentleman  is  naturally,  not  only  very  fond  of  the- 
ology and  moral  metaphysicks,  but  is  a deep  and  profound 
moral  reasoner,  and,  his  combat,  being  also  large,  he  must 
be  very  fond  of  debating  upon,  and  discussing,  topicks  of  re- 
ligious controversial  character,  or  of  polemical  theology. 
He  possesses,  also,  great  decision  and  force  of  character; 
great  integrity,  and  the  highest  regard  for  moral  principle; 
is  very  incredulous,  and  places  his  religion  mainly  in  doing 
right  and  in  doing  good , throwing  creeds  and  ceremonies 
into  the  back  ground  ; is  conspicuous  for  his  imitative  talent, 
and  for  the  appropriateness  of  his  gesticulation  ; has  a quick 
and  lively  perception  of  the  ridiculous,  and  is  very  sarcas- 
tick;  possesses  talents  of  a high  order,  and  combines  the 
elements  of  a great  genius ; has  an  unuuual  share  of  ideal., 
and,  consequently,  a lively  imagination,  which  causes  hir^ 
to  express  himself  with  glowing  rapture  and  beauty.  He 
was  likewise  described  as  a critick,  both  logical  and  verbal, 
of  the  very  first  order;  as  being  a clear,  strong,  and  lucid 
tansone" — m-vit  demoted  in  his  attachments,  exceedingly  fond 


BY  FACTS 


®f  children,  exceedingly  apt  in  relating  anecdotes,  and  in  de- 
scribing, — as  more  prone  to  thinking  than  observ  ing  as  ex 
ceedingly  cautious,  &c.  These  traits  of  character  wer& 
drawn  front  his  very  large  compar.,  caus.,  ideal.,  imitat.,  be* 
nev.,  conscien.,  approbate  lang.,  adhes.,  combat.,  and  firm.  \ 
small  marvel.,  omy  fill 1 ven.  and  individ.,  large  mirth.,  de* 
struct.,  and  event.  Dr.  G.  considered  the  description  wrong 
in  relation  to  his  imitative  power,  hL  mirth.,  combat.,  and  de- 
struct. ; froo  which,  however,  the  writer  appeals  to  the  de 
cision  of  the  publick. 

It  ir_*y  be  added,  that  Dr.  G.’s  head  is  unusually  large, 
his  temperament  higtily  excitable,  all  his  organs  sharp,  his 
forehead  high,  bold,  and  expansive,  and  compcir.  (a  faculty 
more  conspicuous  in  his  character  than  any  other)  projects 
so  as  to  stand  out  in  bold  relief : and  this,  with  his  ideal,  and 
lang.,  gives  him  that  peculiar  elegance  and  eloquence  of  style 
and  delivery  which  are  ascribed  to  him. 

Dr  Beecher. — This  distinguished  divine  and  theologian, 
and  clear-headed  reasoner,  possesses  a head  much  above  the 
ordinary  size,  and  happily  balanced.  His  constitution  is 
firm  and  dense,  and  his  physical  organization  indicative  of 
great  pozver  in  proportion  to  its  volume.  In  addition  to  this, 
conscien.,  caus.,  and  compar.,  are  all  very  large ; and  hence 
his  clearness  and  great  power  as  a moral  reasoner.  Com- 
bat. and  destruct.  are  large ; and  hence  his  greatness  in  the 
field  of  polemical  controversy,  as  also  that  nervousness  of  style 
and  force  of  expression  by  which  his  writings  are  character- 
ized. His  mirth,  is  large,  which  gives  him  that  facetious 
disposition  and  talent,  and,  with  destruct.  and  combat.,  that 
sharp  vein  of  irony  and  sarcasm,  which  abounds  in  his  dis- 
courses, and  which  has  so  often  called  fo  'll  the  censure  cf 
his  ministerial  brethren.  Yen.  is  below  mediocrity,  and 
marvel,  is  small,  whilst  his  firm,  and  self-e.  are  large ; and 
hence  it  is  that  he  pays  little  or  no  regard  to  the  Westmin 
ster  Catechism,  the  Church  Discipline,  and  “ the  good  old 
way,”  merely  because  they  have  been  handed  down  from 
former  generations ; but  he  begs  leave  to  think , and  to  inter- 
pret the  Bible  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  judgment  and 
his  conscien. 

Dr.  Alexander. — In  the  head  of  this  distinguished  or- 
nament of  the  church,  the  organs  of  ven.,  firm.,  and  self-e., 
are  all  very  large  and  hence,  unlike  Dr.  B.P  he  adhere* 


336 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


strictly  and  literally  to  the  established  church  authorities, 
and  resists  innovation,  might  and  main:  see  p.  149. 

In  Dr.  A.  the  intellectual  organs  generally,  are  largely 
developed,  whilst  compar.  is  very  large;  and  hence  his  crit- 
ical acumen,  and  his  general  intellectual  powers. 

Stockton. — Thomas  Stockton,  formerly  chaplain  to 
Congress,  who  stands  almost  unrivalkdfor  his  pulpit  elo- 
quence, as  well  as  for  his  moral  worth,  possesses  a very 
large  development  of  nearly  all  of  the  perceptive  and  semi- 
perceptive  organs,  and,  also,  of  ideal.,  imitat.,  compar.,  be- 
nev.,  ven.,  and  conscien.  From  his  very  large  lang.,  individ., 
compar.,  and  ideal.,  originate  those  truly  splendid  compari 
sons,  personifications,  and  allegories,  as  well  as  that  uncommon 
propriety,  perspicuity,  and  elegance  of  expression,  for  which 
he  is  so  justly  celebrated  : see  p.  168,  and  middle  of  p.  227. 

Ludlow. — The  Rev.  H.  G.  Ludlow,  in  company  with  a 
friend  of  his,  entered  the  office  of  the  writer,  and  was  de- 
scribed as  possessing  very  large  ideal.,  imitat.,  adhes..  mirth., 
and  benev. ; large  lang.,  cans.,  hope,  ven.,  conscien  . appro 
bat.,  and  philopro.,  and  his  character  was  deduced  according- 
ly. Hi3  friend,  and  also  himself,  considered  the  description 
strikingly  correct  throughout,  so  much  so  as  frequently  to  ex- 
press a firm  conviction  that  the  examiner  was  well  acquaint- 
ed with  him.  When  the  examination  was  concluded,  L.  N. 
Fowler  entered  the  office,  and  was  requested  to  re-examine 
the  reverend  gentleman,  which  he  did  with  the  same  result. 
He  was  described  by  both  as  highly  intellectual,  exceedingly 
devout  and  religious,  and  yet,  too  facetious  to  maintain,  at  all 
times,  a due  degree  of  clerical  gravity,  and  also  as  possessing 
a great  deal  of  tender  feeling,  of  imagination,  and  of  love  of 
popularity. 

Lurch ard. — This  distinguished  preacher  and  revivalist, 
forms  one  of  the  best  subjects  for  testing  the  truth  of  phreno- 
logical science  which  our  country  furnishes.  The  size  of 
his  head  is  large,  but,  when  his  temperament^  which,  for  ac- 
tivity and  strength  combined,  the  authors  have  never  seen 
surpassed,  if  they  have  seen  it  equalled,  is  taken  into  the  ac- 
count, his  mental  power  and  force  must  be  set  down  as  alto- 
gether extraordinary.  His  physical  organization  is  remark- 
ably dense  and  firm,  and,  also,  in  the  highest  degree,  excita- 
ble. Add  to  this  the  sharpness  of  his  organs,  and  we  have 
combined  a concatenation  of  circumstances  which  cannot  bu> 
produce  an  extraordinary  intellectual  character. 


BY  FACTS. 


as? 


As  phenologists,  the  writers  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
propriety  or  impropriety  of  this  most  zealous  and  most  e re- 
cent rick  gentleman's  “measures”  or  “modes  of  procedure;” 
but  they  feel  bound  to  say,  that  his  phrenological  develop- 
ments plainly  indicate  a genius  of  rare  talents  and  uncom- 
mon mental  power — a popular  speaker,  and  publick  debater 
who,  for  vigour  of  thought,  and  force  and  clearness  of  argu- 
ment and  illustration,  for  intensity,  point,  and  pathos  in  his 
appeals  to  the  feelings  and  the  heart,  as  well  as  for  singularity 
and  sarcasm,  in  short,  fcr  soul-stirring  and  overwhelming 
eloquence,  has  few  equals. 

His  combat,  and  compar.  are  very  large;  and  hence  that 
torrent  of  striking  similes , allegories , and  illustrations , which 
he  pours  forth  in  his  discourses ; and  hence,  too,  the  cause 
of  their  being  so  frequently  drawn  from  scenes  of  war  and 
stirring  strife,  in  which  the  contending  hosts  of  the  Almighty 
and  of  Satan  are  drawn  up  in  battle  array  Add  to  these 
his  very  large  mirth,  and  imitat.,  and  we  have  opened  up  the 
phrenological  fountain  from  which  flow  those  wonderfully 
striking  and  sometimes  ludicrous  comparisons  and  descrip- 
tions which  offend  so  many  of  his  graver  brethren,  and  which 
he  acts  out  in  a manner  still  more  comical.  His  conscien., 
J]rm.,  and  lupe,  are  all  very  large,  which,  with  his  very  large 
combat.,  and  only  full  cautious.,  give  him  that  moral  boldness, 
that  energy  and  enthusiasm , and  almost  reckless  daring,  which 
so  strongly  characterize  his  expressions  and  modes  of  proce- 
dure. His  very  large  caus.,  combined  with  his  still  larger 
conscien.,  gives  him  that  clear  perception  of  moral  truths, 
and  that  great  ability  to  reason  upon  them ; which  will 
readily  be  acknowledged  by  all  of  his  hearers  similarly  or- 
ganized. Add  to  these  his  large  ven.  and  very  large  benev., 
and  we  may  fairly  infer  that  his  motives  are  good.  His  ap- 
probate is  also  very  large,  which  throws  a sprinkling  of  am 
Dition  into  his  composition  ; and  against  this  enemy  of  hid 
spi ritual  warfare,  he  acknowledged  that  he  was  obliged 
strongly  to  contend. 

His  adhes.  and  philopro.  are  both  uncommonly  large; 
and  hence,  go  where  he  will,  he  is  sure  to  draw  around  him 
tn  interesting  group  of  devoted  friends  from  among  the  “ little 
snes”  in  community;  and  hence,  also,  his  unwearied  efforts 
to  convert  these  to  the  faith  of  the  Gospel.  His  concent,  is 
small;  and  hence  his  intensity  of  mental  conceptions,  and 
ifee  great  variety  of  thoughts  and  topieks  which  he  often  in 
16 


838  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  ANI  ILLUSTRATED 

troduces  into  one  discourse.  Marvel,  is  small,  which, 
bined  with  his  very  large  caus.,  induces  him  constantly  u 
resort  to  means  by  which  to  accomplish  his  ends,  ami  t& 
adopt  the  “ new-measure”  doctrine  of  relying  more  upon 
human  agency  and  effort,  than  upon  divine  interposition,  in 
the  conversion  of  men- — the  great  bone  of  contention  between 
him  and  the  “ old-school”  divines.  In  Mrs.  B.  marvel  is 
large  and  ven.  very  large;  in  accordance  with  which,  she 
was  described  as  differing  from  her  husband  in  this  respect, 
and  as  relying  more  upon  divine  agency  for  the  advance- 
ment of  religion  in  the  world.  On  retiring  from  the  room 
of  Mr.  B.,  the  writer  fell  in  with  the  Rev.  J.  Leavitt,  editor 
of  the  N.  Y.  Evangelist,  and,  in  reply  to  his  inquiries  re- 
specting the  developments  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.,  the  writer 
mentioned  this  difference  in  respect  to  their  marvel.  Mr.  L. 
then  stated,  that,  in  the  morning  of  that  day,  he  witnessed  a 
striking  illustration  of  this  difference  in  their  character.  The 
circumstance  was  this:  in  conversing  about  some  important 
thing  that  was  to  be  done,  Mr.  B.’s  caus.  was  very  active  in 
devising  the  ways  and  means  by  which  to  accomplish  it;  to 
which  Mrs.  B.’s  marvel,  replied,  “ Let  God  do  his  own  work, 
and  in  his  own  way.” 

To  conclude,  Mr.  B.’s  head  is  very  uneven;  and  hence 
his  extravagances  and  eccentricities  of  character:  see  Table 
of  Developments,  p.  346. 

Finney. — The  Rev.  C.  G.  Finney  has  a very  large  head, 
and  a most  favourable  temperament;  that  is,  one  in  w'hich 
the  bilious  and  nervous  predominate,  accompanied  with  a 
good  share  of  the  sanguine.  His  head  is,  moreover,  ol 
great  height  and  length,  measuring  six  inches  from  the 
opening  of  the  ear  to  firm.,  ven.,  benev..  and  compar.,  and 
eight  and  one-eighth  inches  from  indirid.  to  philopro.  and 
being  seven  and  three- eighths  inches  in  average  diameter. 
His  forehead  is  both  high  and  broad. 

His  firm,  and  self-e.  are  really  prodigious,  whilst  his  ap- 
probat.  ard  secret,  are  small;  hence  that  independence, 
weight,  and  force  of  character,  and  that  boldness,  directness, 
and  even  bluntness  of  speech,  employed  in  addressing  even 
strangers  upon  the  subject  of  religion,  and  which,  in  the 
^arly  part  of  his  career,  brought  down  upon  him  the  charge 
of  arrogance  and  impudence.  Hence,  also,  his  unyielding 
perseverance , which,  as  weM  as  independence,  has  characteri- 
sed his  whol»  course  in  /ife.  His  cautious,  is  large;  and* 


BY  FACTS 


339 


without  great  prudence,  no  on©  could  have  obtained  so  com- 
manding an  influent  in  the  church  as  this  gentleman  now 
sways.  His  acquis  is  very  small ; and  his  disregard  for 
money  is  such,  that  he  takes  very  little  interest  even  in  the 
pecuniary  atfairs  of  his  own  family.  Imitat.  is  very  large, 
and  ideal,  only  full;  and  hence  that  incessant,  and  often 
powerful,  though  not  very  graceful , action  which  accom- 
panies his  delivery. 

His  compar.  is  immense;  hence  that  wonderful  flow  of 
appropriate,  clear,  striking,  and  pointed  comparisons  and  il- 
lustrations which  abound  in  all  his  discourses.  His  caus.  ia 
also  very  large ; and  if  any  one,  even  though  prejudiced 
against  the  man,  can  read  his  sermons,  or  hear  him  preach, 
and  not  acknowledge  that  his  discourses  display  a rich  vein 
of  original  and  powerful  thought,  an  uncommon  depth,  and 
strength,  and  force  of  argument,  and  a wonderful  copiousness 
and  clearness  of  illustration,  the  writers  beg  leave  to  place  a 
low  estimate  upon  his  judgment.  In  short,  nearly  all  of  his 
intellectual  faculties  are  uncommonly  large ; and  hence  the 
extent  of  his  information,  and  his  extraordinary  powers  of 
mind,  by  which  he  has  distinguished  himself,  uot  only  in 
the  pulpit,  but  also  at  the  bar.  His  lang.,  in  particular,  is 
very  large ; and  his  command  of  words,  equally  great. 
This,  together  with  his  very  large  individ.,  event.,  compar., 
and  imitat.,  gives  him  his  almost  unrivalled  talent  for  narra- 
tion and  description.  His  form  is  also  very  large  ; and  it  is 
a fact,  that  if  he  see  a person  but  once,  he  never  forgets  him. 
His  combat,  and  destruct.  are  only  full,  whilst  his  marvel,  is 
moderate:  see  Table  of  Developments,  p.  346. 

The  writers  again  appeal  to  the  candid,  reflecting  reader, 
and  ask  him  to  look  at  the  unusually  high  and  fully  devel 
oped  head,  and,  especially,  forehead,  of  this  great  man — they 
say,  great,  because  they  believe,  that,  without  a great  mind 
and  uncommon  force  of  character,  no  one  could  force  himsell 
into  notice,  and  cut  so  bold  and  commanding  a figure  in  the 
World  as  he  has  done — and  compare  them,  or  his  phrenologi- 
cal developments  as  given  in  the  Table,  with  the  peculiar 
kind , as  well  as  amount,  of  talent  which  he  has  displayed 
throughout  his  publick  career,  and  then  say  whether  this 
gentleman  does  not  furnish  as  strong  a proof  of  the  truth  of 
phrenology,  as  any  one  fact  can  furnish  in  favour  of  any  on© 
science. 

Dewey. — In  order  to  satisfy  his  mind  in  regard  to  tfea 


340 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


merits  of  phrenology,  the  Re  r.  Orvil  Dewey,  author  jf  “ The 
Old  and  New  World,”  submitted  his  head  for  examination; 
and,  without  knowing  him  or  his  profession,  he  was  de- 
scribed by  L.  N.  Fowler  as  having  immense  caus.,  compar., 
ideal.,  benev.,  and  adhes.,  and  a general  development  of  both 
tne  intellectual  and  moral  feelings,  together  with  strong  pro- 
pelling power,  and  a very  large  and  a very  active  brain.  It 
was  inferred,  also,  that  his  developments  would  be  likely  to 
make  him  an  orthodox  clergyman.  Mr.  D.  then  stated,  that 
this  was  the  only  mistake  that  had  been  made  in  the  descrip- 
tion, but  added,  that  he  had  been  a thorough  going  orthodox, 
and,  as  such , studied  for  the  ministry.  A more  finely  bal- 
anced head,  presenting  extraordinary  reasoning  powers,  and 
those  faculties  which  indicate  classical  taste,  and  purity  both 
of  style  and  of  motives,  is  very  seldom  found. 

Rev’ds.  Kirk,  Beman,  Maffet,  Walter,  and  a host  of  others, 
equally  distinguished  with  those  just  described,  who  have 
sought  for  truth  by  testing  practical  phrenology,  are  living 
evidences  of  the  correctness  find  applicability  of  its  princi- 
ples; but  the  authors  lack  space  in  which  to  describe  them. 

Webb. — James  Watson  Webb  furnishes  another  specimen 
of  the  truth  of  phrenology,  which  we  fancy  that  our  oppo- 
nents will  find  it  very  difficult  to  gainsay.  His  head  in  very 
large,  its  average  diameter  being  seven  inches  and  three- 
eighths.  Add  to  this,  one  of  the  very  largest  developments 
of  firm,  ani  hope  which  the  authors  have  ever  seen,  with  large 
combat.,  approbat.,  and  intellectual  Acuities  generally,  and 
we  have  the  elements  of  that  energy  of  character,  and  ambi- 
tion and  enterprise,  for  which  he  is  known  throughout  Chris- 
tendom. Benev.,  adhes.,  and  amat.,  are  developed  in  a most 
extraordinary  degree ; and  we  are  confident,  that,  if  his  ene- 
mies can  testify  to  the  strength  and  endurance  of  his  opposi- 
tion and  hatred,  hi  $ friends  can  also  bear  witness  to  the  still 
greater  strength  and  tenacity  of  his  attachments  and  benevo- 
lent feelings.  But  his  conscien.  and  ven.  are  small,  and 
marvel,  so  very  small  as  to  appear  entirely  wanting.  Hence, 
his  known  skepticism,  if  not  opposition^  religion;  and  he 
is  free  to  acknowledge  that  honour , (very  large  approbat.,) 
rather  than  conscientious  scruples,  is  his  rule  of  action.  Hig 
forehead  is  high,  deep,  and  broad,  and,  withal,  the  various 
organs  are  well  balanced.  Whether  his  mental  manifesta- 
tions correspond  with  his  phrenological  developments,  or  not, 
the  publick  are  left  to  judge  for  themselves : see  Table,  p.  347 


by  Facts. 


34! 


Le«igett.-W.  Leggett, editor  of  the  Plaindeale  who  will, 
of  course,  excuse  our  'plain  dealing  with  him,  two  years  since 
was  brought  by  a friend,  to  the  office  of  the  writer,  with  the 
lequcst  that  his  strongest  trait  of  character  might  be  pointed 
nut.  “ Stubbornness ,”  was  the  immediate  reply.  After  a 
most  hearty  laugh  on  the  part  of  his  friend,  and  the  interro- 
gation of  Mr.  L , “ do  you  not  know  me,  sir?”  his  friend  asked, 
if  there  was  nothing  more.  “ Here  is  very  large  combat.,” 
was  the  answer.  Now,  if  we  add  to  these,  his  large  self-e. 
and  conscien.,  we  present  a most  perfect  and  striking  coinci- 
dence between  his  phrenological  developments,  and  that  high- 
minded,  independent,  fearless,  determined,  and  uncompromi- 
sing course  which  this  gentleman  has  thus  far  pursued. 
His  moral  courage  none  will  question.  See  p.  126. 

All  of  his  perceptive,  and  nearly  all  of  his  semi-perceptive, 
faculties  are  very  large;  hence  his  prodigious  talents  for 
collecting  information  ; and,  if  to  these,  we  add  his  large 
com  par.,  we  arrive  at  his  extraordinary  powers  of  analysis 
and  critical  acumen.  But  his  caus.  is  relatively  smaller ; 
and  hence  his  arguments  are  distinguished  more  by  acute- 
ness and  point,  than  by  profundity  and  depth. 

Noati. — -Who  that  has  been  delighted  with  the  descrip- 
tive, the  humorous,  the  masterly  effusions  of  the  graphick  pen 
of  Mordecai  M.  Noah,  can  look  at  his  bold  and  commanding 
forehead,  and  especially  his  very  large  mirth,  and  lang.,  and 
not  be  forcibly  impressed  with  the  striking  coincidence  be- 
tween them  and  his  peculiarly  gifted  mental  manifestations  ? 
or  who  can  look  at  his  extremely  large  development  of  be- 
nev. — a trait  equally  conspicuous  in  his  character — and  not 
acknowledge  that,  at  least,  in  this  instance,  phrenology  tells 
the  truth  ? 

Cobb. — Lyman  Cobb,  the  distinguished  American  lexi- 
cographer, possesses  a rare  head,  and  one  that  presents  many 
striking  proofs  of  the  truth  of  phrenological  science ; but 
our  /units  will  allow  us  only  to  glance  at  a few  of  his  lead- 
ing developments. 

In  the  first  place,  his  head  is  largr.,  and  his  temperament 
highly  favourable  for  activity  and  endurance.  Ilis  domes* 
tick  and  social  organs,  except  amat.,  are  all  large  or  very 
large,  which,  combined  with  his  very  large  benev.  and  small 
geifish  faculties,  impart  to  his  affections  and  attachments  a 
purity,  strength,  and  ardour,  seldom  equalled  in  the  gentler 
£cx.  His  hope  is  so  large  as  to  make  hfrti  quite  sanguine 


842 


PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED 


in  his  expectations;  his  firm,  is  very  large;  which  makes 
him  stable  and  decided  when  he  has  made  up  his  mind,  and 
quite  persevering  in  the  accomplishment  of  his  purposes; 
ani  his  combat,  and  destruct.  are  sufficient  to  give  him  great 
energy  of  character.  But  the  most  prodigious  and  interest- 
ing development  in  his  head,  is  his  conscien . : although  his 
firm,  is  very  large,  yet  this  organ  rises  above  it  on  each  side. 
In  a phrenological  view,  therefore,  we  might  reasonably 
suppose,  that,  in  making  this  head,  the  Almighty  designed 
to  present  to  the  world  a perfect  specimen  of  an  honest  man . 

His  self-e.  is  moderate,  his  approbat.  large,  and  his  cau- 
tious. very  large ; hence  his  excessive  diffidence,  modesty, 
and  amiability  of  character ; and  these,  combined  with  his 
excessive  conscien.,  make  him  feel  too  unworthy,  and  cause 
him  to  allow  others  to  encroach  upon  his  rights  and  privi 
leges.  His  very  large  benev.,  joined  with  his  moderate  ac- 
quis., makes  him  liberal  to  excess,  especially  towards  his 
friends. 

His  reasoning  faculties  are  of  a high  order;  his  critical 
acumen,  unsurpassed.  His  form  is  very  large;  and  this, 
aided  by  his  very  large  order  and  large  size  and  local.,  ena- 
bles him  instantly  to  detect  a typographical  errour  or  an 
inaccuracy  in  spelling  by  a mere  glance  of  the  eye — see 
Table  of  Developments,  p.  347. 

Halleck. — Of  all  the  distinguished  men  examined  by 
the  authors,  they  have  found  few,  if  any,  wrhose  phrenologi- 
cal developments  present  more  points  of  interest  than  those 
ef  the  nation’s  favourite  poet,  Fitz  Green  Halleck.  His 
head  is  large,  and  very  strongly  and  most  favourably  develop- 
ed ; but,  what  is  yet  of  more  importance  to  him,  is,  his  temper- 
ament is  still  more  favourable  than  his  phrenological  devel- 
opments : and  to  this  he  doubtless  owes  no  small  share  ol 
his  undying  fame. 

His  domestick  and  social  organs  are  all  large,  andadhes. 
very  large,  which,  united  with  his  very  large  firm,  and 
large  conscien.,  render  his  attachments  of  the  most  ardent, 
pure,  sincere,  and  enduring  kind.  His  very  large  combat, 
combined  with  his  large  cautious.,  gives  him  great  en- 
ergy,  united  with  circumspection  and  prudence:  and  if  we 
add  to  these  his  very  large  self-e.,  hope,  ideal.,  and  benev., 
and  his  lar^  mirth.,  we  combine  the  elements  of  a lofty, 
glowing,  and  refined  imagination,  of  sanguine  expectations, 
if  enthusiast!  :k,  and,  at  the  same  time,  delicate,  and  mosl 


BY  FACTS. 


343 

pympdth?tick  feelings,  and  of  a nobleness  and  elevation  of 
soul  united  with  independence  of  character,  together  with,  a 
rich  vein  of  pleasant  humour,  mingled  with  irony. 

Hij  intellectual  faculties  are  nearly  all  large  or  very  large, 
which,  united  with  his  high  self-e.  and  his  large  moral  fac- 
ulties and  propelling  powers,  enable  him  to  take  very  accu- 
rate, very  liberal,  and  very  comprehensive  views  of  subjects. 
According  to  his  phrenological  developments,  he  is  a close 
observer,  as  well  as  deep  thinker.  His  talents  are  quite  va- 
ried, being  strong  at  many  points.  He  is  a natural  scholar 
of  the  first  order,  and,  by  habit,  “ a good  and  ripe  one.”  His 
critical  acumen  is  very  great,  but  not  superiour  to  his  taste. 
His  powers  of  description  are  of  a high  order,  but  not  more 
so  than  his  social  qualities.  He  is  naturally  a gentleman, 
and  is  actuated  by  a noble  ambition,  unalloyed  by  selfish  mo- 
tives. 

On  the  24th  of  April,' 1837,  S.  Kirkham  and  O.  S.  Fowler  visited 
the  House  of  Refuge,  the  Asylum  for  the  Blind,  and  the  Asylum  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  in  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
phrenological  observations.  In  the  firstnamed  institution,  the  first 
subject  they  examined,  was  a lad  named  Kelly,  in  whose  head  caus. 
and  compar.  are  developed  in  the  most  extraordinary  manner  they 
have  ever  seen.  Caus.,  in  particular,  forms  two  large  protuberance  s) 
each  being  very  nearly  equal  in  size  to  that  of  half  a goose  egg.  He 
also  has  fair  conscien.  and  perceptive  faculties,  without  any  thing  else 
remarkable.  Accordingly,  he  was  described  as  possessing,  for  a lad, 
enormous  judgment,  and  prodigious  ability  to  learn,  or  to  compre- 
hend subjects  and  principles,  together  with  a decent  share  of  honesty 
and  kind  feeling.  This  description  was  confirmed  by  Mr.  Hart,  the 
courteous  superintendent  of  the  institution,  who  remarked,  that  when 
the  lad  came  there,  he  could  read  but  very  little,  but  that  his  capacity 
for  learning  and  grasping  every  subject  presented  to  his  mind,  was  so 
great,  that,  in  five  months,  he  had  ascended  from  the  lowest  class  to 
the  highest,  and  had  become  the  best  scholar  in  the  institution. 

The  next  .subject  examined,  was  a youth  of  about  16,  who  was  de- 
scribed as  having  very  large  secret.,  acquis.,  firm.,  and  self-e.,  large 
combat,  and  destruct.,  small  adhes.,  ven.,  approbat.,  and  cautious., 
and  small  reasoning  organs,  with  tolerable  perceptive  faculties; 
and.  consequently,  as  being  a notorious  Imr  and  thief ^ a hardhearted, 
reckless,  impudent,  sullen,  stubborn  wretch,  with  no  kindness  or 
goodness  about  him — as  having,  in  short,  the  worst  head  the  exami- 
ners had  ever  seen,  placed  upon  the  shoulders  of  a youth,  and  one 
that  presented  a perfect  specimen  of  “the  villanous.y  low  forehead” 
described  by  the  immortal  bard.  To  the  correctness  of  this  severe 
description,  Mr.  H.  also  gave  his  full  assent,  and  stated  that  the  fellow 
would  steal  every  thing  he  could  lay  his  hands  upon , and  that  he  could 
discover  no  good  trait  or  redeeming  quality  in  him,  on  account  of 
which,  he  was  obliged  to  keep  him  almost  constantly  confined  in  a cell. 

After’  this,  he  narrators  examined  some  fifteen  or  twenty  boys  La 


344  PHRENOLOGY  PROVED  AND  ILLUSTRATED. 

the  teachers’  room  of  the  same  institution,  and  without  finding  one 
tolerable  head  among  them.  Most  of  them  possess  moderate  or  small 
reasoning  organs,  benev.,  ven.,  conscien.,  approbat.,  and  adhes.,  with 
fuii  or  large  perceptive  faculties  and  firm.,  and  large  or  very  large 
combat.,  destru't.,  acquis.,  and  secret. — the  whole  exhibiting  a melan- 
choly picture  o:  the  phrenological  developments  of  a set  of  young 
rogues. 

But  to  this  disagreeable  picture,  the  writers  saw  a most  pleasinf 
contrast  on  visiting  the  Asylum  for  the  Blind.  The  first  striking 
(and  very  striking  it  is,  too)  general  fact  in  proof  of  phrenology,  thai 
they  here  observed,  was,  that  nearly  all  the  girls  and  boys  that  hav< 
been  blind  from  infancy , present,  for  children  and  youth,  enormously 
large  corn-par.  and  cans .,  and  moderate  perceptive  or  gams.  This  sin 
gular  fact  is  perfectly  explicable  on  phrenological  principles,  but  on 
no  others.  Not  having  been  able  to  see,  these  youth  have  not  beeu 
able  to  exercise  and  cultivate  the  perceptive  faculties;  whereas,  on 
this  very  account,  they  have  had  much  more  time,  and  have  been  nat- 
urally led,  to  think,  which  would  call  into  exercise,  and  consequent- 
ly develop,  in  an  extraordinary  degree,  the  reasoning  organs : and 
t heir  known  intelligence , and  uncommon  reasoning  powers,  perfectly 
agree  with  their  developments.  In  contrast  with  the  youth  in  the 
House  of  Refuge,  they  also  generally  present  large  moral  organs,  es- 
pecially conscien .,  large  cautious,  and  domestick  feelings,  but  moderate 
or  small  selfish  organs. 

In  this  institution  the  writers  also  saw  the  blind  bey  Michael  Ma- 
guire, so  noted  for  his  great  calculating  powers.  His  organ  of  calcu. 
is  prodigiously  developed , corresponding  fully  with  his  astonishing 
•computing  powers,  to  test  which,  the  narrators  put  to  him  several 
questions,  such  as  requiring  him  to  give  the  product  of  788  multi- 
plied by  788,  the  quotient  of  894349  divided  by  28,  &c.,  to  each  of 
which  sums,  without  slate  or  pencil,  he  gave  a correct  answer  in  less 
than  a minute. 

But  if  these  cases  (and  many  others  which  they  have  not  space  for) 
are  wonderful  proofs  of  the  truth  of  phrenology,  still  stronger  evidences 
of  its  correctness,  if  possible,  were  presented  at  the  Asylum  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb.  Here,  again,  in  the  heads  of  one  hundred  and  sixty 
young  misses  and  masters,  caus.  and  compar.  are  generally  develop- 
ed in  an  uncommon  degree ; but  the  most  astonishing  of  their  phren- 
ological developments,  is  their  imitat.  Nearly  all  of  them  have  the 
organ  large , and  very  many  have  it  bumped  up  above  the  surrounding 
organs,  to  one-half,  and  frequently  three-fourths,  the  thickness  of  a mom's 
finger.  In  other  words,  they  show  a development  of  the  organ  thr&t 
or  four  times  as  large  as  it  appears  in  youth  generally — an  irrefutable 
proof  that  the  organs  increase  by  exercise ; for  these  youth  exercise  the 
faculty  of  imitat.  to  an  enormous  e:dent,  and  possess  an  ability  to  imi- 
tate, mimick,  represent,  and  act  out,  altogether  astonishing  to  those 
who  witness  its  display,  and  utterly  inconceivable  and  incredible  to 
such  as  have  not  witnessed  its  manifestation.  Since,  then,  we  have 
no  reason  to  suppose,  that  these  children  were  born  with  any  thing 
more  than  an  ordinary  endowment  of  imitat.,  we  can  explain  the 
stubborn  fact  here  sta  ted  only  by  admitting  that  phrenology  is  h ue.  Th$ 
same  fact  also  teaches  us  the  immense  influence  which  habit , 
tion , or  training , exert  > upon  the  character  and  talents. 


TABLE  OF  DEVELOPMENTS. 


Webster.  1 

>> 

a 

3 

c 

3 

15 

O 

j Van  Bureu.  j 

It.  M.  Johnson,  t 

1 L.  Woodbury. 

R.M.  Whitney. 

Preston. 

6 

w 

1 

>* 

£ 

Size  of  the  Head. 

6+ 

5 

51 

51 

5 

51 

6 

6 

5 

6 

Decree  of  Activity. 

4 

6+ 

61 

6 

5 

4 

5 

5 

6 

5 

1.  Amativeness. 

5+ 

4 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

5 

3 

5* 

2 . Philoprogenitiv’s 

6 

6 

5* 

5 

6 

5 

6 

5 

3.  Adhesiveness. 

6 

6 

6* 

5* 

6 

5 

5* 

6 

6 

6 

4.  Inhabitiveness. 

5 

6 

4 

4 

6 

5 

5 

5.  Concentrativen’s 

4* 

4 

4 

4 

2* 

5 

5 

4 

5 

6.  Combativeness. 

5+ 

51 

6 

6 

5 

4 

6 

4 

5+ 

6 

7.  Destructiveness. 

5+ 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

51 

5 

51 

5 

3.  Alimentiveness. 

6 

4 

4 

5* 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5* 

5 

9.  Acquisitiveness. 

2* 

2 

2* 

6 

2 

51 

6 

1 

i 0.  Secretiveness. 

3* 

3 

2* 

6 

2 

51 

6 

4 

4 

2* 

l 1.  Cautiousness. 

5* 

5+ 

5 

6* 

6 

6 

5 

4 

5 

4 

12.  Approbativeness 

5 

5 

6 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

4 

13. . Self-Esteem. 

6 

5+ 

51 

6 

3 

6 

61 

5 

5 

6 

14.  Firmness. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

61 

6 

6 

6 

15.  Conscientiousn’s 

5* 

4 

4- 

5 

5 

2 

4 

5 

2 

16.  Hope. 

5* 

5+ 

6 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

17.  Marvelousness. 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

IS.  Veneration. 

5 

5 

4 

2 

2 

2 

5 

2* 

19.  Benevolence. 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

5 

4 

6 

5 

6 

20.  Constructiven’s. 

2 

4 

2 

5 

5 

5 

21.  Ideality. 

5+ 

5 

6 

5* 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

22.  Imitation. 

4* 

6+ 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6* 

23.  Mirthfulness. 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

24.  Individuality. 

4 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

6 

61 

5 

4 

25.  Form. 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

26.  Size. 

5 

6 

6 

4 

5 

4 

6 

6 

6 

27.  Weight. 

5 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

28.  Colour. 

4 

3 

2 

4 

2 

29.  Order. 

5 

51 

5 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

30.  Calculation. 

5* 

5 

51 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

31.  Locality. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

6 

5 

6 

61 

6 

5 

32.  Eventuality. 

4 

6 

6 

4 

4 

3 

6 

61 

6 

5 

33.  Time. 

2 

5 

4 

2 

5 

34.  Tune. 

3 

4 

5 

35.  Language. 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

61 

6 

5 

36.  Causality. 

6+ 

5 

51 

51 

6 

3 

5 

4 

5 

6 

37.  Comparison. 

6+ 

>1 

61 

51 

6 

6 

6 

6 

61 

6 

* The  authors  a:  i not  fully  confident  in  relation  to  the  organs  thus  marked, 

* Plus,  or  more*  jadicating  that  the  organs  are  somewhat  larger.  - Minus,  or 

15* 


S46 


TABLE  OF  THE  DEVELOPMENTS 


Gov.  Tyler. 

j Gov.  King. 

B.Tucker,  p.69. 

Brown,  p.  298. 

Prof.  Eaton. 

Chan.  Kent. 

Booth. 

O.  Dewey.  jj 

! Offen.  jj 

[So 

’C 

& 

b 

Finney.  | 

1 

a 

3 

« 

Bize  of  Head. 

5 

6* 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

Deg.  Activity. 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

1.  Amat. 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

2 

2.  Philopro. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

4 

6 

6 

3.  Adhes. 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

64 

6 

6 

4.  Inhab. 

5 

6 

2 

5 

6 

5.  Concent. 

5 

6 

2 

3 

4 

2 

r, 

C. 

2 

2 

4 

2 

6.  Combat. 

6 

3 

6 

4 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

7.  Destruct. 

4 

3 

5 

3 

4 

6 

5 

3 

5 

3 

5 

8.  Aliment. 

6 

3 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

6 

2 

9.  Acquis. 

4* 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

10.  Secret. 

9 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

2 

2 

4 

3 

11.  Cautious. 

5 

6 

4 

44 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

5 

4 

12.  Approbat. 

3 

5 

3 

2 

6 

6 

4 

6 

3 

2 

2 

6 

13.  Self-e. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

3 

5 

6 

5 

5 

54 

6+ 

3 

14.  Firm. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

64 

6 

15.  Conscien. 

3* 

6 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

6 

3 

2 

6 

6< 

16.  Hope. 

5 

6 

3 

2 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

17.  Marvel. 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

18.  Ven. 

2 

5 

4 

5 

5- 

4 

4 

3 

. 2 

5 

5 

19.  Benev. 

6t 

6 

6+ 

6 

6 

6 

54 

6 

64 

6~ 

6 

6 

20.  Construct. 

2 

6 

4* 

4 

4 

2 

21.  Ideal. 

6 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

4 

5 

22.  Imitat. 

5 

2 

5 

6 

4 

5 

6 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

23.  Mirth. 

6 

5 

6 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

64 

5 

5 

6< 

24.  Individ. 

6 

6 

3 

61 

6 

6 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

4 

25.  Form. 

6 

6 

4 

6+ 

64 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

64 

5 

26.  Size. 

5 

6 

2 

6+ 

5 

4 

3 

5 

5 

6 

5 

27.  Weight. 

5 

2 

5 

6 

5 

3 

3 

5 

28.  Colour. 

64 

3 

5 

4 

3 

3 

p 

u 

29.  Order. 

5 

G* 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

4 

5 

6 

30.  Calcu. 

5 

2 

6 

6 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

31.  Local. 

6 

6 

3 

61 

6 

6 

4 

4 

6 

5 

6 

4 

3?.  Event. 

6 

5* 

3 

6+ 

6 

G 

4 

6 

jt 

6 

5 

33.  Time. 

2 

2 

6 

3 

2 

34.  Tune. 

2 

1 

5 

2 

35.  Lang. 

6 

4 

3 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

4 

36.  Caus. 

5 

5+ 

61 

5 

4 

5 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

37.  Compar. 

6 

6 

6+ 

6 

6 

6 

6 i 

6 

6 

6 

6+ 

OF  DISTINGUISHED  INDIVIDUALS. 


347 


| Dr.  Miiledoler. 

1 

"3 

o 

£ 

h 

P 

S3 

§ 

6 

» 

h 

t» 

U 

<U 

V 

C3 

P 

Size  of  Head. 

5 

5 

5+ 

5 

De 

g.  Activity. 

6 

6 

5 

5 

1. 

A mat. 

3 

5 

5 

5 

2. 

PhiJopro. 

6 

6 

6 

5 

3. 

Adhes. 

6 

6 

6 

5 

4. 

Inhabit. 

6 

5 

5. 

Concent. 

5 

6 

5 

6. 

Combat. 

5 

5 

5 

5 

7. 

Destruct. 

3 

5 

5 

5 

8. 

Aliment. 

4 

5 

5 

9. 

Acquis. 

4 

3 

4 

2 

10. 

Secret. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

11. 

Cautious. 

6+ 

5 

6 

5 

12. 

Anprobat. 

6 

6 

5+ 

5 

13. 

Self-e. 

3 

51 

4 

5 

14. 

Firm. 

5 

6 

5+ 

5 

J5. 

Conscien. 

6+ 

5 

6 

6 

16. 

Hope. 

3 

5 

5 

5 

17. 

Marvel. 

4 

2 

2 

2 

IS. 

Ven. 

6 

4 

4 

3 

19. 

Benev. 

6+ 

6 

6 

6 

20. 

Construct. 

4 

3 

4 

21. 

Ideal. 

5 

6+ 

6 

4 

22. 

Imitat. 

5 

6 

51 

23. 

Mirth. 

4 

5+ 

5 

5 

24. 

Individ. 

5 

6 

5 

4 

25. 

Form. 

5 

6 

5 

5 

26. 

Size. 

4 

6 

5 

4 

27. 

Weight. 

4 

4 

5 

28. 

Colour. 

4 

2 

29. 

Order. 

5 

2 

30. 

Calcu. 

5 

5 

31. 

Local. 

5 

6 

5 

5 

32. 

Event. 

3 

6 

5 

3 

S3. 

Time. 

1 

2 

34. 

Tune. 

35. 

Lang. 

5 

6 

5 

5 

36. 

Caus. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

37. 

Compar. 

6 

e 

6 

6 

03 

S3 

rt 

S3 

£ 

J O.  Allen. 

a, 

a* 

3 

o 

U 

J.  W.  Webb. 

N.  P.  Willis,  j 

. i 

! W.C.  Bryant,  i 

| Lyman  Cobb.  1! 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

51 

5 

4 

5 

61 

4 

5 

4 

5 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

51 

5 

6 

6 

61 

5 

6 

G 

5 

5 

6 

6 

3 

5 

5 

2 

4 

6 

5 

3 

3 

2 

51 

5 

51 

5 

3 

3 

5 

5 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

3 

2 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

2 

4 

2 

3 

3 

4 

3 

5 

3 

2 

4 

6 

51 

4 

61 

3 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

2 

5 

51 

5 

4 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

5 

5 

61 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

3 

2 

5 

61 

5 

51 

6 

6 

2 

6 

51 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

61 

6 

6 

61 

6* 

5 

4 

5 

3 

2 

5+ 

5 

5 

5- 

6 

5 

4 

61 

51 

5 

51 

6 

4 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

5 

4 

4 

6 

61 

6 

5 

6+ 

6 

5 

G+ 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

61 

6 

61 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

51 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5+ 

3 

4 

3 

3 

2 

6 

61 

5 

3 

5 

5 

6 

6 

4 

4 

5 

3 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

61 

4 

61 

6 

51 

4 

5 

6 

2 

2 

2 

5 

1 

3 

2 

1 

4 

4 

61 

4 

6 

5 

4 

5 

5 

4 

6 

4 

5 

6 

6 

5 

G 

6 

6 

6 

6 

s 

a 

a 

4) 

pa 

p 

5+ 

5 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

6 

4 

6 

6+ 

6 

4 

2 

3 

6 

6 

4 

3 

4 

6 

6 

6 

6 

2 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

3 

6 

6 


This  table  was  made  aut  on  a scale  from  one  to  six,  the  term  average  being 


348 


TABLE  OF  THE  PErELOPME’STis. 


Halleek. 

c9 

>> 

U 

u 

X 

S 

"x 

U 

'rt 

G 

£ 

s 

pi 

rj 

G.  Smith. 

j Gibbs,  pirate, 

Johnson,  murd. 

j Tardy,  pirate. 

Jackson, murd. 

.-T  ^ 
^ >> 
■ N & 

J? 

w X 
6~ 

e 

£ 

£ 

fc 

Aurelia  Chase,  j 

32£2* 

3 

1 

I 

Size  of  Head. 

5 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

3 

4 

5 

Deg.  Activity. 

6 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

3 

1.  Amat. 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6+ 

6 

4 

6 

4 

4 

6 

6 

2.  Phi  lop ro. 

5 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

1 

6 

6 

3.  Adhes- 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

4 

4 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

4.  Inhab. 

5 

5 

4 

5 

4 

5 

6 

5 

6 

1 

5 

6 

5.  Concent. 

4 

5 

2 

3 

2 

6 

5 

3 

5 

1 

2 

4 

6.  Combat. 

6 

& 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

7.  Destruet. 

4 

5 

5 

3 

61 

6 

6+ 

5 

3 

6 

6 

5 

8.  Aliment. 

3 

5+ 

4 

3 

6 

5 

6+ 

5 

4 

5 

5 

6 

9.  Acquis. 

4 

4 

3 

2 

61 

6 

6+ 

5 

' 4 

4 

5 

5 

10.  Secret. 

4 

4 

5 

2 

61 

6 

6+ 

5 

4 

61 

5 

5 

11.  Cautious. 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

61 

5 

5 

32.  Approbat. 

4 

6* 

6 

4 

6 

4 

2 

5 

6 

6 

6 

5 

13.  Self-e. 

6 

3 

3 

6 

6 

5* 

5 

3 

6 

2 

6 

4 

14.  Firm. 

6 

6 

61 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

4 

6 

* 

15.  Conseien. 

4 

4 

6+ 

5 

2 

4 

2 

3 

5 

6 

4 

4 

16.  Hope. 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

2 

3 

5 

5 

4 

4 

17.  Marvel. 

2 

5 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

4 

2 

5 

6 

4 

18.  Ven. 

4 

5 

5 

6 

4 

5 

1 

5 

4 

5 

6 

5 

19.  Benev- 

5 

6 

64 

6 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

3 

3 

5 

20.  Construct. 

5* 

5 

2 

5 

3 

5 

4 

41 

3 

3 

4 

21.  Ideal. 

6 

5+ 

6 

5 

4 

4 

5 

3 

5 

4 

3 

3 

22  . Imitat. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5 

3 

4 

3 

5 

4 

3 

2 

23.  Mirth, 

5 

6 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

5 

4 

4 

2 

24.  Individ. 

6 

6 

4 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

6 

5 

5* 

25.  Form*. 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

26.  Size. 

5 

51 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

6 

5 

4 

27.  Weight. 

5 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

6 

5 

4 

4 

28.  Colour. 

4 

5 

4 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

3 

2 

29.  Order. 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

5 

3 

4 

& 

30.  Calcu. 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

5 

3 

3 

2 

31.  Local. 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5- 

5 

5« 

5 

5 

6 

4 

5 

32.  Event- 

6 

6 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

5 

4 

33.  Time. 

3 

5 

3 

3 

2 

3 

4 

2 

5 

4 

3 

4 

34.  Tune. 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5* 

2 

4 

6 

5 

4 

35.  Lang- 

5 

64 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

4 

3 

4 

3 

5 

36.  Caus. 

5 

6 

6 

6 

4 

4 

3 

4 

6 

3 

3 

4 

27.  Compar. 

6 

61 

6 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 i 

$ 

OBJECTION?  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANSWERED.  343 


( EJECTIONS  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANSWERED. 

Tiie  following  discussion  between  O.  S.  Fowler  and  Yin- 
ex,  originally  appeared  in  the  “ Baltimore  Chronicle,”  in 
lie  summer  of  183.5.  At  the  suggestion  of  the  editor  of  the 
4 U.  S.  Telegraph,”  and  with  the  hope  of  more  effectually 
removing  the  popular,  though  groundless,  objections  to  this 
useful  and  sublime  science,  it  was  afterwards  published,  with 
some  slight  alterations  and  additions,  in  a pamphlet  form — in 
which  form  3000  copies  have  been  sold:  and,  after  some 
hesitation  and  debate,  the  authors  have  concluded  to  intro- 
duce it  into  the  present  work  without  materially  altering  its 
original  plan.  Their  apology  for  this  step,  is,  that  this 
me  hod  secures  the  interest  and  spirit  of  presenting  argu- 
ments nearly  in  the  form  of  dialogue , and  thus  of  relieving  the 
reader  from  the  dryness  and  tediousness  of  a more  prosing 
and  didactick  method.  Literary  merit  and  elegance  of  dic- 
tion are  .ess  aimed  at 'than  perspicuity  of  style  and  force  of 
Argument. 


For  the  Chronicle 


Proposal  for  a Phrenological  Discussion, 

Mr.  Barnes — As  phrenology  has  many  enthusiastick  vo 
taries,  and  also  violent  opposers,  and  is  sharing  largely  the 
attention  of  all  classes  in  the  community,  a properly  con- 
ducted discussion  on  this  subject,  may,  perhaps,  furnish  somo 
very  interesting  matter  for  your  paper.  If,  therefore,  you 
feel  disposed  to  open  your  columns  to  such  a discussion,  the 
pole-star  of  which  shall  be  truth,  rather  than  victory , 
please  to  give  the  following  an  insertion. 

There  are  those  that  see  many,  and  very  strong,  reasons 
for  believing  ^hat  phrenology  is  true,  who  yet  stumble  at 
some  seemingly  insurmountable  objections  to  it.  There  are 
others,  especially  among  professors  of  religion,  who,  fearing 
that  its  tendency  is  to  infidelity  and  fatalism,  and  being  ap- 
prehensive  that  its  influence  is  immoral  and  irreligious, 
have  honest  and  deep-rooted  prejudices  against  it.  There  are 
others,  again,  who  ridicule  and  scout  tiie  very  idea  of  the 
truth  *if  such  a science,  as  “the  hallucination  of  a moon* 


350  DISAGREEMENT  AMONG  PHRENOLOGISTS 

strucK  imagination.”* *  Now,  if  any  one,  or  more  than  on«, 
of  either,  or  of  all,  the  abovenamed  classes,  or  of  any  other 
class  of  objectors  or  opposers  to  phrenology,  will  state  then 
objections  to  it,  in  as  strong,  yet  concise,  terms,  as  they  please, 
in  the  columns  of  the  Chronicle,  they  will  be  answered 
through  the  same  medium  by  the  subscriber. 

O.  S.  FOWLER. 

P.  S.  As  for  those  fun-lovers,  who  propagate  their  hu- 
morous anecdotes  at  the  expense  of  phrenology,  merely  from 
their  love  of  jokes — why,  do  let  them  enjoy  their  frolick,  as 
we  indulge  other  sportive,  but  harmless,  insects.  And  let 
those,  also,  who  endeavour  to  put  down  phrenology  by  ridi- 
cule instead  of  argument,  proceed  ; for  they  thus  merely 
betray  the  weakness  of  their  cause,  inasmuch  as  ridicule  is 
the  last  resort  of  a weak  and  vanquished  opponent. 

O.  S.  F. 


REPLY  OF  VINDEX.f 

“Mu.  Editor — I am  willing  to  accept  Mr.  Fowler’s  challenge  to 
anti-phrenologists,  contained  in  yesterday’s  paper,  provided  I can 
understand  his  opinions  upon  certain  points.  As  each  phrenologist 
has  a system  of  his  own,  I should  like  to  understand  what  Mr.  F.’s 
system  is,  and  for  that  purpose  I propound  tne  following  questions: 

“Is  there  an  organ  for  each  faculty  of  the  mind  I 

“ Are  there  as  many  nerves  leading  from  the  junction  of  the  spinal 
marrow  and  brain,  to  the  surface  of  the  brain,  as  there  are  phrenolo- 
gical organs,  or  are  there  more? 

“ Is  not  the  scull  subject  to  bony  excrescences,  which  are  liable  u 
be  mistaken  for  phrenological  organs  ? 

“ Can  a phrenologist  tell  decisively  whether  a man  is  a liar,  a 
thief,  or  a murderer,  without  reference  to  physiognomy  ? 

“Is  an  organ  increased  in  size  by  activity,  and  can  that  increase 
be  seen  upon  the  cranium? 

“ When  these  questions  are  answered,  I shall  have  some  founda 
lion  to  commence  a series  of  arguments  against  this  system. 

VINDEX” 


ANSWER  TO  VINDEX. 

Sir. — In  asserting  that  “each  phrenologist  has  a system 
of  his  own,”  you  assume  what  is  not  correct;  for,  in  regard 
to  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  science,  there  is  perfect 
unanimity  among  phrenologists,  except  on  some  points  that 
Bie  considered  by  all  as  not  yet  fully  settled.  It  is  not  true  that 


* Dr.  Annan,  before  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Maryland. 

* Vindex  is  lu  tnJictiUous,  but  a real , opponent,  or  rather  number  of  oppone«U 


OBJECTIONS  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANSWERED. 


351 


‘ eaidi  phrenologist  has  a system  )f  his  own,”  any  more 
than  it  is  that  every  physician  has  a medical  system  of  his 
own,  every  divine,  a theological  system,  every  botanist,  a 
botanical  system,  and  every  naturalist,  a zoological  system 
t )t  his  own  ; although,  it  is  true,  that  different  phrenologists 
nave  different  methods  of  explaining  the  same  thing,  and 
that  some  carry  out  certain  points  farther  than  others,  be- 
cause they  have  more  extensively  investigated  them.  In 
the  naming  and  numbering  of  some  of  the  organs,  and  in 
their  analysis  of  some  of  the  faculties,  phrenologists  ao 
somewhat  differ  ; but  in  the  arrangement  and  application  of 
facts , and  in  their  views  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
science,  there  is,  at  the  present  time,  greater  unanimity 
among  them  than  among  the  teachers  of  any  other  doctrines 
or  science  within  my  knowledge. 

Instead,  then,  of  there  having  been  a revolution  in  the 
phrenological  system,  there  has  been  only  some  little  change 
in  its  nomenclature.  But  what  science  has  not  undergone 
even  greater  changes  than  this  ? 

Yours,  &c.  O.  S.  FOWLER 

REPLY  OF  VINDEX. 

“My  assertion  that  each  phrenologist  has  a system  of  his  own,  it 
f unded  in  fact.  In  Spurzheim’s  works  on  phrenology  and  physiog- 
nomy. he  distinctly  admits,  that  there  was  a difference  of  opinion  be- 
tween Dr.  Gall  and  himself  on  certain  material  points,  which  led  to 
their  separation..  In  Combe’s  Phrenology,  we  find  several  pages  ta- 
ken lip  in  opposition  to  Spurzheim,  on  the  organ  of  Inhabitiveness, 
and  on  other  points,  which  Mr.  F.  can  ascertain  by  perusing  these 
works.  The  only  fundamental  principle  phrenologists  agree  upon 
with  great  unanimity,  is,  that  the  brain  is  the  seat  of  feeling  and  of 
thought — a principle  which  few  of  their  opponents  will  dispute. 

VINDEX” 


ANSWER  TO  VINDEX. 

You  assert,  that  “between  Combe  and  Spurzheim  there 
are  differences  on  other  points  than  that  of  the  organ  of  In- 
habit] veness.”  Combe  himself  says,  “ To  the  best  of  my 
knowledge,  there  is  no  material  point  of  doctrine  on  which 
Spurzheim  and  I differ,  except  on  the  organ  of  Inhabitive* 
ness:”  (Preface  to  Combe’s  System  of  Phrenology.)  Now, 
whether  Mr.  Combe  or  you  are  right,  I leave  to  the  decision 
of  those  who  peruse  the  works  of  Combe  and  Spurzheim. 
The  probability  is,  that  Mr.  Combe  knows  as  much  about 


8 52 


DISAGBEEMENT  AMONG  PHRENOLOGISTS. 


this  matter,  at  least,  as  yourself,  and  that  he  would  not  know 
ingly  misrepresent  it,  especially  when  such  a misrepresenta* 
tion  could  so  easily  be  detected. 

You  alsc  say,  that  “the  only  fundamental  principle  upon 
which  phrenologists  agree,  is,  that  the  brain  is  the  seat  of 
thought  and  of  feeling — a principle  which  few  of  their  op- 
ponents will  dispute.”  Now,  sir,  I do  not  say  that  your  asser- 
tion is  false,  but  simply  ask,  if  all  phrenologists  do  not  agres 
m maintaining,  and  that  with  “ great  unanimity,”  not  only 
that  the  brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind,  but  also  that  the  mind 
is  a plurality  of  faculties — that  each  faculty  is  exercised,  not 
by  means  of  the  whole  brain,  but  by  means  of  a particular  por 
tion  of  it — that  the  vigorous  exercise  of  any  of  these  faculties, 
causes  a corresponding  exercise  of  its  partic  ular  organ,  and  that 
this  exercise  of  the  organs  causes  their  enlargement — that 
the  size  of  these  organs  is  reciprocally  as  the  power  of  theii 
faculties — that,  consequently,  the  traits  of  character,  and  pe- 
culiarities  of  talents,  are  always  both  indicated,  and  accompa 
nied  by,  certain  protuberances  of  the  brain , and,  of  course,  of 
the  scull,  so  that  the  various  qualities  of  intellect  and  feeling 
can  be  discovered  by  the  size  and  shape  of  the  head?  And 
are  not  these  principles  as  fundamental  as  the  one  you  men- 
tion? If  you  answer  this  question  in  the  affirmative,  you 
will  contradict  yourself;  if  in  the  negative,  the  concur- 
ring testimony  of  all  phrenologists,  and  also  of  all  who 
are  acquainted  with  the  facts  in  the  case,  will  contradict 
you. 

It  is  true,  that,  as  this  science  is  advancing  with  unparal- 
leled rapidity,  some  suppose  that  they  have  made  improve- 
ments, which  the  limited  observation  of  others  does  not  allow 
them  either  to  admit  or  to  deny.  This  remark  will  explain 
most  of  the  points  of  difference  between  Gall  and  Spurzheim, 
but  does  not  show  the  existence  of  any  opposition  of  views. 
Gall  originated  the  science,  whilst  Spurzheim  improved  ana 
systematized  it.  For  example;  Dr.  Gall  observed  that  a 
certain  portion  of  the  head  was  very  large  in  inveterate  thieves, 
and,  as  was  very  natural,  named  it  the  organ  of  Theft . Dr. 
Spurzheim  discovered  that  two  organs  were  located  in  this 
region,  one  of  which  gave  a disposition  to  hoard  up,  and  the 
other,  to  secrete,  and  accordingly  named  them  acquis,  and 
secret.  In  adroit  thieves,  both  organs  are  found,  and  hence 
the  imperfect  observation  of  Dr.  Gall.  T'  s discrepance  wag 
occasioned  by  a new  discovery,  and  do  , not  at  all  invali 


OBJECTIONS  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANSWERED.  35S 

date  the  truth  of  phrenology.  The  same  is  true  of  every 
material  difference  with  which  I am  acquainted  between  the 
two  authors,  except  that  about  the  analysis  and  naming  of 
the  organs.  Gall  discovered  the  organs  when  in  excess,  and, 
consequently,  named  them  from  the  phenomena  displayed  in 
their  abase  ; and,  as  his  chief  attention  was  directed  to  the 
discovery  of  the  organs,  and  the  observation  of  facts,  of  course 
he  paid  but  little  attention  to  their  analysis.  Gall  having 
made  his  discoveries,  and  collected  a great  abundance  of  ma- 
terials in  support  of  them,  and  thus  laid  a deep  and  imperish- 
able foundation  for  the  most  beautiful  and  stupendous  of  the 
sciences,  Spurzheim  enters  the  field,  makes  a few  valuable 
discoveries,  and,  by  his  extraordinary  powers  of  discrimina- 
tion, analyzes  the  faculties , and  erects  a magnificent  super- 
structure, which  is  destined  to  be  the  admiration  of  all  coming 
ages,  as  the  richest  boon  ever  yet  bequeathed  by  man  to  his 
fellow-men.  In  doing  this,  it  was  necessary  to  change  the 
names  of  some  of  the  organs.  To  this,  Gall,  as  was  natu- 
ral, at  first  objected,  but  gradually  yielded  point  after  point, 
till,  at  his  death,  there  was  much  less  disagreement  between 
these  two  great  men  than  there  had  formerly  been. 

To  my  question,  “ Do  I understand  you  to  urge  this  as 
an  objection  against  phrenology?”  you  wisely  make  no  reply; 
for,  had  you  answered  in  the  negative,  I should  have  re- 
plied, then  why  adduce  it? — if  in  the  affirmative,  I should 
have  replied,  if  your  argument  proves  any  thing , it  proves 
too  much;  for  it  equally  proves  that  the  sciences  of  ehymis- 
try,  of  botany,  of  mineralogy,  of  mechanicks,  of  electricity, 
of  intellectual  and  moral  philosophy,  and  even  of  matke - 
maticks  and  astronomy,  are  all  untrue:  for,  to  this  day,  the 
ablest  mathematicians  contend  about  the  question,  whether  or 
not  the  circle  can  be  completely  squared,  notwithstanding  this 
is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  demonstrative , sciences. 
But  does  this  prove,  that  the  sublime  principles  of  astronomy 
are  untrue,  or  that  two  and  two  do  not  make  four?  Just  as 
much  as  a disagreement  among  phrenologists  disproves 
phrenology.  Between  Franklin  and  Du  Fay  there  was  a 
fundamental  difference  about  electricity — the  latter  main- 
taining that  there  were  two  electric k fluids;  theformerthat 
there  was  but  one;  but  does  this  prove  that  such  a thing  as 
HU  elect  rick  fluid  does  not  exist,  or  even  that  its  supposed 
laws  are  merely  “the  hallucination  of  a moon-struck  imag 
inatinn  ?}i 


85  4 


ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRA  Tf. 


Touching  this  point,  I will  here  introduce  ail  extract  tro® 
a letter  to  Dr.  Maxwell  Me  Do  wall,  of  Baltimore,  in  reply 
to  an  article  published  in  the  May  number  of  the  Baltimore 
Literary  and  Religious  Magazine,  not  merely  because  I con- 
sider it  in  point,  but  because  I have  strong  reasons  to  believe, 
that  this  same  Dr.  Me  Do  wall  was  one  of  the  authors  of  Vindex. 

“You  urge  the  disagreement  among  phrenologists  as 
your  most  weighty  objection  against  its  doctrines.  Suppose, 
then,  that  the  objection  were  a hundred-fold  stronger  than  it 
really  is,  and  you,  sir,  are  the  very  last  person  who  ought  to 
urge  it  against  phrenology,  since  it  bears  with  a thousand - 
fold  more  force  against  the  very  science  you  teach  and  prac- 
tise. Who  does  not  know,  not  only  that  there  are  severa. 
conflicting  systems  of  medical  science,  but,  also,  that  scarcely 
any  two  individuals  can  agree,  either  as  to  the  nature  or  the 
remedy  of  many  diseases  ? ‘ First  cast  the  beam  out  of 

your  own  eye/  and  then  you  may  attempt  to  ‘cast  the  mote 
out  of  your  brother’s  eye.’  Many  of  the  differences  among 
physicians  are  fundamental , and  heaven-wide  ; and  yet,  is 
there  no  truth  at  all  in  any  part  of  the  healing  art?  But, 
upon  the  ground  you  take,  there  is  none  at  all.  If  this  ar 
gument  is  a sound  one,  by  it  the  truth  of  every  thing  can 
be  disproved,  and  especially  every  thing  pertaining  to  reli- 
gion; for  different  men  take  different  views  of  almost  every 
popular  subject  of  belief.” 

THE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  BRAIN. 

in  reply  to  your  question,  “Are  there  as  many  nerves 
leading  from  the  junction  of  the  spinal  marrow  and  the 
brain,  to  the  surface  of  the  brain,  as  there  are  phrenological 
organs,  or  are  there  more?”  I will  simply  observe,  that,  to 
my  knowledge,  no  such  nerves  have  been  discovered ; yet, 
for  all  that,  they  may  exist.  But  this  is  by  no  means  a ma- 
terial point,  for  we  never  rely  upon  the  dissection  of  an  or- 
gan for  the  discovery,  or  even  the  proof  of  its  functions.  ] 
shall  therefore  discuss  the  anatomy  of  the  brain  no  farthei 
thar.  it  is  necessary  for  me  to  do  in  replying  to  the  objections 
that  may  be  fairly  brought  against  phrenology  upon  this 
ground.  Yours,  &c.  ‘ O.  S.  FOWLER. 

“ Mr.  F.  is  more  willing  to  give  the  consideration  of  the  anato 
my  of  the  brain,  than  I am.  As  our  readers  mo,  practical  r'>en  tksy 


OBJECTIONS  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANS 


can  easily  learn  what  has  been  observed  by  practical  an 
there  is  any  theory  in  considering  the  subject,  it  is  on  the  pa. 

F.,  who  argues  that  the  fact  of  none  of  the  nerves  of  the  different 
gans  having,  to  his  knowledge,  been  discovered,  is  no  proof  that  such 
nerves  do  not  exist.  Now,  when  an  affirmative  is  stated,  it  must  be 
proved  b y facts,  otherwise  it  is  only  a theory.  It  is  not  incumbent  on 
Us  to  prove  that  such  nerves  do  not  exist — that  they  have  not  been 
iiisccvered  is  sufficient  proof  of  that  fact.  We  all  know  that  the 
nerves  of  the  organs  of  seeing,  hearing,  smelling,  &c.,  have  been 
discovered,  and  their  course  has  been  traced  to  various  portions  of 
the  brain. 

“ It  is  well  known  that  nerves  have  been  discovered  of  the  organs 
of  seeing,  hearing,  smelling,  &c.  These  are  corporeal  organs.  Mr. 
F.  calls  all  the  organs,  as  laid  down  by  phrenology,  corporeal  organs. 
Now,  if  that  be  true,  why  have  not  nerves  been  discovered  leading 
from  each  organ  to  the  base  of  the  brain  ? Mr.  F.,  in  his  second 
number,  says—  ‘ No  such  nerves  have,  to  my  knowledge,  yet  been 
discovered.’  Why  have  they  not  been  discovered?  Would  not  such 
a discovery  prove  the  fundamental  principles  of  phrenology  better 
than  mere  conjecture  ? Are  the  nerves  so  small  as  not  to  be  discov- 
ered by  a microscope  ? They  must  be  small  indeed,  for  Lyonet  has 
detected  not  less  than  four  thousand  and  sixty-one  nerves  in  the  mero 
karve  or  caterpillar  of  a cossus,  or  insect  approaching  to  a butterfly. 

V INDEX.” 

You  charge  me  with  assuming  the  existence  of  the  nerves 
of  the  organs,  from  their  non- discovery — with  arguing  on  that 
assumption,  and  with  calling  on  you  to  disprove  it.  Now,  sir, 
I neither  assume  nor  deny  their  existence,  nor  do  I predicate 
any  argument  whatever  upon  it.  I simply  say,  that  the  point 
is  not  material,  and  assign  the  reason.  Your  argument  is 
this:  no  such  nerves  have  been  discovered;  therefore,  no 
eucii  nerves  exist — consequently,  phrenology  is  not  true. 
This  syllogism  lacks  foundation.  You  must  first  prove, 
that  these  nerves  are  a sine  qua  non — an  indispensable  requi- 
site to  the  truth  of  phrenology.  You  assume  this:  I deny 
it.  Until  you  prove  this  point,  your  whole  argument  has  not 
the  weight  of  a feather ; for  it  is  an  essential  one.  After  you 
have  proved  it,  (which  you  will  find  a very  difficult  task,) 
you  will  be  obliged  to  prove  that  the  non -discovery  of  such 
organs,  establishes  their  non-existence  ; which  you  certainly 
cannot  do.  They  may  exist,  and  yet  not  be  discoverable; 
not  from  their  smallness,  but  from  the  nature  of  their  substance 
Mid  texture.  The  “ nerves  of  the  larve,”  which  you  mention, 
are  nerves  of  motion;  and,  as  the  function  of  these  nerves 
differs  ao  widely  from  the  function  of  the  nerves  of  the  organs, 
(on  supposition  that  such  nerves  exist,)  it  is  prima  facie  evh 
ience,  that  their  nature  and  texture  as  widely  differ-  Their 


856 


ANaTOMY  OF  THE  BRAI& 


discovery,  then,  may  be,  and  might  be  expected  to  be,  alio* 
gether  impossible  by  human  instrumentality,  inasmuch  ag 
their  function  is  so  subtle. 

You  plainly  intimate,  that  I am  afraid  to  iiscuss  theanat- 
omy  of  the  brain — that  phrenology  is  lame  here— that  I wish 
to  cover  this  lameness  under  the  plea  that  our  readers  will 
take  little  interest  in  the  discussion  of  its  theories.  In  this, 
sir,  you  are  greatly  mistaken.  Do  I not  state  that  I am  ready 
“ to  answer  any  objections  which  may  be  urged  against  phre- 
nology on  anatomical  principles?”  Why  then  charge  me 
with  being  “more  willing  to  give  up  the  anatomy  of  the 
brain  than  yourself?”  No,  sir,  so  far  from  being  lame  here, 
phrenology  is  most  at  home  in  this  field,  and  perfectly  invulne- 
rable; and,  so  far  from  washing  to  evade  this  point,  I am  even 
anxious  to  take  it  up.  State  your  anatomical  objections,  then, 
and  see  if  I leave  them  unanswered.  It  is  not  for  me  to 
prove  that  anatomy  does  not  contradict  phrenology,  but  for 
'uou  to  prove  that  it  does.  When  you  do  this,  you  will  do 
what  no  man  has  yet  done.  But  I mistake,  or  yours  will 
be  emphatically  a Herculean  task,  if  you  undertake  to  point 
out  any  discrepance  between  the  anatomy  of  the  brain  and 
phrenology.  Almost  every  expert  anatomist  adopts  that 
mode  of  dissecting  the  brain  wThich  w^as  discovered  by  the 
discoverers  of  phrenology,  and  along  with  it.  Medical 
schools  and  medical  authors  are  universally  adopting  the 
phrenological  anatomy  of  the  brain  ; and  the  best  dissec- 
tions of  the  brain,  are  those  that  proceed  upon  phrenological 
principles. 

I was  recently  informed  by  Dr.  Monkur,  an  anatomical  dis- 
sector in  the  Washington  Medical  College  of  Maryland,  that 
phrenology  had  thrown  more  light  on  the  anatomy  of  the 
brain,  than  all  other  discoveries.  Horner,  a standard  medi- 
cal author,  on  the  76th  page  of  his  anatomy,  says,  “Theirs 
(Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzheim’s)  is  a very  improved  and  simpli- 
fied method  of  studying  the  anatomy  of  the  brain,  and  of  the 
nervous  system.”  “ It  is  an  obvious  matter  of  fact,  and,  for 
the  most  part,  as  susceptible  of  demonstration  as  the  contents 
of  the  thorax.”  The  whole  world  have  long  since  been  chad 
tenged  to  show^  the  least  contradiction  between  anatomy  and 
phrenology.  The  ablest  anatomists  of  Christendom  ha/e  tri- 
ed it,  and  failed.  If  you  try  it,  sir,  you  wall  also  fail.  The 
fact  is,  that  the  science  of  anatomy  is  founded  in  nature — 
phrenriogy  is  also  founded  in  nature;  eiwl,  therefore,  each 


OBJECTIONS  TO  PHRENOLOGY  ANSWERED. 


357 


mil  support  the  other.  This  is  evident  from  the  fict,  that 
the  only  clear  and  rational  anatomy  of  the  brain,  is  that 
which  was  discovered  by  phrenologists,  by  means  of  phrenol- 
ogy, and  along  ivith,  it , thereby  proving  that  they  are  both 
the  twin  sisters  of  truth  and  nature.  If,  then,  you  attempt  to 
disprove  phrenology  by  anatomy,  you  will  only  spit  in  the 
wind,  and,  of  course,  in  your  own  face. 

True,  you  say,  unfortunately  for  your  argument,  “ It  is 
known  that  the  nerves  of  the  organs  of  seeing,  hearing,  smell 
ing,  &c.,  have  been  discovered,  and  that  their  course  has  been 
traced  to  various  pa  rts  of  the  brain.”  It  is  also  known  that 
these  nerves  have  been  traced  exclusively  (am  I not  rights) 
to  the  rase  of  the  brain — the  very  part  allotted  by  phrenol- 
ogy to  those  functions  which  are  common  to  men  and  ani- 
mals. This  part  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  these  nerves,  is 
common  to  men  and  animals.  The  base  of  the  brain,  or 
that  part  to  which  these  nerves  have  been  traced,  is  the  same 
part  in  which  phrenology  has  discovered  the  organs  of  the 
animal  functions  in  man,  and  comprehends  the  whole  of  the 
animal  brain.  The  organs  of  the  sentiments  peculiar  to 
man,  together  with  the  reasoning  organs,  are  chiefly  want- 
ing in  the  animal  brain,  but  occupy  a large  portion  of  the 
human  brain.  To  this  portion  of  the  human  brain,  none  of 
the  nerves  of  the  animal  functions  have  been  traced.  This 
fact,  so  far  from  disproving  phrenology,  is  wholly  inexplica- 
ble on  any  other  than  phrenological  principles,  and  goes  far 
to  establish  these  principles.  Unless  phrenology  is  true,  why 
is  it  that  the  animal  portion  of  the-  brain , in  animals,  accord- 
ing to  phrenology,  is  alone  developed?  Unless  phrenology 
is  true,  why  is  it  that  the  nerves  of  the  animal  functions  ori- 
ginate in  the  animal  portion  of  the  brain  ? Unless  phrenol- 
ogy is  true,  why  is  it  that,  in  the  part  of  the  human  brain  al- 
lotted by  phrenology  to  the  moral  and  reasoning  organs, 
where  such  nerves  are  not  only  not  necessary,  but  would  be 
cut  of  place,  no  such  nerves  are  to  be  found  ? I put  these 
questions  home  to  you,  and  ask  how  they  can  be  satisfactori- 
ly answered,  only  by  admitting  that  between  anatomy  and 
phrenology  there  exists  a striking  coincidence.  The  only 
Statement,  then,  which  you  have  made  respecting  the  anat- 
toiny  of  the  brain,  bears  strongly,  if  not  conclusively 
against  you.  and  as  conclusively  in  favour  of  phrenology. 
Bo  it  is  with  every  anatomical  argument  which  anli-phrax> 


m 


EXCRESCENCES, 


logical  anatomists  have  yet  adduced,  or,  I venture  to  pay. 
can  adduce. 


EXCRESCENCES. 

In  answer  to  your  third  question,  “ whether  the  scull  la 
not  liable  to  bony  excrescences  which  may  be  mistaken  fo? 
phrenological  organs,”  I will  simply  remark,  that,  although 
the  scull  does  present  such  excrescences  as  the  mastoid  pro- 
cesses, the  occipital  spine,  and.  perhaps,  some  others,  yet, 
since  we  know  their  location  and  their  usual  form,  and  since 
they  seldom  cover  the  whole  of  any  organ,  an  expert  phrenol- 
ogist is  no  more  liable  to  mistake  these  for  phrenological 
organs,  than  an  equally  expert  physician  is  to  mistake  a dis- 
ordered stomach  for  an  affection  of  the  liver.  A quack  may 
mistake  in  both  cases,  yet  there  is  no  necessity  for  mistaking 
in  either, 


REPLY  OF  VINDEX. 

“ The  writer  of  this  has  seen  bony  excrescences  in  parts  of  the  scull, 
where  ‘cautious.,’  ‘ firm.,’  ‘ hope,’  and  ‘ ideal.,’  are  located.  In  some 
cases  there  were  cavities  of  three-quarters  of  an  inch,  and  as  broad 
as  any  phrenological  organ.  Yet  no  phrenologist,  however  expert , 
could  have  discovered  that  they  were  mere  excrescences. 

VINDEX.” 

In  common  with  most  other  anti-phrenologists,  you  carp 
a great  deal  about  the  “ bony  excrescences"  just  as  though, 
because  the  scull  is  liable  to  an  occasional  excrescence,  there 
could  be  no  truth  in  the  fundamental  principles  of  phrenolo- 
gy. Suppose  the  scull  were  wholly  covered  with  these  ex- 
crescences, the  phrenological  organs  might  exist,  and  perform 
their  functions,  just  as  well  with,  as  without,  them.  If,  tken, 
your  argument  were  stronger  by  a hundred-fold  than  it  is,  it 
would  not  at  all  invalidate  the  truth  of  the  principles  of 
phrenology:  and  this  is  the  point  we  are  now  discussing 
On  the  supposition  that  such  excrescences  were  numerous 
they  would,  to  be  sure,  throw  in  the  way  of  correct  phre 
nological  observations,  a difficulty  proportionate  to  theil 
size  and  number : and  this  is  the  most  your  argument  cas 
claim. 

But,  so  far  from  these  excrescences  being  numerous,  ex 
cept  the  regular  processti.  which  are  well  known  scarcer] 


MEMORY. 


m 

eoe occurs  on  an  average,  upon  a dozen  hearts,  or  in  nearly  450 
organs,  ('here  being  38  organs  on  each  side  of  the  head.) 
And  even  when  an  excrescence  does  occur,  it  is,  at  least,  ten 
chances  to  one,  if  it  covers  the  ichole  of  one  organ,  bui  generally 
a part  of  several ; and  a hundred  more  chances  to  one,  if  its 
shape  corresponds  exactly  with  that  of  the  organs  covered,  and 
then  still  another  hundred,  if  it  is  just  as  large.  So  that  the 
necessary  chance  of  errour  is  as  one  to  45,uU0,O00.  And 
suppose  this  difficulty  to  be  a thousand  times  greater  than 
my  estimate,  the  necessary  chance  for  mistaking  an  excres- 
cence for  an  organ,  is  as  forty -Jive  thousand  to  one.  And 
even  then , it  is  hardly  supposable  that  two  excrescences 
should  occur  on  precisely  opposite  sides  of  the  same  head , so 
that  one  side  would  correct  the  other.  Why,  then,  should  I 
waste  words  on  so  diminutive  an  argument  ? 

The  same  general  remarks  will  apply  to  the  “ cavities,” 
only  we  must  allow  for  the  fact,  that  these  are  still  more  easi- 
ly detected.  In  my  publick  examinations  in  this  city,  I have 
detected  three  cavities,  occasioned  by  blows  upon  the  head ; in 
New  York,  at  least,  two ; in  Albany  and  Troy,  several ; one 
in  Brattleboro’,  Yt. ; and  a number  in  other  places  : and  in 
all  my  examinations,  I know  of  but  one  mistake  occasioned 
by  cavities,  and  that  was  in  this  city ; but  by  a subsequent  ex- 
amination, the  errour  was  at  once  corrected. 

That  these  excrescences  occasionally  throw  some  difficul- 
ty in  the  way,  especially  of  the  unpractised  phrenologist,  1 
readily  admit;  but  their  shape  is  so  irregular,  and  their 
knotty  appearance  differs  so  widely  from  the  regular  swell 
of  the  phrenological  organs,  that  the  phrenologist  must  be 
comparatively  a tyro  in  observation,  whatever  he  may  be  in 
theory,  who  mistakes  the  one  for  the  other.  The  difficulty 
seems  to  be  far  greater  in  theory  than  it  really  is  in  prac- 
tice, especially  to  those  who  look  at  it  through  the  magni- 
fying glass  of  prejudice.— The  frontal  sinuses  will  be  subse- 
quently considered. 

I will  here  take  the  liberty  of  introducing  a couple  of  par- 
agraphs from  a publick  discussion  which  took  place  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  with  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Munding,  of  that  city. 

“ You  affirm,  sir,  that  ‘the  bumps  may  be  caused  as  well 
by  blows  from  without,  as  by  the  actual  shape  of  the  brain,7 
and  say  that  I ‘ never  make  any  difference  between  these 
two  kinds  of  protuberances.7  This  statement,  sir,  allow  me 
to  say,  is  entirely  erroneous,  for  I can,  and  do , at  onc£  detect 


$60 


R EIZ.7  10  35JECTZ£S3. 


the  difference.  At  the  Baptist  Church,  the  citizens  of  W. 
ueard  me  state  unhesitatingly,  that  a certain  head  which  was 
examined,  had  sustained  a severe  injury  from  a blow;  and 
also  heard,  bv  the  gentleman  examined,  a confirmation  of  my 
decision. 

“ Besides,  sir,  you  perhaps  need  be  reminded,  that  blows 
upon  the  head  generally  produce  cavities  instead  of  bumps. 
By  what  mechanical  process  a breaking  in  of  the  scull  causes 
a 4 bumpj  I am  really  at  a loss  to  divine.  Blows  generally 
produce  irregular  cavities , whilst  the  phrenological  organs 
are  regular  sic  ells  of  a given  shape,  and  alike  in  both  hemi- 
spheres of  the  brain  ; and  yet  you  say,  that  ‘ l ascribe  to  each 
of  them  the  same  influence  upon  the  mind.5  This  statement 
of  yours,  in  common  with  many  others,  betrays  gross  igno- 
rance of  the  whole  subject  of  debate.  And  yet  you  say,  that 
this  point  is  so  plain,  and  so  clear  against  me,  ‘that  it  re 
quires  no  farther  argument.5  55 

MEMORY. 

You  ask,  sir,  “ whether  there  is  an  organ  For  each  facul- 
ty of  the  mind.55  1 answer,  yes,  so  far  as  these  faculties 
have,  as  yet,  been  discovered.  You  then  say,  as  “Mr.  F. 
admits,  that  there  is  an  organ  for  each  faculty  of  the  mind, 
will  he  state  where  the  faculty  of  memory  is  located,  and 
what  name  phrenologists  have  given  to  it  1” 

Pray,  sir,  what  am  I to  understand  by  the  faculty  of  mem- 
ory ? i deny  that  the  mental  phenomena  called  memory, 
are  performed  by  a single  faculty  of  the  mind.  There  are 
almost  as  many  different  kinds  of  memory  as  there  are  dif- 
ferent minds,  and  these  kinds  of  memory  differ  as  much  from 
each  other  as  the  head  does  from  the  foot — as  much  as  rea- 
eon does  from  feeling.  What,  then,  do  you  mean  by  the  term 
memory  l — Memory  of  what  ? — of  faces,  places,  ideas,  sto- 
ries, friends,  enemies,  size,  words? — memory  of  wiiat? 
Fust  describe  the  kind  of  memory  which  is  the  subject  of 
your  inquiry,  and  I will  describe  its  location  and  its  name. 

Do  you  not  see,  sir,  that  you  have  put  your  question  too 
soon  ? You  should  have  first  demonstrated,  that  the  phenom- 
ena of  memory  are  the  product  of  a distin:t  mental  faculty, 
«md  then  nave  demanded  the  phrenological  name  and  loca- 
tion of  that  faculty. 

Memory  is  simply  the  reminiscence  of  the  operations 


SlEjSORY. 


©f  the  faculties.  One  faculty  has  to  do  wit  a words,  aa* 
ether  with  ideas  and  principles,  a third  with  facts,  &c. 
and  each  faculty  recollects  those  things  with  which  it 
has  to  do.  If,  then,  that  faculty  which  has  to  do  with  prin- 
ciples, (cans.,)  is  stronger  in  that  one  than  that  which  has  ta 
fo  with  incidents,  (event.,)  he  will  remember  principles  a a 
much  better  than  he  does  facts,  as  his  caus.  is  stronger  than 
his  event. : and  so  of  every  other  faculty. 

I repeat— describe  the  kind  of  memory  you  mean,  and  I 
will  point  out  to  you  its  local  habitation  and  its  name;  or 
bring  me  a child,  and  I will  tell  you  what  kinds  of  memory 
it  possesses,  and  where  the  different  kinds  are  located.  But 
&sk  me,  “ where  (in  the  head)  the  faculty  of  memory  is  loca- 
•ed,;*  and  I must  answer  you  as  the  yankee  answered  the 
question,  where  he  was  born : “ why,5*  said  he,  “ at  Barnstable 
Bay,  Cape  Cod,  and  all  along  shore.”  Memory  of  something 
is  located,  at  least,  all  over  the  forehead.  Understand  me  to 
introduce  the  Yankee  answer,  not  because  I wish  to  ridicule 
you,  or  your  question  ; for  it  is  put  to  me  daily,  and  is  proper 
enough — but  because  it  is  too  indefinite  to  admit  of  a definite 
reply.  The  same  is  true  of  every  other  faculty  of  every 
other  system  of  mental  philosophy  : and  this  very  point 
shows  both  the  weakness  and  the  obscurity  of  all  other  sys- 
terns  of  mental  philosophy,  and  the  inimitable  beauty,  clear- 
ness, and  simplicity  of  phrenology. 

Suppose,  for  example,  I should  <jo  with  you  into  the  fam- 
ily with  which  you  are  most  familiar,  and  ask  you,  “ Has 
that  child  a good  memory?”  You  answer,  “yes — no  child 
has  a better  one.’*  I say  to  the  mother,  “Can  this  child  re- 
member the  countenances  and  dress  of  those  that  he  saw  at 
church?”  “ No,  sir,  but  he  can  remember  the  whole  of  the 
sermon.”  I ask  you,  if  the  second  has  a good  memory.  You 
€av,  “ no.*5  I ask  the  mother,  if  she  cannot  recollect,  with  re- 
markable accuracy,  the  faces  and  dress  of  those  she  saw  at 
meeting.  “ Yes,*5  says  the  mother,  “ but  she  cannot  recollect 
a word  of  the  sermon.5*  Now,  sir,  you  were  both  right,  and 
also  wrong,  in  both  your  answers.  A third  child  can  re- 
member only  the  substance  of  the  sermon  ; a fourth,  neither 
the  substance  of  the  sermon,  nor  the  words  of  which  it  was 
composed,  nor  the  dress  of  those  that  were  there,  but  can  sing, 
with  perfect  accuracy,  all  the  tunes  she  heard  there,  and  will 
never  forget  them.  But,  if  you  ask  me,  whether  this  or 
that  chi 'td  has  a good  memory,  I will  tell  you  in  every  in 


S62 


REPLY  TO  OBJECTION?. 


$irmce<  aind  with  unerring  certainty,  just  what  kind  of 
ry  the  child  possesses ; and  also  describe  every  other  striking 
faculty  of  the  child.  If,  instead  of  my  assertion,  you  wish 
dadar  demonstration,  choose  your  time,  place,  children, 
witnesses,  scribe,  &c.,  with  the  understanding  that  the  result 
is  to  be  published,  and  I will  attend.  Let  the  true  charactei 
til  the  children  be  previously  written  out,  and  their  physiogno* 
my  covered.  Invite  Dr.  Annan,  and  let  us  see  whether  phre 
nology  is  “the  hallucination  of  a moon-struck  imagination,” 
or  whether  it  is  a true  science.  Since  I appeal  to  such  a test, 
my  declaration  must  be  admitted  until  it  is  disproved. 

According  to  the  system,  that  one  faculty  has  to  do  with 
thoughts,  another  with  events,  another  with  colours,  and  so 
forth,  it  is  an  a priori  inference,  that  that  faculty  which  has 
to  do  with  thoughts,  should  remember  thoughts;  that  that 
which  has  to  do  with  events,  should  remember  events,  and  so 
on.  But,  touching  this  point,  on e fact  is  better  than  a thou- 
sand syllogisms.  Therefore,  until  you  accept  my  challenge 
of  an  appeal  to  a practical  test,  I shall  drop  the  subject. 

Again,  you  argue  that,  “ If  phrenology  can  como  no 
Bearer  a man’s  character  than  to  say,  he  is  either  avaricious 
or  a thief,  the  system  is  of  no  value  at  all”  In  reply,  I would 
ask,  what  is  an  avaricious  feeling  but  a desire  for  property, 
and  what  is  a thievish  disposition  but  a desire  for  property  2 
The  one  is  a desire  which  expresses  itself  m one  manner, 
and  the  other,  the  same  desire,  expressed  in  another  manner, 
but  the  two  can  hardly  be  considered  as  separate  affections 
of  the  mind.  Now,  phrenology  can  tell  how  strong  a man’s 
love  of  property  is : and  is  this  of  no  value?  Phrenology 
goes  more  deeply  into  the  subject  than  to  look  at  mere  acU . 
It  goes  into  the  secret  recesses  of  the  soul,  and  measures  the 
depth  and  strength  of  the  very  springs  of  human  thought 
and  feeling.  It  discovers  and  analyzes  the  relative  strength 
and  power  of  the  faculties  themselves — of  the  very  fountains 
of  emotion  and  action.  This  is  the  peculiar  prerogative — the 

inimitable  excellence  and  beauty  of  phrenology. 

You  object  to  the  phenomena  of  the  “ phrenological  or- 
gans acting  m companies,”  as  if  it  were  a defect  in  our  sys- 
tern.  Who  walks  without  using,  at  the  same  time,  his  feet, 
legs,  toes,  eyes,  lungs,  and  even  hards — without  calling  into 
action  almost  every  ergan  and  nerve  belonging  to  the  body  5 
Innumerable  instances  might  be  adduced  of  a like  character 
Indeed,  we  perform  scarcely  an  act  of  our  lives  without  tb 


OBJECTIONS  ^KSWEREI). 


363 


co-operation  of  several  organs.  Is  it  strange,  then,  that  the 
phrenological  organs  should  “ act  in  companies  ?•”  It  would 
be  strange,  passing  strange,  and  contrary  to  the  whole 
analogy  of  nature. , if  these  organs  did  not  “ act  in  com 
panics.” 

On  the  supposition  that  the  seemingly  opposite  organs  or 
destruci.  and  benev.  are  equally  large,  you  ask,  which  will 
predominate?  I answer,  the  one  which  circumstances  excite 
the  most  for  the  time  being.  When  there  is  nothing  to  ex- 
cite the  former,  and  much  to  excite  the  latter,  kindness  is  the 
result ; but,  when  injustice  or  personal  abuse  excites  destruct., 
severity,  and  sometimes  rage,  are  the  consequences.  Thua 
phrenology  alone  will  explain  the  character  of  those  who 
are  generally  kind,  obliging,  sympathetick,  &c.,  but  who, 
when  thoroughly  provoked,  are  terrible — are  truly  fiend- 
like, and  entirely  beside  themselves.  It  is  thus  that  phre- 
nology, and  phrenology  alone , analyzes,  most  perfectly  and 
beautifully,  those  characteristicks  and  mental  phenomena 
which  can  be  explained  in  no  other  way — which  no  other 
system  of  mental  philosophy  can  reach. 

You  doubt  whether  I can  “ describe  the  same  character 
twice  alike.”  Try  me.  I propose  this  evening  to  examine, 
publickly,  a number  of  heads.  I give  you  the  privilege  of 
oroducing  any  person  you  please,  whose  head  I have  already 
examined,  and  of  allowing  him  to  say  before  the  audience, 
whether  the  two  descriptions  of  character  agree.* 

As  will  be  seen  by  a reference  to  the  facts  stated  in  the 
preceding  pages,  I have  been  tested,  in  this  way,  hundreds 
of  times,  and  I always  give  the  same  description  of  character , 
die  second  time,  that  I do  at  first,  and,  in  general,  nearly  the 
same  numbers.  While  reading  your  last,  a gentleman 
(whose  name  I can  give)  entered  my  office,  whom  I had 
examined  three  weeks  previous.  I gave  him  a new  chart; 
and,  on  dividing  the  sum  total  of  the  numbers  in  the  two 
charts,  by  the  total  difference,  this  difference  was  only  a? 
onto  to  fifty.  A gentleman  of  Baltimore  lost  his  chart,  and, 
after  giving  him  the  second,  he  declared,  in  the  presence  of 
a distinguished  author  of  this  city,  that  every  number  of  the 


• At  the  meeting  mentioned,  the  writer  was  thoroughly  tried,  both  with  and  with* 
cut  his  ey#»s  covered  ; and  in  the  hundreds  of  organs  that  he  pronounced  upon, 
here  was  no  material  difference  except  in  one  instance.  In  every  case  but  two. 
he  size  of  the  organs  was  described  alike,  was  the  same,  or  did  not  difter 
wo  twentieths  from  that  prev:  usly  given. 


AGREEMENT  IN  EXAMINATIONS. 


r.eco  \ l chart  agreed  with  every  number  of  Ike  first , withbi# 
one  flight  exception.  The  difference  between  (hern  was  aa 
I to  (2 5.  A Mr.  S.  Smith,  merchant  in  Troy,  staked  the 
price  of  an  examination,  that  the  difference  between  the  first 
and  second  examinations,  would  be  as  one  to  eight.  It  was 
as  1 to  85.  All  the  numbers,  except  five,  were  alike  in  both 
charts.  Row  much  more  accurately  than  this,  is  surveying 
done  oy  mathematical  instruments  ? 

Now,  allow  me  to  try  your  “ expertness.”  Take,  if  you 
please,  promiscuously  from  a stream,  35  pebbles,  and  give 
me,  Dy  the  senses  of  seeing  and  feeling,  their  relative  size, 
in  u scale  of  numbers  from  l to  20.  Do  the  same  one  houi 
afterwards,  or  three  months  afterwards,  (as  was  the  case  is 
the  instance  you  cite  against  me,)  and  if  your  numbers  do 
not  aufer  ten  times  as  much  as  mine  did,  I will  acknowl- 
edge— not  that  phrenology  is  not  true,  but,  simply,  (and  this 
is  all  you  can  ask,)  that  I am  not  ten  times  as  “expert”  as 
you  are.  Will  you  try  it,  or,  without  trying  it,  acknowledge 
.hat  your  argument  is  weak,  nay,  puerile? 

As  the  mere  numbering  of  the  relative  size  of  the  organs 
is  no  necessary  part  of  phrenology,  I may  give  two  descrip- 
tions of  character,  both  perfect,  and  precisely  alike,  and  yet 
not  put  down  precisely  the  same  numbers  in  both  cases.  I4 
is  much  easier  to  describe  the  character  than  to  transfer  these 
numbers  accurately  to  the  chart ; yet  the  chart  is  very  useful 
for  the  purpose  of  preserving,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  the  result 
of  the  description  given. 

But  the  proper  question  at  issue,  is,  not  whether  my  skill 
in  judging  of  size  is  so  marvellously  great  that  I can,  at  one 
time,  mark  off  in  a scale  of  from  1 to  20,  the  relative  size 
of  38  organs,  and  at  another  time,  or  at  tour,  six,  or  ten  other 
times,  mark  off  the  relative  size  of  the  same  38  organs  with- 
out any  variation  in  any  of  the  numbers,  but  whether,  sole- 
ly by  the  application  of  phrenological  principles,  I can,  at 
one  time,  accurately  describe  the  character  and  talents  of  an 
individual. , and  at  another  time,  or  at  four,  six,  or  ten  oth^? 
times,  solely  by  the  application  of  the  same  principles,  de- 
scribe the  character  of  the  same  individual  with  equal  accv> 
racy . or  without  any  material  variation  from  the  first  de« 
gcription  given:  and  in  this  latter  form,  I am  prepared  ha 
meet  the  question  in  t'h e affirmative.  But.  suppose  tha*  I 
should  sometimes  v^ry  in  my  descriptions  of  the  same  char 
££ter.  Would  this  wholly  disprove  yhrt'wlogy , or  merely 


. INJECTION'S  ANSWERED. 


36b 


piove,  that,  as  a practical  phrenologist,  I am  not  infallibly 
but  sometimes  more  “expert”  and  accurate  than  at  others? 

INCREASE  OF  THE  ORGANS  BY  EXERCISE. 

Again  you  ask,  “ Is  an  org^n  int  reaseci  in  size  oy  com 
stant  activity,  and  can  that  increase  bo  observed  by  an  exami- 
nation of  heads  V'  To  both  parts  of  this  question  I answer 
m the  affirmative  ; and  this  increase  can  be  measured  by  in- 
struments, or  seen  on  busts  taken  at  different  periods  of  life. 
And  this  theory  is  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  whole  pro- 
cess of  nature,  and  with  the  fundamental  principles  of  phys- 
iology. 

You  ask,  if  I “mean  that  the  mental  organs  are  corpo- 
real ?”  The  brain  is  certainly  a corporeal  organ.  Corpo- 
real means,  belonging  to  the  body.  The  brain  belongs  to 
the  body,  and  is  therefore  a corporeal  organ,  and,  of  course, 
governed  by  the  same  laws  of  increase  and  decrease  that 
govern  other  corporeal  organs.  It  is  also  the  mental  organ, 
or  the  organ  of  the  mind.  Yrou  say,  “ it  is  not  true  that  the 
violent  action  of  the  body , increases  the  action  of  the  mind — 
and  that  exercise  does  not  increase,  nor  inactivity  diminish, 
.he  size  of  the  veins  and  arteries.”  I say  it  is  true,  and  ap- 
peal both  to  the  personal  experience,  and  to  the  observation, 
of  every  reader,  whether,  when  his  body  is  vigorous  and  ac- 
tive, his  mind  is  not  proportionally  so;  and  whether,  when 
his  body  is  sluggish  or  drowsy,  his  mind  also  is  not  equally 
so;  and  whether  the  shaking  of  a drowsy  child  does  not 
quicken  his  mental,  as  well  as  corporeal,  action?  Never 
give  a child  any  exercise,  and  see  how  fast  his  veins  and  ar- 
teries will  grow.  Y7ou  say,  “ the  muscles  of  a blacksmith’s 
arm  are  first  hardened,  and  then  increased.”  I reply,  that 
the  two  processes  of  hardening  and  increasing,  are  simulta- 
neous. You  say,  that  “ comparisons  drawn  from  material 
objects,  do  not  apply  to  the  immaterial  mind.”  I answer, 
that  the  brain,  about  which  we  are  arguing,  is  just  as  much 
material  as  is  the  blacksmith’s  arm,  and  is  governed  by  the 
same  laws,  one  of  which  is,  that  its  exercise  causes  its  in 
erease,  It  is  for  you  to  prove  either  that  the  powerful  action 
ff  the  mind  does  not  produce  a corresponding  action  of  its 
Oorporeul  organ,  the  brain,  or  else  that  exercise,  while  it  in- 

Teases  the  size  .>1  every  other  organ  of  the  body.  does  no 


INCREASE  OF  THE  ORGANS. 


3u6 

increase  the  size  of  the  brain  All  analogy  is  point  feknh 
against  you,  and  in  my  favour. 

You  say;  “ that  a mental  organ  is  increased  in  size  by  constant  ac- 
'ivity,  and  .hat  this  increase  can  be  observed  by  examinaion,  requires 
to  t/e  proved.  Assertion  alone  is  not  sufficient.  There  is  not  a sin* 
gle  case  recorded  by  phrenologists,  of  ahead’s  having  undergone  any 
change  so  as  to  prove  that  one  organ  has  increased  or  diminished  in 
size,  compared  with  the  otl^er  organs  in  the  same  head.  It  is  now 
forty  years  since  Gall  first  unfolded  his  theory  to  the  world  ; and  if 
any  change  had  taken  place  in  the  relative  size  of  the  organs,  we 
should  have  been  informed  of  it  long  before  this.” 

It  is  a universal  principle  of  nature , that  every  “ organ 
is  increased  in  size  by  constant  activity,”  md  the  increase 
of  the  brain  can  be  determined  just  as  well  as  that  of  any 
other  corporeal  organ.  If  “ assertion  alone  is  not  suffi- 
cient,” analogy  and  physical  demonstration  are  ^//-sufficient. 
Your  “ assertion  alone  is  not  sufficient”  against  such  evi- 
dence. It  has  been  observed  by  hatters,  that  literary  men 
generally  require  larger  hats  than  labouring  men,  even 
though  their  bodies  are  smaller.  The  reason  of  this  differ- 
ence is  obvious.  By  exercising  their  intellects,  and  not  pro- 
portionally their  bodies,  educated  men,  of  necessity,  excrcist 
their  brains,  and  thus  cause  them  to  grow  proportionally 
faster  than  their  bodies;  while  the  opposite  holds  true  with 
regard  to  working  men  : and  without  a variation  in  nature’s 
laws,  the  fact  could  not  be  otherwise. 

Your  gratuitous  assertion,  that  “phrenologists  have  never 
recorded  a case  of  a single  organ’s  having  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  size  when  compared  with  the  other  organs  in  the 
same  head,  although  they  have  had  the  observation  of  forty 
years,”  is  contradicted  by  facts.  While  lecturing  in  Boston, 
Dr.  Spurzheim  was  accustomed  to  exhibit  two  casts  of  the 
same  head,  the  first  of  which  was  taken  when  the  individual 
was  of  mature  age,  but  before  he  had  devoted  much  attention 
to  a mechanical  occupation  ; the  other,  twenty  years  after- 
wards, at  which  time  the  same  individual,  by  his  mechanical 
inventions  and  skill,  had  become  noted  throughout  Europe 
as  one  of  the  greatest  machinists  of  the  age. 

Deville  of  London,  has  a multitude  of  casts,  several  of 
which  were  l iken  from  the  same  head  at  different  periods  of 
life,  and  when  the  pursuits  of  these  individuals  required  the 
exercise  of  different  classes  of  faculties,  which  show  a com 
pnrative  increase  of  the  faculties  exercised,  ind  a decrease  o( 


Jfif  ?REASi  ,<  1IE  ORGANS  BY  EXE.IC1&£.  367 

fee  faculties  not  exercised.  A gentleman  in  England  had  a 
cast  of  his  head  taken  annually  for  live  successive  years 
Meanwhile  he  stimulated  some  of  the  phrenological  faculties 
and  avoided  exercising  others.  Every  successive  cast  show- 
ed an  increase  of  those  organs  that  were  exercised,  and  a de- 
crease of  those  that  were  restrained.  The  first  and  la^t 
casts  differed  from  each  other  so  much,  that  they  would 
hardly  have  been  recognised  as  casts  of  the  same  head.  I 
had  this  fact  from  a gentleman  (an  editor)  who  had  examin- 
ed the  busts  alluded  to.  Many  more  examples  might  be 
quoted  ; and  yet  you  say,  that  “ phrenologists  have  never  re- 
corded a case  of  the  kind.”  If  you  have  not  read  all  the 
ptuenological  works,  why  do  you  make  this  assertion  ? If 
you  have,  why  misrepresent  them  in  this  manner  ? This 
proves  that  you  know  comparatively  nothing  of  the  doctrines 
you  oppose.  Ignorance  of  this  subject  is,  however,  common 
o all  anti-phrenologists. 

Several  instances,  both  of  increase  and  decrease,  have 
fallen  under  my  own  observation.  While  examining  the 
head  of  a gentleman  in  Philadelphia,  I noticed  that  the  or- 
gans on  one  side  of  it,  were  larger  than  those  on  the  other. 
He  then  stated  that,  for  two  years,  that  side  of  the  head  on 
which  the  organs  were  smaller,  had  not  perspired,  while  the 
other  had  perspired  very  freely.  This  proves  that  the  organs 
on  that  side  which  had  not  perspired,  had  not  been  active, 
and  that  those  of  the  other,  had  been.  It  follows,  then,  either 
that  the  smaller  organs  had  become  so  in  consequence  of 
their  inactivity,  or  else,  that  in  consequence  of  their  activity, 
he  larger  ones  had  outgrown  them.  Either  supposition 
proves  that  a mental  organ  is  increased  by  constant  activity, 
and  decreased  by  inaction.  Dr.  Spurzheim  examined  the 
aead  of  a distinguished  female,  whose  life  had  been  chief* 
V occupied  with  books,  and  severe  application  to  the  ab- 
stract sciences.  Her  phrenological  organs  of  causal.,  corn- 
par.,  mirth.,  ideal.,  lang.,  and  event.,  were  large,  anc.  her  ob- 
serving organs,  small.  In  order  to  exercise  a new  class  of 
‘acuities,  the  organs  of  which  are  located  about  the  eye,  she 
was  advised  to  leave  her  abstract  studies,  and  take  up  bota- 
ny, mineralogy,  phrenology,  &c.  This  she  accordingly  did 
wkh  all  her  might,  and  in  three  months  there  was  a percepti- 
ble increase  of  the  organs  thus  exercised. 

i am  also  perfectly  certain,  that  since  I commenced  the 
oracticra  of  phrenology  several  of  my  own  organs  which 


563 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


have  thereby  been  called  into  constant  activity,  have  raj 
perceptibly  increased,  while  others  that  are  now  exercised 
comparatively  less  than  before,  are  proportionally  smaller. 
For  example  ; the  organ  of  size,  which,  when  I commenced 
the  practice  of  phrenology,  I observed  to  be  on  a par  with 
the  other  perceptive  organs,  and  which,  since  that  time,  ha* 
been  called  into  almost  constant  activity,  now  protrudes  fa) 
above  all  tne  others  in  the  arch  of  the  eye. 

Upon  the  return  of  my  brother,  L.  N.  Fowler,  from  i 
phrenological  tour  of  eighteen  months  in  the  west  and  south 
during  which  time  he  was  almost  constantly  employed  ir 
examining  heads,  which,  of  course,  required  the  equally  con 
slant  exercise  of  his  organs  of  size,  individ.,  form,  local, 
event.,  compar.,  and  lang.,  I observed  that  these  organs,  es- 
pecially size,  compar.,  and  lang.,  had  very  much  increased. 

In  the  heads  of  sailors  who  have  long  followed  the  seas, 
the  organs  of  form , weight,  and  local.,  are  generally  very 
large.  Size  and  order  are  also  commonly  found  very  large  ‘ 
hut  the  organ  of  weight,  in  particular,  is  so  uniformly  de- 
veloped to  a very  great  extent,  that,  from  this  circumstance 
alone,  especially  when  taken  in  conjunction  with  form  and 
local.,  experienced  seafaring  men  can  generally  be  selected 
from  others.  In  men  of  this  description,  among  the  hundreds 
I have  examined,  I have  never  seen  one  instance  of  a defi- 
ciency of  these  organs.  Now,  their  occupation  calls  these 
organs  into  almost  constant  exercise  : and  is  it  irrational  to 
suppose,  that  this  exercise  causes  in  them  this  much  larger 
development  of  these  organs  than  is  found  in  men  in  general, 
who  exercise  them  less? 

The  organ  of  amat.  is  very  small  in  children  ; but  it  in- 
creases during  the  years  of  youth  and  manhood  in  proportion 
to  the  increased  strength  of  its  corresponding  passion  ; and 
diminishes  again  in  old  age.  I have  observed,  also,  that  this 
organ  is  much  larger  in  married,  than  in  unmarried,  per 
sons. 

In  the  spring  of  1835,  I visited  the  deaf  and  dumbasylura 
of  N.  Y.  city,  and,  to  say  that  the  organ  of  imitat.,  as  devel 
oped  in  the  heads  of  the  pupils  of  this  institution,  was  twice 
as  large  as  it  is  usually  found,  would  by  no  means  come  up 
o the  truth.  Such  a development  of  this  organ  the  author 
had  never  seen  before ; and,  what  is  most  extraordinary  is,  b 
nras  very  large  in  all  the  pupils. 

To  tlvi  question,  “ How  is  it  possible  for  you  to  teaefe 


INCREASE  OF  THE  ORGANS  B V EXERCISE. 


869 


fliese  unfortunate  beings,  who  can  neither  bear  nor  talk,  to 
communicate  their  ideas  and  feelings  with  a readiness  and 
larility  almost  equal  to  those  who  can  both  talk  md  hear  V3 
Mr.  Cary,  one  of  the  instructors,  replied,  “ We  teach  our 
pupils  to  express  themselves  in  those  gestures  and  actions 
which  are  the  ’natural  offspring  of  their  feelings.”  I wit 
messed  one  of  their  debating  performances,  in  which  the  one 
who  was  addressing  the  rest,  was  all  life  and  animation,  and 
made  use  of  the  most  natural  and  powerful  gesticulation . 
&ee  them  at  their  meals,  or  at  their  sports,  and  all  their  corn 
munications  consist  of  their  ideas  acted  out.  Mr  Cary 
brought  one  forward,  who  was  noted  for  his  wonderful  power 
of  imitating  a man  shooting  fowls.  Another  specimen  of 
imitative  power  at  all  to  be  compared  with  this,  or  another 
such  an  organ  of  imitat.  as  this  youth  possessed,  i hare  never 
seen. 

That  this  organ  and  its  corresponding  faculty  are  not  m 
so  high  a degree  innate , is  evident  from  the  fact,  that  they 
are  so  much  larger  in  these  youth  than  in  others.  Hence, 
this  increase  of  the  organ  in  proportion  to  the  exercise  of  thfc 
faculty,  and  this  extraordinary  power  of  tne  faculty,  which 
corresponds  with  the  increased  size  of  the  organ,  bring  us  to 
the  obvious  conclusion,  that  the  reciprocal  increase  of  the  two, 
stands  in  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect. 

Again ; in  the  institution  for  the  blind  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  the  manifestation  in  the  pupils,  of  much  smaller  or- 
gans of  the  perceptive  than  of  the  reflective  faculties,  is  so 
plain  as  not  to  be  mistaken  by  the  most  superficial  observer. 
Now,  why  is  this?  Evidently  because,  in  consequence  of 
a destitution  of  sight,  they  cannot  exercise  their  perceptive 
faculties,  and,  therefore,  these  remain  unincreased ; and,  on 
the  same  account,  the  reflective  receive  the  greater  exercise, 
and,  consequently,  become  uncommonly  large. 

This  point,  then,  I shall  take  the  liberty  to  consider  as 
established,  both  by  analogy,  and  by  physical  demonstration, 
namely,  that  the  exercise  of  particular  menial  facultiesf 
causes  the  exercise , and  consequent  enlargement , of  corres * 
ponding  portions  of  the  brain , and,  of  CDurse,  an  increase  of 
the  scull  above  them : (see  p.  22-24  ;)  so  that  the  strength 
of  particular  mental  faculties  can  be  determined  by  the  size 
of  their  cerebral  organs , and  the  size  of  these  organs  by*  the 
form  of  the  scull.  This  I conceive  to  be  not  only  one  of  tb* 
least  explored,  but  one  of  the  most  important,  departments  ot 


&70 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED 


thjs  i\  valuable  science ; and,  if  this  is  correct,  of  what  moment* 
ous  importance — of  what  immense  utility,  a knowledge  of  phre« 
nology  might  be  to  parents  and  teachers.  They  might  cul- 
tivate or  restrain— might  stimulate  or  ailay,  such  organs  aa 
the  case  demanded,  and  thus  make  their  children  almost  any 
thing  they  choose.  Not,  however,  that  the  nature  of  child- 
ren could  thus  be  changed ; but  excesses  could  be  prevented, 
and  the  hand  of  the  parent  directed  to  the  identical  point  of 
excess  or  deficiency.  Yes,  sir,  phrenology  is  destined  to  be 
of  greater  practical  utility  to  mankind  than  any — I had  al 
most  said,  than  every  other  science — greater  than  any  finite 
mind  can  imagine.  And  yet,  you  oppose  it!  But  you  are 
pardonable;  for,  as  has  been  shown,  you  do  it  ignorantly. 

Yours,  &c.  " O.  S.  FOWLER. 

PHRENOLOGY  NOT  DEPENDENT  UPON 
PHYSIOGNOM  ?. 

You  ask,  “By  examining  the  cranium,  can  a phrenolo 
gist  pronounce  decisively  whether  a man  is  a liar,  a thief, 
or  a murderer,  without  reference  to  physiognomy?  I an 
swer,  just  as  well  without  physiognomy  as  with  it.  I will 
also  refer  you  to  the  certificates  given  by  the  keepers  of  most 
of  the  prisons  in  Europe,  which  affirm  that  Drs.  Gall  and 
Spurzheim,  in  every  attempt,  classified  the  prisoners  with 
perfect  accuracy,  according  to  their  crimes.  I will  also  ac- 
company you  to  any  prison  you  please,  and  pronounce  cor- 
rectly upon  the  class  of  crimes  committed  by  given  individu- 
als, or  yield  the  argument.  The  subjoined  notes  are  select- 
ed, from  many  other  similar  cases,  as  in  point.* 


* From  the  Pittsburg  Times. 

<f  We  attended  at  the  Penitentiary  during  the  afternoon  of  Friday,  along  with 
several  gentlemen,  to  see  Mr.  L.  N.  Fowler  examine  the  heads  of  the  convicts. 
This  gentleman  has  been  delivering  lectures,  &c.,  at  the  Hall  of  the  Young  Men’a 
Society,  and  the  purpose  of  the  visit  was  to  test  his  phrenological  skill.  He  passed 
through  the  ordeal  in  a manner  calculated  to  Demonstrate,  not  only  the  authenti- 
city of  the  science,  but  also  the  fairness  of  his  own  claims  to  an  acquaintance  with 
its  principles. 

“ In  no  instance  did  he  seem  to  err,  either  in  relation  to  the  nature  of  the  offenca 
&n  question,  or  in  the  particular  details  of  character  which  he  generally  stated  mi- 
Btitely.  The  dispositions  of  some  of  the  convicts  were  pronounced  as  equivocal : 
thus--one  was  said  to  be  liable  to  commit  rape,  or  murder,  or  possibly  theft.  The 
conviction  had  been  for  rape.  Another  was  stated  to  be  prone'to  murder— or  tu 
commit  destruction  ill  some  way.  The  conviction  had  been  for  house  burning. 
Tne  uncommon  mechanical  powers  and  high  intellectual  cast  ''f  another,  wera 

well  indicated.  The  case  of , who  robbed  Mr.  Cook,  was  well  staled.  Tha 

lhV?ves,  who  were  numerous,  were  generally  designated  very  explicitly.  The  bov 
Cwtlct  »/as  represented  as  being  not  particularly  prone  to  criminality,  except  thi 


PHRENOLOGY  INDEPENDENT  OF  PHYSIOGNOMY.  371 

You  say,  “that  Gall  could  easily  determine  that  poisons 
were  rogues  when  he  saw  them  in  prison.”  True;  but  he 
could  not  thereby  determine  the  class  of  their  crimes — 
whether  they  were  sent  there  for  stealing,  for  assault  and  bat 
tery,  or  for  murder,  &c. ; and  this  is  what  Dr.  Gall  did. 

You  also  intimite,  that  phrenologists  determine  character 
by  the  physiognomy.  Surely,  sir,  you  cannot  be  ignorant 
of  the  fact,  that,  from  the  time  I first  came  to  Baltimore,  to 
this  day,  I have  challenged  disbelievers  to  cover  the  physi- 
ognomy of  the  subject.  I have,  likewise,  in  this  city,  and 
elsewhere,  repeatedly  examined  subjects  before  large  audi 
ences  with  my  own  eyes  blindfolded  ; and,  according  to  the 
testimony  of  the  subjects  themselves,  and  of  all  who  knew 
them,  there  was  a perfect  coincidence  between  my  descrip 
tions  of  the  character,  and  the  character  itself. 

Among  many  others,  I re-examined,  blindfolded,  before 
the  Baltimore  Lyceum,  the  head  of  the  editor  ol  the  Chroni- 
cle. The  gentleman  then  stated  to  the  audience,  that  the 
description  corresponded,  on  every  point , with  that  previous- 
ly given  before  an  audience  at  my  first  lecture.  The  first 
time  I examined  the  gentleman,  he  was  a perfect  stranger  to 
me ; and  the  second  time,  I knew  not  whom  I was  describ, 
ing.  And  yet,  it  is  a matter  of  publick  notoriety,  a fact  sub- 
stantiated by  the  publick  testimony  of  Mr.  Barnes  himself, 
that  the  two  descriptions  agreed  in  every  respect , both  with 
each  other,  and  with  his  true  character. 

After  the  lecture,  a gentleman  produced  a little  boy.  I 
said  he  was  a thief — was  cunning,  deceitful,  lying,  haugnty, 
stubborn,  proud,  ungovernable,  &c.  The  gentleman  said, 
“your  description  is  perfectly  accurate.  Till  now  I have 


Re  would  be  liable  to  be  led  by  others  to  any  sort  of  crime.  This  was  the  well- 
known  case  of  manslaughter,  committed  at  Wilkinsburgh  by  a gang  of  boys,  at  the 
instigation  of  certain  notorious  villains. 

“ In  the  evening  we  submitted  to  his  inspection  the  scull  of  a very  remarkable 
character,  a most  devoted  boxer  and  blackguard.  He  returned  a written  descrip- 
tion singularly  correct ; remarking,  among  other  things,  that  ‘he  was  continually 
under  the  influence  of  a querulous,  barbarous  disposition,’ &c.  ‘the  slave  of  hi« 
propensities ; loved  quarreling  as  well  as  eating.’  ” 

From  the  Frankfort  Argus. 

“ Mr.  Fowler,  who  is  now  in  town,  visited  the  Penitentiary  on  Monday  lant,  and 
examined  the  heads  of  some  fifteen  or  twenty  of  the  convicts,  giving  liis  opinio* 
Upon  their  propensities,  and  naming  the  probable  crimes  which  brought  them 
there.  The  correctness  of  his  conclusions  was  generally  corroborated  by  the  ad* 
mission  of  the  subjects,  as  well  as  by  the  statements  of  the  keepers  themselves 
who  were  acquainted  with  the  crimes  with  which  they  were  convicted.” 

See,  also,  a description  of  my  visit  to  the  Moyamensing  prieon  in  PhiUdelphfo 
contained  in  the  U.  S.  Gazette  of  about  the  teath  of  Sept.  1836 


S72 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED- 


been  a set /.ick  ; but  this  convinces  me  that  your  science  la 
true.”  Thus  you  perceive,  that  a rogue  can  be  detected  m 
weil  in  a church  as  in  a prison. 

While  discussing  the  question  before  the  Baltimore  Ly- 
ceum, “ whether  phrenology  ought  to  be  ranked  among  ths 
exact  sciences,”  after  bringing  forward  nearly  the  same  ob- 
jections that  you  adduce,  and  in  nearly  the  same  style,  my 
opponent  wrote  out  the  character  of  a Mr.  Wolf,  an  attorney 
in  the  form  of  answers  to  questions.  These  questions  he  re- 
quired me  to  answer  before  the  audience,  by  an  examination 
of  Mr.  W.Js  head;  and  the  two  descriptions  agreed  p effect- 
ly , except  that  he  said  Mr.  W.  had  no  imitation ; but  1 
said  he  had  it  large.  A gentleman  who  had  been  intimate 
with  Mr.  W.  for  fifteen  years,  said  he  had  it  large.  An  ap- 
peal was  then  made  to  Mr.  W.r  who  remarked,  that,  although 
lie  was  no  mimick , yet  he  could  draw,  sketch,  draught,  take 
profiles,  imitate  different  handwritings,  &c.r  with  much  more 
than  ordinary  facility  and  accuracy.  But  I did  not  say  he 
could  mimick , for  he  had  but  little  secret.,  which,  according 

to  phrenology,  is  almost  indispensable  in  mimickry. The 

cheering  was  tremendous,  and  the  Lyceum  decided,,  not  only 
phrenology  was  one  of  the  sciences,  but  that  it  was  one 
men  of  the  exact  sciences. 

t might  go  on  to  detail  thousands  of  cases  in  which  I have 
jfcot  only  corrected  the  opinions  of  individuals  in  regard  to 
fexich  other,  but  even  eoncerningthemselves.  To  a certain  gen- 
tleman in  this  city,  for  example,  I gave  small  event,  and  large 
ideal.,  and  told  him  that  he  could  write  poetry.  He  said,  that 
though  he  loved  poetry,  he  had  no  talent  at  all  for  writing 
it.  On  this  hint,  however,  he  tried  it;  and  his  effort  was 
completely  successful,  his  poem  being  well-filled  with  po- 
etic k fire.  He  remarked  that  this  was  his  first  effort,  but  a 
friend  of  his  youth  reminded  him,  that,  while  young,  he  had 
written  several  pieces,  which  were  copied  and  admired 
throughout  his  neighbourhood.  His  small  ev^nt.  had  let  the 
incident  slip  from  his  memory.  I have  often  announced 
publickly,  and  here  again  repeat,  that  I even  prefer  that  the 
physiognomy  of  the  subject  for  examination,  should  be  cover- 
ed ; and  am  perfectly  willing  to  examine  even  with  my  own 
eyes  blindfolded.  In  as  much,  then,  as  I challenge  you  to 
remove  all  'possibility  of  my  ascertaining  the  character  ex- 
esipft  hv  the  application  of  phrenological  principles,  even  if  I 


REPLY  TO  PR.  MUXD  KO. 


373 


mit  guided  by  the  physiognomy,  the  argument  that  1 am, 
could  not  be  admitted. 

The  writer  takes  the  liberty  of  introducing  two  or  three 
other  paragraphs  from  his  reply  to  the  letter  addressed  to  him 
by  Dr.  Munding. 

“ You  say,  that  the  ‘first  point  which  particularly  strikes 
vour  attention,  is,7  that  ‘ I make  myself  a fortune-teller? 
Now,  sir,  a fortune-teller  has  to  do  mainly  with  events , and 
pretends  to  tell  what  has  been,  or  predict  what  will  be.  But, 
in  describing  character  phrenologically,  I have  nothing  to 
do  with  the  events  of  a man’s  life  any  farther  than  they  are 
dependent  upon  his  character.  It  is,  indeed,  true,  that  I often 
say  to  an  individual,  for  example,  in  whom  cautious,  is  small, 
combat,  large,  and  hope  very  large,  ‘you,  sir,  generally  have 
been,  and  generally  will  be,  unfortunate,  and  frequently  in 
difficulty;’  and  to  another,  in  whom  cautious,  and  caus.  are 
large  or  very  large,  ‘you,  sir,  generally  have  been,  and 
generally  wfll  be,  successful  in  your  undertakings.’  In  do- 
ing this,  however,  1 pronounce  upon  the  fortune  of  the  indi- 
vidual only  as  it  is  the  result  of  his  character. 

“But  who  does  not,  more  or  less,  judge  of  the  character 
and  talents  of  individuals  by  their  physiognomy  ? — (and  in 
the  practice  of  physiognomy,  is  generally  included  the  fore- 
head of  an  individual;  and,  thus  far,  it  is  phrenology.)  In 
pronouncing  upon  character  physiognomically,  then,  the 
same  kind  of  process  is  involved  as  that  employed  in  judging 
phrenologically,  with  the  difference  only,  that  the  physiog- 
nomist judges  by  looking  at  the  face , the  phrenologist,  by 
looking  at  the  whole  head ; therefore,  if  the  latter  is  a for 
tune-teller,  so  is  the  former — so  are  all  mankind  in  short 
for  all  participate,  more  or  less,  in  the  practice  of  physiog- 
nomy. 

“ You  infer  that  if  phrenology  is  true,  some  of  tne  organs 
might  be  destroyed,  and  the  others  go  on  to  perform  their 
functions  without  interruption.  You  are  right:  the  fact  is 
just  as  you  infer  it  must  be,  on  the  supposition  that  phrenOi* 
ogy  is  true. 

“ But  I must  not  leave  unanswered  your  argument,  that,  if 
phrenology  is  true,  the  organ  of  tune  and  the  acoustick 
nerve  must  be  in  contact.  You  assume  that  the  ear  is  the 
organ  of  musick.  This,  your  first  premise  of  the  argument, 
[ deny  : for  if  the  ear  were  the  organ  of  musick,  the  perfec- 
tion of  one’s  mus;cal  talent  would  be  in  proportion  to  hi# 


374 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


power  of  hearing  But,  how  often  do  we  see  those  \vho§3 
faculty  of  hearing  is  perfectly  good,  but  who  cannot  distin- 
guish one  tune,  or  even  one  note,  from  another  i I can  heal 
very  well,  but  can  learn  a tune  only  by  dint  of  persevering 
effort,  and  then  only  mechanically,  while  a brother  of  mine, 
who  is  partially  deaf,  can  learn  a tune  much  quicker  and 
sing  it  much  better,  than  I can.  Your  first  premise,  then, 
being  incorrect,  the  whole  argument  falls.  This  much  is 
evident,  however,  that  the  musical  faculty  does  not  depend 
upon  the  power  of  hearing : and,  since  this  power  is  an  ex- 
ercise of  the  mind,  it  must,  consequently,  require  the  exer- 
cise  of  some  cerebral  organ.  (See  p.  181  and  217.) 

‘ The  various  passions  of  love,  anger,  reflection,  shame, 
&c.,  exhibit  themselves  through  the  eye ; and  yet,  it  cannot  be 
supposed  that  they  are  performed  by  the  optick  nerve.  Doubt- 
less there  is  some  connexion  between  those  parts  of  the  brain 
by  means  of  which  these  various  passions  are  performed  and 
the  optick  nerve,  and  also  between  the  organ  of  tune  and  the 
acoustick  nerve,  just  as  there  is  between  the  stomach  and  the 
brain ; but  still  it  does  not  follow,  that  this  connexion  should 
be  susceptible  of  anatomical  demonstration,  any  more  in 
the  case  of  tune,  than  in  that  of  the  others  mentioned,  and 
in  that  of  hundreds  of  similar  cases,  which  might  easily  be 
cited.” 

LETTERS  TO  DR.  MAXWELL  McDOWALL. 

• • 

The  following  extracts  are  from  a series  of  letters  address- 
ed  to  Maxwell  Me  Do  wall,  M.  D.,  of  Baltimore,  by  O.  S. 
Fowler.  This  same  Dr.  Me  Do  wall,  as  already  stated,  is, 
doubtless,  one  of  the  authors  of  Vindex.  The  writer  has 
omitted  one  important  objection  urged  by  Vindex,  namely, 
tnat  pnrenology  leads  to  fatalism,  only  because  the  objection 
is  much  better  stated  by  Dr.  Me  Do  wall. 

Sir  : In  the  May  number  of  the  Baltimore  Literary  and 
Religious  Magazine,  there  appeared  an  article  from  your 
pen,  designed  to  disprove,  and  calculated  to  injure,  the  sci- 
ence of  phrenology.  By  evidence  the  most  satisfactory — the 
most  demonstrative,  I am  ful’y  convinced  that  phrenology  is 
based  upon  the  broad  and  immutable  principles  of  nature, 
truth,  and  reason  ; that  it  is  a science  by  far  the  most  sublime 
and  useful  ever  discovered,  and  that  the  principles  of  human 


LETTERS  TO  DR  ftl'DOWALL. 


375 


nataro  and  menta.  philosophy  which  it  develops,  are  calcu- 
lated Vo  elevate  the  character,  and  improve  the  physical,  intel- 
lectua.,  and  moral  condition  of  mankind,  more  than  ai  the 
other  sciences  put  together — more,  indeed,  than  can  well  be 
imagined.  As  a man,  then,  as  a philanthropist,  and  espe - 
dally  as  a Christian,  though  unaccustomed  to  publick  dis- 
cussions, I cannot  pass  unnoticed  any  obstacle  which  is  cal- 
culated to  arrest  the  progress  of  a science,  which,  from  the 
first,  has  been  struggling  even  for  its  existence , and  which, 
though  opposed  at  every  step  of  its  triumphant  progress  by 
an  unparalleled  amount  of  opposition,  of  ridicule,  and  mis- 
representation, from  the  pulpit,  the  press,  and  the  lecture-room, 
and,  in  short,  from  every  conceivable  source,  is  now  gaining 
strength  enough  to  bear  down  before  it  all  opposition.  To 
say  the  least,  it  is  no  more  than  fair  that  phrenology  should 
be  heard  in  reply,  though  it  is  to  be  regretted,  that  it  does  not 
speak  through  a more  able  and  experienced  organ.  It 
is;  however,  hoped  that  the  comparative  youth  and  inexperi- 
ence of  the  author  may  be  more  than  compensated  by  the 
strength  of  his  cause ; for,  magna  est  veritas. 

You  dwell  much,  sir,  upon  the  question  of  Dr.  Good  to  Dr. 
Spurzheim,  “ Why  does  phrenology  assign  no  organs  to  folly, 
absurdity,  wisdom,  hypocrisy,  gluttony,  sensuality,  mirth, 
melancholy,  &c.  V'  Really,  sir,  are  you  so  grossly  igno- 
rant, even  of  the  very  dements  of  the  science  you  attack,  aa 
not  to  know  that  phrenology  classes  gluttony  under  the  per- 
verted exercise  of  aliment. ; hypocrisy,  under  that  of  secret. ; 
sensuality,  under  that  of  amat.,  aliment.,  and  some  of  the  other 
propensities ; melancholy,  under  that  of  cautious,  in  the  ab* 
sence  of  hope ; mirth,  under  the  exercise  of  mirth. ; wisdom, 
under  that  of  caus.  and  compar. ; and  folly  and  absurdity  un- 
der the  absence  of  these  organs  ? And  have  you,  in  addition 
to  this  ignorance,  so  little  discrimination  as  hot  to  perceive, 
even  intuitively , that  folly  and  absurdity,  in  reality,  amount 
to  the  very  same  thing,  and,  instead  of  being  positive  opera- 
tions of  .the  mind,  are  mere  negative  qualities,  or  the  defi- 
ciency of  reason?  Do  you  not  know  that  the  glutton  is  a 
sensualist.,  that  the  libertine  is  a sensualist,  and  the  drunkard. 
a sensualist?  Now,  phrenology  has  more  wisdom  than  to 
assign  different  kinds  of  sensuality  to  the  same  or  gam.  And 
yet,  this  is  the  ground  both  of  your  objection  and  of  that  of 
the  great  Dr.  Good.  By  the  way,  when  Dr.  Good  penned 
the  article  alluded  to  he  was  almost  entirely  ignorant,  evea 


m 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


of  the  outlines  of  phrenology.  This  is  evident,  not  onfy 
from  almost  every  sentence  of  his  chapter  upon  this  subject, 
but  also  from  the  passage  you  quote.  He  did  not  even  know 
that  hypocrisy  was  one  of  the  manifestations  of  secret.— a 
fact  of  which  the  veriest  tyro  in  phrenology  ought  to  be 
ashamed  to  be  ignorant.  But  you  also  commit  the  very 
same  errour.  IN  or  is  this  the  only  instance  in  which  you 
betray  an  ignorance  of  phrenology  altogether  unpardonable 
in  one  who  attempts  to  convince  the  world  that  it  is  untrue. 

In  justice  to  phrenology,  I must  here  reflect  somewhat 
severely  upon  anti-phrenologists  generally,  not  exempting 
even  yourself  from  the  censure.  No  one  is  qualified  to  de- 
cide upon  the  truth  or  erroneousness  of  any  subject  what- 
ever, until  he  has  examined,  in  person,  the  evidence  by 
which  it  claims  to  be  supported.  Now,  phrenology  profess- 
es to  be  demonstrated  solely  by  facts.  It  affirms  that  a cer- 
tain development  of  brain  is  always  accompanied  by  a cer- 
tain manifestation  of  intellect  or  feeling,  and  that  these  man- 
ifestations are  uniform  throughout  the  whole  animal  kingdom. 
Hence,  then,  no  person  is  qualified  to  form  any  decision  upon 
the  truth  of  phrenology,  until  he  has  examined  the  facts  in 
the  case  for  himself ; that  is,  until  he  has  learned  both  the 
location  of  the  phrenological  organs,  and  their  analysis. 
I have  already  exposed  your  ignorance  of  the  analysis  of  the 
organs.  And  you  even  misstate  their  number , and,  of  course, 
can  know  very  little  of  their  location.  Now.  sir,  I ask  you, 
I ask  the  world,  whether  it  is  right,  whether  it  is  philosophi- 
cal, whether  it  is  acting  a manly  part,  for  you  not  only  to 
condemn  phrenology  yourself,  but  also  publickly  to  attempt 
its  refutation,  whilst  you  are  almost  wholly  ignorant  both  of 
its  principles , and  of  its  details.  But  you  are  not  alone. 
Hundreds  have  written  against  it,  and  millions  are  now  con- 
demning it,  who  know  just  nothing  at  all  about  it — not  even 
enough  to  distinguish  it  from  fortune-telling.  The  blind 
have  led  the  blind  until  they  are  all  tumbled  together  into 
the  ditch. 

By  your  quotation  from  Br.  Charles  Bell,  you  would 
fain  make  the  world  believe  that  Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzhehn 
were  the  greatest  anatomical  ignoramuses  that  ever  lived. 
But,  cir,  your  efforts  are  too  late  in  the  day  to  fix  this  im* 
cression  upon  any  except  those  who  are  entirely  unacquaint- 
ed with  the  truth  in  this  matter.  The  fact  is,  and  is  becom- 
ing universally  admitted,  that  these  distinguished  literary 


BETTERS  TO  Dil.  M4  DO  WALL. 


BY? 


geniuses  ha ve  thrown  more  light  upon  the  anatomy  of  tha 
biain,  and  of  the  nervous  system,  than  was  ever  before  shed 
upon  these  subjects — that  their  anatomical  discoveries,  and 
Knowledge,  and  researches,  at  least,  equal,  if  they  do  not  far 
surpass,  those  of  any  other  two  men  who  have  ever  lived, 
Fears  before  the  far-famed  discovery  of  Dr.  C.  Bell,  relating 
o the  nervous  system,  Dr.  Spurzheim  suggested  to  the  world 
Ihe  very  same  idea  which  constituted  that  discovery,  as 
probable.  Medical  schools  and  medical  authors  are  univer- 
sally adopting  the  phrenological  anatomy  of  the  brain  .and 
of  the  nervous  system,  and  by  far  the  best  anatomical  dis- 
sections of  the  brain,  are  those  which  proceed  upon  phre- 
nological principles. 

So  far  from  disproving  phrenology,  anatomy  perfectly 
harmonizes  with  it,  and  even  lends  it  every  possible  support : 
and  this  shows  that  both  are  the  twin  sisters  of  truth  and 
nature.  Comparative  anatomy,  in  particular,  furnishes  ar 
guments  the  most  conclusive,  the  most  unanswerable,  in  sup- 
port of  phrenology.  (See  pp.  2G  to  34.) 

You  are  also  at  fault,  sir,  for  attacking  phrenology  as  it 
was  some  twenty  years  ago,  when  you  should  have  attacked 
it  as  it  is  now.  Every  new  science  has  its  weak  points. 
How  many  absurdities  clustered  around  ehymistry  fifty,  or 
even  twenty,  years  ago,  around  astronomy  before  the  days 
of  Newton,  around  every  science  while  yet  in  its  infancy  1 
Phrenology  has  but  just  burst  upon  our  world.  It  is  yet  in 
its  infancy — is  yet  wanting  that  perfect  beauty  and  symme- 
try, and  that  analysis  which  time  alone  can  give  it.  Doubt- 
less much  more  remains  to  be  discovered  than  has  yet  been 
discovered.  Great  allowance  ought  to  be  made  to  phrenol- 
ogy even  as  it  now  is ; much  more  as  it  was  twenty  years, 
or  even  ten  years,  ago.  Yet,  instead  of  making  the  allow- 
ance which  is  really  its  due,  you  do  not  even  give  it  all  the 
credit  which  belongs  to  it.  But  in  this  you  are  not  alone. 

Yosi  say,  bottom  of  page  137,  “ carefully  remove  the  scull 
rom  any  given  number  of  human  heads,  and  there  will  be 
a uniformity  of  appearance  on  the  surface  of  the  several 
brains.’ ' Of  course,  you  mean,  if  you  mean  any  thing,  that 
the  “ surfaces  of  any  given  number  of  brains,  are  uniform  V* 
This  statement  I deny  in  toto.  The  fact  is,  that  wherever 
there  is  a regular  swell  of  the  external  table  of  the  scull, 
indicative  of  the  development  ofa  phrenological  organ,  there 
is  also  a eoi  responding  depression  of  the  internal  table 


578 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


which  is  filled  up  with  brain,  excepting,  always,  the  regies 
of  the  sinuses,  and  the  mastoid  and  other  processes. 

I will  accompany  you,  or  any  other  person,  to  any  collect 
tion  of  sculls  you  please,  and  demonstrate  my  position,  or 
give  up  the  argument.  Scattering  exceptions  there  may  be ; 
but,  as  a general  thing,  the  external  surface  of  the  brain  and 
of  the  scull  correspond  nearly  enough  for  all  phrenologi- 
cal  purposes. 

It  is  true,  when  the  scull  is  removed,  as  the  brain  is  too 
soft  to  retain  its  original  shape,  the  higher  portions  some- 
what flatten  down;  so  that  we  must  determine  the  natural 
shape  of  the  brain  by  that  of  the  internal  surface  of  the 
scvll.  At  the  location  of  some  of  the  organs,  various  brains 
differ  in  size  more  than  an  inch.  Yet,  you  say,  that  the 
“surfaces  of  different  brains  are  uniform.”  I ask,  then,  what 
fills  the  cavities  between  these  sculls  and  their  brains  ? If  your 
statement  were  correct,  the  scull  of  Washington  must  have 
been  more  than  an  inch  thicker,  just  above  the  eyes,  than 
that  of  Franklin,  and  an  inch  thinner  in  the  upper  and  lat- 
eral part  of  the  forehead.  Compare  these  two  foreheads — 
compare  any  two  heads  you  please,  and  if  there  is  any  agree- 
ment between  the  general  shape  of  the  head  and  that  of  the 
brain,  your  argument,  so  far  from  disproving  phrenology,  is 
unanswerable  in  its  favour. 

You  assert,  sir,  that  anatomists  have  divided  the  brain  into 
three  sections,  assigning  to  one  section  the  seat  of  the  intel- 
lect; to  another,  that  of  the  animal  senses;  to  a third,  that 
of  the  feelings  generally.  Pray,  sir,  how  does  this  differ 
from  the  phrenological  divisions,  except  that  the  former  con- 
sists of  three,  the  latter  of  thirty -five,  sections?  And  what- 
ever arguments  you  bring  against  the  phrenological  divis- 
ions, I will  bring,  mutatis  mutandis , against  the  anatomical 
divisions. 


INJURIES  OF  THE  BRAIN. 

You  mention  the  case  of  a gentleman  who,  by  the  frac- 
ture of  his  scull,  sustained  a severe  injury  of  the  brain,  ana 
a considerable  loss  of  it,  and  yet,  you  gravely  assure  us,  tha* 
not  the  slightest  difference  could  be  discovered  in  bis  i taenia . 
power — that  “ there  was  no  change  whatever  in  his  capability 
for  acquiring  knowledge  ” Now,  there  are  several  ways  ot 
eccunting  for  this  fact.  In  the  first  place,  this  loss  of  braia 


injuries  of  the  brain. 


379 


might  have  bi;en  made  up.  Other  portions  of  the  body,  the 
bones,  flesh,  have  the  power,  after  parts  of  them  have  been 
removed,  of  reproduction.  A wound  heals,  a bone  or  nerve 
reunites,  &c.  Why,  then,  should  not  the  brain  possess  tha 
same  power,  and  be  able  to  supply  portions  which  have  been 
(emoved?  And  since  analogy  is  on  my  side  of  the  argu- 
ment, it  belongs  to  you  either  to  admit  that  it  does , or  else  to 
prove  that  it  does  not.  In  the  second  place,  on  the  suppo 
sition  that  phrenology  is  wholly  false,  will  you  have  the 
goodness  to  explain  this  phenomenon  upon  the  principles  of 
your  own  doctrine  of  the  unity  oi  the  brain  and  of  the  mental 
power?  According  to  your  theory,  an  injury  of  any 'por- 
tion of  the  brain,  must  affect  it  as  a whole , and,  an  injuring 
of  the  brain  as  a whole,  must  equally  impair  every  operation 
of  the  mind.  And  yet,  by  your  own  admission,  all  the 
mental  powers,  in  the  case  you  cite,  remained  unimpaired. 
But,  by  the  application  of  the  principles  of  phrenology,  the 
explanation  of  this  phenomenon  is  perfectly  easy  and  ra- 
tional; for,  as  the  organs  are  double,  like  the  eyes,  ears,  &c., 
and,  as  the  accident  occurred  partly  upon  one  side  of  the 
forehead,  it  is  evident,  that,  while  one  or  more  organs  upon 
that  side  of  the  head,  were  labouring  under  the  injury  caus- 
ed by  the  wound,  the  corresponding  organs  upon  the  other 
side  of  the  head,  being  uninjured,  performed  the  functions 
of  both  sets  of  organs,  just  as,  when  one  eye  is  injured,  see- 
ing is  performed  by  the  other  eye.  This  fact,  then,  so  far 
from  militating  against  phrenology,  proves  it  to  be  incom 
parably  superiour  to  your  favourite  doctrine  of  the  unity  of 
the  brain. 

You  also  adduce  cases  of  hydrocephalick  affection,  in  the 
first  of  which,  “ the  brain  was  discovered  to  be  in  a liquid 
state ; in  the  second,  the  whole  substance  was  watery , and  so 
soft  that  it  would  hardly  bear  the  knife ; and  in  the  third,  be- 
sides water  in  the  ventricles  and  an  effusion  of  blood  upon 
the  tentorium,  there  seemed  to  be  a total  change  of  the  con- 
sistence and  colour  of  the  brain  throughout,  so  that  it  would 
neither  bear  handling  nor  cutting,  the  parts  being  uncom- 
monly indistinct.”  And  yet,  mirabile  dictu , the  subjects 
sould.  think  and  feel  just  as  well  without  brains,  forsooth,  as 
w’th  them. 

These  cases,  if  they  prove  any  thing,  prove  that  the  brain 
\ wt  the  organ  of  the  mind ; for  “a  loss  of  a part  of  tha 


880 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


Drain,”  and  “ a total  change  of  its  consistency,  do  nott  in  ft** 
slightest  degree,  affect  the  operations  of  the  mindi” 

The  inevitable  conclusion,  then,  from  your  own  argu- 
ments and  premises,  is,  that  the  mind  acts  wholly  and  entire* 
ly  independent  of  the  brain — a conclusion  directly  at  war 
Math  a fundamental  principle  of  every  existing  system  ot 
intellectual,  and  natural,  and  medical  philosophy,  viz.,  that 
the  brain  is  the  organ  of  the  mind.  But,  in  several  different 
places,  you  admit,  distinctly,  that  the  brain  is  the  organ  of 
the  mind ; and  then  you  go  on  to  show  that  its  loss  and  dis- 
organization have  no  influence  whatever  upon  the  mind. 
Admirable  consistency  ! And  this  drives  you  to  take  the  one  or 
the  other  of  the  horns  of  the  following  dilemma — you  must 
admit  either  that  your  argument  is  fallacious,  or  else  that  the 
mind  acts  independently  of  the  brain  ; either  of  which  ad- 
missions contradicts  one  of  your  own  positions. 

But  how,  I would  ask,  do  these  cases  affect  phrenology? 
I maintain  that  they  do  not  even  touch  it  as  such  : for,  if  the 
whole  mind  can  operate  by  means  of  the  whole  brain,  even 
though  it  be  hydrocephalick,  then,  surely,  one  faculty  of  the 
mind  can  operate  by  means  of  one  part  of  it,  even  though 
it  be  hydrocephalick.  Why  do  you  not  argue  against  phre- 
nology as  such — -phrenology  per  se  ? 

FREE  AGENCY  AND  FATALISM. 

But  your  most  prominent  objection  to  phrenology  is,  that, 

“ When  carried  out  to  the  full  extent  of  its  minuteness  of  detail, 
?*  renders  mankind  completely  passive  in  their  moral  character- 
strikes  at  the  root  of  the  free  agency  and  accountability  of  man,  and 
makes  God  the  author  of  sin.  But,  to  my  mind,  it  is  passing  strange, 
that  a portion  of  mankind  should  be  furnished  by  the  Creator,  with 
organs  for  the  cultivation  of  theft  and  murder — organs  which,  when 
extensively  developed,  produce  such  an  irresistible  propensity  in  the 
individual,  to  the  commission  of  those  degrading  crimes,  that  he 
rannot  be  restrained  by  all  the  other  counteracting  organs.  The 
admission  of  such  a doctrine,  is  calculated  to  throw  a reflection  on 
the  holy  and  all-wise  God,  in  thus  rendering  it  physically  impossi- 
ble for  some  of  the  human  family  to  avoid  being  murderers,  and  rcl>* 
bers,  and  thieves.  Dr.  Spurzheim  directly  avows  that  the  Creator 
has  sanctioned  the  perpetration  of  robbery  and  murder,  by  furnish- 
ing organs  and  propensities  for  the  commission  of  these  crimes.” 

When  stated  in  form,  your  objection  amounts  to  this  : The 
trading  doctrine  of  phrenology  is,  that  mora,  actions  and 


ffATALXSM. 


as 


moral  conduct  are  the  result  of,  or,  at  least,  conform  tc,  am 
agree  with,  the  physical  form  of  the  cranium.  This  cos 
formity,  then,  must  be  in  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect- 
necessary,  and  not  accidental.  Therefore,  every  moral  age& 
must  be  ruled  by  this  relation,  and  has  no  power  to  deviate 
from  it,  which  amounts  to  a full  denial  of  free  agency ; and 
when  fully  illustrated,  the  objection  amounts  to  this : Since 
God  creates  one  individual  with  those  organs  very  large 
which,  when  thus  developed,  manifest  themselves  in  steal- 
ing, lying,  quarreling,  fighting,  murder,  licentiousness,  or 
vice  of  any  kind,  such  individual  is  compelled , by  these 
physical  organs  which  his  Creator  has  given  him,  to  commit 
these  crimes;  and,  since  he  cannot  help  himself,  nor  resist 
the  instinctive  operations  of  his  organs  any  more  than  he 
can  avoid  being  hungry  when  deprived  of  food,  or  sleepy 
when  deprived  of  rest,  or  seeing  objects  when  they  are  pre- 
sented to  his  organs  of  vision,  he  is,  therefore,  not  accounta- 
ble or  blameable,  and,  consequently,  not  punishable,  for  bis 
actions.  On  the  other  hand,  since  God  creates  another  man 
with  a large  development  of  the  organs  which  indicate  kind- 
ness, nobleness,  and  high  moral  and  intellectual  qualities,  no 
thanks  to  him  that  he  is  kind,  virtuous,  just,  praiseworthy, 
intelligent,  &c.,  for,  he  is  obliged  to  be  so  by  his  physical 
organization,  over  which  he  can  exercise  no  control,  or 
govern  by  any  act  of  personal  volition.  A blood-thirsty 
Nero,  or  a Caligula,  and  a philanthropick  Howard,  are 
each  alike  virtuous  and  alike  vicious,  because  each  acts  in 
perfect  conformity  to  the  physical  development  of  his  men- 
tal organs ; and,  as  God  created  and  designed  him  to  act. 
Another,  by  being  created  destitute  of  the  organs  of  ven., 
conscien.,  benev.,  &c.,  in  consequence  of  this  natural  defect 
in  his  organization,  cannot  worship  his  God,  cannot  resist 
temptation,  or  exercise  gratitude  or  penitence,  cannot  deal 
justly  or  exercise  the  feeling  of  benevolence  or  of  mercy ; and, 
therefore,  ought  not  to  be  blamed,  much  less  punished , for  not 
doing  what  he  is  physically  incapable  of  doing.  What! 
the  infinitely  just  and  benevolent  Creator  to  give  a man  no 
eyes , and  then  punish  him  for  not  seeing , or  to  give  him  an 
appetite  for  food,  and  then  punish  him  for  being  hungry ! 
To  admit  the  truth  of  phrenology,  therefore,  is  to  destroy  all 
free-agency,  and  all  power  of  voluntary  choice,  and,  with 
them,  all  moral  accountability,  all  virtue,  all  vies,  and,  con 
wequently,  all  liability  to  rewards  or  punishment^  both  ia 


$82 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


this  life  and  in  another  state  of  existence;  for  the  Create 
determines  the  physical  organization  of  man,  and  this  deter- 
mines their  whole  character,  and,  in  conjunction  with  cir 
cumstances,  causes  them  to  feel  and  act  in  a given  wa 3. 
Hence,  the  whole  doctrine  of  human  agency  and  accounta- 
bility is  annihilated,  and  the  adorable  Deity  is  made  the  ne- 
cessary author  of  all  sin,  and  yet  this  same  Deity  punishes 
innocent  and  helpless  man,  both  for  doing  what  he  obliges 
him  to  do,  and  also  for  not  doing  what  he  has  given  him  no 
poiver  to  perform. 

Inasmuch  as  this  objection  forms  the  great  gun  of  the  op- 
position to  phrenology — the  terrifick  scare-crow  which  has 
frightened  many,  and  particularly  religious  people,  so  that 
they  dare  not  even  look  at  the  arguments  and  facts  in  the 
case,  and  inasmuch  as  it  appears  to  be  a very  plausible  ob- 
jection, and  one  which,  to  my  own  mind,  has  never  been  sat- 
isfactorily answered  by  other  phrenologists,  I shall  endea- 
vour to  reply  to  it  more  at  large  than  to  any  objections  hith- 
erto noticed.  Permit  me,  then,  to  beg  your  careful  attention 
to  the  following  distinct  arguments. 

First, — That  certain  vicious  propensities  do  exist. 
and  are  very  strong , is  an  absolute  matter  of  fact — a 
fact  which  every  where  stares  every  observer  of  human  na- 
ture full  in  the  face.  One  man  is  cruel  and  ferocious,  and 
another  mild  and  tender-hearted  ; one  is  talented,  and  another 
foolish ; one  is  timid,  and  another  brave,  &c.  See  middle  of 
p.  315  and  316;  also,  description  of  the  lad  in  Lansing- 
burgh,  p.  261,  contrasted  with  that  of  the  benevolent  girl,  p. 
262:  see,  likewise,  description  of  the  young  lady,  p.  280, 
of  Mr.  Brown,  p.  298,  of  Franklin  Gibson,  p.  304,  of  the 
young  lady,  p.  310,  of  the  lad,  p.  311,  of  the  lad  described 
upon  p.  320;  of  Col.  Knapp,  Webster,  Clay,  &c 

A gentleman  recently  entered  my  office,  and  desired  me 
to  tell  him  the  whole  truth.  At  the  close  of  the  examina- 
tion, he  remarked,  that  the  description  was  perfect,  only  that 
one  marked , one  predominant , trait  of  character  had  been 
omitted.  “ And  I can  tell  you  what  that  is,  sir,”  said  I : 
“you  have  a very  strong  propensity  to  steal.”  “You  aie 
right,  sir,”  he  replied  ; “ yet  you  and  I are  the  only  persons 
that  know  it.  Notwithstanding  all  my  efforts  to  rid  myself 
of  it,  the  propensity  still  exists,  and  is  well  ni^h  irresistible.” 

A lad  was  recently  brought  -ne,  whom  I describe  1!  as  a 


FATALISM 


883 


8<rp  of  wickedness,  yet  talented.  His  uncle  remarked,  that 
lie  had  nex-er  seen  his  equal,  either  for  depravity  or  talent-. 

In  Virginia,  the  following  statement  was  mace  to  me  !:y 
a responsible  gentleman,  concerning  a young  lady  who  was 
Drought  up  in  the  same  neighbourhood  with  himself.  “ This 
young  lady,”  he  said,  “ who  was  descended  from  one  of  the 
first  families  in  the  state,  and  was  amply  provided  for,  when 
un  a visit  at  the  house  of  a relative  in  Petersburgh,  Va., 
stole  a family  gold  medal  from  off  the  neck  of  a little  child, 
and  pawned  it.  By  advertising,  the  owner  found  it,  and,  to 
his  utter  astonishment  and  mortification,  learned  that  his 
own  niece  had  pawned  the  stolen  property.  Stung  to  the 
quick  to  think  that  his  family  should  be  thus  disgraced,  he 
turned  her  out  of  his  house.  On  another  occasion,  she  was 
strongly  suspected  of  having  stolen  a gold  watch,  and,  a 
search-warrant  being  procured,  there  were  found  in  her  pos- 
session silver  spoons,  knives  and  forks,  table-cloths,  towels, 
and  various  articles  of  clothing  which  were  recognised  as  be- 
onging  to  others,  a very  large  assortment  of  jewelry,  and 
apparently  every  thing  upon  which  she  could  well  lay  her 
nands,  together  with  the  gold  watch — all  of  which,  it  appear- 
ed upon  evidence,  she  had  stolen  ! It  also  appeared  that  she 
nad  several  times  used  various  arts  to  decoy  individuals  into 
ner  power,  for  the  mere  purpose  of  robbing  them.  She  was 
ccordingly  cast  out  of  respectable  society,  and,  at  last,  was 
bund  keeping  an  oyster  establishment,  in  order  that  she  might 
he  more  successfully  prey  upon  her  customers. 

“With  deep  emotion,  her  brothers  begged  her,  for  their 
akes,  and  for  the  honour  of  their  family,  as  well  as  for  her 
&wn,  not  to  disgrace  herself  and  them.  They  told  her,  ii 
he  wanted  money,  they  would  give  her  thousands,  ratbei 
ha.L  suffer  the  honour  of  their  names  to  be  thus  tarnished. 
Yet  it  was  all  of  no  avail.  She  is  still  living  just  as  she  has 
lways  lived — an  abandoned  thief  ” 

An  English  provincial  paper  tells  a story  of  a female, 
noving  in  the  upper  circles  of  society  at  Ramsgate,  and 
•ossessed  of  considerable  wealth,  who  was  detected  in  th# 
narket  of  that  town  pilfering  turnips  from  a poor  personV 
all. 

Thousands  of  similar  cases  might  easily  be  stated  in  ad- 
lition,  exclusive  of  what  other  phrenologists  have  already 
ecorded — all  showing  certain  strong,  if  not  predominant* 
Fopensities  or  talents.  Instances  of  extraordinary  mechan 


134 


OBJECTION'S  'ANSWERS?. 


herd  or  poeMcal  taste  or  talent,  of  strong  and  original  pfr*Nr?3 
Ot  thought,  and  of  the  various  other  marks  of  genius,  3uco 
were  possessed  by  a Benjamin  West,  a Michael  Angelo, 
& Webster,  a Clay,  a Bonaparte,  a Shakspeare,  &c.,  have 
occurred  in  all  ages  and  in  all  countries,  and  are  equally  ap- 
plicable to  the  point  in  question.  Need  I,  then,  point  to  our 
prisons,  or  to  our  criminal  courts — need  I cite  the  number- 
less details  of  cold-blooded  murders,  of  revengeful  duels, 
and  of  daring  robberies,  which  blacken  almost  every  news- 
paper?—need  f enumerate  the  ever-varying,  ever-multiplying 
crimes  of  mankind  in  confirmation  or  illustration  of  the  po- 
sition that  vicious  propensities  do  exist,  and  that  they 
are  very  strong;  for  where  is  the  individual  who  is  no* 
himself  an  illustration  of  it? — that  is,  who  does  not  himself 
possess  some  vicious  propensity , some  ‘ easily-besetting ■ sin  f 
Virtuous  traits  of  character,  also,  which  are  equally  ap- 
plicable to  the  argument,  are  found  likewise  to  exist,  and 
are  not  unfrequently  joined  with  very  vicious  propensities. 
As  well  might  one  attempt,  in  short,  to  deny  that  two  and 
two  make  four,  or  that  he  exists,  as  to  deny  the  existence 
both  of  virtuous  and  of  vicious  traits  of  character. 

So  far  as  the  argument  is  concerned,  then,  what  difference 
does  it  make,  whether  certain  vicious  propensities  are , or  are 
%ot,  invariably  accompanied  by  certain  developments  of  the 
brain , and  certain  virtuous  feelings  and  talents,  by  other  ce- 
rebral developments  ? The  objection,  so  far  as  it  is  appli- 
cable at  all,  lies  only  against  th q propensities  themselves,  and 
not  against  their  physical  organs,  which,  phrenologically 
considered,  are  mere  physical  indications  of  them. 

Now,  sir,  since  it  is  a matter  of  fact  and  observation,  that 
certain  vicious  propensities  and  certain  virtuous  traits  of  char- 
acter, as  well  as  certain  talents,  do  exist,  and  are  also  very 
strong  and  frequently  predominant,  you  are,  in  reality, 
urging  this  objection  not  against  the  existence  of  certain 
phrenological  organs  connected  with  these  manifestations  of 
intellect  and  feeling,  but  against  the  existence  of  these  mental 
manifestations  themselves — against  the  existence  of 
these  merely  accompanying  physical  signs  which  phreno.o- 
gy  has  discovered,  but  against  the  existence  of  the  propen 
sities  themselves— not  against  the  phrenological  expla- 
nation of  these  facts,  but  against  the  existence  of  facts  as 
?hey  vf.e — against  the  system  of  things  as  it  is — or,  iff 


FATALISM. 


Dlhei  vords,  against  the  government  of  “the  all-vise  and 
holy  God.” 

Inasmuch,  then,  as  you  urge  your  objection  against  the 
existence  of  certain  it  filiations  and  talents  of  the  mind,  and 
inasmuch  as  daily  observation,  if  not  personal  experience 
compels  you  to  admit  the  existence  of  these  things,  you  are 
obliged  to  admit  the  very  thing  to  which  you  object:  and 
since  you,  equally  with  myself,  admit  the  existence  of  that 
to  the  existence  of  which  you  object,  it  belongs  to  you  to  an- 
swer your  own  objection,  rather  than  to  me  to  answer  it  for 
you ; for,  so  far  as  the  argument  is  concerned,  an  objection 
is  fairly  answered  when  shown  to  lie  with  equal  weight 
against  what  the  objector  himself  admits.  You  cannot  but 
perceive  that  you  are  not  urgingthis  objection  against  phre- 
nology as  such , but  against  what  is.  You  are  therefore 
chargeable  with  the  very  same  heresy  with  which  you  accuse 
phrenology,  and,  consequently,  must  either  admit  that  vour 
inference  is  unfounded,  or  else,  that  it  “ reflects”  no  less 
against  the  creation  and  government  of  the  “ all-wise  and 
holy  God"  than  it  does  against  phrenology. 

How  is  phrenology  at  fault  for  merely  pointing  out  the 
indications  of  the  existence  of  certain  talents  and  propensi- 
ties, when  the  Almighty  himself  has  hung  out  these  signs 
ebr  the  guidance  of  man? — for  merely  declaring , that  that 
exists  which  actually  does  exist?  If  phrenology  did  not 
show  that  one  man  possesses  a remarkable  mechanical  tal- 
ent, another,  a murderous  propensity,  another,  an  honest  or 
a benevolent  disposition,  another,  a high  endowment  of  in- 
tellect, &c.,  it  would  not  correspond  with  the  facts  in  the 
case,  and,  therefore,  could  not  be  true. 

If  I am  rightly  informed,  you,  sir,  are  a believer,  not  only 
in  the  Bible,  but  also  in  the  general  features  of  the  Galvin- 
istick  creed.  If,  therefore,  your  argument  is  valid,  in  com- 
mon with  all  other  believers  in  this,  ora  kindred,  doctrine, 
you  are  the  very  last  who  can  consistently  assail  phreno?^- 
gy  upon  the  ground  of  your  argument,  but  you  ought  to  be 
th§  first  to  hail  it  wish  “joy  unspeakable,”  as  a scientifick 
confirmation  of  a doctrine  which,  as  you  maintain,  is  as  in- 
dispensable to  salvation  as  breath  is  to  our  corporeal  exist- 
ence; and  yet,  strange  inconsistency  ! you  are  the  very  firs; 
to  attack,  and  the  most  violent  in  opposing,  that  very  science 
which,  according  to  your  own  interpretation  of  it,  fully  con- 
firms that  doctrine  which  lies  nearest  your  heart.  You, 


886 


OBJECTIONS?  ANSWER*  fc. 


forsooth,  will  believe,  and  most  zealously  maintain  am.  <k< 
fend,  the  doctrine  of  divine  sovereignty  and  fore-ordination 
as  the  foundation  and  the  essence  of  that  “ faith  without 
which  no  man  can  be  saved,”  and  yet,  reject  phrenology,  be- 
cause (according  to  your  interpretation)  it  teaches  precisely 
the  same  doctrine.  Admirable  consistency  ! What  freedom 
from  bigotry  and  prejudice  ! Believe  a doctrine  which  you 
fancy  that  you  find  in  the  Bible,  and  regard  it  as  the  philos- 
opners’  stone  in  religious  matters,  and  yet,  reject  phrenology 
as  a most  horrid  and  blasphemous  thing,  because  it  teaches 
the  very  same  doctrine  ! This  shows  how  sincerely  you  believe 
in  your  Calvinistiek  creed,  and  how  much  common  sense 
you  exercise  in  reference  to  that  belief.  You,  and  all  others  of 
the  Calvinistiek  creed,  are  bound,  then,  either  to  believe  in 
phrenologjr,  or  to  give  up  the  pole-star  of  your  religious  faith. 

Secondly, — It  is  self-evident  that  divine  agency  eithei 
does , or  does  not , influence  and  determine  human  actions — 
that  it  either  is , or  is  not , concerned  in  bringing  about  events. 
If  the  Deity  does  not , in  any  way,  influence  the  conduct  or 
men,  surely,  he  has  no  hand  in  any  thing  that  takes  place 
in  the  world,  for  all  other  terrestrial  transactions  bear  EC 
comparison  with  this  in  importance.  If,  then,  God  has  no 
agency  in  the  doings  of  men,  surely  he  has  no  agency  in 
the  operations  of  nature,  and,  therefore,  does  not  rule. 
But  if  God  does  rule — if  divine  agency  is  efficient  in 
forming  human  character,  and  in  bringing  about  events, 
then  human  agency  cannot  be  efficient  in  bringing  about  the 
same : or,  in  other  words,  just  so  far  as  divine  agency  forms 
human  character,  determines  human  conduct,  and  causes 
events,  human  agency  does  not  do  it,  and  man  cannot  be  free 
and  accountable.  It  follows,  then,  that,  as  far  as  your  objection 
Dears  against  phrenology,  it  also  bears,  and  with  equal  force, 
against  the  Deity’s  having  any  hand  in  any  thing  that  con- 
cerns the  character  and  the  conduct  of  men.  Now,  as  re- 
gards your  objection,  it  makes  not  the  least  difference  whe- 
ther the  Deity  forms  human  character,  and  determines  the 
conduct  of  men,  by  means  of  direct,  compulsory  force,  #or 
by  phrenological  organs,  or  by  other  circumstances  ; for  the 
objection  really  lies  against  the  Deity’s  having  any  hand  at 
all , either  in  forming  the  characters  of  men,  in  determining 
their  conduct,  or  in  bringing  about  any  event  whatever. 

What!  then,  do  you,  D i.  McDowall,  a professor  of  re- 
ligion, really  undertake  to  maintain  that  the  God  who  tuIm 


FATALISM. 


381 


aoove,  has  no  agency  in  determining  the  characters  of  men 
and  in  the  management  of  human  affairs?  and  thus,  by  de* 
nying  that  He  £•'*  ;s  any  bias  ta  the  character  of  his  crea* 
tures,  virtually  deny  that  he  rules?  If  you  answer  thia 
question  in  the  affirmative,  then  be  consistent,  and  drop  your 
objection  at  once;  if  in  the  negative,  you  are  justly  charge- 
able, either  with  the  grossest  inconsistency,  or  with  downright 
atheism.  One  of  these  two  answers,  however,  you  must 
give;  and  which,  I leave  with  you  to  choose.  But,  if  you 
admit  the  doctrine  of  free  agency,  personal  volition,  and 
moral  accountability,  (which  your  objection  necessarily  im- 
plies,) and  also  that  God  is  the  sovereign  ruler  of  the  uni- 
verse, (which  you  must  do,  or  be  an  atheist,)  have  the  good- 
ness to  answer  your  own  objection  ; for  I urge  it  against 
what  you  admit  with  just  the  same  propriety,  and  upon  pre- 
cisely the  same  grounds,  that  you  urge  it  against  phrenol- 
ogy: and  an  objection  is  always  considered  as  answered 
when  shown  to  lie  with  equal  weight  against  what  the  ob- 
lector  himself  admits. 

To  what  has  been  said,  you  may,  indeed,  reply  ; “But,  sir, 
you  do  not  answer  the  objection  by  throwing  it  back  into  my 
teeth — you  do  not  get  yourself  out  of  the  snare  by  getting 
me  into  it.”  True,  sir,  but  I thereby  shut  your  mouth.  First 
extricate  yourself  from  the  snare  you  have  laid,  and  you 
will  thereby  release  me  from  it.  In  other  words,  first  answer 
your  own  objection  as  it  is  applicable  to  matters  of  fact,  and 
to  the  government  of  the  Deity,  and  you  will  thereby  answer 
it  as  applicable  to  phrenology:  and,  until  you  do  thus  answer 
it,  consistency  requires  you  to  drop  it,  since,  by  urging  it  at 
all,  you  urge  it,  not  against  phrenology  as  such , but  against 
the  works  and  the  government  of  “ the  allwise  and  holy  God, ” 
and  may  therefore  settle  your  own  difficulty  with  your  maker. 

Thus  far,  then,  I have  virtually  admitted,  but  will  now 
endeavour  to  answer,  the  objection. 

Thirdly, — It  is  a fundamental  principle  in  phrenology, 
hat  the  size  of  the  organs  is  increased  by  the  exercise  of  th * 
corresponding  faculties.  See  bottom  of  p.  21  and  p.  22,  and 
the  chapter  on  “ the  increase  of  the  organs  by  exercise,”  pp. 
365  to  370.  The  organs  of  acquis.,  destruct.,  &c.,  are  only 
the  instruments  of  the  corresponding  propensities,  and  not 
the  propensities  themselves,  nor  the  causes  of  them;  and  theii 
development  iV,  in  a great  degree,  the  effect , and  ru  t tha 
sause,  of  the  exercise  of  the  corresponding  passions.  Me» 


2188 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWER!© 


are  not  murderers,  liars,  thieves,  fee.,  because  they  have  very 
large  destruct.,  secret.,  acquis.,  fee.,  but  they  have  large  do 
struct.,  secret,  acquis.,  fee.,  because  they  are  murderers , liars \ 
thieves , fyc.  True,  the  power  of  the  propensity,  the  activv 
ty  being  considered,  is  proportionate  to  the  size  of  the  organ, 
out  is  not  caused  by  it ; and,  therefore,  the  whole  responsibili- 
ty  fails  back  upon  the  necessary  cause  of  these  propensities. 
Hence,  very  large  organs  of  acquis.,  destruct.,  fee.,  instead  of 
compelling,  or  even  urging,  their  possessors  to  violence  and 
theft,  are  merely  the  instruments  by  means  of  which  these 
vicious  passions  are  exercised ; and  the  size  of  these  organs 
shows  only  how  much  their  guilty  possessor  has  chosen  to 
exercise  the  corresponding  propensities.  The  size  of  an 
organ,  then,  not  only  does  not  cause  and  determine  the 
strength  of  the  corresponding  propensity,  but  is  itself  caused 
and  determined  by  the  strength  of  the  passion. 

It  is  true,  indeed,  that  when  an  organ  is  very  large,  the 
corresponding  faculty  is  spontaneously  and  proportionally 
the  more  powerful,  and  sometimes  well  nigh  uncontrollable  ; 
but  the  guilty  individual  had  no  right  thus  to  indulge  the 
passion,  and  thereby  to  enlarge  the  organ.  Jn  this , mainly , 
consists  his  guilt.  The  strength  of  the  depraved  propensities , 
is,  in  a great  degree,  proportionate  to  their  indulgence  or  culti- 
ration;  and,  consequently,  the  guilt  of  an  individual  is  also  pro- 
portionate to  the  same  indulgence : that  is,  the  guilt  is  in  pro- 
portion to  the  strength  and  misapplication  of  the  depraved  pro- 
pensities; and  these  depend  mainly  on  cultivation.  Are  the  de- 
sires of  the  libertine,  the  thief,  the  murderer,  fee.,  the  less  crimi- 
nal because  they  have  been  stimulated  and  indulgcd^ndthere- 
by  increased,  until  they  have  become  too  clamorous  and  too 
powerful  to  be  controlled?  By  no  means;  but  the  stronger 
these  depraved  desires,  the  greater  their  possessor’s  guilt. 
So  it  is  with  the  phrenological  organs.  They  are  seldom 
inordinately  large,  unless  the  correspond ing  faculties  have 
been  inordinately  indulged ; and  this  indulgence  is  the 
clearest,  the  strongest  possible  proof  of  the  subject’s  guilt.  It 
follows,  then,  that  very  large  destruct.,  acquis.,  secret.,  amat., 
fee.,  so  far  from  excusing  the  murderer,  the  thief,  the  hypo 
crite,  the  libertine,  fee.,  are  physical  vouchers  for  his  guilt. 
Like  the  mark  put  upon  Cain,  they  tell  the  story  of  his  guilt. 

The  same  principle,  reversed,  applies  to  small  organs 
When  a given  organ,  say  thaA  of  conscien.or  ven..  is  small, 
his  deficiency  shows,  net  that  the  individual  be  jus*, 


FATALISM. 


IMS 

ar  worship  his  maker,  but,  simply,  that  he  has  not  been,  and 
done  so.  To  every  individual,  more  oi  less  of  every  facui.y 
Rnd  organ  are  originally  given;  so  that,  by  reasonably  ex 
ercising  what  conscien.  and  ven.  he  has,  he  can  obtain 
more — -by  “cultivating  his  one  talent,”  he  can  increase  it  to 
five.  But  if  he  neglect  to  exercise  what  conscien.  and  ven. 
he  may  possess — if  he  “ bury  his  talent  in  the  earth,” 
“even  what  he  has,  will  be  taken  from  him;”  and,  for  his 
guilty  misimprovement  of  the  one  talent,  he  will  be  justly 
“ cast  out  into  outer  darkness.” 

A most  interesting  fact,  bearing  directly  upon  this  point, 
s,  that  in  the  heads  of  the  hundreds,  if  not  thousands,  ol 
children  which  I have  observed,  the  organ  of  conscien.  is 
generally,  not  only  very  large,  but,  excepting  cautious.,  one 
of  the  largest  organs  in  the  whole  head,  whilst,  in  the  sev- 
eral thousand  heads  of  men  which  have  fallen  under  my  own 
observation,  conscien.  has  been  found  decidedly  loicer  than  the 
average  of  the  other  organs  in  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  num- 
ber, and  is  frequently  found  to  be  almost  wholly  wanting.  In 
well-educated  females,  it  is  generally  one  of  their  largest 
organs.  In  some  villages  and  religious  societies,  this  organ 
is  found,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  very  large,  and  in 
others,  again,  where  conscientious  scruples  are  little  attended 
to,  it  is  found  to  be  far  less  prominent,  or  even  quite  deficient. 
The  same  holds  true  among  those  who  pursue  different  call- 
ings and  professions;  and,  among  the  latter,  observation  has 
convinced  me,  that,  in  general,  those  who  have  long  prac- 
tised law , have  no  more  conscien.  than  they  need — very  lit 
tie  more,  indeed,  than  those  who  have  long  gambled  for  office 
at  the  fashionable  game  of  party  politicks , whilst  comhai.  is 
very  large.— The  chapter  on  the  increase  of  the  organs  by 
exercise,  presents  this  matter  in  its  true  light.  See  p.  365-370. 

It  is,  nevertheless,  true,  that  when  one  has  ven.  large,  and 
another  has  it  small,  the  latter  cannot  worship  God  with 
all  the  fervour  and  the  heart-felt  devotion  of  the  former : nor 
is  this  required  of  him;  for,  “of  him  to  whom  much  is  giv- 
en, much  will  be  required.”  But  more  upon  this  point,  pre- 
sently. 

If  an  individual  wish  to  reduce  the  size  of  anv  given 
organ  or  orgms,  let  him  cease  to  exercise  the  corresponding 
faculties,  and  it  will  be  done.  Let  the  sailor  or  the  blacksmith 
& wing  up,  in  a sling,  his  hand  or  his  arm,  which  he  has 
made  large  and  strong  by  exercise  and  it  will  soon  become 


190 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED 


smaller,  and  its  strength  will  be  diminished.  So,  if  one 
cease  to  exercise  a given  organ  by  ceasing  to  exercise  its 
corresponding  facuhy,  that  organ  will  become  smaller  and, 
in  all  probability,  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  upon  the 
scull,  will  diminish  the  protuberance. — See  note  to  p.  24., 
and  also  p.  23.  For  farther  particulars  concerning  the  in- 
crease and  decrease  of  the  organs  by  exercise,  see  p 365. 

Hence  it  follows,  that  one  is  culpable,  not  for  the  excess  or 
deficiency  of  his  phrenological  organs , but  for  the  excess  or 
the  deficiency  of  the  corresponding  'propensities,  and,  conse- 
quently, for  the  over  indulgence  or  the  neglect  of  these  facul- 
ties. And  since  the  organs  grow  by  exercise , and  are  the 
effects , rather  than  the  causes,  of  the  exercise  of  their  corres- 
ponding faculties  and  propensities,  it  is  a logical  induction  to 
infer,  that  an  individual  is  no  more  guilty  for  having  depra- 
ved propensities  which  are  well  nigh  ungovernable,  and 
with  them,  the  phrenological  organs  proportionally  developed, 
than  he  would  be  for  having  these  same  depraved  propensities 
without  the  corresponding  organs.  So  far  as  phrenology, 
ver  se,  is  concerned,  he  is  left  just  as  free  to  act  without  organs 
as  with  them — as  free  to  cultivate  one  organ,  or  class  of  or- 
gans, as  another  : and  perfectly  free  to  cultivate  any  organ  to 
any  desirable  extent.  What  greater  freedom  can  the  most 
strenuous  advocate  of  free  moral  agency  and  human  account 
ability  desire,  than  that  which  declares  that  every  man,  in  a. 
great  measure,  forms  his  own  character,  determines  his  own 
conduct,  and  is  endowed  with  the  power  of  giving,  to  a greatej 
or  less  extent,  just  such  a shape  to  his  head  as  he  chooses  \ 
And  thus,  sir,  if  your  main  objection  has  not  been  fairly  consi- 
dered and  fully  answered , either  my  logical  acumen  or  my 
vanity  greatly  deceives  me. 

But,  perhaps,  to  all  this  you  will  object  in  language  simi- 
lar to  the  following:  “Did  not  the  Creator  originally  im- 
part to  one  individual  a large  endowment  of  some  faculties, 
and  a small  endowment  of  others ; and,  to  another,  the  oppo- 
site of  this,  so  that  the  exercise  of  the  respective  facub 
ties  in  that  proportion  in  which  they  were  originally  given, 
ultimately  causes  one  to  possess  a large  development  of  the 
organ  of  benev.,  for  example,  and  a small  development  of 
destruct.,  and  another,  the  opposite  organization  ? Did  not 
God  originally  impart  to  the  pirate  Gibbs,  for  instance,  a 
large  amount  of  the  faculties  of  destruct.  andamar  ? to  How- 
ard, of  benev.  'I  to  WeDMer*  of  caus  and  comp?  r.  ? so  that 


FATALISM 


3$ 

$&ch  became  what  lie  was  in  character  and  had  the  correa 
indent  development  of  organs , in  consequence  of  exercising 
be .faculties  in  that  proportion  in  which  they  were  original - 
y distributed  ? The  objection  is  thus  thrown  a littie  far* 
her  back,  but  is  not  yet  fully  met.” 

How  much  more  of  the  faculties  of  destruct.  and  amat.  was 
originally  imparted  to  Gibbs,  of  benev.  to  Howard,  of  caus. 
and  compar.  to  Webster,  &c.  than  is  given  to  ordinary  men, 
it  is  not  necessary  for  phrenology  to  decide,  in  as  much  as 
;t  does  not  profess  to  explain  the  origin  of  the  mental  facul- 
ties, but  their  manifestation  only. 

The  existence  among  men  of  a very  great  diversity  of 
character — a diversity  which  embraces  every  observable 
?0ade  of  character,  and  variety  of  talents  and  disposition — is 
an  absolute  matter  of  fact.  Now,  this  diversity  must,  of  neces- 
sity, be,  at  least,  in  part , inherent  in  our  very  nature,  and  caused 
oy  the  original  impress  of  that  divine  hand  which  created  us, 
or  else  it  must  be  wholly  the  product  of  circumstances.  If 
vou  admit,  that,  in  the  creation  of  man,  God  makes  this  dif- 
ference, you  urge  your  objection,  in  reality,  against  the  works 
of  the  Djtty,  rather  than  against  phrenology.  You  must, 
therefore,  settle  your  difficulty  with  your  Maker — as  a phre- 
nologist, I have  nothing  to  do  with  it.  But  if,  to  avoid  this 
difficulty,  you  contend  that  this  diversity  of  character  and  tal- 
ents is  the  product  of  circumstances , in  admittingthat  the  Deity 
rules,  you  must,  of  course,  allow  that  these  circumstances  are, 
at  least,  partially  under  his  control ; so  that,  turn  it  whichever 
way  you  will,  you  must,  at  last,  admit,  that  this  difference 
among  men-this  endless  diversity  of  character-is  the  product, 
at  least,  in  part,  of  divine  agency — that  either  in  the  original 
formation  of  the  faculties,  or  by  the  force  of  circumstances, — 
oy  means  of  phrenological  organs,  or  in  some  other  way, 
God  gives  more  or  less  bias  to  the  human  character.  Hence, 
to  urge  this  objection  against  phrenology,  or  against  God’s 
making  this  difference  by  means  of,  or,  rather,  in  accordance 
with,  certain  developments  of  the  brain,  is  virtually  to  urge 
't  against  his  making  it  by  any  means  whatsoever  ; that  is, 
against  his  making  it  at  all ; which  is  nothing  less  than 
finding  fault  with  the  government  of  God.  Carry  up  your 
objection,  then,  boldly  and  impiously,  to  the  throne  of  the 
great  Jehovah,  and  enter  your  complaint  against  his  divine 
trill  and  governr  lent,  and  not  drag  it  in  against*  phrenology 


192 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


which  has  no  mere  to  do  with  it  than  it  has  with  GotPa 
fusing  “one  star  to  differ  from  another  star  in  glory.” 

Now,  if  this  diversity  of  character  were  wholly  the  pro- 
duct of  circumstances,  upon  the  principle  that  “like  smses 
always  produce  like  effects,”  it  is  plain,  that  similar  circuro 
stances  would  always  produce  similar  characters,  and  oppo 
site  circumstances,  opposite  characters.  Yet  the  reverse  of 
this  is  very  often  true;  for,  how  often  do  similar  circumstan 
ces  produce  directly  opposite  characters,  and  opposite  cir 
cumsiances,  similar  characters  ! What  circumstances  made 
Patrick  Henry  so  splendid  an  orator?  Benjamin  West  so 
distinguished  a painter?  Daniel  Webster  so  profound  a rea- 
soncr?  Washington  Irving  so  finished  and  classical  a wri- 
ter? or  George  Washington  unrivalled  as  a general?  Why 
do  the  same  circumstances  often  have  directly  opposite  effects 
upon  different  individuals?  Evidently  because  their  nature i 
so  widely  differ.  Hence,  it  fellows,  that  this  diversity  of 
human  character,  is  caused,  in  part,  at  least,  by  divine  agen- 
cy, and  that  the  seeds  of  it  are,  in  a measure,  innate.  So 
far  then  as  the  Deity  has  any  hand  at  all  in  causing  this  di 
versity  of  character  and  talents  which  are  found  to  exist 
among  men,  whether  it  is  effected  directly  by  a compulsory 
divine  agency,  through  the  force  of  circumstances,  or  by 
means  of  phrenological  organs— for,  as  regards  the  argu 
ment,  it  matters  not  which — so  far,  I say,  as  the  Deity  cause? 
this  diversity  of  character,  divine  agency  supersedes  and  ii 
mits  human  agency.  So  far,  but  no  farther — -for  this  reason 

and  for  no  other — does  your  objection  have  any  force  at  all 
In  other  words,  just  so  far  as  God  rules,  and  determine 
human  character,  your  objection  has  weight,  but  no  far 
ther.  By  urging  this  objection  against  phrenology,  then, 
you,  in  fact,  “charge  God  foolishly,”  and  may  settle  your 
dispute  with  the  Supreme  Ruler  of  the  vniverse.  But  mark 
this  point  distinctly,  that  your  objection  lies  with  as  much 
force  against  the  Deity’s  making  this  difference  by  meuns  of 
any  other  circumstances , as  it  does  against  his  making  it  by 
means  of  the  developments  of  the  brain.  The  facr  is,  that 
it  lies  against  the  Deity's  making  any  differer.ee  among 
men — against  his  giving  any  bias , or  any  direction  ichat- 
ever,  to  human  character — against  his  having  any  influence 
at  all  among  men — or,  what  is  precisely  the  same  thing, 
igainst  his  ruling. 

But  sunpose  that  the  Creator  should  cast  all  minds  in  tL* 


FATALISM. 


393 


s®,  ae  mould,  and  allow  no  difference  to  result  from  c.rcmr* 
stances,  but  dispose  all  to  think  alike,  see  alike,  feel  alike 
talk  alike,  and  act  alike,  and  what  a monotonous  scene— 
what  a stagnant  sea  this  theatre  of  human  life  would  be 
Surely,  that  must  be  a most  unenviable  world  which  pro 
gents  no  variety  or  diversity  of  pursuits,  tastes,  talents,  and 
character ; hut  just  such  a world  as  the  principles  of  youx 
objection  carried  out,  would  form. 

That  there  should  be  an  original  difference  among  men, 
is  perfectly  coincident  with  the  whc^e  system  of  nature.  Do 
we  ever  see  any  two  faces,  or  even  features,  precisely  alike? 
Search  throughout  the  immense  herbage  of  the  field,  or  the 
foliage  of  the  forest,  scan  the  boweis  of  the  earth  and  the 
“starry  heavens,”  in  short,  pervade  all  nature,  and  can  you 
find  two  trees,  two  flowers,  two  leaves,  two  stones,  or  even 
two  grains  of  sand  precisely  alike?  Do  not  diversity  and 
variety  characterize  the  whole  of  God’s  works?  Why,  then, 
should  man  form  an  exception?  His  diversified  features, 
talents,  inclinations,  passions,  feelings,  gifts,  antf.  graces, 
evince  an  original  and  a constitutional  difference , as  well  as 
similarity.  As  well  might  one,  then,  pretend  to  deny  the 
existence  of  the  universe,  as  of  this  difference  in  the  mental 
characters  and  capacities  of  men;  and  as  well  might  he  pre- 
tend that  every  man  is  his  own  creator,  as  that  this  diversity 
of  mental  qualities  is  wholly  the  product  of  education  and 
circumstances. 

Now,  since  these  diversified  traits  of  character  and  quali- 
ties of  mind  are  not  wholly  caused  by  the  personal  volition 
of  the  individual  in  whom  they  exist,  they  must  be  necessa- 
ry, and  can  be  neither  self-induced,  nor  wholly  avoided.  If 
you  please  to  call  this  fatalism,  be  it  so,  and  we  must  all  be 
either  fatalists  or  atheists.  Phrenology  aside,  how  can  you 
yourself  come  to  a different  conclusion?  And  will  you 
raise  the  hue  and  cry  of  fatalism  against  phrenology,  be* 
cause,  forsooth,  it  teaches  the  sovereignty  of  God , and  be- 
cause it  does  not  explain  what  has  never  yet  been  explained, 
namely,  how  human  and  divine  agency  are  consistent  with 
each  other?  Even  Revelation  itself,  while  it  states  dhefact 
dses  not  pretend  to  explain  it.  When  this  objection  is  urge# 
against  the  Bible , you  reply,  that  “secret  things  belong  tc 
God,"  and  still  cling  to  the  doctrine  ; but  when  you  find  thu* 
self  same  doctrine  in  phrenology,  you  cry  ota,  “iat&hsin! 
“infidelity  ” 


17 * 


394 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


Let  us  now  look  this  whole  qrestion  direct  y in  the  face 
and  join  issue  with  it.  Let  us  suppose  that  a mother  is  pos- 
sessed of  a very  large  organ  of  cautious.,  and  but  a small 
organ  of  combat.,  whilst  her  husband  has  moderate  cautious  , 
and  large  firm,  and  combat. : let  both  be  suddenly  awaked 
by  a cry  of  fire,  and  instantly,  on  awaking,  find  themselves 
in  the  very  jaws  of  the  devouring  element.  The  frightened 
mother,  seizes  her  infant,  throws  it  out  of  a third-story  win- 
dow, and  follows  it  herself,  and  thereby  kills  her  helpless  babe, 
and  loses  her  own  life,  whilst  the  cool  and  intrepid  husband, 
oy  suddenly  summoning  to  his  aid  his  reason  and  his  courage, 
speedily,  but  safely,  descends  with  a remaining  child  in  his 
arms.  Now,  under  these  circumstances,  the  timid  mother  could 
no  more  avoid  being  distracted  by  fear,  than  she  could  help 
seeing  the  fire  which  was  blazing  fiercely  before  her,  or  ex- 
periencing excruciating  pain  when  coming  in  direct  contact 
with  it.  Her  actions  were  the  natural  and  the  unavoidable 
result  of  her  excited  cautious.  She  could,  therefore,  no 
more  avoid  or  prevent  her  fears,  and  her  consequent  rash 
deeds,  than  she  could  avoid  being  hungry  when  deprived  of 
food,  or  thirsty  when  deprived  of  drink,  since  both  classes  of 
feelings,  when  thus  exuted,  are  equally  spontaneous.  Her 
natural  timidity,  in  common  with  her  existence,  with  her  fac- 
ulties of  seeing,  hearing,  &c.,  might  have  been,  in  part,  ori- 
ginally derived  from  h jr  parent®,  and,  also,  have  been  greatly 
increased  by  their  telling  her  frightful  stories,  and  frequently 
punishing  her  by  shut  ing  her  up  in  a dark  place,  and  then 
causing  her  to  apprehe  id  something  dreadful,  &c. ; but  be  the 
cause  what  it  may,  the  feeling , m this  case,  is  absolute!}'  un- 
avoidable. 

Again,  when  benev,  is  constitutionally  very  large,  and  also 
called  into  frequent  exercise,  a benevolent  character  is  the 
necessary  result.  In  like  manner,  when  combat,  and  de- 
struct.  are  naturally  very  strong,  and  also  frequently  exc’ted 
by  the  passionate  or  the  irritating  treatment  of  the  parent  or 
teacher,  the  necessary  consequence  will  be,  that  these  passions 
may  be  suddenly  excised  by  a supposed  insult;  and  before  the 
individual  reflects  at  all,  he  clenches  his  fist,  and  deals  out  \en- 
geance,  ifnot  death,  uj  on  the  object  of  his  wrath.  B jt,  although 
the  deed  is  mvoiunta  ry,  yet,  is  there  no  g%  ivt  t Most  certain- 
ly there  is.  In  what,  then,  does  it  consist  ? Not  so  much  in  the 
deed  itstlf  a 3 in  the  state  of  excited  feeling  in  which'it  origi- 
nated. A love  of  ardent  spirits,  for  example  is  frequently 


c aTALISX. 


395 


60  strong  as  to  set  reason,  duty,  self-respect,  and  all  evil  con* 
sequences  at  defiance ; nay,  as  to  be  irresistible.  Is,  then, 
die  wretched  subject  of  this  depraved,  but  resistless,  appetite, 
guilty  for  indulging  it,  and  for  the  crimes  consequent  upon 
6uch  indulgence  ? Unquestionably ; and  the  more  guilty 
die  stronger  the  passion,  at  least,  so  far  as  the  passion  is  self' 
induced.  But,  on  the  supposition  that  his  parents,  in  part, 
cultivated  in  him  this  depraved,  appetite,  they  are  culpable 
and  responsible  for  just  so  much  of  the  propensity,  and  of  the 
crimes  resulting  from  it,  as  they  caused. 

But  to  illustrate  this  last  point  still  farther,  let  us  suppose 
an  individual,  by  recklessly  sporting  in  the  river  above  the 
falls  of  Niagara,  to  be  drawn  unawares  into  the  resistless  cur- 
rent, and,  nolens  volens , carried  down  the  roaring  rapids,  and 
dashed  into  the  foaming  abyss  below:  is  he  therefore  guilty 
for  this  de«*i  ? Certainly  he  is.  What ! guilty,  when  he  could 
no  more  resist  the  mighty  current,  or  save  himself  from  the 
catastrophe,  than  he  could  chain  down  the  raging  billows  of 
the  sea,  or  pluck  up  the  Andes  from  their  firm  foundation  ? 
To  be  sure  he  is.  But  wherein  lies  his  guilt?  Not  in  go- 
ing down  the  stream,  but  in  getting  into  it — not  in  being 
overcome  by  the  irresistible  power  of  the  element,  but  in  ex- 
posing himself  to  such  a fate.  Had  his  parents  caused  his 
death  by  putting  him  into  a frail  bark  whilst  he  was  yet  a 
child,  and  by  sending  it  adrift,  they , of  course,  would  have 
been  answerable  for  his  fate : then,  why  is  notr  he  guilty  for 
needlessly  and  rashly  exposing  himself  to  such  a fate? 

The  inference  from  the  foregoing  premises,  is  this  : in  the 
first  place,  that  the  timid  mother  is  guiitv  in  destroying  herself 
and  her  child,  rather  for  her  cultivated  timidity  of  dispo- 
sition, than  for  the  act  of  throwing  her  child  and  herself  out 
of  the  window — that  the  benevolent  man  is  commendable, 
rather  on  account  of  his  general  benevolent  feeling,  than  for 
any  particular  acts  of  benevolence — that  the  revengeful  man 
is  culpable  mainly  for  the  inordinate  strength  of  his  revenge- 
ful propensity , which  renders  him  so  liable  to  commit  acts 
;>f  violence  and  outrage — that  the  drunkard  is  responsible, 
not  for  having  aliment.,  but  for  exercising  it  in  an  inordinate 
love  of  liquor,  &c. ; — and,  in  the  second  place,  that,  as  far  as 
these  several  states  of  mind,  or,  indeed,  any  state  of  mind 
which  manifests  itself  in  depraved  action,  are  either  volunta- 
ry, or  self-induced , or  capable  of  being  avoided  by  any  act 

personal  volition,  so  far  th?  guilt  falls  upon  the  doer  of  tha 


390 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


sinful  deed  ; but  that,  as  far  as  they  are  brought  upon  him  by 
necessity , or  by  the  agency  of  others,  so  far  these  agents  are 
responsible  for  these  states  of  mind,  and  for  the  effects  which 
they  produce.  It  is  further  evident,  that,  by  creating  us  with 
any  given  amount  of  the  organ  of  cautious.,  God  does  not 
thereby  make  us  so  timid  as  to  deprive  us  of  reason;  by 
giving  us  aliment,  in  any  given  degree,  he  does  not  necessa- 
rily oblige  us  to  become  gluttons  or  drunkards ; but  that  he 
made  man,  in  common  with  all  his  other  works,  perfect,  and 
exalted  him  far  above  all  other  creatures  in  this  lower  world, 
and  yet,  he  caused  one  man  to  differ  from  another,  thereby 
qualifying  one  man  for  one  station  or  sphere  of  action,  and 
another  for  another  sphere.  Hence,  so  far  from  being  re- 
sponsible for  the  wicked  actions  of  men,  the  Deity  has  done 
all  that  infinite  wisdom  and  infinite  goodness,  aided  by  infinite 
power,  could  do,  to  guard  them  against  committing  sin,  and 
to  make  them  holy,  and  thereby  happy.  As  a phrenologist, 
then,  I distinctly  admit,  and  maintain,  these  two  propositions  : 
first,  that  the  very  same  act  of  creative  power  which  calls 
man  into  existence,  also  gives  to  every  individual  a constitu- 
tional, a sui  generis , character,  which  innate,  mental  quali- 
ties form  the  basis  of  all  his  feelings,  capabilities,  actions, 
and  mental  operations,  and  that  this  creative  act  constitutes 
the  leading  agency  or  influence  which  the  Deity  exerts  over 
the  character  of  men ; and,  secondly,  that  there  are  causes 
within  the  reach  of  human  agency — causes  within  the  reach 
of  parents,  of  teachers,  of  every  human  being  as  soon  as  he 
is  capable  of  exercising  moral  actions  and  moral  feelings, 
which,  when  applied  to  the  natural  charaeteristicks  of  man, 
exert  an  important  influence  upon  all  the  feelings,  capabili- 
ties, actions,  and  mental  operations  of  every  member  of  the 
human  family,  and  that  the  product  of  this  influence  consti- 
tutes the  human  agency  and  accountability  which  our  feel- 
ings assure  us  exist. 

Hence,  then,  accordingto  phrenology,  divine  agency  anti 
human  agency  both  co  operate  in  bringing  about  every 
transaction  and  every  mental  operation  of  eve^y  individual 
of  the  human  race — divine  agency  in  creating  the  primary 
faculties  from  which  these  actions  originate,  and  in  distribu- 
ting them  in  certain  degrees,  and  human  agency  in  modify 
mg  these  innate  faculties,  and  in  directing  them  to  different 
objects,  according  as  education,  external  circumstances,  and 
personal  volition,  may  determine. 


¥ TALISM. 


393 


Now,  I contend,  that  this  is  the  only  view  of  free  agency 
which  does  not,  of  necessity,  involve  in  it  palpable  absurdi* 
tj.  Unless  we  adopt  this,  or  a similar,  view  of  the  union 
and  co-operation  of  human  and  divine  agency,  we  must 
necessarily  subscribe  to  one  of  these  two  doctrines,  namely, 
either  that  all  the  motives,  feelings,  and  actions  of  men  are 
the  offspring  exclusively  of  human  agency,  or  that  they  are 
entirely  controlled  by  divine  agency;  but  the  first  of  these 
doctrines,  as  already  shown,  would  be  downright  atheism, 
and  the  last,  rank  fatalism.  Touching  your  objection,  then, 
you  must  necessarily  choose  whether  you  will  be  an  atheist , 
a fatalist , or  a phrenologist. 

in  the  cultivation  of  the  ground,  and  in  all  we  have  to  do 
with  physical  nature,  we  take  precisely  the  same  views  of 
this  subject  as  are  here  taken,  and  our  practice  accords  with 
them.  God  has  created  the  earth,  the  sun,  and  the  atmos 
phere,  vapour,  heat,  &c.,  and  in  their  application  to  the  growth 
of  vegetation,  &c.,  he  varies  them  according  to  certain  fixed 
laws.  So  far,  then,  clivine  agency  causes  the  growth  of  the 
vegetable  creation  ; and  yet,  in  regard  to  the  products  of  a 
given  piece  of  ground,  it  is  often  left  for  human  agency  to 
decide,  at  least,  in  part,  what  they  shall  be — whether  it  shall 
bring  forth  wheat,  or  corn,  or  grass,  or  garden  vegetables ; 
and,  moreover,  the  degree  of  perfection  to  which  their  growth 
shall  be  carried. 

This  view  of  free  agency  presented  by  phrenology,  then, 
is  in  perfect  keeping  with  those  common-sense  notions  of 
tilling  the  earth  which  are  founded  upon  the  universal  ex- 
perience of  mankind.  Human  agency  greatly- modifies  the 
action  of  those  causes  which  quicken  vegetation,  by  making 
one  field  bring  forth  one  kind  of  produce,  and  an  adjoining 
field,  which  is  subject  to  the  same  divine  agency,  bring 
forth  substances  of  a very  different  kind. 

How  this  subject  of  free  agency  has  appeared  to  you,  or 
to  others,  I will  not  pretend  to  decide;  but,  for  my  single 
self,  I can  truly  say,  that  it  was  always  obscured  to  my  men- 
tal vision  by  an  impenetrably  dark  cloud  of  mist  in  which 
it  was  shrouded  by  the  theorizing  of  the  metaphysicians 
and  the  speculating  of  the  theologians,  until  phrenology 
kindly  stepped  in  and  dispersed  this  cloud  by  the  influence 
of  its  lucid  rays:  and  if  phrenology  does  not  demonstrate 
tie  precise  point  of  union  between  these  two  agencies,  it  does 
v le^st,  snow  that  such  a union  is  both  ratic  nal  and  necessary 


598 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


Fourthly, — But  the  following  I con  reive  to  be  ths 
most  conclusive,  as  it  is  the  final,  reply  to  your  objection. 
It  is  a fundamental  doctrine  in  phrenology,  that  every  fac- 
ulty IS  ORIGINALLY  GOOD,  and  that  THE  LEGITIMATE  EX- 
ERCISE of  every  faculty,  is  virtuous.  The  plain 
inference  from  these  propositions,  is,  then,  that  all  vice  gi 
sin  must  proceed,  either  from  the  excessive  exercise,  or  ths 
perversion , of  good  faculties.  To  illustrate  this  point,  let 
us  take,  for  example,  the  crime  of  murder , which  is,  doubt- 
less, the  worst  manifestation  of  depravity  that  human  nature 
presents.  Now,  when  analyzed,  the  faculty  of  destruct., 
from  which  this  crime  mainly  proceeds,  is  found  to  be  simply 
a propensity  to  destroy  and  inflict  pain.  See  p.  82.  With- 
out such  a faculty,  it  is  obvious,  that  man  could  not  maintain 
even  his  existence , much  less  promote  his  comfort  and  hap 
piness,  in  this  world,  for  he  could  not  subdue  the  earth  and 
cultivate  it — he  could  not  destroy  those  noxious  plants,  ven- 
omous reptiles,  and  savage  beasts  which  would  successfully 
contend  for  dominion  with  him,  and,  at  once,  conquer  and 
exterminate  him.  Without  this  faculty,  he  could  not  punish 
the  guilty,  or  make  himself  feared  ; but  would  be  so  tame 
and  powerless  as  to  be  trampled  upon  with  impunity,  and  be 
constantly  liable  to  suffering  and  death.  When,  therefore, 
the  faculty  of  deslruct.  is  directed  to  the  proper  and  legitimate 
objects  of  its  function — when  it  is  exercised  in  the  defence 
of  our  natural  rights — in  the  promotion  of  good  order,  and 
the  protection  of  good  government — in  the  defence  of  the 
weak  and  oppressed  against  the  encroachments  of  the  power- 
ful, &c.,  its  exercise  is  not  only  necessary,  but  praiseworthy 
and  virtuous , as  much  so,  in  fact,  as  that  of  benev.  or  con- 
scien.,  or  any  other  faculty:  but  when  it  oversteps  these 
bounds,  and  breaks  forth  in  acts  of  violence,  cruelty,  rage, 
malice,  revenge,  murder,  &c.,  its  exercise  becomes  perverted, 
and  is  most  odious  and  sinful  * 


* One  of  the  strongest  arguments  of  Dr.  John  Mason  Good  against  phrenology 
ia,  i.hat,  “if  these  faculties  are  originally  good,  the  more  powerful  they  are  the  bet- 
ter; whereas,  their  very  powerful  actions,  which,  according  to  this  doctrine, 
ought  to  be  regarded  as  their  greatest  natural  perfection,  are  usually  found  tn 
manifest  themselves  in  depraved  and  vicious  feelings  and  conduct.”  The  ohjec* 
tion  of  the  learned  Doctor  is  not  without  foundation  ; for  phrenologists  have  given 
aim  just  cause  to  bring  it  forward,  by  having  turned  their  attention  mainly  to  ex- 
treiric  developments  of  the  organs  and  manifestations  of  the  faculties,  and  by  hav- 
ing neglected  to  describe  their  medium  developments.  This  ervour  they  hava 
fallen  into  by  not  doing  what  many  find  far.lt  with  the  authors  for  doing  viz.  prac<- 
fcaing  c general  examination  if  heads 


FATALISM. 


399 


But  to  show  more  clearly,  that  the  proper  exercise  of  de- 
gtruct.  is  virtuous  and  commendable,  let  us  suppose  that  you 
hear  of  a starving"  fa  mi. y,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a deep  and 
gloomy  forest,  which  forest  is  infested  with  gangs  of  robbers 
and  beasts  of  prey.  Your  benev.  prompts  you  to  relieve  the 
distresses  of  this  family  by  carrying  them  food;,  but  you 
know  that,  unless  you  go  well  armed,  the  undertaking  will 
be  hazardous  and  liable  to  failure,  nay,  that  your  life  will  be 
the  forfeit.  To  prevent  such  a disaster,  therefore,  you  arm 
yourself,  if  you  please,  with  a sword.  Now,  be  your  sword 
ever  so  sharp,  or  the  arm  that  wields  it,  ever  so  powerful, 
and  it  does  not  follow,  that  you  are  necessarily  obliged  to 
thrust  it  into  every  man  you  may  chance  to  meet.  No: 
your  duty  is  to  let  your  sword  rest  in  its  scabbard,  until 
yourself  or  your  food  is  attacked,  and  then  the  longer,  the 
stronger,  and  the  sharper  your  sword,  and  the  more  vigor- 
ous and  powerful  the  arm  that  wields  it  in  slaying  those 
savage  beasts  or  barbarous  men  that  would  interrupt  you  in 
the  exercise  of  humanity  and  benevolence,  the  better.  So 
with  your  faculty  of  destruct.,  for  be  it  ever  so  active  or  pow- 
erful, you  are  not  thereby  obliged  to  vent  the  malignant  man- 
ifestation of  it  upon  every  innocent  man  you  meet.  No ; 
but  let  it  remain  quiet,  until  the  cause  of  justice,  of  huma- 
nity, of  benevolence,  of  virtue,  demands  its  exercise,  and 
then  the  more  energetick  and  powerful  the  faculty,  the 
better. 

In  fact,  the  peace  and  good  order  of  society  absolutely  de- 
mand that  the  violator  of  its  just  laws,  should  be  punished; 
but  punishment  to  the  guilty  cannot  be  awarded,  except 
through  the  instrumentality  of  destruct.  Was  there  ever  a 
more  virtuous  and  praiseworthy  deed — one  more  just  in  it- 
self, beneficial  in  its  results,  or  acceptable  in  the  sight  of 
H eaven,  than  that  of  our  patriotiek  and  heroick  ancestors  in 
drawing  the  sword  of  liberty,  and  letting  it  fall  so  heavily 
upon  our  country’s  foes  in  the  days  of  the  Revolution  ? Yet, 
in  this  noble  and  glorious  act,  destruct . shone  most  conspic- 
uously, though  directed,  it  is  true,  by  conscien.,  firm,,  in- 
hab.,  philopro.,  adhes.,  self-e.,  caus.,  &c. 

It  is  chiefly  by  the  proper  exercise  of  destruct.,  aided  by 
amat.,  that  the  husband  or  the  father  protects  his  wife  or  his 
daughter  from  brutal  violence  ; and  yet,  the  perverted  exer- 
cise of  throe  same  passions,  is  mainly  concerned  in  commit- 
ring  brutal  violence  upon  woman.  Nay,  the  vigorous  exer* 


«00 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


cise  of  destruct.  is  manifested  even  in  the  divine  charac.et 
and  government;  and  for  man  to  be  just  or  benevolent 
without  the  aid  of  this  faculty,  joined  with  combat.,  is  often 
impossible.  There  is,  in  short,  just  as  much  virtue  in  pun- 
ishing the  guilty,  as  in  relieving  the  distressed;  or,  in  othe! 
words,  in  the  legitimate  exercise  of  destruct.,  as  in  that  of  be- 
nev. ; and,  vice  versa , as  much  iniquity  in  the  improper  ex- 
ercise of  benev.,  as  in  that  of  destruct.  But  it  would  be  un- 
courteous  to  my  readers  to  multiply  examples  to  prove  the 
correctness  of  a principle  which  is  as  clear  to  the  eye  of 
reason,  as  the  existence  of  the  sun  is  to  the  natural  eye,  name- 
ly, that  virtue  and  vice,  as  connected  with  destruct.,  combat., 
amat.,  or  any  other  faculty  of  the  mind,  consist,  7iot  at  all  in 
the  nature  of  these  faculties,  nor  in  the  degree  of  strength 
with  which  they  are  manifested,  but  solely  in  the  objects  to 
vvhich  they  are  directed,  and  in  the  character  of  their  mani- 
festation. 

This  same  general  principle  is  applicable,  and  with  equal 
force,  to  the  operations  of  any  and  of  all  the  other  faculties. 
We  might  take,  for  example,  acquis.,  which  gives  a desire 
to  accumulate  property.  Without  it,  who  would  cultivate 
the  earth,  promote  manufactures  and  the  arts,  engage  in  com- 
merce, or  even  provide  for  the  wants  of  the  morrow?  It  is 
by  the  exercise  of  this  faculty  mainly , that  most  of  the  com- 
forts, as  well  as  the  luxuries,  of  life  are  brought  within  our 
reach;  for,  after  all,  it  is  more  from  instinct,  than  reason, 
that  mankind  are  taught  to  lay  up  property  : and,  without 
the  aid  of  wealth,  how  could  we  educate  our  children,  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  the  poor  and  needy,  relieve  the  sufferings 
of  the  distressed,  propagate  religion,  advance  science  and  the 
arts,  and  carry  forward  those  ten  thousand  schemes  for  pro- 
moting the  happiness  of  our  fellow-beings  which  are  dictated 
by  philanthropick  enterprise?  Yet,  this  same  propensity 
which,  in  its  proper  manifestation,  is  productive  of  so  benefi- 
cial results,  in  its  perverted  exercise,  leads  to  covetousness, 
cheating,  extortion,  and  even  stealing.  The  manifestations 
of  combat.,  secret , aliment.,  amat.,  self-e.,  &c.,  are  likewise 
either  good  or  bad,  virtuous  or  vicious,  commendalle  or  rep- 
rehensible, not  from  the  nature  of  these  faculties,  but  ac- 
cording to  the  time,  place,  character,  objects,  and  direction  or 
their  manifestations. 

Thus  we  perceive,  not  only  that  every  faculty  of  the  mind 
is  originally  good,  and  nat  one  is  as  good  and  useful  as  aa 


FATA  1,13  M. 


401 


ath e?t  but,  also,  that  any  faculty  is  capable  of  leing  turned 
either  to  a good  or  a bad  account,  according  as  it  is  trained 
and  directed  by  the  personal  volition  and  external  circum- 
stances of  the  individual:  and  hence  we  infer  .he  personal 
responsibility  of  every  man.  Every  faculty,  whether  small, 
moderate,  or  large,  in  every  state  and  stage  of  its  develop- 
ment, is  liable  to  be  perverted,  in  which  case  its  manifesta- 
tion becomes  immoral,  or  it  may  be  exercised  in  harmony 
with  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  moral  justice,  in  which  case 
its  manifestation  will  be  virtuous. 

The  reasoning  faculties,  for  instance,  in  all  stages  of  their 
development,  are  capable  of  being  employed  to  prove  and 
propagate  either  truth  or  errour,  either  morality  or  immoral- 
ity, either  Christianity  or  infidelity — cither  in  the  ennobling 
pursuits  of  science  and  philosophy,  or  in  the  grovelling  pur- 
suit of  devising  ways  and  means  by  which  to  gratify  an  in- 
ordinate love  of  gain,  or  the  sensual  or  baser  appetites  and 
passions.  Yen.  may  be  equally  exercised  either  in  a bigot 
ed  and  blind  adoration  of  a pagan  Idol,  or  in  a pure  and  de- 
vout worship  of  Jehovah.  Benev.  is  capable  of  being  exer- 
cised either  in  relieving  the  distresses  of  those  who  are  the 
proper  objects  of  charity,  or  in  screening  from  justice  those 
who  have  violated  moral  law,  and  ought,  therefore,  to  be  pun- 
ished. Conscien.,  even,  may  be  so  perverted  as  to  sanction  the 
most  revolting  and  horrid  crimes,  such  as  confining  innocent 
victims  in  dungeons,  burning  them  at  the  stake,  and  torturing 
prisoners  taken  in  war.  In  proof  of  this,  look  at  the  inhuman 
cruelties  exercised  by  one  religious  sect  upon  another  in  times 
of  persecution.  Look  at  the  bloody  butcheries  and  savage  cru- 
elties of  the  various  Indian  tribes,  which  are  often  practised 
upon  innocent  women  and  children.  But  are  we  to  suppose 
that  they  who  practise  such  barbarities,  are  destitute  of  con* 
scien.  ? Certainly  not.  We  know  that  the  former  often  be 
lieve  that,  in  committing  such  atrocities,  they  are  “doing 
God  service and  phrenologically  we  know,  too,  that  the 
latter  possess  a higher  development  of  conscien.  than  civili- 
sed, and  even  Christianized,  men.  As  a proof  cf  this,  in  his 
perfectly  savage  state,  we  know  that  the  Indian  will  rarely, 
if  ever,  tell  a falsehood. 

Although  the  acts  resulting  from  the  proper  manifestation 
of  the  propensities,  are  not  of  so  ennobling  and  elevated  a 
character  as  those  arising  from  the  legitimate  exercise  of  the 
intellect *ia1  and  moral  faculties,  yet,  they  are  altogether  as 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWEREI. 


ftK 

virtuous.  Nay,  more.  A good  endowment  of  the  proper 
sities  is  in  dispensable/  requisite  to  a virtuous  character  ; for* 
without  such  an  endowment,  and  with  ever  so  high  a develop* 
ment  of  the  intellectual  and  moral  faculties,  one  would  be 
too  inefficient  and  too  tame  to  fulfil  all  the  duties  of  a benev- 
olent, an  intellectual,  or  a moral  character : his  moral  light 
would  be  “put  under  a bushel.”  The  feeling  called  love 
flows  mainly  from  adhes. ; and  adhes.  is  one  of  the  propen- 
titles : yet,  who  ever  supposed,  that  what  we  so  much  ad- 
mire, and  still  more  strongly  eulogize,  as  “ the  pure  and  ho- 
ly love  of  woman,”  is  a less  virtuous  feeling  than  her  benev. 
or  her  devotion  ? And,  on  the  other  hand,  would  we  not  con- 
sider the  absence  of  this  feeling  in  her,  as  great  a defect  as  the 
absence  of  conscien.,  of  benev.,  or  of  good  sense?  Hence,  it 
is  evident,  that,  by  giving  us  aliment.,  God  does  not  compel 
us  to  become  gluttons  and  drunkards,  but  that  he  has  merci- 
fully bestowed  upon  us  this  faculty  for  the  legitimate  pur- 
pose of  enabling  us  to  sustain  our  bodies  by  the  use  of  food : 
that,  by  giving  us  acquis,  he  does  not  compel  us  to  rob  and 
steal ; by  giving  us  destruct.,  he  does  not  oblige  us  to  mur- 
der, and  so  on  ; but,  that  all  our  faculties  are  primarily 
good,  and  their  legitimate  exercise,  vir.mus. 

If,  then,  these  faculties  are,  in  their  nature,  good,  and  their 
proper  exercise,  virtuous,  it  follows,  that  it  is  our  duty  to  ex- 
ercise them  ; and,  of  course,  that  we  render  ourselves  culpa- 
ble by  neglecting  their  proper  exercise.  If,  for  instance,  we 
neglect  to  perform  an  act  of  humanity,  or  of  charity,  when 
we  have  the  means  to  do  it,  and  clearly  see  it  to  be  our  duty, 
we  are  as  much  to  blame  as  for  committing  a 'positive  act  of 
injustice  or  violence  upon  a fellow-creature. 

As  it  is  essential  to  the  argument,  and,  also,  a cardinal 
doctrine  in  phrenological  theology,  I may  be  pardoned  for 
repeating  the  proposition  under  con.  ideration,  namely,  That 
all  the  faculties  of  the  mind  are  primarily  good , and  theii 
legitimate  exercise , not  o?ily  sinless , but  even  virtuous  ; and, 
therefore,  that  all  sin  and  all  guilt  have  their  origin , nr, l 
in  the  nature  of  the  faculties  themselves,  but  in  the  charac- 
ter of  their  manifestations , or  in  their  immoral  exercise. 
According  to  this  view  of  the  subject,  then,  God  nev- 
er made  a bad  head , or,  he  never  created  a man  who  must 
necessarily  be  a sinner.  In  fact,  to  deny  this,  wouJd  be 
M charging  Go  I foolishly,”  and  denouncing  his  “ greatest 


FATALISM. 


403 


work51  as  imperfect  and,  moreover,  making;  him  out  to  be 
•*the  author  of  sin.” 

“ What ! then,”  I conceive  you  are  ready  to  exclaim,  “ does 
phrenology  deny  the  doctrine  of  original  sin,  and  of  innate 
depravity,  as  derived  from  our  first  parents,  and,  consequent- 
ly of  the  redemption  of  the  human  race  by  the  death  and 
surfering  of  the  Redeemer?”  If,  by  “ innate  depravity,  and 
original  sin,”  you  mean  a constitutional  depravity  of  the  pri- 
mary faculties  of  man’s  mind,  as  I understand  phrenology, 
it,  in  common  with  every  principle  of  moral  justice,  of  divine 
perfection,  and  of  common  sense,  does  deny  such  a dogma, 
fa  their  nature,  organization,  and  adaptation,  the  flowers  of 
the  field,  the  plants  of  the  valley,  the  beasts  c f the  forest,  the 
fish  of  the  sea,  the  fowls  of  the  air,  the  sun  in  the  firmament, 
the  stars  in  the  sky,  nay,  all  the  works  of  God,  proclaim  that 
the  perfection  of  the  Great  Architect  is  stamped  upon  every 
thing  which  he  has  made.  And  no  less  so  does  the  corpo- 
real part  of  man  ; and,  since  the  all-wise  Creator  has  impart- 
ed perfection  to  the  organization  and  adaptation  of  our  phys- 
ical frame,  can  we,  for  a moment,  suppose  that  he  created 
the  immortal  mind  less  perfect  ? Analogy  teaches  us,  that, 
in  as  much  as  animate  nature  excels,  in  the  wisdom  and  per- 
fection of  its  constitution  and  formation,  inanimate  matter — 
in  as  much  as  man  excels  all  the  other  works  of  God  in  his 
lower  creation,  and  in  as  much  as  mind  excels  matter,  in  just 
the  same  degree  are  we  to  expect  superiour  perfection  in  the 
constitutional  formation  of  the  hunran  mind.  To  maintain 
that  the  nature  of  man’s  mind  is  depraved  in  its  primary 
faculties,  and  that  all  his  sinfulness  and  guilt  have  their  ori- 
gin in  this  depravity,  is  to  destroy,  at  once,  his  individuav 
responsibility,  and  charge  upon  God  all  the  sin,  and  all  the 
consequent  misery,  that  have  taken,  or  will  take,  place  either 
in  this  world  or  in  a future  state  of  being:  and  this  is  fatal- 
ism in  all  its  horrid  deformity — a doctrine  no  less  revolting 
than  blasphemous. 

That  human  depravity,  in  some  form,  and  in  a greater  or 
iess  degree,  is  coextensive  with  the  existence  of  the  human 
race,  or,  at  least,  as  far  back  as  the  fall  of  Adam,  is  a fact 
wrdch  I readily  afc.it.  If  you  ask,  5 What,  then,  are  the 
origin  and  procuring  cause  of  this  depravity — since  you  de- 
ny that  they  are  in  the  original  constitution  of  the  human 
mind?”  I answer,  that,  if  phrenology  cannot  fully  explain 
the  whole  matter,  it  can.  at  least,  point  out  one  of ‘.he  causes 


404 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


of  this  depravity  ; and  that  one  is  found  in  the  depraved  phyp 
iology  of  mankind,  proceeding  from  a perverted  education 
and  training  of  both  their  physical  and  their  mental  powers. 
Most  of  the  diseases,  sickness,  and  pain  we  suffer,  both  men- 
tal and  corporeal,  also  proceed  from  the  same  cause,  and  not 
from  any  imperfection  in  the  or  ganization  and  original 
constitution  of  our  bodies — not  from  any  necessary  or  legiti- 
mate action  of  our  corporeal  organs,  but  from  our  violating 
the  natural  and  wholesome  laws  of  our  physical  nature.  And 
this  perversion  of  the  laws  of  our  physical,  intellectual,  and 
moral  nature,  has  a direct  influence  upon  our  offspring,  so 
that  the  child  often  inherits  from  his  parents,  to  a greater  or 
less  extent,  not  only  his  physical,  but  his  moral  and  intel- 
lectual,  character,  just  as  he  frequently  inherits  the  health  or 
the  diseases  of  his  parents  and  ancestors.  Hence  we  per 
ceive,  that  God  is  no  more  the  cause  of  our  bodily  infirmi 
ties,  pain,  sickness,  and  suffering,  than  he  is  of  our  mentaJ 
weaknesses  and  aberrations ; for,  in  the  formation  and  com 
struction  of  our  corporeal  frame,  a wisdom  and  perfection 
are  displayed  which  show  that  he  has  done  all  that  could 
have  been  done  to  prevent  disease  and  suffering.* 

To  depraved  human  nature,  the  doctrine  of  constitutional 
and  original  depravity,  seems  to  be  immensely  gratifying 
since  it  answers  as  a sort  of  “ scape  goat,”  upon  the  head  of 
which  to  pile  up  all  our  sins.  But  I do  not  see  any  thing 
in  phrenology  which  teaches  that,  in  our  day,  man  is  born 
with  a different  or  less  perfect  moral  or  physical  nature  than 
that  given  to  Adam  when  he  came  from  the  hand  of  his  Ma- 
ker, excepting  always  the  degeneration  and  variation  which 
our  species,  or  different  portions  of  it,  have  undergone  by  the 
perversion  of  the  laws  of  our  physical  nature  ahead}?-  allu- 
ded to : and  I do  not  see  how  it  could  have  been  otherwise 
without  destroying  man’s  personal  responsibility : and  if  w^e 
take  from  him  his  personal  responsibility,  he  is  no  longer 
accountable  for  his  conduct.  But  that  man  is  personally  res- 
ponsible, and,  therefore,  accountable , “ for  the  deeds  done  in 
the  body,”  phrenology  clearly  demonstrates.  I have  already 
shown,  that  man  becomes  guilty  by  perverting  his  orignally 


* The  writer  designs  shortly  to  prepare  for  the  \ vess,  a worK  upon  the  connes 
Ion  between  man’s  physiology  and  his  mental  powers,  and  kindred  subjects,  era 
bracing,  among  other  tilings,  an  inquiry  into  the  cajses  of  the  greater ilsintocie 
tu  as  it  is,  and  suggesting  remedies  for  these  evils  as  pointed  out  by  phrenology 
the  work  will  form  a kind  of  sequel  to  the  present  volume. 


FATALISM. 


403 


£ood  facilities — dial  he  often  prostitutes  his  reason,  his  mora, 
feeling-,  and  all  the  noblest,  powers  of  his  nature,  to  the  has# 
and  grovelling-  gratification  of  his  depraved  and  sensual  de- 
sires and  appetites,  whereas,  were  he  to  act  in  perfect  har- 
mony with  the  laws  of  his  nature— that  is,  his  undegenera- 
led  nature,  or  such  a corporeal  and  mental  organization  and 
constitution  as  God  originally  gave  to  our  first  parents — he 
would  be  virtuous  and  happy. 

According  to  this  view  of  the  subject,  then,  so  far  from  de- 
stroying the  free  agency  of  man,  and  diminishing  his  res- 
ponsibility and  his  guilt  for  indulging  in  sinful  feelings  and 
wicked  deeds,  phrenology  establishes  the  former,  and  great- 
ly enhances  the  latter.  It  not  only,  does  not  make  God  the 
author  of  sin,  but  it  charges  home  upon  the  sinner  himself 
the  whole  weight  of  his  guilt,  with  a power  and  with  a force 
that  can  scarcely  be  derived  from  any  other  source. 

Hence,  so  far  from  leading  to  fatalism , phrenology  fur- 
nishes to  the  Christian,  even,  an  argument  against  those 
who  urge  against  his  religion  this  objection.  Let  us  sup- 
pose, for  instance,  the  following  discussion  to  take  place 
between  a Christian  and  an  infidel.  The  infidel  brings  for- 
ward a most  depraved  character,  say  the  pirate  Gibbs,  who 
not  only  murdered  thirty  human  beings  with  his  own  hand, 
hut  also  caused  the  death  of  four  hundred*  more,  and,  more- 
over, ravished,  and  then  inhumanly  butchered,  many  help- 
loss  and  imploring  females  that  fell  into  his  power;  and,  to 
fill  up  the  measure  of  his  depravity,  to  the  day  of  his  execu- 
tion, seemed  to  delight  in  recounting  these  revolting  barbar- 
ities ; and  then  says  to  the  Christian,  “ According  to  your 
doctrines,  did  not  God  create  this  abominably  wicked  wretch, 
and  that,  too,  with  all  his  wicked  propensities?”  “ Yes,” 
must  be  the  reply.  “ And,  according  to  your  Bible,  does  not 
God  eternally  punish  him  for  these  very  crimes  which  arc 
the  legitimate  offspring  of  his  originally  depraved  nature?13 
“ He  certainly  does,”  says  the  Christian.  “ That  is,  accord- 
ing to  your  creed,”  says  the  infidel,  “ God  first  creates  men 
with  depraved  natures,  and  then  punishes  them  for  being 
what  he  made  (hem  ! Surely,  the  licentious  Jupiter  of  the 
Heathen  is  far  preferable  to  the  unjust  and  tyrannical  God 
of  the  Christian.  Away  with  a doctrine  and  a Deity  so  ab- 
horrent to  every  principle  of  common  sense  and  common 
justice.” 

If  th3  Christian  appeal  to  the  authority  of  Revelation  ta 


406 


OBJECTIONS.  ANSWERED. 


help  him  out  of  the  difficulty,  the  infidel  resists  the  appeal 
by  rejecting  the  Bible  as  an  absurd  fable;  and  let  the  Chris- 
tian exert  his  utmost  ingenuity,  and  turn  whichever  way  he 
will,  he  still  finds  it  impossible  entirely  to  wrench  this  weapon 
from  the  hand  of  his  antagonist.  But  here  phrenology  steps 
:n,  and  completely  shields  Christianity  from  the  blows  of  infi- 
delity, by  saying,  “ It  is  true  that  God  gave  to  Gibbs  very 
large  destruct.,  acquis.,  amat.,  &c. ; but  so  far  as  the  Deity  ig 
concerned,  these  faculties  were  created  pure  and  sinless ; and, 
had  they  been  properly  cultivated  and  directed,  their  mani 
festations  would  have  been  virtuous,  and  productive  of  good 
to  mankind.  But  by  means  of  the  power  delegated  to  Gibbs, 
instead  of  exerting  these  faculties  in  accordance  with  the  be 
nevolent  designs  of  his  Maker,  in  the  promotion  of  the  wel 
fare  and  happiness  of  his  fellow  men,  he  basely  prostituted 
them  to  the  worst  of  purposes.  But  he  had  no  right  thus 
to  prostitute  and  pervert  these  originally  good  faculties  ; 
and,  for  doing  this,  he  alone  is  guilty , and,  of  course,  pun- 
ishable.” 

And  now,  sir,  either  my  reasoning  faculties,  or  my  self- 
complacency,  greatly  deceive  me,  if  these  four  arguments, 
either  singly  or  conjointly,  do  not  fairly  meet,  and  fully  an- 
swer, your  main  objection  to  phrenology,  namely— the  first 
by  throwing  the  objection  back  upon  yourself  to  answer  as 
bearing  against  matters  of  fact  as  you  admit  them  to  exist — 
the  second,  by  showing,  that,  so  far  as  the  objection  lies 
against  phrenology,  it  also  lies  against  God’s  imparting  any 
mental  qualities  to  man — the  third,  by  proving  that  the  ex - 
ercise  of  the  various  faculties,  causes  the  exercise,  and  con- 
sequent enlargement , of  their  respective  organs,  and  that  the 
deficiency  of  any  of  the  organs  is  mainly  owing  to  neglect 
in  the  exercise  of  their  respective  faculties — and,  the  fourth, 
by  showing  that  the  nature  and  constitution  of  all  the  facul- 
ties, are  originally  good , and  their  legitimate  manifestation, 
virtuous , and,  consequently,  that  vice  and  immorality  origin- 
ate in  the  perverted  exercise  of  these  good  faculties. 

Here,  then,  I dismiss  this  subject,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
lake  leave  of  several  other  points  of  your  article ; for,  if  thh 
your  great  gun  can  be  completely  silenced,  and  even  turn- 
ed against  fatalism,  surely,  all  the  small  arms  wnich  can 
be  brought  to  bear  upon  ph  enology,  can  be  spiktd  without 
difficulty, 


MATERIALISM. 


MATERIALISM. 

Another  important  objection  to  phrenology,  and  one  *ery 
dosed  y related  to  that  just  answered,  is,  that  this  science  es- 
tablishes the  doctrine  of  materialism,  it  is  urged  that,  by 
snaking  mind  so  much  dependant  upon,  and  under  the  influ- 
ence of  organized  matter,  and  by  showing  that,  from  one 
end  of  the  animal  kingdom  to  the  other,  (see  pp.  7 to  10,  and 
26  to  34,)  the  mental  and  corporeal  manifestations  are  recipe 
rocal , phrenology  proves  a connexion  between  mind  and 
matter,  so  direct  and  intimate,  that  it  can  be  explained  only 
by  admitting,  that  mind  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  a con- 
dition, or  property , or  emanation  of  matter  peculiarly  organ- 
ized and  endowed  with  vitality;  and,  consequently,  that  when 
vitality  ceases  in  such  matter,  the  mind  that  inhabited  it,  also 
ceases  to  exist,  and,  therefore,  cannot  be  immortal. 

That  the  sympathy  and  connexion  between  mind  and  mat- 
ter, are  very  intimate,  and  that  organized  matter  has  a con- 
trolling influence  upon  the  manifestations  of  intellect  and 
feelings,  no  one  who  has  investigated  the  subject,  will  pre- 
sume to  deny;  any  mors  than  he  will  that  the  laws  which 
govern  this  sympathy,  are  universal  in  thtir  application  to 
animate  beings. 

It  is  a matter  of  fact,  that  we  know  nothing  either  of  the 
character  or  of  the  operations  of  mind  in  this  world,  only  as 
they  are  manifested  by  means  of  corporeal  organs.  The 
mantled  cheek,  the  lowering  brow,  the  curled  lip,  the  speak- 
ing tongue,  the  sparkling  eye,  the  look  of  joy,  of  love,  of  af- 
fection, of  sorrow,  of  suffering,  of  benignity,  of  intelligence, 
of  indignation,  as  expressed  in  the  countenance,  all  bespeak  the 
inward  workings  of  the  mind,  whose  mandate  they  obey : and, 
if  we  derange  or  disturb  the  corporeal  organization  through 
which  the  mind  manifests  itself,  we  equally  derange  or  disturb 
the  mind  itself.  Let  the  body  be  vigorous  and  active,  and  the 
mind  will  be  equally  so ; whereas,  if  weakness,  or  lassitude,  or 
nervous  affection  prostrate  the  corporeal  powers,  the  mental 
powers  will  proportionally  sink.  If  inflammation  seize  the 
brain,  the  mind  is  excited  to  raging  madness  ; but  when  the 
orain  is  again  restored  to  healthy  action,  the  healthy  action  of 
the  mind  is  also  restored.  In  short,  if  the  corporeal  functions 
are  deranged  in  any  May,  the  mental  functions  are  equally 
4i*turbed:  see  p.  18.  Hunger  end  many  kinds  of  diseasa 


403 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED 


create  peevishness  and  i ascibility;  a surfei.  clogs  the  wheel* 
Dt  thought  and  feeling:  dyspepsy  produces  melancholy  and 
gloomy  forebodings ; a draught  of  ardent  spirit  stimulates 
the  feelings,  and  sometimes  the  intellect;  unrequited  love 
causes  the  mind  to  droop,  and  frequently  the  body  to  pine 
away  ; and  a few  grains  of  arsenick  or  opium  are  sufficient 
to  drive  both  reason  and  feeling  from  their  throne.  Facts 
this  kind  might  be  multiplied  ad  libitum ; but  these  are 
doubtless  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  sympathy  and  connexion 
which  exist  between  mind  and  matter. 

Now,  if  t he  doctrine  of  materialism  follows  from  the  fac£ 
that  organized  matter  has  a controlling  influence  over  mind, 
it  must  be  true,  and  we  may  as  well  refuse  to  believe  wnat 
we  constantly  see  and  feel , as  to  disbelieve  this  doctrine.  The 
whole  question,  then,  seems  to  resolve  itself  into  this — wheth- 
er or  not  the  connexion  of  mind  arid  matter  necessarily  in- 
volves the  doctrine  of  materialism. 

But,  decide  this  question  as  we  may,  this  much  is  certain, 
that  phrenology  is  no  more  liable  to  the  charge  of  material- 
ism, than  is  every  system  both  of  physicks  and  metaphysicks 
extant.  If  phrenology  is  chargeable  with  materialism,  the 
science  of  anatomy,  of  medicine,  of  physiology,  of  natural 
and  moral  philosophy,  and,  in  short,  of  every  thing  which 
treats  of  the  human  body  or  mind,  is  equally  chargeable  with 
supporting  the  same  doctrine ; for  they,  one  and  all,  equally 
with  phrenology,  admit,  and  even  demonstrate,  this*  same 
great  principle  of  the  intimate  connexion  and  relation  be- 
tween the  physical  organization  and  the  manifestations  of 
thought  and  feeling.  Nay,  even  the  Bible  itself  is  charge- 
able with  this  heresy  of  materialism.  But,  if  there  is  any 
more  materialism  in  the  proposition,  that  one  portion  of  the 
brain  is  employed  to  perform  one  class  of  mental  functions, 
mid  another  portion,  another  class,  than  there  is  in  the  propo 
sition,  that  the  whole  brain  is  brought  into  action  by  every 
operation  of  the  mind,  then , indeed,  is  phrenology  guilty, 
but  not  otherwise. 

AH  systems  of  physiology  support  the  doctrine,  that  the 
brain  is  the  corporeal  instrument  by  means  of  which  the 
mind  perfa  rms  its  various  functions;  and  this  doctrine  con- 
stitutes the  data,  and  the  only  data,  upon  which  the  charge 
of  materialism,  as  urged  against  phrenology,  is  founded. 
Hence,  so  far  as  the  objection  h^  < any  force,  it  virtually  lie* 
against  the  existence  r f any  connexion  between,  not  only  the 


MATERIALISM. 


m 

b?am  and  flu  operations  of  the  mind,  but  between  any  par 
nans  of  matter  whatever  and  the  mind.  But  it  has  already 
been  shown,  that  we  know  nothing  of  the  existence  or  ope- 
rations of  mind  in  this  life,  as  a separate  entity , or  a thing 
that  exists  or  acts  apart  from  organized  or  animate  matter; 
but  of  its  existence  and  operation  in  connexion  with  organi- 
zed and  animate  matter,  we  do  know , just  as  well  as  know 
that  matter  itself  exists. 

It  is  not,  however,  incumbent  on  me  here  to  discuss  the 
question  of  materialism  in  the  abstract , but  merely  as  appli- 
cable to  phrenology.  Since,  therefore,  I have  clearly  proved 
that  this  doctrine  is  not  applicable  to  phrenology  as  such — 
that  it  has  no  more  to  do  with  the  principles  of  this  science 
than  it  has  with  those  of  any  and  every  other  science  which 
treats  of  the  physiology  and  mental  economy  of  man,  I con- 
ceive that  I have  fairly  met,  and  fully  answered,  this  ob- 
jection. 

But  this  objection  is  not  urged  by  infidelity  against  the 
Christian  religion  so  much  as  it  is  by  professing  Christians 
against  phrenology.  They  argue  that  “ Materialism  is  false, 
because  it  is  contrary  to  divine  Revelation  ; bu*  that  phrenol 
ogy  leads  to  materialism;  and,  therefore,  phrenology  must 
be  untrue.”  But  let  those  who  are  zealous  for  the  truth  of 
the  Christian  religion,  beware,  lest,  by  proving  materialism 
upon  phrenology,  they  thereby  prove  it  upon  themselves, 
and  thus  fall  into  the  snare  which  they  had  set  for  phrenolo- 
gists. They  infer  that,  if  phrenology  is  true,  it  necessarily 
implies  the  truth  of  the  doctrine  of  materialism,  and,  conse- 
quently, overthrows  Christianity.  Now,  if,  after  all,  phre- 
nology  should  become  (as  it  unquestionably  will)  fully  es- 
tablished, materialists  and  infidels  will  prove  their  doctrines 
by  the  very  arguments  furnished  by  Christians  themselves. 

They  will  reason  thus:  “According  to  your  own  argu 
meats,  if  phrenology  is  true,  it  establishes  the  truth  of  mate- 
rialism, infidelity,  fatalism,  &c. : phrenology  is  demonstrably 
true;  therefore  the  doctrines  of  materialism,  infidelity,  fatal- 
ism, &c.,  are  undeniable.”  And  thus,  even  though  their  ar- 
guments are  sophistical,  Christians  will  be  “ condemned  out 
of  their  own  mouth,”  or  else  driven  to  the  disagreeable  alter- 
native of  admitting  that  their  arguments  are  fallacious,  and 
the  offspring  of  religious  bigotry. 

It  is  an  old  trick  of  agitators  a. id  bigots  to  raise  the  hua 
and  cry  of  infidelity,  atheism,  materialism,  heresy,  and  so 
18" 


410 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED. 


forth,  against  new  doctrines  in  religion,  and  new  distove/U* 
in  philosophy  and  science.  Not  only  were  Anaxagoras,  Soc- 
rates, Galileo,  Columbus,  Locke,  and  a host  of  other  worthies, 
the  effulgence  of  whose  genius  has  lighted  up  the  intellectual 
and  moral  world,  obliged  to  contend  with  the  same  kind  of 
opposition,  but  the  great  Reformers,  and  even  our  Saviour 
and  St.  Paul,  were  assailed  with  the  same  sort  of  weapons. 
But  I am  not  so  easily  alarmed  as  to  be  driven  from  my  pur- 
pose by  a little  dust  kicked  up  by  those  who  are  too  bigoted 
to  look  at  a new  science  lest  its  doctrines  corrupt  their  morals, 
nor  so  easily  persuaded  as  to  yield  to  an  objection  which  1 
find  to  be  directly  at  war  with  facts.  I shall,  therefore,  de- 
liberately walk  forward  in  the  train  of  facts  which  light  up 
my  way,  fearless  of  the  goal  to  which  they  may  conduct  me. 

In  reference  to  the  doctrine  of  materialism,  I have  only  tc 
add,  that  phrenology  itself  furnishes  evidence  sufficient  to 
satisfy  my  mind,  that  it  is  utterly  false.  This  evidence  is 
chiefly  furnished  by  the  faculties  of  ven.  and  hope.  I believe 
that  the  legitimate  and  leading  function  of  the  first,  is  to 
teach  us  to  worship  a God,  and  that  this  proves  the  existence 
of  a Deity,  and,  consequently,  of  a being  whose  mind  acts 
independently  of  organized  matter ; and  I believe  that  the 
leading  office  of  the  last,  is  to  point  out  to  us  a hereafter  by 
leading  us  to  hope  for  it  and  to  expect  it,  and,  consequently, 
that  it  proves  the  existence  of  a future  state  of  being.  But 
these  points  will  be  presented  more  at  large  in  the  chaptei 
upon  the  Theology  of  phrenology. 

REGENERATION,  OR  A CHANGE  OF  HEART. 

As  the  objection,  that  the  principles  of  phrenology  are  op- 
posed to  what  many  believe  to  be  the  Scripture  doctrine  of 
a change  of  heart , is  tolerably  well  stated  in  the  following 
letter,  published  in  the  Morning  Star,  we  allow  Dr.  Mallison, 
as  the  representative  of  all  who  urge  this  objection  against 
phrenology,  to  state  it  in  their  behalf. 

“New  York,' Oct.  18,  183& 

“ To  the  Messrs.  Fowlers. 

“ Sirs, — At  your  next  lec.ure,  I wish  you  to  explain,  according 
to  the  principles  of  phrenology,  how  any  material  or  radical  change 
in  a man’s  moral  character,  disposition,  or  conduct,  can  take  place. 
For  example  ; we  frequently  see  the  infidel  and  irreligious  man,  sud- 
denly anc"  radically  change  his  sentiments  and  practices  in  life,  and 
Decome  pious,  revo  ential,  am  dcvoflcoal.  Now,  according  to  th* 


A CHANGE  OF  HEART. 


41s 


{principles  of  you;  system,  it  seems  to  follovT,  that,  in  reality,  there 
ere  no  such  char  ges,  and  that  they  are  wholly  imaginary  or  hypocrit- 
ical, or  else,  that  there  must  be  a corresponding  change  of  the  phren< 
ological  organs,  namely,  a sudden  diminution  of  one  class  of  organ.;, 
and  an  equally  sudden  enlargement  of  another  class,  whose  functions 
are  directly  opposite. 

“ That  men  do  often  experience  these  changes,  is  evident  to  every 
one ; but  that  the  bumps  of  the  cranium,  are  subject  to  such  suddes 
growth  and  depression,  is  certainly  most  doubtful : and,  if  these  or 
gens  do  not  correspond  with  a man’s  changes  in  conduct  and  dispo 
sition,  how  can  they  have  any  reciprocal  relation  to  his  true  char 
acterl  D.  J.  MALLISON,  M.  D” 

Admitting  this  doctrine  of  a change  of  character  and  con 
duct  called  regeneration,  as  believed  in  and  taught  by  ortho 
dox  Christians,  to  be  correct , and  the  first  question  to  be  con- 
sidered in  relation  to  its  bearings  upon  the  doctrines  of  phre- 
nology, is,  in  what  does  this  change  consist  ? From  even  a 
superficial  view  of  the  subject,  it  is  evident,  that  it  does  not 
consist  either  in  a substitution  of  one  primary  mental  faculty 
for  an  other  opposite  faculty,  or  in  a change  of  the  original 
nature  and  character  of  the  faculties,  or  of  their  proportion- 
al strength;  for,  if  the  subject  of  this  change  possesses  a strong 
and  original  intellect  before  conversion,  he  has  just  as  strong 
and  as  original  an  intellect  after  conversion ; but,  if  he  is 
weak-minded  before,  he  still  remains  so.  Even  his  leading 
peculiarities  of  mind,  thought,  and  feeling,  remain  unaltered. 
If,  before  conversion,  he  possesses  a remarkably  retentive 
memory  of  incidents,  of  faces,  of  dates,  of  principles,  and  of 
places,  his  memory  of  these  things  is  equally  tenacious  after- 
wards ; but,  if  his  memory  of  any  of  these  things  is  weak  be- 
fore, it  is  equ all)7  so  afterwards.  If,  before,  he  is  remarkable 
for  his  mechanical,  or  any  other,  talents,  he  is  uniformly 
found  to  possess  the  very  same  talents,  and  in  the  same  de- 
gree, afterwards.  If  he  is  possessed  of  a superiour  musical 
talent  before  he  meets  with  this  change,  he  possesses  the 
very  same  talent,  and  in  the  same  degree  of  excellence,  aftei 
this  &vent. 

In  what,  then,  does  this  change  consist?  Simply  and 
solely  in  a change  of  the  direction  of  these  respective  facul- 
ties,, or  of  the  objects  upon  which  they  are  exercised.,  and  noi 
in  a change  of  their  nature  and  character , or  of  their  rela- 
tive power.  For  example;  if  the  person  converted,  has  a 
great  talent  for  musick,  the  effect  of  his  conversion  is  to 
change  the  direction  of  this  faculty  : thus,  before  conversion, 
It  was  chiefly  exercised  in  singing  songs,  lively  airs,  &'e.< 


OBJECTIONS  AM3Y7E3E0. 


412 

whereas,  it  is  now  chiefly  exercised  up^n  pieces  of  sacred  inti- 
sick.  If,  before  conversion,  his  reasoning  powers  are  great,  but 
exercised  principally  upon  political,  philosophical,  or  scien- 
fcifick  subjects,  they  are  afterwards  equally  powerful,  but  di- 
rected mainly  to  religious  and  theological  subjects.  Benev. 
which  was  before  manifested  in  relieving  the  physical  suf- 
fering, and  promoting  the  temporal  wants  and  earthly  hap- 
piness, of  his  fellow-men,  is  now  directed  to  a different  and 
Dr  more  elevated  object,  namely,  the  salvation  and  eternal 
happiness  of  his  fellow-men.  And  so  of  every  other  feeling, 
faculty,  and  talent,  of  the  individual. 

Now,  in  as  much  as  the  relative  power  of  the  faculties 
themselves,  remains  unchanged,  though  directed  to  different 
objects,  there  is  no  call  for  an  alteration  in  the  proportionate 
size  of  the  organs , and,  of  course,  no  need  of  a sudden  dimi- 
nution of  one  class  of  organs,  and  an  equally  sudden  enlarge- 
ment of  another  class.  But,  if  this  change  of  heart  did  ne- 
cessarily involve  a change  of  the  nature  and  the  constitution 
of  the  primary  mental  powers,  the  inevitable  conclusion 
would  be,  that  these  faculties  were  not  well-made  at  the  first, 
and,  therefore,  require  remodelling , or,  rather,  re-creating 
which  would  necessarily  imply  imperfection  on  the  part  of 
the  Creator;  and,  not  only  so,  but  this  radical  change  in  the 
nature  of  the  faculties  themselves,  would  certainly  destroy 
the  identity  of  the  person  converted,  thus  making  him,  not  a 
new , but  another , being. 

Again,  if  this  conversion  were  to  change  the  relative  power 
of  the  primary  faculties,  the  same  inferences  hold  good. 
Whilst,  then,  the  nature  of  the  faculties  themselves,  remains 
unchanged,  and  their  proportionate  strength  the  same  as  it 
was  before,  the  amount  of  it  is,  that  divine  grace  simply 
gives  to  the  faculties  as  they  i iginally  or  previously  were, 
a new  direction. 

An  illustration  will,  perhaps,  make  the  point  clear.  \ 
steamboat,  which  is  made  perfect  and  beautiful  throughout,  h 
beingpropelled  down  a river,  by  the  power  of  steam.  The  rud- 
der is  turned,  and  the  same  boat  is  now  propelled  up  the  l ive?, 
by  the  same  power , and  by  means  of  the  same  apparatus.  But 
the  boat  is  not  changed,  or  transformed ; for  it  is,  by  sup- 
position, made  perfect ; nor  is  the  nature  of  the  steam  changed, 
nor  the  character  or  proportionate  strength  of  any  one  thing 
abaut  the  boat.  This  is  not  necessary.  The  boat  is  perfect 
Its  direction,  merely , is  altered;  and  that  by  means  of  the 


A CHANGE  OF  HEART. 


413 


<50  operation  of  the  power  of  the  boat  and  Uat  of  her  com* 
cmnder.  So  it  is  in  the  matter  of  conversion,  The  s inner 
is  sailing’  smoothly  down  the  rapid  current  of  sin  and  worldly 
pleasure,  towards  the  opening  gulf  of  endless  perdition.  Di- 
vine  a gea:y  arrests  him,  and  changes,  not  the  nature  of  the 
thinking  faculties  themselves,  but  merely  the  direction  of  the 
thoughts  produced — not  the  nature  of  the  propelling  powers 
themselves,  but  the  drift  and  current  of  the  feelings  that  flow 
from  those  powers,  b)  setting  before  them  a different  object 
to  stimulate  and  occupy  those  powers. 

The  analogy  of  the  steamboat,  does  not,  of  course,  hold 
good  throughout ; for  man  is  a moral  agent,  the  steamboat, 
a mere  machine.  It,  however,  holds  good  as  far  as  I have 
occasion  to  apply  it.  Men  are  depraved,  not  because  they 
have  depraved  faculties , but  because  they  make  a depravea 
use  of  good  faculties',  see  last  proposition  under  the  last  ob- 
jection, p.  403. 

Y ou  allude  to  a “ sudden ” change.  So  far  as  the  change 
is  sudden,  it  is  not  a change,  either  of  faculties , or  of  their 
relative  strength.  This  change  of  the  proportionate 
strength  of  the  faculties  is  always  gradual.  The  man  whose 
besetting  sin  before  conversion,  was  an  inordinate  craving 
for  money,  has  the  same  craving  afterwards,  with  this  differ- 
ence merely,  that,  by  the  grace  given  him  at  conversion,  it 
is  restrained  from  breaking  out  into  overt  acts  of  wickedness. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  passionate  man,  of  the  ambitious 
man,  &c.  Paul  speaks  of  carrying  on  a “ warfare  against 
the  lusts  of  the  flesh:”  and  the  Bible  everywhere- holds  out 
the  idea  that  victory  over  our  depraved  propensities,  must  be 
gradual,  and  can  be  obtained  only  by  long- continued  and  la- 
borious effort — by  watching  and  praying,  and  severe  self 
denial.  Christian  experience  is  compared  to  the  “ rising 
light,  which,”  from  a feeble  gleaming,  “ groweth  brighter 
and  brighter  till  the  p(  rfect  day” — 41  to  a grain  ot  mustard 
seed,  which,”  from  the  smallest  of  seeds,  “ becomes  a great 
rce plainly  implying,  that,  as  far  as  the  relative  strength 
if  the  faculties  is  changed,  so  far  the  change  is  gradual. 

I would  ask  any  true  Christian,  if  he  is  not  obliged  to 
hold  in  with  a strong  rein,  those  propensities  that  predomi- 
nated before  his  conversion;  and,  if  a long  time  is  not  requi- 
site effectually  to  subdue  “those  sins  that  most  easily  beset 
him.”  so  that  their  instinctive  promptings  are  not  plainly 
felt  By  the  ime,  then  that  he  has  subdued  his  proper 
18  * 


414 


OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED 


titles,  or  altered  th 3 relative  strength  of  his  faculties , the 
organs  will  have  time  to  adjust  themselves  accordingly:  see 
pp.  365,  to  370 

If  I mistake  not,  then,  I have  clearly  shown,  that  the  doc 
trines  and  principles  of  phrenology,  are  not  at  all  mconsist* 
ent  with  the  doctrine  of  regeneration ; and,  also,  that  phre- 
nology enables  us  to  tell  what  hind  of  Christians  particular 
individuals  are. 

PHRENOLOGICAL  FLATTERY. 

It  is  farther  objected  to  phrenology,  or,  rather,  to  phreno- 
logical deductions  of  character,  that  “ The  science  as  employ- 
ed in  practice,  generally  makes  men  better  than  they  really 
are;  and  thus  flatters  their  vanity  and  self-conceit,  and,  con- 
sequently, tends  to  diminish  their  efforts  for  improvement.” 

By  the  application  of  phrenological  principles,  we  are  en- 
abled to  ascertain  and  describe  only  the  natural  talents,  feel- 
ings, dispositions,  and  capabilities  of  individuals,  including 
also,  the  modifications  of  these  feelings  and  talents  as  far  as 
cultivation  has  produced  a change  in  their  external  signs  or 
organs  ; but  a correct  description  drawn  from  such  data,  can- 
not properly  be  called  flattery.  To  make  it  flattery,  the  de- 
scription should  give  to  individuals  a greater  amount  of  talent, 
of  intellect,  or  of  moral  feeling,  than  they  really  possess  ; but 
this  it  does  not  do,  except  in  the  hands  of  unskilful  or  dis- 
honest practitioners,  for  whose  acts  phrenology  cannot  be 
justly  held  responsible. 

It  is  freely  admitted,  however,  that  phrenology  often  as- 
cribes to  individuals  a far  greater  amount  of  certain  talents, 
propensities,  or  feelings,  than  they  think  they  possess,  or  than 
they  have  manifested.  But,  in  doing  this,  'phrenology  is  not 
at  fault ; for  the  fact  in  the  case  not  unfrequently  happens  to 
be.  that,  from  the  force  of  circumstances,  defects  in  education, 
cr  from  some  other  cause,  these  qualities  of  mind,  which 
really  exist  as  described,  have  not  been  manifested  in 
guch  a manner  as  to  display  their  real  strength  and  powti, 
bat  have  remained  neglected  and  unknown,  and,  consequent- 
ly, unappreciated.  The  diamond,  however,  is  the  same, 

' whether  it  sparkle  in  the  diadem  of  royalty,  or  slumber  on 
.he  cross  of  the  pilgrim.”  Who  does  not  know,  that  the  dis- 
tinctions and  honours  obtained  in  human  ife,  more  frequently 
depend  upon  adventitious  and  favourable  circumstances,  than 
upon  nativs  genius  and  real  worth?  Let  an  individual  who 


FH  RENO  LOGICAL  FLATTERS.  415 

l§  possessed  of  only  respectable  talents,  be  thrown  into  cir. 
cumstances  which  shall  give  these  talents  high  cultivatioi 
and  polish,  and  he  will  often  cut  a far  greater  figure  in  the 
world  than  another  who  possesses  talents  of  the  highest  or 
tier,  but  who  is  chained  down  in  obscurity  by  the  force  of  urn 
hvourable  circumstances.  Hence  we  might  expect,  that,  if 
hrenology  reveals  the  true  character,  it  will  often  be  con 
learned.  for  overrating , and,  at  other  times,  for  underr ating 
the  capabilities  and  talents  of  individuals. 

But  one  prominent  ground  of  the  objection  under  consid- 
eration, is,  that  men  do  not  know  themselves ; that  is,  they 
frequently  entertain  very  erroneous  notions  concerning  their 
own  talents,  disposition,  and  capabilities,  especially  with  re* 
ference  to  some  'particular  traits  of  character ; and,  what 
makes  the  point  still  worse  for  phrenology  to  settle  in  a sat 
isfactory  manner  to  all  the  parties  that  may  be  concerned  or 
interested  in  an  examination,  is,  not  merely  that  the  individ 
ual  examined  may  have  wrong  notions  of  many  of  his  own 
mental  qualities,  but  that  his  friends  and  neighbours  even, 
frequently  entertain  views  on  these  same  points,  widely  dif- 
ferent from  his  own,  and  widely  different  from  each  other 
So  that,  there  is  nothing  more  common  than  for  the  decisions 
of  phrenology  upon  particular  traits  of  character,  to  be  oppo- 
sed by  the  parties  concerned,  to  be  disputed  upon  among 
themselves,  and,  finally,  after  investigation,  to  be  conclusively 
established  in  favour  of  phrenology:  see  pp.  79,  263. 

The  causes  of  this  ignorance  of  human  character  which 
so  extensively  prevails  in  the  world,  are  numerous.  I shall 
allude  to  only  two  or  three  of  them.  The  first  is,  that  all 
our  systems  of  mental  philosophy  heretofore  published,  are 
so  obscure,  contradictory,  and  defective,  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible for  any  one,  not  excepting  even  their  very  authors, 
to  obtain  from  them  clear  views  of  their  own  mental  facul- 
ties— -to  learn  from  them  what  constitute  the  various  facul- 
ies  of  the  human  mind,  their  analysis  different  functions, 
nd  modes  of  operation. 

Secondly,  we  live  in  a highly  artificial  state  of  society , 
j/articularly  we  who  profess  to  be  highly  civilized . In  so- 

ciety as  it  is  now  constituted,  the  great  strife  seems  to  be,  not 
to  improve , but  to  conceal  and  pervert,  nature ; so  that  men 
(and  especially  women)  are  little  more  what  they  seem  to  be, 
than  artifi  :ia ] ffuit  is  like  real  fruit  The  theatre  of  huinaa 


416 


OBJ^CTxON1’  ANSWERED. 


life  has  be;ome  a masquerade,  where  each  attempts  to  act  fog 
part  in  disguise. 

TV  illustrate  this  point,  let  us  suppose  that  a very  u prig  hi 
and  conscientious  man  engages  in  business,  m the  mercas> 
tile  line,  if  you  please.  He  proceeds,  for  a while,  to  deal  m 
the  most  honest  and  honourable  manner,  but  directly  finds 
that  he  is  surrounded  by  those  who  employ  “the  tricks  of 
trade,”  and  begins  to  think  that,  unless  he  fall  in  with  their 
usages,  he  will  be  ruined  in  his  business.  He  then  stops  a 
moment  to  reason  with  his  conscience — and  more  especially 
with  his  acquis . ; and  he  finds  that  it  is  an  almost  universal 
practice  to  recommend  a bad  article  as  a good  one,  (particu- 
larly among  the  retailers ,)  and  to  lie  it  on  to  the  customer ; 
also,  to  take  advantage  of  the  ignorance  of  the  customer,  by 
selling  him  an  article  for  fifty  or  a hundred  per  cent  more 
than  it  is  really  worth  ; and  to  practise  a thousand  other  dirty 
tricks  with  impunity.  His  conscience  loudly  rings  the  alarm, 
and  tells  him  it  is  wicked,  it  is  base,  it  is  mean.  But  the 
consideration  of  gain,  the  universality  of  the  practice,  and 
what  he  considers  the  necessity  of  the  case,  at  length  get  the 
upper  hands,  and  so  far  stifle  the  warnings  of  conscien.,  that 
he  gradually  slides  into  this  slimy  and  hell-ripening  course. 
Now,  at  such  a stage  of  his  career,  phrenology  would  be  apt 
to  attribute  to  him  a higher  degree  of  conscien.  than  he  dis- 
plays  in  his  practice ; for,  as  yet,  the  organ  has  not  had  time 
to  dimmish  in  proportion  to  the  letting  down  of  the  man’s 
character. — This  case  may  serve  to  illustrate  ten  thousand 
others,  not  only  with  respect  to  the  organ  of  conscien.,  but 
also  in  regard  to  all  the  other  organs. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  phrenologist  may  sometimes  be 
found  fault  with  for  describing  an  individual’s  character  as 
worse  than  it  is,  when,  in  reality,  the  only  reason  that  he  has 
not  displayed  his  vicious  propensities  in  {heir  full  force,  is, 
they  have  been  restrained  merely  by  surrounding  circrnn 
stances,  or,  perhaps,  the  witness  who  bears  testimony  in  th^ 
case,  is  not  so  intimately  acquainted  with  the  individual  as  to 
know  his  real  character.  Hence,  I have  invariably  found, 
that,  the  judgment,  &c.,  being  equal,  the  more  intimate  the 
acquaintance  between  the  person  examined  and  him  who 
bears  testimony  to  the  correctness  of  the  examination,  th* 
more  perfectly  will  he  agree  with  the  phreno’cgieal  <le»cr 
tion  given. 


PRACTICAL  PlIRENOLOCY  DEFENDED. 


417 


P RACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY  DEFENDED. 

Ever  since  the  introduction  of  practical  phrenology  into  this  country,  bl 
the  writer,  in  1833,  phrenologists  have  entertained  conflicting  opinions  as 
Co  its  merits.  Some  maintain  that  the  science  is  capable  of  being  applied 
to  the  ascertainment  of  the  leading  traits  of  character  only,  contenting  them 
sc?ves  with  pointing  out  here  and  there  predominant  qualities,  and  with 
philosophizing  upon  its  application  to  education,  to  mental  philosophy,  criti 
cisin,  legislation,  insanity,  &c.,  whilst  the  authors  undertake  to  delineatf 
character  in  detail , and  attempt  to  read  the  feelings,  talents,  tendencies  to 
conduct,  See.,  of  men,  by  means  of  their  phrenological  developments,  includ- 
ing temperament,  &c. 

These  philosophizing  phrenologists  maintain  that  this  is  impossible,  on 
account  of  the  modifying  influences  of  the  temperaments,  combinations  of 
faculties,  education,  habits,  regimen,  associations,  religious  and  other 
opinions  and  professions,  conditions  in  life,  and  other  circumstances,  which 
render  its  application  so  uncertain,  and  its  mistakes  so  numerous  and  pal- 
pable, that  the  credit  of  the  science  itself  must  suffer  from  such  an  attempt. 

Now  if  this  is  really  the  case — if  phrenology  is  thus  uncertain  and  anti-Ba- 
conian— if  its  inferences  are  so  often  at  variance  with  the  characters  of  those 
examined,  and,  though  excellent  in  theory,  it  is  so  uncertain  in  fact  that  its 
deductions  cannot  be  depended  upon,  it  is  comparatively  valueless — its  stu- 
dents may  better  close  their  books  and  cease  their  observations,  its  authors 
lay  down  their  pens,  and  its  advocates  seal  up  their  lips,  lest  it  should 
pierce  the  hand  that  relies  upon  it.  But  from  a daily  and  constant  personal 
experience  of  many  years  we  affirm  that  this  is  by  no  means  the  case.  On 
the  contrary,  multitudes,  in  all  parts  of  the  Union,  are  living  witnesses  to  the 
fact  that  we  have  described  themselves  and  their  friends  even  more  accu- 
rately than  could  have  been  done  by  a long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
them,  or  even  by  the  individuals  themselves : and  this  too  without  a know- 
ledge of  these  other  conditions  above  specified,  but  from  the  developments 
alone.  See  also  the  chapter  on  Facts,  pp.  256  to  348. 

Whenever  he  can  well  do  so,  the  phrenologist  by  all  means  should 
ascertain  these  modifying  influences  : otherwise  he  is  liable  to  mistake,  not 
so  much  the  natural  characteristics  or  talents,  as  their  direction , and  man- 
ner of  exhibition.  But  by  knowing  these  influences,  the  almost  unerring 
precision  with  which  he  can  portray  and  even  shade  up  the  character  and 
conduct  of  men,  even  in  detail,  is  truly  astonishing. 

True,  where  the  developments  are  only  commonplace,  little  can  be  said 
and  that  little  not  emphatically  ; but  even  here,  phrenology  is  as  true  to  the 
real  character  and  talents  as  it  is  in  those  that  are  more  striking.  Of  course 
these  ordinary  heads  should  never  be  produced  as  test- cases. 

That  practical  phrenology  has  indeed  great  difficulties  to  encounter,  is 
readily  admitted,  but  the  question  at  issue  is,  whether  they  are  really  insar- 
moimtable ? This  we  deny.  True,  it  requires  an  amount  of  study  and 
experience,  an  adaptation  of  faculties,  and  a power  of  mind  demanded  by 
no  other  study  or  occupation  whatever.  If  the  students  of  law  and  medi- 
cine must  study  constantly  some  ten  years  before  they  can  be  admitted  to 
practise  v'hat  amount  of  preparation — of  both  original  talent  and  of  acquired 
know  ge,  are  required  to  fit  one  for  the  practice  of  a science  far  more  com- 
plex id  extensive  than  both  law  and  medicine  united  I — a science  embrao 
tm  . itliin  i*s  vast  range  all  the  ever-varj.ng  emotions  and  mental  mani 
test  itions  ot  the  human  mind — all  the  never-ending  phenomena  of  thought, 
feeling,  opinion,  and  conduct  appertaining  to  man  ? Let  anv  one  undertake 

19 


418 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY  NECESSARY 


to  calculaie.  arithmetically,  the  number  of  changes  that  can  be  rang  on  th$ 
thirty-seven  faculties  in  all  their  different  degrees  of  development,  and  he 
will  find  them  to  be  inconceivably  great,  and  the  modifications  produced 
6y  differences  of  temperament,  habits,  associations,  parentage,  &c.,  double 
even  this  vast  sum  many  times  over.* 

* A would-oe-mathematico-anti-phrenological  writer  in  the  Princeton  Review 
for  April,  1838.  p.  313,  employs  the  following  knock-down  argument  against  phreno- 
logy. He  says, 

“Now  the  possible  permutations  of  thirty-five  different  quantities  surpass  our 
powers  of  conception  ; the  number  which  expresses  them  contains  forty-one 
places  of  figures.  The  difficulty  of  proving  that  any  particular  one  out  of  this  infinite 
number  of  possible  permutations  in  the  organs  is  actually  marked  upon  the  skull,  is 
bo  great  that  we  may,  without  presumption  or  discourtesy,  pronounce  it  insurmount- 
able. Ages  upon  ages  of  observation  would  be  necessary  to  verify  any  particular 
hypothesis  ; and  in  the  mean  time  phrenology  is  not  entitled  to  assume  at  best  any 
higher  character  than  that  of  a lucky  guess.” 

Now  let  us  apply  this  same  argument,  “ mutatis  mutandis to  the  other  natura. 
sciences.  Will  the  mathematical  professor  who  penned  this  article  please  inform 
the  world  how  many  stars  there  are  throughout  the  vast  fields  of  space,  and  also 
all  the  motions  and  distances  of  each,  together  with  every  thing  appertaining  to 
each?  You  find  the  “difficulty  insurmountable,”  do  you?  Then,  by  parity  of 
reasoning,  astronomy  is  no  science,  and  all  its  predictions  as  to  the  rising,  setting, 
eclipses,  distances,  &c.,  &c.,  of  the  sun,  moon,  planets,  and  all  the  heavenly  bodies 
— all  its  predictions  touching  their  courses,  revolutions,  motions,  &c.,  are  only  so 
many  “ lucky  guesses.”  Suppose  all  the  phenomena  of  nature,  all  the  chymical 
and  philosophical,  all  the  geological  and  botanical,  and  all  the  other  changes,  and 
conditions, and  operations  of  nature, animate  and  inanimate,  that  ever  have  occurred, 
or  are  daily  occurring,  or  ever  will  or  can  occur,  with  all  their  actual  and  possible 
modifications  and  conditions,  were  enumerated,  think  you  that  “the  number  which 
expresses  them  would  be  contained  in”  twice  “forty-one  places  of  figures?” 
Would  not  all  these  not  merely  possible  but  actxial  “ permutations”  of  nature, 
equally  with  those  of  the  phrenological  organs,  “.surpass  our  powers  of  concep- 
tion ?”  And  if'so,  are  not  chymistry  and  natural  philosophy,  geology  and  natural 
history,  together  with  all  the  established  laws  and  operations  of  nature,  equally 
with  phrenology,  and  fer  the  very  same  reason  loo,  “entitled  to  assume  at  best  no 
higher  character  than  that  of  lucky  guesses  ?”  and  do  they  not  also  equally  require 
“ages  upon  ages  of  observation  to  verify  their  hypotheses  ?”  The  plain  fact  is,  that 
all  God’s  works  are  infinite  whilst  man  is  finite,  and  therefore  incapable  of  compre- 
hending the  whole  of  any  one  branch  of  them.  Your  argument  would  unscience 
every  science,  rendering  all  our  knowledge  of  astronomy,  of  chymistry,  of  natura* 
philosophy,  of  anthropology,  of  phrenology,  each  and  all  equally  merely  “lucky 
guesses  :”  and  we  rejoice  that  this  is  no  more  true  of  phrenology  than  it  is  of  ever$ 
work  of  God. 

Will  this  same  mathematical  professor  please  inform  us  how  many  different 
shades  and  phases  of  ideas  and  emotions,  of  sentiments  and  desires,  of  opinions 
and  practices,  of  likes  and  dislikes,  of  feelings  and  talents,  a single  son  or  daughter 
of  Adam  is  capable  of  experiencing,  and  actually  does  experience,  in  all  the 
changes  in  regard  to  family,  friends,  property,  objects  of  desire  and  pursuit,  and 
ways  and  means  of  effecting  his  ends,  throughout  a long  life  of  three-score  years 
and  ten  ? How  many  emotions  throb  through  his  heart  ? how  many  thoughts  flit 
across  his  breast  ? how  many  desires  and  feelings  arise  in  his  mind,  both  musing, 
and  walking,  and  talking,  and  sleeping?  Hundreds  of  millions,  to  say  the  least. 
Another,  has  a set  of  ideas,  opinions,  likes,  repugnances,  feelings,  &c.,  entirely  dif 
ferent  throughout. 

Now,  Sir,  with  these  data  for  the  basis  of  your  mathematical  problem,  will 
decipher  the  sum  total  of  ALL  the  different  feelings  and  mental  manifestations 
“of  every  nation  and  kindred  and  tongue  under  heaven”  that  ever  has  existed,  or 
now  exist,  or  may  live  hereafter,  and  then  subtract  from  it  your  “forty-one 
places  of  figures,”*  and  tell  the  world  the  remainder.  Tell  us  how  many  more 
changes  are  capable  of  being  rung  on  the  thirty -seven  faculties  than  actually  is, 
ar.d  has  been,  and  can  be  rung  upon  the  c'  ords  of  the  human  heart.  The  fact 
your  estimate  falls  far  short  of  both  the  phrenological  conditions  and  the  menta' 
manifestations,  thereby  forming  an  argument  for  phrenology  instead  of  against  it 
How  vastly  more  philosophical  the  phrenological  hypothesis  that  this  almost  in- 
finitude of  marital  phenomena  should  be  exercised  through  thirty-seven  media 
compounded  with,  and  modified  by  each  other,  than  through  your  own  boasted 
Bingle  medium  1 Phreno'ogy  is  bound  to  make  provision  for  all  these  phenomena, 

* though  tha  phrenologist  may  xi  unable  to  observe  all  the  conditions  on  wfeLec 
end. 


FRACrUAI,  PHRENOLOGY  DEFENDED. 


419 


t\*  utmost  stretch  of  man’s  finite  intellect  cannc  take  into 
fcccount  ah  *ho  pin  ecological  conditions,  any  more  than  it  can  all  the 
astronomUal  chvroical  conditions  and  phenomena,  the  phrenologist  cer 
lairily  requires  aJ  the  assistance  that  he  can  possibly  obtain,  together  witl$ 
a powerful,  and  active,  and  a well-balanced  mind.  But  with  these  helps, 
including  a knowledge  of  those  influences  which  modify,  direct,  restrain, 
and  stimulate  the  severtu  faculties,  he  can  predict,  with  accuracy,  not  only 
all  the  leading  mental  qualities,  but  also  a great  number  and  variety  of  their 
shades  and  phases.  The  fack  ;s  undeniable  that  relative  size  is  the  ruling 
phrenological  condition,  and  that  it  will  generally  point  out  the  true  charac 
ter  and  talents,  these  lesser  conditions  of  temperament,  education,  &c.,  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding.  It  *&ill  show  the  natural  qualities,  and  thesis 
qualities  “ will  out ” more  or  less.  See  Dr.  Gall  on  this  point. 

Again,  phrenological  books  ana  lectures  alone,  however  scientific,  or 
argumentative,  or  eloquent,  will  ne<rer  force  home  upon  the  minds  of  the 
mass  of  mankind  a thorough  conviction,  and  a complete  knowledge,  of  the 
truth  and  importance  of  the  science  of  phrenology.  This  great  work  can 
be  accomplished  only  by  its  practical  application  to  the  delineation  of  living 
characters  and  talents . 

The  opinion  pervades  all  classes,  and  is  engraven  upon  every  mind,  that 
experiment  and  obse*-  rwtion  are  the  only  tests  of  truth — that  facts  musty>re- 
cede  reasonings — that  perceptive  intellect  must  observe  the  data  before  the 
reflective  powers  can  draw  correct  conclusions ; and  therefore,  that  ihech 
relical  phrenology,  like  speculative  metaphysics,  is  valueless.  Hence,  be- 
fore the  community  in  general,  or  even  the  educated  portion  of  it,  will  listen 
to  the  arguments  adduced  in  its  support,  or  imbibe  the  beneficial  principles 
upon  which  it  is  based,  they  require  to  see  its  truth  practically  demonstrated. 
And  it  is  fortunate  for  phrenology  that  this  is  the  case,  because  it  is  to  this 
experimental  tribunal  alone  that  she  makes  her  appeal. 

Practical  phrenology  also  enables  every  individual  who  wishes  to  test  the 
truth  of  the  science  in  his  own  person , to  place  his  real  character  and  talent® 
side  by  side  with  his  phrenological  developments,  and  by  comparing  the  two 
together,  to  ascertain  its  truth  or  erroneousness. 

But  the  two  following  questions  will  place  practical  phrenology  in  its  true 
light,  and  their  answer  decide  its  merits. 

First.  Is  the  uniformity  between  the  phrenological  antecedent  and 
consequent,  or  between  the  condition  and  its  accompanying  mental  mani- 
festation, fixed,  and  certain , and  unifoi'm  ? Second.  Can  these  condi 
tions,  or  at  least  the  leading  ones,  be  observed  during  life  ? Every  philoso- 
pher and  every  phrenologist  must  answer  the  first  in  the  affirmative,  ov 
abandon  the  science  as  anti-Baconian.  The  second,  Gall  and  Spurzheim 
aave  answered  affirmatively  in  the  very  discovery  of  the  science,  and  in 
pronouncing  upon  the  characters  and  talents  of  men  wherever  they  went. 

Practical  phrenology  is  therefore  sustained.  It  is  indeed  the  Alpha 
md  the  Omega  of  the  entire  science — both  the  foundation  and  the  super- 
structure of  the  whole  edifice,  and  nothing  but  this  same  despised  practical 
phrenology  can  either  improve  or  advance  it  a single  iota.  Nothing  else 
ran  prevent  the  science  from  becoming  as  theoretical,  and  speculative,  and 
spiritless  as  metaphysics  now  are — nothing  else  adapt  it  to  the  common 
mind  or  to  the  present  age — nothing  else  add  to  its  facts  or  keep  it  to  the 
of  nattjke — the  only  great  storehouse  of  truth.  Why  then 
phrenology  1 rather  hail  it  as  the  onty  bulwark  and  anchor 


PRACTICAL  PHRENOLOGY  DEFENDED. 


We  admit,  indeed,  that  through  its  medium,  many  mistakes,  occasioned 
by  the  carelessness,  or  inexperience,  or  obtuseness  of  the  examiner,  or  h y 
tm  imperfect  acquaintance  with  those  examined,  are  saddled  upon  it,  which 
is  thus  made  a scape-goat  for  the  sins  of  them  all.  The  phrenologist  may 
also  find  mechanical,  or  oratorical,  or  other  powers,  of  which  the  commit 
nity  in  general,  and  even  the  individual  himself,  may  be  ignorant.  Had  a 
phrenologist  ascribed  to  Patrick  Henry  before  his  debut,  those  transcendent 
powers  of  eloquence  which  he  afterwards  evinced,  he  would  have  been 
scouted  as  an  impostor,  and  but  for  the  circumstances  which  called  them 
out,  they  might  never  have  developed  themselves.  Mankind  undoubtedly 
possess  much  more  talent,  and  moral  feeling,  and  integrity  than  they  mani- 
fest in  action.  But  the  phrenologist  tells  what  they  possess  by  nature , not 
what  they  exhibit,  and  hence  is  often  considered  wrong  when  he  is  in  fact 
right.  On  the  other  hand,  he  may  sometimes  ascribe  bad  qualities  to  those 
who  may  have  artfully  succeeded  in  wearing  plausible  exteriors. 

But  it  is  the  envy,  and  even  animosity  existing  among  men,  and  th? 
consequent  partiality  with  which  they  judge  each  other  that  constitute  b / 
far  the  greatest  difficulty  which  he  encounters.  If  he  ascribes  to  an  indi- 
vidual superior  talents,  or  high  moral  worth,  an  evil-eyee  neighbour,  or  a 
•^arm  political  opponent,  will  consider  the  examination  a total  failure,  be- 
cause it  did  not  make  him  out  a real  rascal ; whilst  a friend  will  regard  it 
as  perfectly  correct  throughout.  When  both  friend  and  foe,  and  also  the 
individual  himself  all  agree,  and  the  science  itself,  not  its  imperfect  practi- 
tioner, comes  in  contact  with  them  all,  then,  and  not  till  then,  should  an 
occasional  failure  be  considered  a sufficient  loop  to  hang  a doubt  upon ; 
provided  its  decisions  are  in  the  main  correct. 

For  several  years  past  the  author  has  been  accustomed  to  put  phrenology 
to  the  severest  of  all  tests,  namely,  that  of  making  examinations  blindfolded. 
To  this  many  judicious  phrenologists  have  strenuously,  and  perhaps  justly, 
objected,  alleging  that  the  examiner  imperiously  demands  at  least  the  perfect 
use  of  ail  his  senses,  and  also  a knowledge  of  the  temperament. 

Examining  without  the  eyes  is  indeed  like  running  a race  upon  one  foot, 
impeding  his  progress,  and  rendering  him  liable  to  stumble  ; but  let  it  ha 
remembered  that  he  has  a mass  of  incredulity  and  prejudice  to  contend 
against;  that  Ills  other  hits  are  attributed  to  his  shrewdness  and  knowledge 
of  human  nature,  physiognomy,  &c. ; that  by  these  blindfolded  tests  only 
esm  this  class  of  objectors  be  reached ; and  that,  if  successful,  they  are  felt 
**>  be  conclusive  and  final,  leaving  no  grounds  of  appeal,  no  room  for 
evasion. 

If  decidedly  marked  subjects  are  brought  forward,  and  on  no  account 
should  any  others  he  selected,  the  natural  character,  besides  being  strongly 
indicated  upon  the  head,  will  burst  forth  spontaneously  in  action  and  ex- 
pression, disdaining  all  artificial  restraints,  so  that  no  mistakes  need  occur. 
In  such  cases  the  author  never  fails  to  hit  the  true  character,  and  finds  them 
to  be  productive  of  deeper  and  more  universal  conviction  than  any  other 
means  he  can  employ. 

But  these  philosophizing,  anti  practical  phrenologists  still  farther  object 
to  this  “examining  heads,”  and  “ charging  fifty  cents  per  caput,”  alleging 
that  it  lowers  down  the  dignity  of  this  high-toned  and  pre-ein  nently  philaii* 
thropio  science,  by  prostituting  it  to  the  degrading  level  of  a mere  catch- 


CHARGING  FOR  EXAMINATIONS 


42i 


tenk,  and  could  live  upon  the  interest  of  their  money  they  might  indeed 
iflbrd  to  spend  their  time  in  prosecuting  this  noble  science  gratis.  But 
e7ery  man  must  live  by  his  calling,  and  the  practical  phrenologist  no  more 
compromises  the  dignity  of  his  science  by  requiring  pay  for  services  ren 
derod,  than  the  lawyer  degrades  the  law  by  requiring  his  fee,  or  the  phy- 
sician by  sending  in  his  bill. 

But  to  charge  “ fifty  cents  per  lecture,”  and  “ five  dollars  for  the  couree3i; 
and  to  require  “three  hundred  subscribers”  beforehand  at  that,  and  to  hold 
phrenological  works  twenty-five  per  cent,  higher  than  other  books,  not  onb» 
does  not  compromise  the  dignity  of  the  science,  but  is  even  deemed  neces- 
sary by  some  in  order  to  impart  dignity  to  it : whilst  to  take  pay  for 
examining  heads,  furnishing  a chart,  and  indicating  upon  it  the  relative 
size  of  one’s  phrenological  developments,  greatly  “alters  the  case,”  anil 
savours  strongly  of  quackery  and  humbuggery.  But  the  fact  is  that  to 
require  pay  for  examining  the  head  no  more  degrades  the  science  than  to 
take  pay  for  books  or  lectures.  It  is  this  taking  pay,  no  matter  for  what, 
that  does  the  mischief ; and  the  more  the  pay  the  greater  the  evil. 

But  is  it  not  highly  probable  that  these  objections  originate  in  the  ob 
jectors’  inability  to  examine  heads,  and  their  consequent  jealousy  of  those 
who  possess  so  valuable  a talent  1 

When  in  Boston,  the  immortal  Spurzheim  expressed  the  opinion  that  the 
time  would  come  when  phrenology^,  in  common  with  medicine  and  law, 
would  become  a regular  profession,  having  not  only  its  professorships  in  our 
seats  of  learning,  but  its  regular  practitioners  in  our  cities  and  villages, 
wrho  would  be  consulted  by  parents  touching  the  education  and  choice  of 
occupations  adapted  to  their  children,  and  by  persons  employing  apprentices, 
servants,  &c.,  as  much  as  the  physician  now  is  in  sickness.  This  very  state 
of  things  this  practical  phrenology  is  now  producing. 

No  one,  however,  can  regard  with  deeper  indignation,  or  hold  in  higher 
contempt  than  the  writer  does,  this  getting  a smattering  of  phrenology, 
and  going  about  the  country  merely  to  make  money.  This  practice  has 
become  a very  common,  but  is  a most  despicable  one,  and  constitutes  one 
of  the  greatest  barriers  which  obstructs  the  onward  progress  of  this  noble 
science.  But  the  season  for  such  empiricism  has  nearly  gone  by.  Such 
pretenders  cannot  now,  as  formerly,  rely  upon  the  mere  noveltjr  of  phre- 
nology for  their  success,  and  hence  are  fast  becoming  unable  to  defray  ex- 
penses ; and  judicious  minds  will  not  hold  the  science  responsible  for  their 
blunders. 

But  to  say  the  least,  this  examining  heads  affords  a great  amount  of  in- 
nocent amusement,  and  a very  interesting  subject  of  conversation  and  dis- 
cussion ; and,  more  than  any  and  every  other  method  which  could  be 
devised,  is  calculated  to  promulgate  the  science  by', bringing  it  in  a tangible 
*n<l  exciting  form  before  the  community  at  large.  And  may  it  not  be  that 
the  extraordinary  rapidity  with  which  a knowledge  of,  and  belief  in.  its 
doctrines  have  spread  throughout  our  country  within  the  last  sever  years, 
is  owing  mainly  to  this  same  cause  1 

PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PHRENOLOGY. 

Phrenologists  are  often  asked  for  the  “ cni  bono,”  t he  practical  utility  d 
this  science.  “Admitting  its  truth,”  say  they,  “of  what  usi  is  it V’  Ti» 
reply  briefly  to  this  question  here,  mav  no*  be  out  of  pla^e, 

id 


m 


PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PHRENOLOGY 


Men  no  v worship  two  deities,  Wealth  and  Fame,  with  more  than  pfcgaa 
idolatry ; a id  value  things  in  proportion  as  they  further  these  objects. 
But  this  standard  of  valuation  is  evidently  erroneous  Whatever  can  be 
made  to  augment  human  happiness,  or  to  promote  morality  and  virtue — to 
diminish  or  alleviate  human  suffering,  or  in  any  way  to  improve  man  phy 
eieally,  or  mentally,  or  morally,  is  useful  in  proportion  as  it  is  capable  of 
effecting  these  important  but  difficult  objects.  All  this  phrenology  r«  cal- 
culated to  accomplish.  It  is  therefore  useful— 

1.  As  a Study.  “ Knowledge  is  power .”  Man  is  so  constituted  that 
to  study  the  laws  and  phenomena  of  nature — to  witness  chemical,  phtto 
sophical,  and  other  experiments — to  explore  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  to 
examine  the  beauties,  the  curiosities,  and  the  wonders  of  its  surface — to 
learn  lessons  of  infinite  power  and  wisdom  as  taught  by  astronomy — but 
more  especially  to  study  living , animated  nature — to  observe  its  adapta- 
tions and  contrivances — in  short,  to  study  nature  in  all  her  beauty,  and 
variety,  and  perfection,  constitutes  a source  of  the  highest  possible  gratifica- 
tion of  which  the  human  mind  is  susceptible. 

But  the  study  of  man,  of  his  nature  and  duties,  his  destinies  and  re-la* 
tions,  and  especially  of  man  intellectually  and  morally , is  as  much  more 
useful  and  important  than  the  study  of  physical  nature,  as  mind  is  superior 
to  matter.  Man,  the  lord  of  creation,  is  the  grand  climax,  the  master-piece 
of  all  God’s  works  within  our  knowledge,  and  man’s  mind  the  master-piece 
of  man  ; so  that  the  study  of  man’s  mind  towers  far  above  ail  others. 

Now  phrenology  has  to  do  exclusively  with  man’s  mind,  and  if  true, 
develops,  and  that  in  a tangible  and  simple  form,  so  that  he  that  runs  may 
read,  the  laws  and  phenomena  of  mind.  This  is  “ par  excellence ,”  they?e- 
culiar  prerogative  of  this  science.  Let  those  who  have  groped  their  way 
through  the  mists  of  metaphysics,  and  who  have  caught  only  a glimpse  of 
the  light  thrown  by  phrenology  on  the  study  of  mind,  judge  between  it  and 
them. 

Again,  this  same  mind  of  man  is  the  fountain-head  from  which  springs 
most  of  his  sufferings  and  enjoyments.  Both  the  happiness  and  the  misery 
experienced  by  it  are  far  more  intense  and  acute  than  those  of  a merely 
physical  origin.  Now  since  obedience  to  the  laws  of  our  mental  constitu- 
tion is  the  sole  cause  and  medium  of  all  our  mental  enjoyments,  since  their 
violation  is  the  only  and  inevitable  cause  of  all  man’s  mental  misery,  and 
since  phrenology,  if  true,  develops  and  elucidates  these  very  laws,  the  ob- 
servance and  the  violation  of  which  cause  most  of  man’s  happiness  and 
misery,  it  is  self-evident  that  a knowledge  of  this  science  is  the  key  that 
opens  up  to  man  all  the  hidden  capabilities  of  enjoyment  belonging  tc  hia 
nature,  and  will  also  enable  him  to  bolt  the  door  upon  those  causes  of  mental 
anguish  and  suffering  which  afflict  either  mankind  in  general,  or  individuals 
in  particular.  By  fully  and  clearly  analyzing  and  unfolding  the  primary 
powers  of  the  human  mind,  and  thereby  showing  what  is,  and  what  is  not, 
their  natural,  legitimate,  and  healthy  function,  and  thus  what  actions  and 
feelings  ar*,  virtuous,  and  what  sinful,  phrenology  will  teach  every  one  how 
to  exercise  his  faculties  in  accordance  wifh  their  primitive  constitution,  or  in 
other  words,  how  to  obey  the  laws  of  his  mental  and  moral  nature,  and 
thereby  how  to  become  the  recipient  of  uninterrupted  mental  enjoyment. 

2.  “ Know  thyself,”  was  written  in  golden  capitals  upon  the  splendid 
temple  of  Delphos,  as  the  most  important  maxim  which  the  wise  men  of 
Greece  could  hand  down  to  unborn  generations.  The  Scriptures  require 
Ts  to  * search  our  own  hearts  and  try  ourselves;”  and  the  entire  exper) 


IN  IMPARTING  SELF-KNOWLEDGE. 


423 

*nce  jf  manknd  bears  testimony,  that  seTf-knowledge  is  the  most  in* 
portal  .t  of  all  knowledge.  A thorough  knowledge  of  one’s  own  self-  -of 
nig  good  pioperties,  and  how  to  make  the  most  of  them  ; of  his  defects,  and 
how  to  guard  against  the  evils  growing  out  of  them  ; of  his  predispositions 
to,  and  sources  of,  temptation  to  excess  and  error,  and  the  means  of  keeping 
these  desires  quiescent ; of  what  he  is  capable  of  doing  and  of  becomr jg 
end  what  not ; and  wherein  he  is  liable  to  err  either  in  judgment  or  con 
duct — is  more  intimately  associated  with  his  virtue,  and  happiness,  and  suc- 
cess through  life  than  any  other,  than  all  other  knowledge  united. 
Before  he  can  correct  any  defect,  he  must  know  precisely  in  what  that  de- 
fect consists — must  know  the  precise  faculty  that  is  too  strong,  or  too 
weak,  or  wrongly  exercised. 

Now,  this  very  knowledge,  phrenology,  if  true,  furnishes,  and  that  with 
the  certainty  attending  physical  demonstration.  It  will  enable  every  indi- 
vidual to  place  his  own  fingeis  upon  every  element  of  his  character;  and 
in  case  his  predominant  self-esteem  has  rendered  him  proud  and  self-con 
ceited,  or  its  deficiency  led  hirn  to  underrate  his  capabilities  or  moral  worth, 
and  produced  diffidence,  it  will  correct  these  estimates,  and  teach  men  pre- 
cisely what  they  really  are. 

This  principle  will  be  rendered  still  more  plain  and  forcible  by  employ 
ing  a comparison.  It  is  with  mental  as  with  physical  vision,  that  objects 
take  their  appearances  from  the  media  through  which  they  are  observed. 
If  you  look  through  glasses  that  are  coloured,  or  that  magnify,  or  minify, 
the  objects  observed  will  appear  accordingly.  Appearances  would  lead  you 
to  think  that  the  apparent  colour  was  the  real  one,  though  changing  with 
every  change  in  the  colour  of  your  glasses.  But  by  knowing  what  coloured 
glasses  you  look  through,  you  easily  correct  the  error.  Now,  phrenology 
tells  you  precisely  what  coloured  glasses  you  look  through.  Does  hop8 
predominate,  you  look  through  magnifying  glasses,  which  exaggerate  every 
prospect.  Without  being  told  by  phrenology  that  these  splendid  castles 
are  all  ideal,  and  merely  the  workings  of  over-developed  hope,  you  would 
think  them  real,  and  act  upon  them ; but  with  this  knowledge,  you  will 
avoid  the  evils  consequent  upon  such  action.  Thus  phrenology,  properly 
applied,  would  prevent  much  of  this  speculating,  over-trading,  extravagance, 
&c.,  which  cause  most  of  those  failures  that  are  spreading  distress  through- 
out our  land.  Is  hope  small,  the  picture  is  reversed ; but  by  Idling  you 
that  you*  spirits  flag  only  because  you  look  through  darkshaded  glasses, 
phrenology  will  effectually  dispel  this  borrowed  trouble  about  nothing. 

Are  you,  as  a professor  of  religion,  borne  down  with  an  overwhelming 
sense  of  guilt,  and  unworthiness,  and  desert  of  punishment,  accompanied 
with  but  feeble  hopes  of  pardon,  and  many  doubts  and  fears  as  to  your  sal- 
vation, phrenology  will  impart  the  “ oil  of  joy  for  the  spirit  of  heaviness,” 
Dv  telling  you  that  these  feelings  are  caused  by  your  predominant  cautious- 
ness and  conscientiousness,  and  small  hope  and  self-esteem,  and  not  by 
your  actual  danger  of  perdition;  and  that  were  the  relative  size  of  these 
organs  reversed,  your  feelings  also  would  be  reversed,  although  in  a far 
poorer  way  of  gaining  heaven.  You  are  only  looking  through  coloured 
glasses. 

Are  you  an  over-anxious  wife  or  mother,  worrying  your  very  life  out  of 
you  about  your  husband  or  children,  by  telling  you  that  these  feelings  are 
caused,  not  by  any  actual  danger  that  threatens  your  beloved  ones,  but  by 
your  own  groundless  and  whimsical  fears,  produced  by  your  predominant 
wautiousness,  philoprogenitiveness,  and  adhesiveness,  phrenology  will  dispel 


424 


PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PIIRLNOJ  OGY 


these  foolish  fears,  and  make  you  laugh  at  your  own  folly ; whereas,  but 
for  this  science,  you  would  think  them  weh  grounded.  It  shows  you  thfe 
you  are  afraid  only  because  you  are  looking  through  coloured  glasses. 

In  these  and  a thousand  similar  ways,  phrenology,  if  true,  may  easily 
and  constantly  be  applied  to  the  correction  not  only  of  false  estimates  of 
ourselves  and  others,  but  also  Gf  erroneous  impressions,  as  well  as  wrong 
judgments,  of  men  and  things. 

It  might  be  added,  that  the  very  best  method  of  telling  a child  or  neigh- 
bour their  faults  effectually , so  as  to  produce  reform,  is  to  take  them  to  a 
judicious  and  thorough-going  phrenologist.  He  will  he  sure  to  hit  the  nail 
on  the  head,  and  thus  produce  a much  better  effect  than  could  be  done  by 
those  who  live  with  them,  because  they  will  feel  that  he  does  it  scientific 
tally,  they,  from  prejudice.  See  Phrenology  Proved,  &c.,  p.  262, 

Again ; ambition  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  elements  of  man’s  nature, 
and  its  gratification  a source  of  real  pleasure.  Hence  to  excel,  even  though 
in  a humble  sphere,  is  productive  of  far  more  enjoyment  than  mediocrity 
in  a higher  sphere.  Thus,  to  excel  in  some  ordinary  mechanical  branch 
renders  one  much  more  happy,  and  enables  him  to  get  3 better  living,  than 
to  be  an  ordinary  lawyer,  because  in  the  former  case  his  ambition  is  gratis 
fied,  but  in  the  latter,  mortified. 

Hence  to  a young  person  in  particular,  just  beginning  the  world,  and 
indeed  to  all,  a knowledge  of  phrenology,  or  in  its  absence,  a correct  phre- 
nological examination,  might  be  made  incalculably  valuable. 

Still  further.  The  Creator  evidently  intends  and  adapts  one  man  to  fill  one 
sphere  of  action,  and  another,  another  sphere.  As  he  has  adapted  one  tree  to 
one  quality  of  soil,  and  another  to  another ; as  he  has  made  one  flower  to 
grow  luxuriantly  under  the  burning  sun  of  the  vernal  equinox,  another,  to  bud 
and  blossom  in  perfection  in  a colder  climate,  and  still  another,  to  vegetate 
only  in  the  frozen  regions  of  the  poles ; and  as,  by  transplanting  them,  they 
all  wither  and  die — as  one  tree  or  vegetable  is  constitutionally  adapted  to 
flourish  only  in  the  marsh,  another,  in  the  arid  sandbanks,  and  a third,  in 
the  clefts  of  the  rocks — as  the  fish  of  the  sea,  and  the  fowls  of  the  air,  and 
the  whole  range  of  animate  and  inanimate  nature  have  each  assigned  to 
them  their  respective  locations  and  limits,  within  which  they  flourish,  with- 
out which  they  die,  the  inference  is  well  founded  that  the  same  is  true  of 
man — that  different  individuals  are  designed  for,  and  adapted  to,  different 
occupations ; that  the  constitutional  qualities  of  one  man,  both  mental  and 
physical,  best  fit  him  to  become  a “ tiller  of  the  ground  those  of  another, 
to  practise  successfully  one  of  the  mechanical  arts;  of  another,  tG  sway 
the  popular  will  by  smooth-tongued  eloquence ; and  of  still  another,  to  ex 
plore  the  works  and  wonders  of  nature. 

Let  parents  but  apply  the  principles  of  phrenology  to  the  choice  of  occu- 
pations adapted  to  their  children — let  the  agriculturist  be  located  upon  his 
farm,  the  mechanic  in  his  workshop,  the  artist  in  his  studio,  the  merchan 
behind  his  counter,  the  statesman  in  th<'  halls  of  legislation,  the  teacher-s  of 
morals  and  of  letters  in  their  respective  places;  let  the  orator  mount  the  ros- 
trum, the  judge  between  man  and  man  ascend  the  bench,  the  naturalist  be 
placed  in  the  open  fields  of  nature — let  every  member  of  society  be  placed 
in  circumstances  the  most  favourable  for  calling  into  full  and  delightful 
exercise  all  his  talents  and  mental  energies,  and  this  divinely  contrived 
machine  of  human  society,  with  every  wheel,  every  thing  in  its  proper  place, 
would  work  out  an  incalculable  amount  of  happiness  to  mankind  in  gene- 
ral, and  to  individuals  in  particular;  those  whose  ambition  is  now  mortified 


IN  DEVELOPING  TALENT. 


425 


because  out  of  tL<  ;r  proper  element,  would  then  be  delightfully  gratified ; 
n vast  amount  of  talent  in  all  the  departments  of  life,  which  now  lies  buried 
for  want  of  action  and  object,  would  be  brought  forth ; and  a host  of  Wash- 
ingtons and  Franklins,  of  Jeffersons  and  Adamses,  of  Sliakspeares  and 
Miltons,  of  Clays  and  Websters,  of  Lees  and  Henrys,  of  Fultons  and 
Whitneys,  of  Rushes  and  Blackstones,  of  Audubons  and  Davys,  of  Siilimans 
and  Hitchcocks,  of  Wrests  and  Rubens,  of  Irvings  and  Percevals,  who  ara 
now  unnoticed  and  unknown,  would  be  hunted  no,  and  their  talents  brought 
to  hear  upon  the  general  welfare  of  mankind.  But  alas  ! this  machine  U 
deranged,  its  wheels  misplaced,  and  its  product  is  misery  : the  natural 
mechanic  is  pul  into  the  study,  and  the  scholar  upon  the  farm,  their  nature* 
crossed,  their  talents  lost  to  themselves  and  the  world,  and  their  happiness 
/reatly  abridged,  if  not  exchanged  for  misery.  Now  if  phrenology  be  true, 
ghe  natural  talents  even  of  children  can  be  discovered  with  certain^,  and 
their  pursuits  directed  accordingly  ; and  thereby  these  evils  be  avoided,  as 
well  as  these  blessings  secured. 

* 3.  It  will  incalculably  advance  the  arts  and  sciences. 

Only  the  very  threshold  of  science  is  yet  entered.  For  every  discovery 
thus  far  made,  doubtless  scores  remain  yet  to  be  made.  Future  centuries, 
like  those  that  are  past,  will  unquestionably  witness  clusters  of  new  sciences, 
as  the  present  one  has  chymistry,  geology,  and  phrenology,  unfolding  new 
truths  and  new  worlds  of  facts,  by  means  of  which  the  knowledge  and 
happiness  of  mankind  will  be  vastly  augmented.  There  are  multitudes  o' 
minds  calculated  to  bring  to  view  the  phenomena  and  laws  of  nature, 
and  make  scientific  discoveries,  which  are  now  either  'wholly  engrossed 
with  other  minor  matters,  or  enter  upon  a literary  course  too  late  to  make 
much  progress:  whereas,  had  their  talents  been  early  known,  and  their 
education  conducted  upon  phrenological  principles,  such  naturalists  and 
mathematicians,  such  artists  and  mechanics,  such  statesmen  and  poets, 
such  orators  and  divines,  such  philanthropists  and  such  profound  philo 
sophers  would  rise  upon  our  world  as  would  completely  eclipse  every  thing 
past  and  present — as  would  incalculably  improve,  adorn,  and  bless  mankind. 
It  would  also  throw  out  from  under  the  wheels  of  science  multitudes  of 
those  who  now  retard  their  progress,  and  clear  the  various  professions  cf 
those  drones  who  are  now  their  bane  and  disgrace,  besides  being  useful  in 
making  choice  of  our  public  officers. 

4.  It  will  greatly  promote  morality  and  true  religion. 
Phrenology,  if  true,  unfolds  the  moral  and  religious  nature  of  man.  To 
this  same  moral  nature  of  man,  true  religion  is  also  adapted : so  that  each 
will  confirm  sod  strengthen  the  other,  and  both  together  do  much  more  for 
man’s  moral  elevation  than  either  could  do  alone.  Phrenology,  more  than 
any  thing  else,  is  calculated  to  do  away  sectarian  prejudices,  and  wear  off 
the  edge  of  those  asperities  which  grow  out  of  them,  and  which  are  a deep 
cisgrace  to  the  Christian  world.  It  also  teaches  forbearance  and  forgive- 
ness. and  does  awajr  with  bigotry.  It  will  teach  natural  theology  and 
natural  religion  move  clearly  and  forcibly  than  any  other  department  of 
ncience  whatever. 

5.  A knowledge  of  phrenology  will  give  its  possessor  an  almost  unlimited 
command  over  the  minds  and  feelings  of  his  fellow-men.  Are  you  a lawyer, 
phrenology  teaches  you,  not  only  the  laws  of  mind  in  general,  but  tk& 
particular  qualities  of  individuals,  and  also  how  they  may  be  reached. 
Has  one  of  your  jury  large  benevolence,  phrenology  not  only  points  out 

development,  but  ako  shows  you  how  to  arouse  it  powerfully  in  aid 
36* 


438  PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PKRENOLGur 

of  you**  cause.  The  other  faculties  will  then  follow  in  its  trail  vA  h® 
gained.  Has  another  large  comparison,  or  causality,  or  ideality,  ad  css  thsss 
faculties  respectively,  and  your  end  is  gained  : has  another  large  s' If-esteem, 
and  firmness,  humour  him , and  be  carefull  not  to  excite  them  against  you 
or  “ its  a gone  case :”  and  sc  of  the  other  faculties. 

Are  you  a minister  of  our  holy  religion,  wishing  to  “convert  the  sinner 
Crcra  the  error  of  his  ways,”  you  must  become  “ all  things  to  all  men.” 
Your  success  depends  on  your  adapting  truth  to  the  sinner’s  mind.  Has  he 
email  conscientiousness  and  large  self-esteem  and  combativeness,  if  you 
address  your  remarks  to  his  conscience,  and  portray  his  guilt  and  desert  of 
punishment,  his  small  conscientiousness  and  large  self-esteem  will  fail  to 
perceive  or  feel  his  guilt;  and  his  large  self-esteem  will  justify  himself,  and 
retort,  “You  come  here,  accusing  me  in  this  kind  of  style,  do  you?  I’v1 
done* nothing  wrong.  You  talk  as  though  I had  committed  some  avm-v 
crime,  but,  thank  Heaven,  I have  a clear  conscience.  I’m  as  good  as  yoi 
are,  any  day whilst  combativeness  will  resent  the  well-meant  but  i«fi 
applied  warning,  and  drive  the  intruder  from  his  presence.  Thus  the  sin 
ner’s  heart  becomes  more  hardened,  and  the  door  of  repentance  and  reforn 
barred  and  bolted.  Whereas,  this  same  sinner  has  perhaps  large  venera 
tion  and  adhesiveness.  Appeal  to  the  former  by  portraying  the  majesty 
and  the  glory  of  (>od,  and  to  the  latter  by  descanting  upon  his  infinite  love 
to  the  children  of  men,  and  you  strike  chords  that  vibrate  through  his  whole 
soul,  prostrating  him  in  adoration  and  love  at  the  foot  of  the  cross. 

Another  may  have  large  conscientiousness  and  small  veneration.  By 
addressing  to  him  what  disgusted  the  first,  you  reach  his  feelings,  producing 
a broken  heart  and  a reformed  life  ; whereas,  if  you  appeal  to  his  venera- 
tion, which  produced  the  desired  effect  in  the  case  first  supposed,  you  dis- 
gust him,  and  the  result  is  worse  than  a mere  failure.  Thus,  “ what  i9 
one’s  meat  is  another’s  poison and  phrenology  teaches  you  how  and 
when  to  appeal  to  the  reason,  or  to  the  feelings,  or  to  the  particular  class 
of  feelings  required  by  the  occasion,  and  also  how  to  avoid  arraying  against 
vou  large  combativeness,  or  firmness,  or  self-esteeiB,  or  destructiveness,  and 
thus  how  to  be  always  successful,  “ meting  out  to  every  man  his  portion 
in  due  season.” 

The  principle  here  stated  and  illustrated,  will  apply  to  all  our  intercourse 
with  our  fellow-men,  whether  for  persuading  them  to  adopt  oor  opinions  or 
plans,  or  for  instructing  them,  and  especially  children,  or  for  pleasurable  in 
tercourse  with  them. 

But  the  application  of  this  principle  to  the  government  of  children , u 
productive  of  still  greater  good.  Thus,  has  your  child  large  firmness,  or 
destructiveness,  or  self-esteem,  great  care  is  requisite  lest  these  faculties 
become  arrayed  against  you ; in  which  event  obedience  can  be  secured 
only  by  compulsion,  the  child  becoming  wilful  and  insolent.  But  by  un- 
derstanding phrenology,  you  will  know  what  will  excite  these  faculties  un 
favourably,  and  can  thus  avoid  rousing  them,  and  appeal  to  some  other 
faculties  by  which  you  gain  your  end  at  once,  and  with  perfect  ease. 

Again,  if  conscientiousness  and  benevolence  are  large,  when  you  do  the 
child  a favour,  let  it  see  and  feel  it  to  be  an  act  of  pure  disinterested  kind- 
ness on  your  part,  and  a strong  feeling  of  gratitude  and  sense  of  obliga- 
tion will  spring  up  spontaneously  in  its  little  bosom,  which  may  be  in- 
creased by  every  successive  garment,  and  ride  and  favour  which  the  child 
teceivea  at  your  hands,  until  i will  become  oiling  emotion.  4 strang 


IN  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  CHILDREN. 


ifesire  to  return  these  favours  will  be  the  result;  your  ascendancy  over  the 
lililu  has  now  become  complete;  your  will  has  but  to  be  knowTn  to  be 
obeyed,  and  that  with  delight. 

But  this  picture  is  usually  reversed.  Parents  generally  transmit  to  their 
children  those  mental  as  well  as  physical  qualities  which  predominate  in 
themselves.  These  are  often  large  combativeness,  destructiveness,  acquisi- 
tiveness, self-esteem,  firmness,  &c.  The  little  sufferer  gratifies  his  innate 
destructiveness  by  tearing  a leaf  from  a book  given  him  to  play  with,  or  break- 
ing some  valuable  article.  The  angered  parent  catches  up  the  unconscious 
offender,  and  gives  him  a violent  box  on  the  ears,  (thus  re-inflaming  de- 
structiveness by  the  blow,)  exclaiming,  “You  little  rascal  you,  what  did 
you  do  that  fori  Do  it  again  if  you  dare,  and  I’ll  whip  the  very  life 
out  of  you  V9  Of  course  the  child  becomes  enraged,  and  bawls  loud  and 
long,  and  receives  another  scolding  and  whipping,  to  make  him  “hush  up.” 
its  outraged  conscientiousness  revolts  at  this  cruel  and  unjust  treatment, 
and  this  increases  the  flame  of  its  anger ; destructiveness,  already  too 
large,  becomes  still  larger  by  being  violently  and  protractedly  excited  ; the 
child  is  rendered  miserable ; its  temper  spoiled ; its  brain  inflamed ; its 
gratitude  and  affection  checked ; its  parental  respect  destroyed  ; peevishness 
engendered ; its  health  impaired  ; and  by  the  frequent  repetition  of  such 
scenes,  hatred  and  rebellion  take  up  their  permanent  abode  in  the  infantile 
bosom. 

Or  perhaps  the  little  one  makes  a noise,  which  is  as  natural  to  it  as 
breathing,  and  almost  as  necessary  for  the  development  of  his  lungs  and 
muscles.  The  parent  commands  silence : the  little  offender  wishes  and 
intends  to  obey,  but,  in  obedience  to  the  irresistible  promptings  of  his  nature, 
he  soon  forgets,  and  continues  his  noise.  The  irritated  parent,  who  ought 
to  rejoice  in,  and  even  join  his  little  ones  in  these  healthy  and  intellect- 
producing  amusements,  becomes  angry;  chastises  the  offenders,  thereby 
kindling  their  anger;  again  outrages  their  sense  of  justice;  and  creates 
those  hard  feelings,  which,  by  being  often  repeated,  grow  into  a settled  dis- 
like; the  child  does  nothing  willingly,  but  every  thing  poutingly  ; parental 
favours  are  forgotten  ; and  the  entire  intercourse  between  parent  and  child, 
which  might  and  ought  always  to  be  of  the  most  delightful  character,  is 
unpleasant  and  cross-grained  throughout ; each  blaming  and  disliking  the 
other.  Thus,  thousands  of  things  which  are  as  natural  to  children  as 
hunger,  and  no  more  deserving  of  punishment,  receive  either  chastisement 
or  sharp  rebuke,  which  harrows  up  and  hardens  the  tender  susceptibilities 
of  the  dear  little  creatures,  thus  exciting  their  animal  propensities,  and 
thereby  weakening  their  intellectual  and  moral  powers. 

Now  phrenology,  by  teaching  the  parent  what  is  the  normal  and  what  the 
depraved  manifestation  of  the  several  powers,  and  hence  what  to  cultivate 
and  what  to  punish,  and  also  how  to  awaken  any  desired  current  of  feeling 
or  line  of  conduct,  becomes  of  infinite  service  in  the  government  and 
management  of  children. 

ft  might  be  added  that  much  of  the  crossness  and  ugly  temper  of  children 
in  caused  by  the  irritating  and  improper  diet,  either  of  the  mother  err  child, 
c*r  both.  By  inflaming  the  stomach,  and  thereby  the  system  generally,  the 
organs  in  the  base  of  the  brain,  and  destructiveness  in  particular,  are  pre- 
lernaturallv  excited,  which  produces  an  ugly  disposition.  This  kind  of  bad 
temper  is  the  result  of  disease,  and  therefore  to  be  pitied  not  punishedr, 
though  it  generally  subjects  the  little  sufferei  to  scoldings  or  chastisements 
^urnsh  the  nur^t aqy  owr — reform  tfrs  diet  $nd  regimen  of  your  chihl. 


428 


PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PHRENOLOGY 


end  yoa  will  thereby  subdue  his  bad  temper.  Bad  children  are  made  ©* 
mainly  by  bad  management. 

Phrenology  will  also  teach  how  effectually  to  employ  the  principle  of 
divcrtion,  or  counteraction,  that  is,  when  you  wish  to  subdue  the  action  of 
a large  and  excited  organ,  how  to  divert  the  mind  from  the  aggrieved 
object  by  calling  into  sudden  and  powerful  action,  and  that  without  apparent 
design,  another  still  larger  organ,  which  may  be  exercised  with  impunity 
thus  leaving  the  first-named  faculty  to  cool  off. 

Nothing  could  delight  the  author  more  than  the  continuation  of  thss& 
illustrations,  but,  having  rendered  the  principle  plain,  want  of  room  com- 
pels him  to  drop  the  subject. 

In  the  choice  of  nurses,  servants,  apprentices,  partners,  customers,  friends, 
and  especially  companions  for  life,*  the  utility  of  phrenology  is  incalculable. 

But  all  these  beneficial  results,  capable  of  being  derived  from  an  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  phrenology,  sink  into  insignificance,  when  com- 
pared with  its  application  to  the  modification,  moulding,  and  formation  of 
the  minds  and  characters  of  children,  and  indeed  of  every  individual  in 
reference  to  himself.  To  state  this  principle  is  all  that  can  be  done  here  ; 
its  full  elucidation  requires,  and  will  probably  receive,  an  entire  chapter, 
or  perhaps  volume. 

The  principle  is  this.  Every  faculty  has  its  own  appropriate  aliment 
and  stimulant,  by  the  presentation  of  which  it  is  excited,  and  its  organ 
thereby  enlarged,  and  by  the  removal  of  which  its  action  is  diminished,  and 
its  size  thereby  reduced.  By  teaching  us  the  true  nature  and  proper  aliment 
of  every  faculty,  and  thus  how  to  excite  and  how  to  allay  each  at  pleasure — 
Dy  distinctly  pointing  out  first  the  excess  or  defect,  and  then  the  remedy, 
phrenology  directs  us  how  to  change  their  relative  power,  and  thus  how  to 
produce  perfect  and  well-balanced  characters  and  intellects,!  which  is  the 
greatest  of  all  other  desiderata. 

It  is  a well-established  principle  of  phrenology  that  the  more  evenly  and 
uniformly  the  organs  are  developed  and  balanced,  the  more  harmonious  and 
perfect,  and  the  less  liable  to  sin  and  excess,  will  be  the  character  and  con- 
d ict ; and  also  that  the  larger  an  organ  becomes,  the  more  delight  is  taken 
in  its  exercise,  and  the  greater  is  its  tendency  to  spontaneous  activity,  which 
re-augments  the  size,  and  this  again  re-mcreases  the  activity ; and  also  that 
the  smaller  an  organ  becomes,  the  less  pleasure  is  found  in  its  exercise ; the 
less  frequently  is  it  called  into  action,  and  the  more  it  remains  quiescent,  this 
inactivity  rendering  it  still  smaller,  illustrating  the  Scripture  doctrine,  that 
“ to  him  that  hath  shall  be  given,  and  he  shall  have  more  abundantly,  but 
from  him  that  hath  not,  shall  be  taken  away  even  that  which  he  hath.” 
Thus  the  natural  tendency  is  for  the  large  organs  to  become  still  larger,  and 
the  small  ones  smaller — the  very  reverse  of  what  should  take  place.  Now 
by  teaching  us  what  organs  are  already  too  large,  and  thus  liable  to  become 
still  larger,  and  also  what  is  calculated  to  excite,  and  thus  still  further  to 
enlarge  them,  the  absence  of  which  will  allow  them  to  remain  at  rest,  and 
thereby  to  become  smaller,  and  also  what  will  excite  the  smaller  organs,  and 
thus  supply  defects,  or  in  other  words,  by  teaching  the  nature  and  the  lawi 

* See  an  article  “ on  the  application  of  phrenology  in  the  formation  of  narriages* 
in  No.  7,  vol.  II.,  of  April,  18-10,  of  the  American  Phrenological  Journal. 

f This  train  of  remark,  by  showing  that  mankind  have  the  formation  ov  their  ovr* 
characters  at  least,  in  part,  in  their  own  keeping,  effectually  obviates  the  objection 
Ibai  phrenology  leads  to  fatalism,  and  does  away  with  human  accotmtabLkv 


AIDING  MENTAL  CULTURE. 


429 


vf  notion  cf  each  faculty,  that  is,  how  to  excite  and  how  to  allay  them,  Low 
to  cultivate  feeble  ones  and  bring  down  predominant  ones,  phrenology  will 
direct  us  how  we  may  mould  the  budding,  and  modify  the  already  matured^ 
character  and  talents,  almost  at  pleasure.  Is  not  this  an  object  of  the  uU 
most  moment  1 

A fact  or  two  in  illustration  of  this  point,  is  all  that  oui  limits  will  allow 
Mr.  Robert  McGrugan,  of  Milton,  Pa.,  was  publicly  examined  by  tha 
author,  in  1836,  and  described  as  having  very  large  eventuality,  and  & 
strong  mind.  He  was  reputed  to  have  the  best  memory,  and  to  be  the  best 
read  man,  in  that  county.  In  1836,  he  called  upon  the  writer  to  state  the 
means  by  which  he  acquired  his  extraordinary  powers  of  memory,  request- 
ing me  to  use  it  “pro  bono  publico ,”  and  especially  for  the  good  of  young 
men.  He  said  that  at  twenty-five,  his  memory  was  most  miserable.  If  he 
svent  from  his  house  to  his  shop  for  any  thing,  he  usually  forgot  what  he 
tfent  for.  If  he  went  to  town,  he  forgot  most  of  his  errands.  He  could 
%ot  recollect  any  thing  he  read  or  heard,  neither  names,  nor  words,  nor  dates, 
xor  facts.  At  length  he  resolved  no  longer  to  submit  to  this  forgetfulness, 
but  to  discipline  his  mind,  in  doing  which  he  adopted  the  following  method. 
When  he  wanted  any  thing  from  his  house,  he  would  think  over  and  over 
bi  his  mind  what  it  was  that  he  wanted,  thus  exercising  his  eventuality 
upon  it,  and  thereby  remembered  it.  He  would  read  a passage  and  re-read 
it,  and  then  think  it  over  and  over,  or  in  phrenological  language,  would 
exercise  his  eventuality  upon  it,  strongly  impressing  it  upon  that  faculty. 
Re  would  then  lay  by  his  book,  but  still  revolve  it  in  his  mind,  and  then 
read  another  passage,  and  go  through  the  same  process  in  reference  to  both 
together,  and  so  on  with  the  entire  book;  thus  constantly  exercising  his 
eventuality.  After  a little,  he  could  keep  the  history  of  two  books,  and  then 
of  three,  and  four,  each  clearly  before  h:*s  mind  at  once,  and  carry  them 
along  in  his  memory  as  he  read  them. 

But  he  found  that  he  forgot  names.  He  pursued  the  same  course  in 
reference  to  this  kind  of  memory,  and  thus  improved  it  also.  But  he  found 
that  he  iurgot  where  on  the  page  he  left  off,  and  was  obliged  to  turn  down 
a leaf.  Tnis  would  not  do.  He  each  time  impressed  upon  his  locality 
where  he  left  off,  and  that  in  each  book,  and  shortly  found  this  kind  of 
memory  likewise  improved.  He  also  exercised  his  causality  in  philosophic 
ing  upon  what  he  read.  Now  if  phrenology  be  true,  his  organs  of  event- 
uality, locality,  language,  &c.,  must  have  been  small,  but  they  are  now  all 
remarkably  large,  showing  their  increase  by  exercise,  and  he  informed  me 
that  now,  at  sixty  years  of  age,  his  mind  is  more  vigorous,  and  his  memory 
more  retentive,  than  ever  before — that  it  still  goes  on  improving,  though  at 
his  age  all  kinds  of  memory  are  usually  feeble,  and  still  declining. 

Let  it  be  observed,  that  he  took  the  very  method  for  the  increase  of 
organs  pointed  out  by  phrenology,  namely,  the  vigorous  exercise  of  tho 
*ery  powers  he  wished  to  improve. 

Reader,  only  apply  the  principle  here  stated  to  the  cultivation  of  your 
©wn  memory  of  faces,  of  places,  of  history*  of  words,  of  names,  &c.,  and 
you  will  want  no  other  evidence  of  the  utility  of  phrenology. 

In  1836,  a young  gentleman  of  considerable  intelligence,  stated  that  when 
a boy,  he  had  a school-mate  of  exactly  his  size,  age,  and  height,  whose 
*voC .it®  and  hat  perfectly  fitted  him;  that  when  of  the  proper  age,  hi* 


130  PRACTICAL  UTILITY  OF  PHRENOLOGY* 

too  small  over  the  temples,  whilst  his  hat  pinched  the  forehead  of  th« 
cadet,  but  was  loose  over  constructiveness;  thus  showing  an  increase  of 
the  intellectual  organs,  and  particularly  the  reflective,  in  the  cadet,  whosa 
studies  called  these  faculties  into  powerful  action,  and  an  increase  of  con* 
structiveness  in  the  head  of  the  mechanic. 

I have  always  found  eventuality  very  large  in  Jews.  They  were  required 
to  tell  the  Lord’s  doings  to  their  children  and  grand-children,  in  doing  which 
they  powerfudy  exercise  their  eventuality.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
North  American  Indians,  who  perpetuate  their  history  in  the  memories  of 
Hie  rising  race.  The  early  mental  education  of  children  should  consist 
mainly  in  telling  them  stories,  showing  them  things,  phenomena,  &c.,  of 
fcvhich  they  are  extremely  fond,  instead  of  wasting  their  time  and  health  on 
oooks  and  artificial  learnfng.  Parents , not  hirelings,  should  be  teachers. 

Weight,  though  generally  a small  organ,  is  invariably  large  in  expe- 
rienced seamen,  in  billiard-players,  those  who  manage  machinery,  and  who 
shoot  much,  the  increased  size  in  these  cases  being  caused  by  its  exercise. 
Is  acquisitiveness  weak  in  your  child,  'give  him  money  and  things  to  keep 
as  his  own,  and  often  recur  to  them  as  his,  and  as  to  be  saved  for  future 
use.  Is  this  organ  too  large,  contrive  to  employ  the  others,  and  remove 
from  it  the  excitements  to  action.  Is  conscientiousness  weak,  first  learn 
the  precise  function  of  the  faculty,  and  then  make  frequent  appeals  to  it, 
and  so  of  svery  other  faculty. 

The  author  feels  that  he  has  not  done  this  subject  justice,  nor  can  he  do 
so  without  dwelling  more  in  detail  upon  the  primary  function  of  the  re- 
spective faculties,  and  the  precise  hind  of  treatment  required  to  excite  and 
allay  them.  He  might  adduce  any  number  of  additional  facts  in  illustra- 
tion of  this  principle,  but  his  limits  are  full.  He  will  therefore  devote  a 
long  chapter  in  a subsequent  work,  or  else  an  entire  work,  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  this  most  important  subject,  taking  up  each  faculty  separately,  and 
the  means  of  strengthening  it,  both  as  applicable  to  the  education  of  child- 
ren, and  to  the  improvement  of  one’s  own  mind  and  character. 

But  after  all,  to  reap  these  advantages  in  full,  one  must  study  phrenology 
for  himself,  and  apply  it  in  the  daily  management  of  his  own  mind. 

Let  it  be  remembered,  that  we  have  but  glanced  at  only  a few  of  the 
beneficial  results  to  be  derived  from  the  study  and  application  of  phre- 
nology, and  that  it  applies  to  man  in  ail  his  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual 
relations,  both  to  his  fellow-men,  and  to  his  God.  But  even  in  this  view 
of  the  subject,  its  importance  far  outweighs  that  of  all  the  other  sciences 
put  together,  and  demands  the  serious  investigation  of  every  parent,  every 
philanthropist,  every  Christian,  and  every  scholar. 

Should  it  be  objected,  that  few  have  the  leisure  or  the  talent  successfully 
to  prosecute  this  science  far  enough  to  pluck  these  golden  fruits,  I reply 
1.  By  having  a phrenological  bust  standing  upon  your  mantel,  you  can 
improve  many  an  odd,  and  otherwise  lost  minute  in  noticing  the  position 
of  organs,  in  making  one  observation  here  and  another  there,  upon  friends 
and  even  upon  strangers.  Go  where  you  will,  you  can  never  be  at  a loss 
for  subjects  and  materials.  You  have  only  to  open  your  eyes,  and  read  as 
you  run.  Thus,  in  two  or  three  years,  without  losing  one  minute’s  time, 
you  will  have  accumulated  an  amount  of  phrenological  knowledge  which 
you  would  not  part  with  upon  any  consideration,  and  begin  to  reap  all  the 
advantages  here  stated.  2 Children  can  learn  and  understand  phrenology 
te ry  young.  They  are  naturally  fond  of  it,  and  might  grow  up  phreno 
nggists  and  form  their  own  characters  bv  it. 


CONTENTS. 


WAG®. 

etiology  defined  and  proved,  7 
■'  he  Brain  the  Organ  of  the 

M;ad, ‘ ib. 

a Plurality  of  Faculties,  10 
The  Brain  consists  of  as  many 
Organs  as  the  Mind  does  of 

Faculties, _ 17 

The  Faculties  differ  in  power,  20 
Reciprocal  proportion  between 
the  strength  of  the  Faculties 
snd  size  of  the  Organs,  • • • • 21 

The  Scull  shaped  to  the  Brain,  22 
Discovery  of  Phrenology,  • •••  24 

Facts  in  proof  of  Phrenology,  20 

Phrenology  of  Animals, 27 

Indian  Heads  and  Sculls, 29 

African  do.  do.,  31 

Phrenological  difference  of  the 

Sexes, 32 

Phrenology  Illustrated, 37 

Temperaments,  38 

Influence  of  Education, 40 

Shape  of  the  Organs, 41 

Test  of  the  Faculties, 42 

Classification  of  do.,  43 

Affective  Feelings,  or  Facul- 
ties,  * 45,  56 

Animal  Propensities, ib. 

Domestick  do.,  ...  ...  46,50 

Selfish  do.,  46,73 

Human,  Moral,  and  Religious 

Sentiments, 47, 102 

Selfish  do.,  47,  103 

floral  and  Religious  do.,  ••  48,  123 

Semi-Intellectual  do.,  48, 159 

Intellectual  Faculties— Percep- 
tive do.,  49.177 

Internal  Senses,  • 49,  78 

Observing  and  knowing  Facul- 
ties,   50,183 

Semi-Perceptive  Faculties,  50,  209 
Elective  or  Reasoning  Facul- 
ties,   51,  225 

Combinations  of  the  Faculties,  51 

$•  • &S 


2.  Phiioprogenitiveness,  • • 

3.  Adhesivenecs, 

4.  Inhabitiveness,  »••••••• 

5.  Cemcentrativenesg, 

t.  Vitativeness, 

6.  Combatiyenessi, 

7.  Destructiveness, 

8.  Alimentivenese, 

9.  Acquisitiveness, 

10.  Secretiveness, 

11.  Cautiousness, 

12.  Approbativeness, 

13.  Self-Esteem, 

14.  .Firmness** 

15.  Conscientiousness, 

16.  Hope, 

17.  Marvellousness, 

18.  Veneration, 

19.  Benevolence, 

20.  Constructiveness, 

21.  Ideality,  • • • 

22.  Imitation, 

23.  Mirthfulness,  

Sensation  or  Feeling, 

Sight,  

Hearing, 

Taste, 

Smell, 

24.  Individuality, 

25.  Form, 

26.  Size, 

27.  Weight, 

28.  Colour, 

29.  Order, 

30.  Calculation, 

31.  Locality, . 

32.  Eventuality, « 

33.  Time, 

34.  Tune, 

35  Language, 

36.  Causality,*  * 

37.  Comparisons 

Unascertained  Organs,  * « « • 
Grouping  cf  the  Organs,  • • « 
Directions  to  Ei i&itj  Kara,  • • 


• m 

- rs 

. 73 
. 75 
82 

. 86 
88 
05 
sJ)3 
107 
i 13 
119 
124 
136 
HI 

- 147 
153 
160 

• J 65 

• 159 
. 172 

• 178 
. 179 

• ISO 

• 182 

• ib. 

. 183 

• 186 
. 190 

• 192 

• 195 

• 198 

• 202 
• 206 

• 209 

• 214 

• 217 

• 222 
• 

• tzv 

• 247 

ft 

• 9* 


Contents. 


PAGE 

Improved  Bust* • • • • 254 

Pacts  in  proof  of  Phrenology,  256 
Examinations  in  Amherst  Col- 
lege—H.  W.  Beecher, ......  ib. 

Dr.  Humphrey— Examinations 
in  Lansingburgh,  N.  Y.,  257,  261 

Examinations  in  Waterford — 

Troy,  ; 258 

Prof.  Eaton— Dr.  White — Hud- 
son, ;••••••  259 

Examinations  in  Catskill.-  * • • 262 

do.  in  Amsterdam. 263 

do.  in  Schenectady, 265 

do.  in  Albany; 266 

no.  in  North  Adame,*  267 

do.  in  New  York, 268 

do.  in  Philadelphia 269 

do.  in  Carlisle.  Pa. — Wal- 

die, * 271 

Hiief  Justice  Gibson, 272 

Win.  Roberts— J as.  Cornelius,  273 

Rev.  Geo.  G.  Cotpkman, 274 

Don.  Judge  Lewis, 275 

Gen.  Anthony, 276 

Bon.  Mr.  McKean — Mr.  Pack- 
er,   --  - 277 

Examinations  in  Biuomsburg, 

Pa., • • 278 

o.  in  Milton— Gen.  Frick,  279 
do.  in  Washington,  D.  C. — 

D Hunt,  281 

P’  i.  Jones — Dr.  Sewall,  • • • • ■ 282 

V\  oo'ihouse — Elliott,  285 

Wist — Ex-president  Jackson,  2S6 

Van  B u ren — Ad  a m s, 2S7 

'Nay— Webster, 2S8,  289 

Cai'ioun — Poindexter- — Pres- 
ton—R.  M.  Whitney, 291 

f*  c n ton  — C ass — W ood  bury — 

Cray  ton,  292 

G /V.  Tyler — Judge  White — 
Pettigrew — R.  M.  Jo hn son — 

Gov  King, 293 

** 'alter  Jones — M.  L.  Davis,  - 294 

Nr  Gibson. 29b 

Gen.  Duff  Greene,  •••  29o 

Wm.  H.  Brown, 298 

Booth  — W cymes, 300,  30 1 

l>rr — Dr.  Green, 303 

Examinations  in  Baltimore,  ••  304 


Examinations  m Richmond 
and  P nurnouih,  Ya.,  • ♦ 310,  311 

Horn  Judge  Baker, 312 

Mr.Cherry.  313 

Hon.  Geo.  W.  Lay— Batavia, 

N.Y., 314 

Prattsburg— Rev.H.  H.  Spaul- 
ding, .•••••• 317 

Examinations  in  New  York,  ••  313 

Rev.  S.  B.  Smith, 319 

Goold  Brown, 320 

Chan  and  Eng,  Siamese  twins,  322 

Benjamin  Oden, 324 

Frances  Wright, 326 

Phineas  Bert  net, 329 

Wynans, 33ft 

Robt.  L.  Stephens — Powers, ••  2 "2 

Nathan  Ames,  • • • 333 

Dr.  Griffin, 334 

Dr.  Beecher— Dr.  Alexander,  335 
Rev.  T.  Stockton — Ludlow— 

Burchard, 326 

Rev.  C.  G.  Finney, 338 

Rev.  O.  Dewey, 339 

Webb, S40 

Legget— Noah, 341 

Cobb, 341 

Halit  ck,  342 

Inmates  of  the  House  of  Ref- 

fuge, 3.43 

do.  Asylum  for  the^Blind,**  344 
do.  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asy- 
lum,  344 

Table  of  Developments, 345 

Objections  to  Phrenology  an- 
swered,   349 

Anatomy  of  the  Brain,  3E a 

Excrescences  upon  the  Scull,  3 FA 

Memory, 3€0 

Increase  of  the  Organs  by  Ex- 
ercise,   365 


Phrenology  independent  of 

Physiognomy, 

Answer  fo  i)r.  McDowali,  ••• 

Injuries  of  the  Brain,  

Free  Agency  and  Fatalism,  •• 

Materialisni, 

Regeneration, 

Phrenological  Flattery. 

Practical  Phrenology  defended. 


370 

374 

S7S 

38C 

-07 

4M3 

414 

41? 


“ SENT  r RE- PAID  BY  FIRST  POST;'  AT  PRICES  ANNEXED. 


A LIST  OF  WORKS 


FOWLER  Js  WELLS,  308  BROABWAY,  NEW  YORK, 

Thb  following  List,  embraces  all  our  Works,  save  those  contained  in  our  “Special  List,” 
and  those  on  PHONOGRAPHY,  which  are  given  in  separate  Catalogues.  Copies  of  these 
Works  will  be  sent  by  Return  Post,  on  receipt  of  price.  Enclose  the  amount,  and  address 
as  above. 


WORKS  ON  PHRENOLOGY. 

Combe  s Lectures  on  Phre-  Memory  and  Intellectual 

“ ' l;"  *'  Improvement;  Applied  to  Mlf-Eiiucation,  $1. 

Mental  Science,  Lectures  on, 

according  to  the  Philosophy  of  Phrenology.  By  Rev 
G.  S.  Weaver.  Muslin,  $1. 

Phrenology  Proved,  Illus- 
trated and  Applied.  Thirty-seventh  edition.  A stand- 
ard work  on  the  Science.  Muslin,  $1  40. 

Phrenological  Journal, 

American  Monthly.  Illustrated.  A year,  1 50. 

Phrenology  and  the  Scrip- 
tures. By  Rev.  John  Pierpont,  18c. 

Phrenological  Guide.  De- 
signed for  the  Use  of  Students,  18c. 

Phrenological  Almanac.  II- 

lustrated  with  numerous  engravings,  10c. 

Phrenological  Bust;  design- 


nology.  A complete  course.  In  muslin,  $1  50. 

Chart  for  Recording  various 

Developments.  Designed  for  Phrenologists,  6c. 

Combe’s  Moral  Philosophy'  : 

or,  the  Duties  of  Man.  New  Edition,  $1  25. 

Complete  Works  of  Dr.  Gall 

on  Phrenology,  6 vols.,  (Very  scarce,)  net,  $12. 

Constitution  of  Man.  By 

Geo.  Combe.  The  only  authorized  edition,  with  Illus- 
trations embracing  his  Portrait,  $1  40. 

Defence  of  Phrenology"  : 

Arguments  and  Testimony.  By  Dr.  Boardman.  A 
work  for  Beginners  and  Doubters*  $1. 

Domestic  Life,  Thoughts  on  ; 

its  Concord  and  Discord.  By  N.  Sizer,  18c. 

Education  Complete.  Em- 

brneing  Physiology,  Animal  and  Mental,  Self-Culture 
and  Memory.  One  large  vol.  By  Fowler,  $3.  ’ 

Education, founded  on  theNa- 

tureofMan.  By  Dr.  Spurzheim.  Muslin,  $1. 

Familiar  Lessons  on  Phre- 
nology and  Physiology.  An  excellent  work  for 
Children.  Beautifully  Illustrated,  $1  40. 

Marriage;  its  History  and 

Philosophy,  with  directions  for  Happy  Marriages. 
Bound  in  muslin.  By  Fowler,  85c.  b 

Matrimony;  or,  Phrenology 

and  Physiology  applied  to  the  Selection  of  Congenial 
Companions  lor  Lite.  By  Fowler,  35c.  6 


Phrenological  Specimens  for 

Societies  and  Private  Cabinets.  40  casts ; net,  $25. 

Self-Culture  and  Perfection 

of  Character.  An  excellent  work.  Muslin,  $1. 

Self-Instructor  in  Phrenol- 
ogy and  Physiology.  Illustrated  with  one  hundred 
engravings,  35c.  The  Same  in  muslin,  60c. 

Symbolical  Head  and  Phre- 

nological  Chart,  in  map  form,  showing  the  Natural 
Language  of  the  Phrenological  Organs.  30  cents. 


HYDROPATHY ; OR,  WATER  CURE. 


Accidents  and  Emergencies. 

By  Alfred  Smee.  Notes  by  Trail.  Illustrated,  18c. 

Children  ; their  Hydropathic 

Management  in  Health  and  Disease.  Dr.  Shew,  $1  40. 

Cholera  ; its  Causes,  Preven- 

tion, and  Cure,  and  all  other  Bowel  Complaint#,  35c. 


Consumption  ; its  Causes,  Pre- 

▼ention  and  Cure.  Muslin,  $1. 

Cook  Book,  Hydropathic. 

With  New  Recipes.  Illustrated.  By  Dr.  Trail,  $1. 

Diseases  of  the  Throat  and 

Lungs,  including  Diptheria.  By  Dr.  Trail,  18c. 


Fowler  and  Wells’s  Publications. 


Domestic  Practice  of  Hy- 

propathy,  with  15  engraved  illustrations  of  important 
subjects.  By  E.  Johnson,  M.D.,  $1  40. 

Diptheria,  its  Nature,  History 

Cause,  Prevention,  and  Treatment  on  Hygienic  princi- 
ples; with  a Resume  of  the  various  theories  and  practi- 
ces of  the  medical  profession.  By  Dr.  Trail,  $1  25. 

Experience  in  Water-Cure, 

in  Acute  and  other  Diseases.  By  Mrs.  Nichols,  35c. 

Family  Physician,  Hydro- 

Eathic.  By  Dr.  Shew,  a large  and  invaluable  work  for 
ome  practice.  Profusely  illustrated,  $3. 

Hydropathic  Encyclopedia  : 

Illustrated.  A Complete  System  of  Hydropathy  and 
Hygiene,  embracing  Anatomy,  Illustrated  ; Physiol- 
ogy of  the  Human  Tody ; Hygienic  Agencies,  and  the 
Preservation  of  Hea  th:  Dietetics  anil  Cookery;  The- 
ory and  Practice  of  Treatment;  Special  Pathology 
and  Hydro  - Therapeutics,  including  the  Nature 
Causes,  Symptoms,  and  Treatment  of  all  known  Dis- 
eases; Application  to  Surgical  Diseases  and  to  Hy 
dropathy,  to  Midwifery  and  the  Nursery.  With  Three 
Hundred  Engravings,  and  nearly  One  Thousand  Pages, 
including  a Glossary,  Table  of  Contents,  and  Index, 
complete.  By  R.  T.  Trail,  M.D.,  $3  50. 

Hydropathy  ; or,  Water  Cure. 

Principles  and  Modes  of  Treatment.  Dr.  Shew,  $1  40. 


Introduction  To  the  Water 

Curb.  With  First  Principles,  18c. 

Philosophy  of  Water  Cure. 

By  J.  Balbirnie,  M.D.  A work  for  Beginners,  35c. 

Practice  of  Water  Cure.  By 

Drs.  Wilson  and  Gully.  A popular  work,  35c. 

Results  of  Hydropathy 

treating  of  Constipation  and  Indigestion,  $1. 

Water-Cure  in  Chronic  Dis- 
eases ; an  exposition  of  the  Causes,  Progress,  and  Ter- 
minations of  Various  Chronic  Diseases.  By  Dr.  J.  M. 
Gully.  An  important  work,  $1  40. 

Water  and  Vegetable  Diet 

in  Scrofula,  Cancer,  Asthma,  etc.  By  Dr.  Lamb.  Notes 
by  Dr.  Shew.  Muslin,  $1. 

W ATER-CuRE  IN  EVERY  KNOWN 

Disease.  By  J.  M.  Rausse.  Muslin,  $1. 

Water-Cure  Manual.  A 

popular  work  on  Hydropathy.  Muslin,  $1. 

Water-Cure  for  the  Mil- 

lion. By  Dr.  Trail,  25c. 


WORKS  ON  PHYSIOLOGY. 


Alcoholic  Controversy.  A 

Review  of  the  Westminster  Review  on  the  Physiological 
Errors  of  Teetotalism.  By  Dr.  Trail,  35c. 

Anatomical  and  Physiolog- 

ical  Plates.  These  Plates  were  arranged  expressly  for 
Lecturers  on  Health,  Physiology,  etc.  By  K.  T.  Trail, 
M.  D..  of  the  New  York  Hydropathic  College.  They 
are  six  in  number,  representing  the  normal  position 
and  life-size  of  all  the  internal  viscera,  magnified  iilus- 
trations  of  the  organs  of  the  special  senses,  and  a 
view  of  the  principal  nerves,  arteries,  veins,  muscles, 
etc.  For  popular  instruction,  for  families,  schools,  and 
for  professional  reference,  they  will  be  found  tar  superior 
to  anything  of  the  kind  heretofore  published,  as  they 
are  more  complete  and  perfect  in  artistic  design  and 
finish.  Price  for  the  set,  fully  colored,  backed  and 
■ mounted  on  rollers.  (Not  mailable,)  $12. 

Combe’s  Physiology,  applied 

to  the  Improvement  of  Mental  and  Physical  Education. 
Notes  by  Fowler.  Muslin,  $1  40. 

Digestion,  Physiology  of. 

The  Principles  of  Dietetics.  By  Andrew  Combo,  35c. 

Family  Gymnasium.  With 

numerous  illustrations ; containing  the  most  improved 
methods  of  applying  Gymnastic,  Calisthenic,  kinesi- 
athic,  and  Vocal  exercises  to  the  development  of  the 
odily  organs,  the  invigoration  of  their  functions,  the 
preservation  or  health,  and  cure  of  diseases  and  deform- 
ities. By  R.  T.  Trail,  M.  D.,  $1  40. 

Family  Dentist  ; a Popular 

Treatise  on  the  Teeth.  By  D.  C.  Warner,  M.D.,  1 00. 

Food  and  Diet;  containing  an 

Analysis  of  every  kind  of  Food  and  Drink.  By  Dr.  J. 
Pereira.  Notes  by  Dr.  Lee.  Muslin,  1 40. 

Fruits  and  Earinaoea  the 

Proper  Food  of  Man.  With  Notes  and  engraved  illus- 
trations. By  R.  T.  Trail,  M.D.  Muslin,  1 40. 

Human  Voice  ; its  Right  Man- 

agement in  Speaking  and  Reading,  30c. 


Hereditary  Descent  : its 

Laws  and  Facta  applied  to  Human  Improvement,  1 00. 

Infancy  ; or,  the  Physiologi- 
cal and  Moral  Management  of  Children.  Illustrated. 
By  Dr.  Combe.  Muslin,  1 00. 

Natural  Laws  of  Man.  By 

Dr.  Spurzheim.  A good  work,  35c. 

Philosophy  of  Sacred  Histo- 
ry, considered  in  Relation  to  Human  Aliment  and  the 
Wines  of  Scripture.  By  Sylvester  Graham,  2 25. 

PHYSioLOGY,Animal  and  Men- 
tal, applied  to  Health  of  Body  and  Power  of  Mind.  By 
O.  S.  Fowler.  Muslin,  1 00. 

Sober  and  Temperate  Life  ; 

with  Notes  and  Illustrations  by  Louis  Comaro,  35c. 

The  Science  of  Human  Life. 

By  Sylvester  Graham,  M.D.  With  a Portrait  and  Bi- 
ographical Sketch  of  the  Author,  2 50. 

Tea  and  Coffee  ; their  Physi- 

cal, Intellectual,  and  Moral  Effects.  By  Alcott,  18c. 

Teeth  ; their  Structure,  Dis- 

ease, and  Management.,  with  Engravings,  20c. 

Vegetable  Diet,  as  sanction- 
ed by  Medical  Men  and  experience  in  all  Ages.  By  Dr. 
Alcctt.  Muslin,  1 00. 

Special  List.  We  have,  in 

addition  to  the  above.  Private  Medical  Works  and 
Treatises  on  subjects  which,  although  not  adapted  to 
general  circulation,  are  invaluable  to  those  who  need 
them.  This  Special  List  will  be  6eut  on  receipt  of 
stamp. 


Fowler  and  Wells’s  Publications. 


MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS. 


Aims  and  Aids  for  Girls  and 

Young  Womkn.  By  Rev.  G.  S.  Weaver,  90c. 

Chemistry,  applied  to  Physi- 

ology, Agriculture,  and  Commerce.  By  Liebig,  35c. 

Delia’s  Doctors;  or,  a Glance 

Behind  the  Scenes.  By  Miss  Hannah  Gardner  Creamer. 
For  the  Family.  Muslin,  1 00. 

Fruit  Culture  for  the  Mil- 
lion ; or,  Hand-Book  for  the  Cultivation  and  Manage- 
ment of  Fruit  Trees.  Illustrated  with  Ninety  En- 
gravings. By  Thomas  Gregg.  Muslin,  60c. 

Human  Rights,  and  their 

Political  Guaranties.  By  Judge  Hurlbut,  1 00. 

Hints  toward  Reforms,  in 

Lectures,  Addresses,  and  other  Writings.  By  H.  Gree- 
ley. Second  edition,  with  Crystal  Palace,  1 40. 

Home  for  All  ; the  Gravel 

Wall,  a New,  Cheap,  and  Superior  Mode  of  Building, 
with  Engravings,  Plans,  Views,  etc.,  I 00. 

Hopes  and  Helps  for  the 

Young  ok  Both  Sexes.  By  Rev.  G.  S.  Weaver.  An 
excellent  work.  Muslin,  90c. 

How  to  get  a Patent,  with 

Valuable  Instructions  to  Inventors,  6c. 

EDUCATIONAL 
How  to  Write;  A Pocket 

Manual  of  Composition  and  Letter- Writing.  Invalu- 
able to  the  young,  4Ue.  The  Same,  in  muslin,  60c. 

Ilow  to  Talk  ; A Pocket 

Manual  of  Conversation  and  Debate,  with  more  than 
Five  Hundred  Common  Mistakes  in  Speaking  Cor- 
rected. Paper,  40c.  The  Same,  in  muslin,  60c. 

How  to  Behave  ; A Pocket 

Manual  of  Republican  Etiquette,  and  Guide  to  Correct 


Immortality  Triumphant. — 

The  Existence  of  a God,  with  the  Evidence.  By  Rev. 
J.  B.  Dods.  Muslin,  1 00 

Movement-Cure.  Embracing 

the  History  and  Philosophy  of  this  System  of  Medical 
Treatment.  Illustrated.  By  G.  H.  Taylor,  M.  D.,  1 40. 

Physical  Perff:ction  ; or,  the 

Philosophy  of  Human  Beauty;  show-ing  howto  Ac- 
quire and  Retain  Bodily  Symmetry,  Health  and  Vigor; 
Secure  Long  Life ; and  Avoid  the  Infirmities  and  De- 
formities of  Age.  An  excellent  work,  1 25. 

Population,  Theory  of.  The 

Law  of  Animal  Fertility.  Introduction  by  Trail,  15c. 

Saving  and  Wasting  ; or,  Do- 

mestic Economy  Illustrated.  By  Solon  Robinson,  1 00. 

The  Right  W ord  in  the  Right 

Place;  A Pocket  Dictionary  of  Synonyms,  Technical 
Terms,  Abbreviations,  Foreign  Phrases,  etc.,  56c 

Ways  of  Life;  the  Right  Way 

and  the  Wrong  Way.  By  Rev.  Q.  S.  Weaver.  A cap- 
ital work.  Muslin,  60c. 

Weaver’s  Works  for  the 

Young.  Comprising,  “ Hopes  and  Helps,”  “Aims  and 
Aids,”  and  “ Ways  of  Lite.”  A beautiful  vol.,  2 00. 

Works  of  IIon.  Horace 

Mann,  including  his  Lectures  on  various  subjects, 
comprising  many  of  bis  best  addresses,  1 75. 

HAND-BOOKS. 

Personal  Habits,  with  Rules  for  Debating  Societies  and 
Deliberative  Assemblies,  40c.  In  muslin,  60c. 

How  to  do  Business  ; A Pock- 
et Manual  of  Practical  Affairs,  and  a Guide  to  Success 
in  Life,  with  a Collection  of  Legal  and  Commercial 
Forms.  Suitable  for  all,  40c.  In  muslin,  60c. 

Hand-Books  for  Home  Im- 
provement (Educational)  ; comprising,  “ How  to 
Write,”  “How  to  Talk,”  “Howto  Behave,”  and 
“ How  to  Do  Business,”  in  one  large  volume,  2 00. 


RURAL  HAND-BOOKS. 


Domestic  Animals  : A Man- 

ual  of  Cattle,  Sheep  and  Horse  Husbandry ; or,  How 
to  Breed,  Rear,  and  Manage  the  Tenants  of  the  Barn- 
yard. Paper,  40c.  The  Same,  in  muslin,  60c. 

The  Farm:  A Manual  of 

Practical  Agriculture-  or,  How  to  Cultivate  all  the 
Field  Crops,  with  a most  valuable  Essay  on  Farm 
Management.  Paper,  40c.  The  Same,  in  muslin,  60c. 

The  Garden;  A Manual  of 


Horticulture ; or,  How  to  Cultivate  Vegetables,  Fruits* 
and  Flowers.  Paper,  40c.  The  Same,  in  muslin,  60c. 

The  House  : A Manual  of 

Rural  Architecture;  or,  How  to  Build  Dwellings, 
Barns,  and  Out-Houses  generally,  40c.  In  muslin,  60c. 

Rural  Manuals;  comprising 

“ The  House,”  “ The  Farm,”  “ The  Garden,”  and  “ Do- 
mestic Animals.”  In  one  large  volume,  2 00. 


PSYCHOLOGY— MESMERISM. 


Electrical  Psychology,  Phi- 

losophy  of,  in  Twelve  Lectures.  By  Dr.  Dods,  1 00. 

Fascination  ; or,  the  Philoso- 
phy of  Charming  (Magnetism.)  Illustrating  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Life.  Muslin,  1 00. 


Macrocosm;  or,  the  Universe 

Without.  By  Fish  bough.  Muslin,  90c. 

Philosophy  of  Mesmerism  and 

Clairvoyance.  Six  Lectures  with  instructions,  35c. 

Psychology  ; or,  the  Science 

of  the  Soul.  By  Haddock.  Illustrated,  35c. 


Agents,  Booksellers  and  others,  would  do  well  to  engage  in  the  sale  of  these  Works,  in 
every  State,  County,  Town,  and  Village  through  out  the  country.  They  are  not  kept  by 
Booksellers  generally.  The  market  is  not  supplied,  and  thousands  might  be  sold  where  tlwy 
have  never  yet  been  introduced.  For  Wholesale  Terms,  and  “Special  Lists,1’  please 
address  FOWLER  AND  WELLS,  308  Broadway,  New  York,  U.  S.  A. 


“The  Human  Face  Divine,” 

Or,  New  Physiognomy.  Eyes, 
Ears,  Nose,  Lips,  Mouth,  Head, 
Ilair,  Eyebrows,  Hands,  Feet, 
Skin,  Complexion,  with  all  the 
“ Signs  of  Character,’**  and  “ How 
to  Read  Them,”  to  be  given  in  the 
PHRENOLOGICAL  JOURNAL 
and  LIFE  ILLUSTRATED,  for 
1S63. 


The  Phrenological  Journal 

AND  LIFE  ILLUSTRATED,  FOR  1863, 

Will  contain  whatever  is  new,  interesting,  and  useful,  relating  to  Man  : 

PHRENOLOGY, 

in  its  application  to  all  the  various  interests  of  the  Human  Race,  including 
man’s  intellectual,  social,  and  moral 
character,  and  how  to  cultivate,  de- 
velop, and  improve  the  Mind. 

PHYSIOLOGY, 

in  which  the  functions  of  the  body, 
such  as  Heart,  Lungs,  Stomach, 

Bones,  Muscles — “their  Uses  and 
Abuses” — will  be  amply  illustrated 
and  described  in  a popular  manner. 

PHYSIOGNOMY, 

with  the  “Signs  of  Character,  and  How  to  Read  Them,”  on  scientific  prin- 
ciples, with  numerous  portraits  of  remarkable  persons,  gathered  from  all  parts 
of  the  world.  A new  and  very  interesting  feature  of  the  Journal  for  1863. 


PSYCHOLOGY* 

or  the  “ Science  of  the  Soul,”  including  Man’s  Spiritual  Nature,  and  his  re- 
lations not  only  to  this  life,  but  to  the  future,  will  be  unfolded  and  explained, 
in  the  most  perfect  harmony  with  the  highest  Christianity. 


PHILOSOPHER. 


A NEW  VOLUME* 

THE  38th,  commenced 

JULY  1,  1863. 

Published  on  the  first  of  each  month,  in 
a beautilul  quarto,  suitable  for  binding, 

For  $1.50  a Year, 

By  FOWLER  & WELLS. 

808  Broadway,  New  York. 


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